Myron S. Cohen, MD Protocol Chair 6 th IAS Conference, Rome, Italy July 18, 2011
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Transcript of Myron S. Cohen, MD Protocol Chair 6 th IAS Conference, Rome, Italy July 18, 2011
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Myron S. Cohen, MDProtocol Chair
6th IAS Conference, Rome, ItalyJuly 18, 2011
HPTN 052
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Antiviral Treatment as Prevention
• Extensive biological plausibility– The concentration of HIV-1 in blood and genital
tract correlates with sexual transmission– Antiretroviral agents that concentrate in the
genital tract reduce HIV-1 viral load
• Most observational reports indicate ART reduces transmission of HIV-1 in couples
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• To determine if ART reduces HIV-1 transmission–magnitude?–durability of benefit?
• To determine if ART is used “earlier” to reduce HIV-1 transmission–personal health benefit(s)?
A Randomized Controlled Trial
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• HIV Prevention: RCT (Cohen)• Linkage Analysis (Eshleman)• HIV-1 Virology and Immunology (Hosseinipour)• When to Start ART (Grinsztejn)• Summary (Cohen)• Questions and Answers
HPTN 052 Presentations
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M Cohen, Y Chen, M McCauley, T Gamble, R Bollinger, Y Bryson, D Burns, D Celentano, S Chariyalertsak,
F Conradie, L Cottle, G De Bruyn, V Elharrar, S Eshleman, M Essex, E Filho, S Godbole, B Grinsztejn, J Hakim,
I Hoffman, M Hosseinipour, N Kumarasamy, J Kumwenda, J Makhema, A Martinez, K Mayer, S Mehendale, L Mills,
K Nielsen, J Pilotto, E Piwowar-Manning, I Sanne, B Santos,
T Taha, L Wang, S Safren, T Fleming,and the HPTN 052 Protocol Team
Prevention of Transmission of HIV with ART
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Stable, healthy, serodiscordant couples, sexually activeCD4 count: 350 to 550 cells/mm3
Primary Transmission EndpointVirologically-linked transmission events
Primary Clinical EndpointWHO stage 4 clinical events, pulmonary tuberculosis, severe
bacterial infection and/or death
HPTN 052 Study Design
Immediate ART CD4 350-550
Delayed ART CD4 <250
Randomization
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10,838 Individuals Screened
Immediate Arm886 Couples
Delayed Arm877 Couples
Major reasons for exclusion: 3058 HIV+ but CD4 count out of range 2565 HIV- but HIV+ partner ineligible 308 Seroconcordant couples 155 Ineligible due to sexual history
HPTN 052 Enrollment
1763 Couples(3526 Individuals)
Randomized
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HPTN 052 Enrollment(Total Enrollment: 1763 couples)
U.S.
Brazil
South AfricaBotswana
Kenya
Thailand IndiaAmerica
s278
Africa954
Asia531Zimbabwe
Malawi
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Region Site Couples
Americas(278)
Porto Alegre, Brazil 90
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 186
Boston, United States 2
Asia(531)
Chennai, India 250
Pune, India 175
Chiang Mai, Thailand 106
Africa(954)
Gaborone, Botswana 77
Kisumu, Kenya 60
Blantyre, Malawi 230
Lilongwe, Malawi 251
Johannesburg, South Africa 46
Soweto, South Africa 50
Harare, Zimbabwe 240
Total 1763
HPTN 052 Enrollment
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Index PartnerImmediate
N = 886DelayedN = 877
ImmediateN = 893
DelayedN = 882
Female 49% 50% 49% 47%Age (median) 33 32 32 32
Married 94% 95% 93% 94%Any unprotected sex 6% 8% 8% 8%
CD4 (median [IQR]) 442[373-522]
428[357-522]
--- ---
HIV RNA log10
(median [IQR])4.4
[3.8-4.9]4.4
[3.9-4.9]--- ---
HPTN 052: Baseline Characteristics
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Index PartnerImmediate
N = 886DelayedN = 877
ImmediateN = 893
DelayedN = 882
Female 49% 50% 49% 47%Age (median) 33 32 32 32
Married 94% 95% 93% 94%Any unprotected sex 6% 8% 8% 8%
CD4 (median [IQR]) 442[373-522]
428[357-522]
--- ---
HIV RNA log10
(median [IQR])4.4
[3.8-4.9]4.4
[3.9-4.9]--- ---
HPTN 052: Baseline Characteristics
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“The Board recommends that the results of the trial be announced as soon as possible”
HPTN 052 continues to follow couples, but all HIV-infected participants are being offered ART
DSMB RecommendationApril 28, 2011
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Total HIV-1 Transmission Events: 39
HPTN 052: HIV-1 Transmission
Immediate Arm4
Delayed Arm35
p < 0.0001
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Total HIV-1 Transmission Events: 39
HPTN 052: HIV-1 Transmission
Linked Transmissions: 28
Unlinked or TBD Transmissions: 11
p < 0.001
Immediate Arm: 1
Delayed Arm: 27
• 18/28 (64%) transmissions from infected participants with CD4 >350 cells/mm3
• 23/28 (82%) transmissions in sub-Saharan Africa
• 18/28 (64%) transmissions from female to male partners
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Median follow-up: 1.7 years
Study Arm Follow-up (PY)*Incidence/100PY
[95% CI]
Linked Overall
Immediate 1585 0.1[0.0 – 0.4]
0.3[0.1 – 0.6]
Delayed 1567 1.7[1.1 – 2.5]
2.2[1.6 – 3.1]
HPTN 052: HIV-1 Transmission
*Person-years specific for transmission events
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HPTN052: HIV-1 Transmissions
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Immediate (N=886) Delayed (N=876)
Enrollment Follow-up Enrollment Follow-up
Index pregnancy 63 47 59 79
STDs* Index 1% - 5% 0% - 3% 1% - 5% 0% - 3%
Partner 1% - 3% 0% - 2% 1% - 2% 0% - 4%
Sexual activity** Index 72% 62% - 74% 74% 53% - 70%
Partner 72% 67% - 81% 73% 62% - 76%
Condom use** Index 94% 92% - 97% 92% 92% - 100%
Partner 92% 90% - 100% 92% 92% - 100%
Sexual Behaviors: Baseline and Follow-up
*STDs include hepatitis B, syphilis, gonorrhea, and C. trachomatis**Self-reported data
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HPTN 052: Effect of ART
Immediate ArmDelayed Arm (not on ART)Delayed Arm (on ART)
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 450
Months
Proportion of participants with VL<400 at each visit
6 08 0
10 04 0
2 00
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HIV Transmission: CD4 Count and HIV-1 RNA
28 Linked Transmissions
Median proximal CD4 (range): 400 (229-858) Immediate arm: 584 (584-584) Delayed arm: 391 (229-858)
Median proximal log10 VL (range): 4.9 (2.6-5.8) Immediate arm: 2.6 (2.6-2.6) Delayed arm: 4.9 (2.6-5.8)
Immediate(1)
Delayed(27)
CD
4+ (c
ells
/mm
3 )
HIV
RN
A (lo
g 10
copi
es/m
m3 )
Immediate(1)
Delayed(27)
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One Transmission Event on ART
Single Genome Analysis: 1-2 viruses transmitted
Analysis of Transmission: >50 days earlier (84 – 190 days)
-14
Screening
Days 0
Enrollment
1
Index begins ART AZT/3TC/EFV
28
Index VL<400
85
Partner HIV+ (WB)
Partner VL < 400Index CD4 = 482
Index VL = 87,202
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Variable Hazard Ratio 95% Confidence Interval
Treatment (immediate vs. delayed)
0.04 [0.01 - 0.28]
Baseline CD4 (per 100 CD4 Increment) 1.24 [1.00 - 1.54]
Baseline VL (per unit log increment)
2.84 [1.51 - 5.41]
Baseline condom use (100% vs. <100%)
0.33 [0.12 - 0.91]
Gender (HIV +) (male vs. female) 0.73 [0.33 - 1.65]
Multivariate Analysis – Linked Transmission
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HPTN 052 Prevention Conclusion
Early ART that suppresses viral replication led to 96% reduction of sexual transmission
of HIV-1 in serodiscordant couples
THANK YOU!