N ano Progress Research Article - Ariviyal Publishing
Transcript of N ano Progress Research Article - Ariviyal Publishing
47
Nano Progress Research Article
Nano Prog., (2021) 3(5), 47-52.
DOI: 10.36686/Ariviyal.NP.2021.03.05.026 Nano Prog., (2021) 3(5), 47-52.
Performance Enhancement and Effectiveness of Heat Exchangers Using MWCNT/Graphene Based Nanofluid Ajey C.P.,*
a Girisha Lakshman Naik.,
a Malteshkumar Deshpande.,
a Mahanthesh M.R.
a and Gururaja
L.b
aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, PES Institute of Technology and Management, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, PVP Polytechnic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] (Ajey C.P.)
Ariviyal Publishing Journals
ISSN: 2582-1598 Abstract: In many engineering applications, heat exchangers are used to transfer the heat between two mediums, efforts have been made to increase thermal transfer efficiency in heat exchangers to decrease heat transfer time and improve energy effectiveness. Due to the low thermal conductivities of the heat transfer fluids, the performance enhancement and compactness of heat exchangers is not up to the mark. With the increasing requirements of current technology, new kinds of heat transfer liquids need to be developed that are more efficient in the performance of heat transfer. The present work focuses on utilizing nanofluids to check the effectiveness of heat transfer phenomenon. Research shows that adding nanoparticles to the base fluid can improve the fluid's thermal conductivity.
Keywords: Heat exchangers; Nano particles; Nano Fluids
Publication details
Received: 24th February 2021
Revised: 20th April 2021
Accepted: 20th April 2021
Published: 29th April 2021
1. Introduction
One of the significant requirements of many sectors is ultrahigh-
performance cooling. Low thermal conductivity, however, is a main
restriction in the development of energy efficient heat transfer
liquids needed for cooling purposes. Water, oil and ethylene glycol
which are currently being used as coolants are limited by their
decreased thermal conductivity. Research demonstrates that adding
nanoparticles to the base fluid can enhance the thermal conductivity
of the fluid. But nanofluid[1]
conduct during heat transfer, it is also in
the early stages of growth and has not been fully investigated.
Research is required to promote nanotechnology and identify
applications for the heat transfer of nanoparticles/nanofluids. These
are developed by dispersion of nanometer sized materials in the base
liquids. The nano meter sized materials are the one which are having
a dimension at nano level atleast in one direction, such as nano
particles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nano sheets etc. The sort of
nanoparticle used depends directly on enhancing the base fluid’s
necessary property. A single nano material will not possess the
required properties for the required applications. The main objective
of the present work includes preparation of the nanofluids using
graphene, carbon nano tube (CNT) and hybrid[2]
composition of
graphene and carbon nano tubes by dispersing in base fluids such as
distilled water and ethylene glycol. The hybrid nanofluid is expected
to produce better thermal properties compared to individual
nanofluid. The prepared sample is used to determine the thermo
physical properties such as density, kinematic viscosity, dynamic
viscosity and specific heat. The properties obtained with nanofluid
samples are compared with the results of base fluid. Performance
analysis of the prepared sample is carried out using double pipe heat
exchanger[3]
in order to determine the heat transfer rate and
effectiveness in parallel and counter flow application. The results
obtained are compared with the performance of base fluid and
suitable conclusions are drawn.
2. Experimental Section
In order to prepare the nanofluids the graphene and carbon nano
tubes are used with base fluid, the detail descriptions for the same
are as indicated below.
2.1. Carbon Nano Tube
Carbon nanotube[4]
plays a very important role in various fields due
to its excellent mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical and optical
characteristics. Carbon nanotubes are capable of effectively
conducting electricity and heat therefore these can behave as metals
or semiconductors even they are used in electromechanical actuators
and sensors. The thermal conductivity[5]
values for single-walled
carbon nanotube double walled carbon nanotube and multiwalled
carbon nanotube,[6]
respectively, are 6000 W/mK, 3986 W/mK and
3000W/mK As per these values the very important observation that
can be drawn is that, the thermal conductivity is decreasing with
increase in number of wall layers.
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Ajey et al., Nano Progress
Nano Prog., (2021) 3(5), 47-52.
2.2. Graphene
For all other dimensional carbon products, graphene[7]
is a 2D
building material. These can be wrapped and rolled to form bucky
balls, 1D and 3D nano materials such as nano tubes and Graphite
respectively. Heat transfer by using graphene material is an ongoing
area of research that has grabbed attention owing to the potential of
thermal management applications. On comparing the early
measurements of graphene and pyrolytic graphite the thermal
conductivities at room temperature of both the materials are found
to be 5300 W/mK and 2000W/mK respectively.
2.3. Base Fluid
The base fluids such as Water, ethylene glycol[8]
or mixture of both
and oils are the most commonly used fluids for nanofluid
preparation. The thermal conductivity values of the base liquids are
usually lesser than metals. Because most metals have greater
thermal conductivity values than base liquids, adding small quantities
of solid particles to base fluids is an efficient strategy for enhancing
liquid heat conductivity. Since the ethylene glycol possess better
thermal properties compared to water, this is commonly used as a
base fluid for nano fluid preparation. For example, in automobiles
and liquid-cooled computers, the major use of ethylene glycol is as a
medium for convective heat transfer. The systems which are
required to cool below freezing water temperature utilize the
ethylene glycol with chilled water. The heat capacity of pure ethylene
glycol is approximately half that of water. Ethylene glycol therefore
reduces the specific heat capacity of water mixtures compared to
pure water while offering freeze protection and an enhanced boiling
point.
3. Nano Fluid Preparation and testing
The major step of the current work is to prepare the nano fluids, the
ethylene glycol and water are used as a base fluid for the same. 0.1
gm of nano particle is combined with 100 ml of base fluid. The
preparation method includes, known quantity of nanoparticle and
base fluids are taken in a beaker and this is subjected to magnetic
stirring action at a specified velocity to accomplish proper mixing of
nano particles with base fluid. This is further processed by sonication
process.
3.1. Sonication Process
Nanofluid preparation is a significant phase hence it is necessary to
carry out the preparatory methods systematically. In the base fluid,
nanoparticles are added and stirred continuously for several hours.
So that nano particles stay in suspension without settling down at
the container's bottom. Both samples of nanofluids based on
graphene and CNT used to estimate their characteristics were
subjected to magnetic stirring, accompanied by ultrasonic vibration
for around 2 to 3 hours. Therefore, prepared nanofluids samples are
deposited for observation and no particle settling is found at the
bottom of the flask after a few hours. To evaluate the thermo-
physical properties, the nanofluids suspension prepared after the
magnetic stirring and sonication technique[9]
is well used.
3.2. Determination of Thermo-Physical Properties
Its density, kinematic viscosity,[10]
dynamic viscosity and specific heat
are the most significant characteristics needed to estimate
nanofluids. For different combinations, the thermal properties of
nanofluids are experimentally carried out and the effects of the
experiments are traced and contrasted with separate nanofluids
samples. The viscosity test for various nanofluids is conducted by
using Saybolt viscometer as shown in Fig. 1. A known sample
quantity is drawn in a beaker and weighing machine is used to
measure the weight. The density of the nanofluid can be readily
determined by understanding the weight and quantity of the sample.
The test is conducted for distinct temperatures and measured the
time taken to collect known quantity (50ml) of nanofluid. The
kinematic and dynamic viscosities are calculated by using the
appropriate formulae. Table 1 Indicates the values obtained during
viscosity test for nano fluids (graphene and ethylene glycol).
Using the appropriate formulas (1) and (2), the densities of
nanofluid at various temperatures are evaluated and the kinematic
viscosity at various temperatures is evaluated using appropriate
correlation (3). The dynamic viscosity can be found by the relation of
density and kinematic viscosity.
kg/m
3 (1)
Where, W1 - weight of the empty jar; W2 - Weight of the jar with
nanofulid. Here, W1 = 49.03 g and W2 = 104.9 g.
Fig. 1. Saybolt Viscometer
Table 1. Testing of graphene and ethylene glycol based nanofluid.
Temp (oC)
Ρ (kg/m3) Time (sec)
S υ(m2/sec)
(10-6) μ
(Ns/m2)
30 1117.40 64 64.32 11.50 0.01285 40 1110.25 57 57.28 9.54 0.01059 50 1103.10 54 54.27 8.67 0.00956 60 1095.95 51 51.23 7.78 0.00853 70 1088.79 46 46.23 6.23 0.00678 80 1081.64 41 41.21 4.58 0.00495
S - Saybolt Number
Table 2. Specific heat values of base fluid and nano fluids Fluid used Specific heat (kJ/kg K)
graphene based nanofluid 2.251 CNT based nanofluid 2.162 graphene/CNT based nanofluid 2.253 Base fluid (ethylene glycol) 2.228
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Nano Prog., (2021) 3(5), 47-52.
kg/m3
(2)
υ = 0.226S-195/S for 3<S<100 S= t x 1.005 (3)
Where, - Density at room temperature, - Density of fluid at
given temperature; υ - Kinematic Viscosity. A fluid's dynamic viscosity
reflects its ability to shear flows, where adjacent layers pass at
different speeds parallel to each other. It is calculated by using
equation (4).
Dynamic Viscosity, (4)
One of the key features is specific heat, which plays a major role
in influencing the nanofluids heat transfer rate. Specific heat is the
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of
fluid by one degree centigrade. Expression (5) is used to calculate the
specific heat when there is a specified volume concentration of
nanoparticles in the base liquid.
Cp=Q/ (m x ΔT) (5)
Where Q= Heat energy in Joules, m=mass of nano particles in
grams, Cp= Specific heat (kJ/kgK), ΔT= Change in temperature. For
graphene based nanofluid test Sample the value of specific heat is
found to be 2.252 kJ/kg K. Similarly the table 2 indicates Specific heat
of nano fluids and base fluid for a heat input of 50W.
Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 indicate the values of thermo
physical properties for CNT+ethylene glycol, graphene+CNT+ethylene
glycol and ethylene glycol respectively.
3.3. Performance Analysis
Fig. 2 demonstrates the double pipe heat exchanger experimental
configuration for measuring performance parameters. The outer
shell of the pipe consists of GI material with an inner pipe is made up
of copper and having a diameter of 12.5 mm and a length of 1.5 m.
Mineral wool cladding is provided that acts as an insulation over the
external pipe. On each pipe there are two valves that can alternately
be opened and closed for parallel and counter flow arrangements. In
order to supply cold and warm fluid through tubes, two fluid inlets
are provided. Heaters are used to heat inlet water. Thermocouples
are given to evaluate warm and cold water temperatures under
circumstances of inlet and outlet. These temperatures are indicated
by the digital temperature indicator.
The experimental values of graphene nano fluid for parallel and
counter flow are as shown in Table 6 and Table 7 respectively.
LMTD is calculated by equation (6).
LMTD= (θ2- θ1)/ln (θ2/ θ1) (6)
Where LMTD - Logarithmic mean temperature difference, θ2=thi-
tci and θ1=tho-tco for parallel flow and θ2=thi-tco and θ1=tho-tci for
counter flow exchangers.
Overall heat transfer co-efficient (U) is calculated by equation (7)
and (8).
U= Q/ (A x LMTD) (7)
Effectiveness value for different nano fluids can be calculated
using equation (8).
Fig. 2. Heat Exchanger Setup
Table 3. Testing of CNT and ethylene glycol nanofluids. Temp
(C) ρ
(kg/m3) Time for
50ml (sec) S
υ(m2/sec) (10-6)
μ (Ns/m2)
30 1117.40 65 65.33 11.77 0.0109 40 1110.25 60 60.30 10.39 0.00961 50 1103.10 56 56.28 9.25 0.0085 60 1095.95 54 54.27 8.69 0.0079 70 1088.79 49 49.24 7.16 0.0065 80 1081.64 45 45.20 5.9 0.0053
W2=104.9 g Table 4. Testing of graphene/CNT/ethylene glycol nanofluids. Temp (oC)
ρ (kg/m3)
Time for 50ml (sec)
S υ(m2/sec)
(10-6) μ
(Ns/m2)
30 1119.40 65 65.33 11.77 0.01318 40 1112.24 59 59.29 11.11 0.01236 50 1105.07 55 55.28 8.96 0.00990 60 1097.91 49 49.25 7.17 0.00787 70 1090.74 47 47.24 6.55 0.00714 80 1083.58 44 44.22 5.58 0.00605
W2=105 g
Table 5. Thermo-physical properties of ethylene glycol
Temp
(C) ρ (kg/m3)
Time for 50ml (sec)
S υ(m2/sec)
(10-6) μ
(Ns/m2)
30 1084.20 67 67.33 12.32 0.01336 40 1077.26 61 61.31 10.67 0.01149 50 1070.32 56 56.28 9.24 0.00989 60 1063.38 50 50.25 7.47 0.00794 70 1056.44 46 46.23 6.23 0.00658 80 1049.51 44 44.22 5.58 0.00586
W2=103.24 g
Table 6. Experimental test results for graphene nano fluid Type of flow Parallel
Parameter I II
flow rate of Hot water (m3/sec) 40×10-6 50×10-6 flow rate of Cold water (m3/sec) 50×10-6 40×10-6 Inlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tci) 37 37.2 Outlet Nano fluid temperature(°C)(tco) 40.7 40.8 Inlet Hot water temperature (°C)(thi) 52 52.2 Outlet Hot water temperature (°C)(tho) 47.8 48
Table 7. Experimental test results for graphene nanofluid
Type of flow Counter
Parameter I II
Hot water flow rate (m3/sec) 40×10-6 50×10-6
Cold water flow rate (m3/sec) 50×10-6 40×10-6 Inlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tci) 37.8 37.7 Outlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tco) 41.2 50.1 Inlet Hot water temperature (°C)(thi) 53.1 53.2 Outlet Hot water temperature (°C)(tho) 48.6 49.3
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Effectiveness, ε = (thi-tho) / (thi-tci) (8)
Similarly the experimental values for CNT based nano fluid for
parallel and counter flow are as shown in Table 8 and Table 9
respectively. The values of heat transfer rate and effectiveness are as
shown in Table 10.
The hybridising effect of graphene and CNT based nano fluid
gives the following experimental results. The experimental values for
parallel and counter flow are as shown in Table 11 and Table 12
respectively. Heat transfer rate and effectiveness values are as
shown in Table 13.
In order to compare the values with the base fluid the properties
of base fluid and experimental values are considered. Table 14 and
Table 15 show the Experimental test results of distilled water for
parallel and counter flow respectively. The values of heat transfer
rate and effectiveness for the same is as shown in Table 16.
4. Results and Discussions
The feature of heat transfer is a significant phenomenon for fluid
choice. In the current work, the nano particles are mixed to form
nanofluid with two different base fluids, and various experiments are
used to determine the physical properties. The performance analysis
of individual nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid for two distinct
combinations such as parallel and counter flow is performed in a
heat exchanger. For distinct flow conditions, the rate of heat transfer
and effectiveness were analyzed.
4.1. Specific Heat
From the experiment results it is observed that the hybrid nanofluid
exhibit higher specific heat. The nanofluid using carbon nanotube
shows least specific heat value whereas the nanofluid using graphene
alone yields much better specific heat value which is near to the
value obtained using hybrid nanofluid. From the results it is
concluded that the addition of nanoparticles into the base fluid will
enhance the specific heat value.
Table 8. Experimental test results of CNT nanofluid Type of flow Parallel
Parameter I II
Hot water flow rate (m3/sec) 40×10-6 50×10-6 Cold water flow rate (m3/sec) 50×10-6 40×10-6 Inlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tci) 37.2 37 Outlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tco) 39 39.2 Inlet Hot water temperature (°C)(thi) 53 51.3 Outlet Hot water temperature (°C)(tho) 48.8 46.2
Table 9. Experimental test results of CNT nanofluid
Type of flow Counter
Parameter I II
Hot water flow rate (m3/sec) 40×10-6 50×10-6 Cold water flow rate (m3/sec) 50×10-6 40×10-6 Inlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tci) 37.8 38.1 Outlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tco) 39.6 39.3 Inlet Hot water temperature (°C) (thi) 54 52.2 Outlet Hot water temperature (°C)(tho) 48.7 46.2
Table 10. Experimental test results for CNT based nanofluid
Flow Parallel Counter
Heat Transfer Rate Q (J/s) 540.10 631.88 Effectiveness 0.266 0.327
Table 11. Experimental test results of graphene/ CNT nanofluid
Type of flow Parallel
Parameter I II
Hot water flow rate (m3/sec) 40×10-6 50×10-6 Cold water flow rate (m3/sec) 50×10-6 40×10-6 Inlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tci) 37.2 37.8 Outlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tco) 40 41.2 Inlet Hot water temperature (°C)(thi) 53 52.4 Outlet Hot water temperature (°C)(tho) 48.3 49.2
Table 12. Experimental test results of graphene /CNT nanofluid
Type of flow Counter
Parameter I II
Hot water flow rate (m3/sec) 40×10-6 50×10-6 Cold water flow rate (m3/sec) 50×10-6 40×10-6 Inlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tci) 37.8 38.1 Outlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tco) 39.6 39.2 Inlet Hot water temperature (°C) (thi) 54 52.3 Outlet Hot water temperature (°C)(tho) 49.1 50.9
Table 13. Experimental test results of graphene/CNT nanofluid
Type of Flow Parallel Counter
Heat Transfer Rate Q (J/s) 694.98 632.17 Effectiveness 0.297 0.302
Table 14. Experimental test results of Base fluid (Distilled water)
Type of flow Parallel
Parameter I II
Hot water flow rate (m3/sec) 40×10-6 50×10-6 Cold water flow rate (m3/sec) 50×10-6 40×10-6 Inlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tci) 31.7 31.4 Outlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tco) 34.5 34.7 Inlet Hot water temperature (°C)(thi) 49.6 46.5 Outlet Hot water temperature (°C)(tho) 45.3 43.8
Table 15. Experimental test results of Base fluid (Distilled water)
Type of flow Counter
Parameter I II
Hot water flow rate (m3/sec) 40×10-6 50×10-6 Cold water flow rate (m3/sec) 50×10-6 40×10-6 Inlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tci) 31.8 32 Outlet Nano fluid temperature (°C)(tco) 34.9 34.8 Inlet Hot water temperature (°C) (thi) 50.2 47.3 Outlet Hot water temperature (°C)(tho) 45.6 44
Table 16. Experimental test results for Base fluid (Distilled water)
Type of Flow Parallel Counter
Heat Transfer Rate Q (J/s) 653.11 709.62 Effectiveness 0.24 0.25
Fig. 3. specific heat values
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4.2. Viscosity
The experiment is performed using the Saybolt viscometer to
determine distinct fluid viscosity. Ethylene glycol is added with
nanoparticles such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, and
nanofluids are tested for flow variation at different temperatures. To
determine viscosity, the base fluid (ethylene glycol) is also tested at
distinct temperatures and the values are compared using the graph.
From the above Fig. 4 it is noted that the kinematic viscosity for
distinct fluids reduces with increase in temperature. Kinematic
viscosity is more than all other liquids at a temperature of 30C for
ethylene glycol. The kinematic viscosity value is lowest for graphene-
based nanofluid at 30C and 80C compared to other samples. At
60C hybrid nanofluid showed least value of viscosity and CNT based
nanofluid showed higher value of kinematic viscosity at 80C
compared to other samples. From the result it can be concluded that
by the addition of CNT into the base fluid the viscosity value
increased slightly and by the addition of graphene into the base fluid
the velocity value slightly decreased.
By calculating the kinematic viscosity and density of the liquids,
the dynamic viscosity is determined. The values are plotted
graphically and compared to the suitable application fluid for heat
transfer. The values are as shown in Fig. 5. From the above chart it is
noted that with the rise in temperature, the dynamic viscosity of
distinct fluids reduces. At 30C CNT based nanofluid has the least
dynamic viscosity and ethylene glycol has the higher value. At 80C
the dynamic viscosity of graphene based nanofluid is lowest and
hybrid nanofluid has the highest value.
4.3. Heat Transfer Rate and Effectiveness
Double pipe heat exchanger is used to test the performance analysis
of nanofluid samples and base liquids. Two distinct combinations
such as parallel and counter flow are analyzed. Table 17 and Fig. 6
shows the experimental values for various fluid flow rates.
From the result it is observed that the heat transfer rate of base
fluid is enhanced by the addition of graphene and reduced by the
addition of CNT into the base fluid. The results revealed that the
effectiveness value in case of counter flow is maximum in
comparison with parallel flow. CNT based nanofluid exhibit the
higher value of effectiveness in case of counter flow arrangement.
The hybrid nanofluid exhibit highest value of effectiveness in parallel
flow arrangement. graphene based nanofluid showed increase in the
effectiveness value both in case of parallel and counter flow
arrangement compare to base fluid. The base fluid is having the least
value of effectiveness. From the result it is concluded that the
effectiveness and heat transfer rate will enhance by the addition of
nano particles into the base fluid.
5. Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn from the obtained results.
For the assessment of heat transfer rate and effectiveness, the
nanoparticles and the base liquids are chosen. The sonication
method prepares different samples of nanofluids and analyzes the
performance features using heat exchanger. Thermo-physical
characteristics tests are carried out on the prepared nanofluids. The
experiment findings indicate that in comparison with other
nanofluids and base liquids, the specific heat of graphene and hybrid
nanofluids is greater. The experiment concludes that base fluid's
cinematic viscosity is greater and that graphene-based nanofluid at
room temperature is smaller. Nanofluid and base fluid performance
analysis is conducted for parallel and counter flow setup with a
double pipe heat exchanger. From the outcomes, it is found that the
nanofluid based on carbon nanotube is much better than other
nanofluids and base fluid for counterflow structure. In contrast to
graphene-based nanofluid and base fluid, the hybrid nanofluid shows
much higher effectiveness for both parallel flow and counter flow
arrangements.
Fig. 4. Kinematic Viscosity values.
Fig. 5. Dynamic Viscocity values for different fluids.
Fig. 6. Effectiveness values of various fluids
Table 17. Heat transfer rate values for different fluids
Fluid
Heat Transfer Rate (J/s) Flow type
Parallel Counter
graphene based nanofluid
738.98 732.67
CNT based nanofluid
540.10 631.88
CNT + graphene based nanofluid
694.98 632.17
Distilled Water 653.11 709.62
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Ajey et al., Nano Progress
Nano Prog., (2021) 3(5), 47-52.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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