Myofascial Release AG - blog.summit-education.com · pain score, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and...

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Myofascial Release Integrating IASTM, Kinesiology taping and Active Release Techniques (ART) to relieve pain and improve function 1

Transcript of Myofascial Release AG - blog.summit-education.com · pain score, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and...

Page 1: Myofascial Release AG - blog.summit-education.com · pain score, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and neck range of motion of patients with chronic neck pain ... • During the late

Myofascial ReleaseIntegrating IASTM, Kinesiology taping and 

Active Release Techniques (ART) to relieve pain and improve function 

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Ryan Palkoner, PT, MPT, Cert. ART, Cert. DN

• ProActive Physical Therapy in Highlands Ranch, CO• Certified Active Release Techniques  Practitioner – Upper Extremity, Lower Extremity, Spine– Nerve Entrapment, Biomechanics, Active Diagnosis– Masters, Complex Protocols, Ironman Provider Network

• Certified Dry Needling Practitioner• Kinesiology Taping Practitioner over 18 years• Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) Practitioner over 18 years

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Course Objectives• Demonstrate soft‐tissue manual therapy techniques to 

identify and deactivate trigger points and adhesions in order to improve functional mobility.

• Discuss Evidence‐based fascial release strategies.• Create dynamic and effective treatment paradigms for 

upper extremity and lower extremity pathology using Manual therapy, IASTM and Kinesiology Taping Techniques.

• Administer Kinesiology Taping Techniques to the upper and lower extremities to improve function, pain‐free ROM.

• Explain when IASTM is appropriate to use in treatment and how to apply it  3

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Myofascial ReleaseMyofascial release is a form of soft tissue 

therapy that involves applying sustained pressure into the Myofascial connective tissue restrictions to eliminate pain and restore motion.

Myofascial is comprised of the word “myo” referring to muscle and “fascia”, which refers to the collagenous web that surrounds, supports, and connects all of our muscles.

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What is Tissue Dysfunction?• A combination of dehydration and the 

elements of life such as repetitive movement causes fascia and muscle to bind together, which inhibits the muscle’s ability to move efficiently.

• Pressure needs to be applied to these adhesions, or trigger points, to help break it up and release it, which is what myofascialrelease is all about.

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What exactly are muscle knots?

• Myofascial Trigger Points • A trigger point (TrP) is a small patch of tightly contracted muscle• Isolated spasm, not a “charlie horse”• Metabolic crisis from blood supply deprivation

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Myofascial Pain Syndrome

• A few TrPs = annoyance• Many bad TrPs = Myofascial pain syndrome

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Why muscle pain matters so much

• Aches and pains are an extremely common medical complaint • TrPs seem to be a factor in many of them• Key factors in headaches, neck pain, LBP, etc• Triple threat, they can:• Cause pain problems• Complicate pain• Mimic other pain problems

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Trusting muscle pain information

• Good information is a challenge with TrPs• Shabby science, under explained, over‐hyped• Not a deal breaker, TrPs is a useful work‐in‐progress label

• Muscle is the “orphan organ”• MDs don’t specialize in muscle

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Family doctors aren’t really equipped for troubleshooting chronic pain.Cartoon by Loren Fishman, HumoresqueCartoons.com

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Trigger points and referred pain

• CTS Caused by a TrP in the subscapularis• Sciatica is often caused by pain in the piriformis or other gluteal muscles, and not by irritation of the sciatic nerve. • Chronic jaw pain, toothaches, earaches, sinusitis, tinnitus, and dizziness may be symptoms of trigger points in the muscles around the jaw, face, head and neck.

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Trigger points and referred pain(cont’d)

• A sore throat or a lump in the throat is often caused or aggravated by trigger points anywhere around the throat.• “Appendicitis pain” often turns out, sometimes after surgery, to be caused by a trigger point in the abdominal muscles.• Severe MPS is often mistaken for fibromyalgia (and other causes of pain hypersensitivity)

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Trigger Point Checklist You have sore spots in muscles. Your pain usually occurs in specific areas of your 

body. The problem feels more like muscles than joints. Your pain is primarily dull, aching, and nagging. You feel a lot of stiffness as well as pain. Affected areas feel weak and heavy. Stretching is appealing (but not very effective). Hot showers and baths are usually helpful. Anti‐inflammatory medications don’t really work.

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Identifying a Trigger point

• Intense and distinctive sensitivity• Twitchy• Familiar sensitivity• Tight band

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What about Trigger Point Diagrams?

• Big red books by Janet Travell and David Simons. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction, The Trigger Point Manual Vol 1&2.

• The “Perfect Spots”: thirteen classic trigger points

• Incorporating movement screens when TrPsalso cause movement dyfunction

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Functional Movement Screen (FMS)

• Identify asymmetries and imbalances• 7 fundamental movement patterns– Deep squat, hurdle step, in‐line lunge, active SLR, trunk stability push‐up, rotary stability, shoulder mobility

• Movement patterns are scored 0‐3 points, with the sum creating a score ranging from 0‐21.  

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See Appendix B for a detailed description of individual movement patterns.

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Selective Functional Movement Assessment (SFMA)

• Movement‐based diagnostic system• Finds the cause of symptoms by breaking down dysfunctional patterns

• Mobility problem vs stability control problem• Seven top‐tier assessments which are further broken down based on function vsdysfunction and painful vs non‐painful

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FMS vs SFMA

• FMS is a Screen which identifies red flags• SFMA is Diagnostic and identifies mobility and/or stability deficits that cause global dysfunction.

• FMS tells you there’s a movement problem• SFMA gets to the root of the problem

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What are Manual Therapy Techniques?

Manual therapy techniques are skilled hand movements and skilled passive movements of joints and soft tissue and are intended to improve tissue extensibility; increase range of motion; induce relaxation; mobilize or manipulate soft tissue and joints; modulate pain; and reduce soft tissue swelling, inflammation, or restriction. – APTA 2003

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Types of Manual Therapy

• Myofascial Release/Acupressure• Stretching• Massage• Strain‐Counter Strain• Joint Mobilization• Muscle Energy Technique• Active Release Techniques

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Active Release Techniques (ART® )• ART® is a patented soft tissue system that treats problems with muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia and nerves. 

• Abnormal tissues are treated by combining precisely directed tension with very specific patient movements

• It is an advanced system of diagnosis and manual treatment for soft tissue disorders resulting from:– Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD)– Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI)– Postural strain, Sports injuries, General wear and tear

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Components related to scar tissue formation: 

• acute injuries, including tears or collisions that can happen during exercise or sports• micro‐trauma, which is the gradual wear‐down of tissue that’s often caused from aging and inflammation• hypoxia, which results from tissue not receiving enough nutrients and oxygen

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Effects of the active release technique on pain and range of motion of patients with chronic neck pain – Kim, J et al. 2015

• Compared the influences of active release technique (ART) and joint mobilization (JM) on the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and neck range of motion of patients with chronic neck pain

• 24 patients in 3 groups: ART, JM and control• ART and JM both positively affected the VAS score, PPT, and 

ROM • ART demonstrated a trend toward greater effectiveness for 

patients with neck pain involving soft tissue injury. 

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The effects of active release technique on the gluteus medius for pain relief in persons with 

chronic low back pain(Tak, S et al. 2013)

• 12 patients with chronic LBP• Received ART treatments 2x/week for 3 weeks• Results: significantly lower pain intensity and pressure, according to a pain visual analogue scale

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ART Treatment

• Breaking up and realigning adhesions• Compression and Tension – “The handshake”• Tension and compression is held constant as the patient moves through a ROM

• Shorten the structure, then lengthen• Healthy tissue shouldn’t meet your resistance until the last 5‐10% of the motion

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Shoulder• Teres Major• Teres Minor• Infraspinatus• Supraspinatus• Subscapularis

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Calf/Ankle

• Posterior Tibialis• Gastrocnemius• Soleus• Achilles Tendon

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Gua Sha• Traditional Chinese medicine• Gua = scrape• Sha = sand• “to scrape away disease by allowing the disease to escape as sand‐looking objects through the skin”‐Wikipedia 

• During treatment, “Sha” becomes visible as petechiae

• Petechiae = capillary hemmorhage

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David Graston

• Machinist and water skier• Dislocated knee in 1987• Used cross friction in scar tissue after surgery in PT• Used a wood roller then aluminum then steel

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IASTM Benefit Theories

• Deliberate method of producing microtrauma

• Facilitation of connective tissue healing

• Release of soft tissue, adhesions and fascialrestrictions

• Neuromodulation of pain and tone

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Theory Research

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Surface Circulation

• Nielson: Explore 2007– Gua Sha applied to the back– Immediate 4x increase in surface circulation using laser Doppler imaging

– Immediate reduction in muscle pain both locally and distal

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Tendon Morphology

• Davidson: MSSE– Achilles tendon in rats– IASTM for 2 min on day 21,25,29,33– Increased fibroblast proliferation in the tendons that received IASTM

• Gehlson: MSES– Similar study design and results but measured pressure

– Deeper pressure yielded greater fibroblast proliferation

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Ligament Healing

• Loghmani, JOSPT 2009– 51 rodents with bilateral MCL injury– IASTM began 1 week after injury– 1 min session 3x/week for 4 and 12 weeks– Ligaments were 40% stronger and 43% stiffer after 4 weeks

– Improved collagen formation and orientation

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IASTM and Chronic Ankle Instability

• Shaefer: J Sports Rehab 2012– 36 healthy subjects with history of chronic ankle instability

– IASTM with and without balance training– No significant difference between groups– Effect size larger in IASTM group

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Patellar Tendinitis

• Wilson: J Sport Rehab 2000– 20 subjects comparing IASTM and traditional PT– 4 weeks of treatment– 6/10 traditional PT improved– 10/10 IASTM + PT improved– PT = 3x/week and included CFM– IASTM= 2x/week

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IASTM Tools

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IASTM Stroke Patterns

• Sharp edge, superficial, faster stroke, 45 deg• Blunt edge, deeper, slower stroke, 45‐90 deg• Lift and push/pull• Fan stroke• Shorten tissue to get even deeper• Massage cream, Albolene• Treatment time is 2‐5 min on average

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Shoulder/Upper Arm

• Increased restriction anterior deltoid > posterior deltoid

• Restriction in biceps/triceps junctional area• Radial Nerve container• Improves shoulder mobility ER, IR, elevation, radial neurodynamics. Very helpful with impingement and makes movement less painful in conditions like frozen shoulder

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Calf/Achilles

• Posteriorlateral and proximal calf

• Restricted > tone

• Multidirectional  restrictions

• Improves ankle dorsiflexion, plantar fasciitis, posterior chain neural container

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Anterior foot/ankle

• Bony contours of anterior talus• Bony contours of 1st MTP• Restricted• Multidirectional restrictions• Improves ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexionand 1st ray mobility

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Lateral foot/ankle

• Bony contours of superior calcaneous

• Restricted > tone

• Multidirectional restriction

• Improves sural nerve container, ankle mobility, ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, accessory calcaneous mobility

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What is Kinesiology Tape?

• Polymer elastic strands wrapped in cotton fiber, latex‐free, hypoallergenic tape with an acrylic heat‐activated backing 

• Stretches only along its longitudinal axis • Can be stretched 40%‐60% of its resting length• No medicinal properties• The thickness and weight of the tape is designed to approximate the weight and thickness of skin

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History of Kinesiology Tape • Japanese chiropractor Dr. Kenzo Kase developed the 

taping method in 1973• By 1979, Dr. Kase founded the Kinesio‐taping method• During the late 80’s and early 90’s Kinesio Taping® had 

become extremely popular in Japan • 1994‐ Dr. Kase expanded to the US• Took center stage until the 2008 Summer Olympics in 

Beijing and again in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. 

• Athletes from over 80 countries used kinesiology taping in some form at the London Olympics

• Rock tape, Kinesiotape, KT, Spidertec, Strength, McDavid, etc

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Kinesiology Tape Theory

What’s the purpose of using Kinesiology tape?

1. Decompression

2. Pain Mitigation

3. Neurosensory Input

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Decompression• Relieves pressure from free nerve endings in the tissues that 

are responsible for nocioception• Reduce perceived pain• Improve circulation• Reduces excessive heat and chemical substances in tissue• Reduces inflammation

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Pain Mitigation• Nocioception shares pathways in the nervous system with 

movement and proprioception• Most nocioception is relayed via slow nerves• Tape stimulates proprioceptors causing a pain‐gate effect• Skin stimulation and movement causes larger, faster nerves 

to fire closing the pain gate.

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Neurosensory Input

• Kinesiology tape provides stimulation to sensory nerves in the skin and underlying tissues

• There is an alteration of afferent signals going from the taped area to the brain

• Efferent signals are changed as a result• Callaghan MJ et al. Effects of patellar taping on brain activity during knee joint proprioception tests using functional MRI.

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Mechanisms of Action

• Mechanical – exerting influence on the mechanical properties of the tissues or influencing kinematics

• Physiological‐ providing stimulus to effect changes in neurophysiological processes involved with pain perception and the motor control system

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Mechanical Mechanisms

• Direct Techniques – exert their influence directly on the muscle or musculo‐tendinousunit (MTU)

• Indirect Technique – are concerned with modification of gross movement patterns without concern for particular muscles or tendons

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Direct Techniques

• Reducing load ‐ additional elastic forces in parallel to the series elastic components. 

• Pre‐set ‐ facilitates muscle activation in the target muscle (possibly by excitation of muscle spindles)

• Force Generation, energy absorption, storage and release‐ Tape can contribute force thereby reducing the force generation requirements of the MTU

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Indirect Techniques

• Modification of Kinematics‐modify and improve the way patients move

• Off‐Loading &Support ‐reduce the mechanical load on sensitized tissues not by directly assisting a MTU but by supporting or providing weight relief

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Evidence Based Approach to Rehabilitation• Evidence‐based practice relies not only on the scientific literature, but also on the clinical experience of the provider and patient expectations (Sacket et al)

• Vercelli et al compared the effects of no tape, origin to insertion and insertion to origin tape on quadriceps strength and limb performance  in healthy individuals. No difference was found between groups.

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Research studies have shown kinesiology tape to:• Improve power and strength in uninjured muscles• Reduce pain and improve function in painful conditions • Improve pain, range of motion and function in people 

with shoulder impingement • Raise the anaerobic threshold of muscle during 

endurance activity • A recent systematic review concluded that there was 

‘moderate evidence to support the use of tape to reduce pain’ 

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Working with Kinesiology Tape

• Basic techniques and handling• Skin prep and adhesion• Tensions• Patient positioning• Tape Removal• Adverse reactions and avoiding them

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Rotator Cuff

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Rotator Cuff/Deltoid/MDI

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Achilles/Calf

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Achilles Tendonitis

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Achilles Tendonitis/ Calf Strain

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Plantar Fascia

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Plantar Fasciitis/ Ankle Sprain

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Research articles supplying Evidence for Kinesiology 

Taping

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Effectiveness of Holistic Physiotherapy for Low Back Pain(Adamczyk, A., et al., 2009)

• Compared 2 physiotherapeutic approaches for LBP– Postisometric relaxation, active mob spine, KiblerFold mob, kinesiology taping, Maigne’s relax ex’s

vs.– Electrotherapy, exercises for LBP

• 60 female patients• Results: LBP reduced in 90% of patients; 80% had improved static balance of pelvis, tone of muscles, improved spinal mobility– Control group decrease radiating pain 25% patients only

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Kinesio Taping Reduced Disability and Pain Slightly in Chronic Non‐Specific Low Back Pain: a Randomised

Trial(Castro‐Sanchez, A.M., et al.,2012)

• 60 adults w/chronic non‐specific LBP• KT tape vs. sham taping• Measured using functional outcome scales, pain rating scale

• Results: At week one, KT significantly greater improvement in disability– However, not signficant at 4 weeks– Greater decrease in pain immediately after, 4 wks– Trunk muscle endurance significantly better 1 wk, 4 wks

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Short‐term Effects of Cervical Kinesio Taping on Pain and Cervical Range of Motion in Patients with Acute 

Whiplash Injury: a Randomized Clinical Trial (Gonzalez‐Iglesas, J., et al., 2009)

• 41 patients• Neck pain, cervical ROM– Baselne, immediate after KT, 24 hr F/U– Kinesio tape vs. sham tape

• Results: KT group greater decrease in pain immediately and at 24 hr F/U– KT group greater ROM improvements also– Improvements were small, may not be clinically meaningful

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The Influence of Short‐Term Kinesiology Taping on Force‐Velocity Parameters of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle (Ptak, A., 

et al., 2013)

• 52 women with BMI below 23• Kinesio‐Tex(rectus abdominis) on force velocity of trunk flexors– Peak torque, total work, power, percentage ration of trunk flexor and extensor peak torque

• Results: no statistically significant differences found in study group and control group

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Short –Term Effects of Knesio Taping Versus Cervical Thrust Manipulation in Patients with Mechanical Neck Pain: a 

Randomized Clinical Trial (Saavedra‐Hernandez, M., et al., 2012)

• 80 patients (36 women)–Manipulation (2 cervical manips) vs. KT group– Neck pain, Neck Disability Index, cervical ROM at baseline and 1 week after

• Results: No sig. differences for pain or disability–Manipulation group statistically sig. rotation ROM improvement (not flex,ext,lat flex)

– Similar between groups for reduction in pain, disability and similar ROM (except rotation)• Disability, ROM changes were small and not clinically meaningful

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Mobilizaton with Movements and kinesiotapingCompared with a Supervised Exercise Program for 

Painful Shoulder: Results of a Clinical Trial (Djordjevic, O.C., et al., 2012)

• 21 subjects w/shoulder pain (impingement)–MWM and KT vs. supervised exercise group– Active pain free shoulder ABD and flex ROM on days 0,5,10

• Results: Sig. higher improvement in pain free shoulder ROM for MWM and KT group

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Treatment of Myofascial Pain in the Shoulder with Kinesio Taping. A Case Report (Garcia‐

Muro, F., et al., 2010)• 20 yr old female with 2 days of shoulder pain• Had used NSAIDs, TENS (discontinued) w/o improvement

• Applied KT for deltoid muscle (Y strip) reinforced w/transverse strip over MTPs

• Results: Sig. increase with ROM immediately and 2 days after– No change VAS or algometry (pressure pain thresholds)

– Reported no pain, near full ROM 9 days after

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Kinesio Taping Compared to Physical Therapy Modalities for the Treatment of Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (Kaya, E., 

2011)

• 55 patients w/shoulder impingement• KT 3x by intervals of 3 days vs. a daily program of local modalities– DASH score, night pn, daily pn, pn w/motion

• Results: all outcomes decreased w/both groups– KT statistically sig. lower rest, night, motion median pain scores at first week• No difference at week 2

– KT group sig. lower DASH scores at week 2 compared to physical therapy group

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The Clinical Efficacy of Kinesio Tape for Shoulder Pain: a Randomzed Double‐Blinded, Clinical Trial (Thelan, 

M., et al., 2008)

• 42 patients with rotator cuff tendonitis/impingement– Therapeutic KT group vs. sham KT group– 2 consecutive three day intervals, self reported pnand disability, and pain free ROM measured

• Results: KT group had immediate improvement in pain free shoulder abduction

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Kinesio Tape Management for Superficial Radial Nerve Entrapment: a Case Report (Anandkumar, S., 

2013)

• 41 yo female with pain lower lateral 1/3 radius into first web space

• Kinesio Tape for entrapment• Results: Immediate increased grip strength, improved functional activities, reduction pain and swelling–Maintained at 6 months F/U

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The Effectiveness of Kinesio Taping for Athletes with Medial Elbow Epicondylar Tendinopathy (Chang, H.Y., 

et al, 2013)

• 27 male athletes– Healthy vs. MET group

• Measured grip strength–Without tape, placebo tape, Kinesio tape

• Results: No significant difference except absolute force sense error in KT group

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Multimodal Management of Lateral Epicondylagia in Rock Climbers: a Prospective Case Series ( Gonzalez‐

Iglesias, J., et al., 2011)

• 9 rock climbers w/ tennis elbow• Outcome measure, pain pressure threshold testing– Baseline, 3rd visit (week 3), 2 month F/U

• Cervical manipulation, MWM elbow, wrist manipulation, TrP dry needling, and kinesio tape

• Results: Improved in all outcome measures final visit and 2 month F/U– Mean duration of symptoms was 3 weeks

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Immediate Effects of Forearm Kinesio Taping on Maximal Grip Strength and Force Sense in Healthy 

Collegiate Athletes (Chang, H.Y., et al., 2010)

• 21 healthy collegiate athletes• Grip strength measured–Without tape, placebo tape, Kinesio tape– 50% of max was reference value of force sense

• Results: No significant differences in max grip between 3 groups– Related and absolute force send increased in all 3 groups

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Conservative Care of De Quervain’sTenosynovitis/Tendonopathy in a Warehouse Worker and Recreational Cyclist: a Case Report (Howell, E.R., 

2012)• 49 yo female w/wrist and thumb pain diagnosed as De Quervain’s

• US, STM/MFR tool assisted guasha, acupuncture, mobilizations, kinesiology taping over the course of 14 months– KT parallel origin to insertion, additional 2 inch strip along snuff box parallel w/ tendon

• Results: Complete resolution of symptoms

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The Effects of Additional Kinesio Taping Over Exercise in the Treatment of Patellofemoral Pain 

Syndrome (Akbas, E., et al., 2011)

• 31 women with PFPS• Kinesio taping group vs. control group– Both had same strengthenng and stretching 6 wks– KT group tapng at four day intervals for 6 wks

• Results: both groups significantly improved in pain, flexibility, functional performance– Patellar shift unchanged– KT group significantly better hamstring flexibility by 3 wks

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A Comparison of Two Taping Techniques (Kinesio and McConnell) and Their Effect on Anterior Knee pain During 

Functional Activities ( Campolo, M., 2013)

• 20 subjects w/unilateral knee pain• Squat lift w/weighted box (10% BW plus box), stair climbing– No Tape, MT, KT (donut technique peripatellar)

• Pain levels assessed verbally 0‐10 scale• Results: No sig. difference between groups on squat– Statistical difference on stair climb w/KT tape vs. no tape group

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Two Stretching Treatments for the Hamstrings: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Versus 

Kinesio Taping (Chen, C.H., et al., 2013)• 9 healthy males• 3 protocols– Non stretching, hamstring static stretch w/ PNF and HS statc stretch w/KT on hamstrings

– Measured first felt and max ROM, max knee flex peak torque

• Results: Post stretch both groups increased ROM– Stiffer HS and decreased peak torque in stretch/PNF and control groups

– Taping may prevent muscle injury by maintaining peak torque after exercise

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Lower Leg Neuromuscular Changes Following Fibular Reposition Taping in Individuals with Chronic Ankle 

Instability (Chou, E., et al., 2013)

• 12 young adults w/chronic ankle instability• 2 testing sessions, tape vs. sham tape• Measured peak h‐reflex and M‐wave soleus and peroneus longus and v‐wave of soleus

• Results: Sig. increase h/M ratio in soleus after taping–May be effective for increasing soleus h‐reflex

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Effect of Kinesio Taping on Muscle Strength in Athletes – a Pilot Study (FU, T.C., et al., 2008)

• 14 healthy young athletes, no knee problems• Muscle strength in quads, hamstrings–Without tape, immediately after tape (ant. Thigh), 12h after tape (still on)

• Results: No sig. difference in muscle power between 3 conditions– KT neither increased or decreased muscle strength 

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Comparison of Efficiency of Kinesio Taping and Electrical Stimulation in Patients with Patellofemoral

Pain Syndrome (Kuru, T., et al., 2012)

• 30 patients with PFPS• KT and exercise group vs. ES and exercise group– Pain (VAS), ROM strength, functional condition (step test,triple jump test, knee flexion test, Kujalapatellofemoral score), and quality of life

• Results: both groups decreased pain, increased function, improved ROM and strength– Statistically significant improvement quality of life too

– No significant differences between the groups

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Appendix A

“The Perfect Spots”13 Classic Trigger Points

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Perfect Spot No.1 – Massage Therapy for Tension Headaches 

Under the back of the skull must be the single most pleasing and popular target for massage in the human body. No other patch of muscle gets such rave reviews. It has everything: deeply relaxing and satisfying sensations, and a dramatic therapeutic relevance to one of the most common of all human pains, the common tension headache. And no wonder: without these muscles, your head would fall off. They feel just as important as they are. 

for pain: almost anywhere in the head, face and neck, but especially the side of the head, behind the ear, the temples and foreheadrelated to: headache, neck pain, migrainemuscle(s): suboccipital muscles (recti capitis posteriores major and minor, obliqui inferior and superior)

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Perfect Spot No. 2 —Massage Therapy for Low Back Pain

This Perfect Spot lives in the “thoracolumbar corner,” a nook between your lowest rib and your spine — right where the stability of the rib cage and thoracic vertebrae gives way to the relative instability of the lumbar spine. It consists of trigger points in the upper‐central corner of the quadratus (square) lumborum muscle and in the thick column of muscle that braces the spine, the erector spinae. 

for pain: anywhere in the low back, tailbone, lower buttock, abdomen, groin, side of the hiprelated to: low back pain, herniated discmuscle(s): quadratus lumborum, erector spinae

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Perfect Spot No. 3 —Massage Therapy for Shin Splints

Perfect Spot No. 3 is in your shins — seemingly an unlikely place for muscle knots! But there is meat there, and if you’ve ever had shin splints then you know just how vulnerable that meat can be. Even if you’ve never suffered so painfully, your shins probably still suffer in silence — latent trigger points in the upper third of the shin that don’t cause symptoms, but are plenty sensitive if you press on them. 

for pain: in the shin, top of the foot, and the big toerelated to: shin splints, drop foot, anterior compartment syndrome, medial tibial stress syndromemuscle(s): tibialis anterior

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Perfect Spot No. 4 —Massage Therapy for Neck Pain, Chest Pain, Arm Pain, and Upper Back Pain

Deep within the Anatomical Bermuda Triangle, a triangular region on the side of the neck, is the cantankerous scalene muscle group. Massage therapists have vanished while working in this mysterious area, never to be seen again. The region and its muscles are complex and peculiar, and many lesser‐trained massage therapists have low confidence working with them. 

for pain: in the upper back (especially inner edge of the shoulder blade), neck, side of the face, upper chest, shoulder, arm, handrelated to: thoracic outlet syndrome, lump in the throat, hoarseness, TMJ syndromemuscle(s): the scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)

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Perfect Spot No. 5 —Massage Therapy for Tennis Elbow and Wrist Pain

Just beyond your elbow, all the muscles on the back of your forearm converge into a single thick tendon, the common extensor tendon. At the point where the muscles converge, in the muscles that extend the wrist and fingers, lies one of the most inevitable myofascial TrPs in modern civilization: Perfect Spot No. 5. It is constantly and greatly aggravated both by computer usage today and by the use of a pen in simpler times — and by the occasional tennis match, then and now. 

for pain: in the elbow, arm, wrist, and handrelated to: carpal tunnel syndrome, tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis), golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis), thoracic outlet syndrome, and several moremuscle(s): extensor muscles of the forearm, mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis), extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris 95

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Perfect Spot No. 6 —Massage Therapy for Back Pain, Hip Pain, and Sciatica

When you have back pain, buttock pain, hip pain, or leg pain, much or even all of your trouble may well be caused by trigger points in the obscure gluteus medius and minimus muscles, a pair of pizza‐slice shaped muscles a little forward of your hip pocket. Other muscles in the region are usually involved as well, such as the gluteus maximus, piriformis, and the lumbar paraspinal muscles. However, the gluteus medius and minimus are a bit special: their contribution to pain in this area is particularly significant, and yet people who have buttock and leg pain rarely suspect that much of it is coming from muscle knots so high and far out on the side of the hip. for pain: in the low back, hip, buttocks (especially immediately under the buttocks), side of the thigh, hamstringsrelated to: sciatica, trochanteric bursitis, low back painmuscle(s): gluteus medius and minimus 96

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Perfect Spot No. 7 —Massage Therapy for Bruxism, Jaw Clenching, and TMJ Syndrome

Your masseter muscle is your primary chewing muscle — not the only one, but the main one — and it covers the sides of the jaw just behind the cheeks. It’s also the main muscle that clenches your jaw and grinds your teeth, unfortunately, and it’s one of the most common locations for trigger points in the human body. It is probably an accomplice in most cases of bruxism (that’s Latin for “grinding your teeth”) and temporomandibular joint syndrome (jaw joint pain), plus other unexplained painful problems in the area. 

for pain: in the side of the face, jaw, teeth (rarely)related to: bruxism, headache, jaw clenching, TMJ syndrome, toothache, tinnitusmuscle(s):masseter

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Perfect Spot No. 8 —Massage Therapy for Your Quads

A lot of quadriceps aching, stiffness and fatigue emanates from an epicentre of “knotted” muscle in the lower third of the thigh, in the vastus lateralis, a huge muscle — one of your biggest — that dominates the lateral part of the leg. Stretching it is effectively impossible, but massage is an option: although often shockingly sensitive, Perfect Spot No. 8 can also be quite satisfying. It also often complicates or contributes to other problems in the area, especially runner’s knee (iliotibial band syndrome). 

for pain: in the lower half of the thigh, kneerelated to: iliotibial band syndrome, patellofemoral pain syndromemuscle(s): quadriceps (vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastusmedialis, rectus femoris)

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Perfect Spot No. 9 —Massage Therapy for Your Pectorals

The “pecs” are popular: of 700+ muscles, the pectoralis major is one of just a dozen or so that most people can name and point to. It also harbours one of the most commonly‐encountered and significant trigger points in the human body, and can produce pain much like a heart attack in both quality and intensity. 

for pain: anywhere in the chest, upper armrelated to: “heart attack,” respiratory dysfunctionmuscle(s): pectoralis major

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Perfect Spot No. 10 —Massage Therapy for Tired Feet (and Plantar Fasciitis!)

The tenth of the Perfect Spots is one of the most popular of the lot, and right under your feet — literally. It lies in the center of the arch muscles of the foot. This is one of the Perfect Spots that everyone knows about. No massage is complete without a foot massage! 

for pain: in the bottom of the footrelated to: plantar fasciitismuscle(s): arch muscles

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Perfect Spot No. 11 —Massage Therapy for Upper Back Pain

This “spot” is too large to really be called a “spot” — it’s more of an area. The thick columns of muscle beside the spine are often littered with muscle knots from top to bottom. Nevertheless, there is one section of the group where massage is particularly appreciated: from the thick muscle at the base of the neck, down through the region between the shoulder blades, tapering off around their lower tips. There is no doubt that this part of a back massage feels even better than the rest — even the low back, despite its own quite perfect spots, cannot compete. for pain: anywhere in the upper back, mainly between the shoulder bladesrelated to: scoliosismuscle(s): erector spinae muscle group

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Perfect Spot No. 12 —Massage Therapy for Low Back Pain (So Low That It’s Not In the Back)

At the top of the buttocks lies a Perfect Spot for massage: a sneaky but trouble‐making brute of a trigger point that commonly forms in the roots of the gluteus maximus muscle. It’s below the lowest part of the low back, but it often feels like low back pain. This is the kind of spot that the Perfect Spots series is all about: not only does it tend to produce a profound, sweet ache when massaged, but the extent of the pain that spreads out around it is almost always a surprise. It feels like a key to much more than expected. 

for pain: in the lower back, buttocks, hip, hamstringsrelated to: low back pain, sciatica, sacroiliac joint dysfunctionmuscle(s): gluteus maximus

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Perfect Spot No. 13 —Massage Therapy for Low Back Pain (Again)

Some of the Perfect Spots are perfect because they are “surprising” — it’s delightful to find a place to massage that feels highly relevant your pain in an unexpected location. Others are perfect because they are exactly where you expect them to be — and what a relief it is to be able to treat them. Perfect Spot No. 13 is perhaps the ultimate, the quintessential example of a trigger point that is usually “right where I thought the problem was”: in the “pit” of the low back, at the bottom of the thick columns of back muscle beside the spine. 

for pain: in the low back, buttocks, hamstringsrelated to: low back pain, sciatica, sacroiliac joint dysfunctionmuscle(s): erector spinae muscle group at L5

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Appendix B

Detailed descriptions of the movement patterns used in the FMS

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Test 1: Deep SquatThe squat is a movement needed in most athletic events. It is the ready position and is required for most power and lifting movements involving the lower extremities. The deep squat is a test that challenges total body mechanics when performed properly. It is used to assess bilateral, symmetrical and functional mobility of the hips, knees and ankles. The dowel held overhead assesses bilateral, symmetrical mobility of the shoulders as well as the thoracic spine. The ability to perform the deep squat requires appropriate pelvic rhythm, closed‐kinetic chain dorsiflexion of the ankles, flexion of the knees and hips and extension of the thoracic spine, as well as flexion and abduction of the shoulders.

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Test 2: Hurdle StepThe hurdle step is designed to challenge the body’s proper stride mechanics during a step‐ ping motion. The movement re‐ quires proper coordination and stability between the hips and torso during the stepping motion as well as single leg stance stability. The hurdle step assesses bilateral functional mobility and stability of the hips, knees and ankles. Perform‐ing the hurdle step test requires stance‐ leg stability of the ankle, knee and hip as well as maximal closed‐kinetic chain extension of the hip. The hurdle step also requires step‐leg open‐kinetic chain dorsiflexion of the ankle and flexion of the knee and hip. In addition, the subject must also display adequate balance because the test imposes a need for dynamic stability.

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Test 3: In‐Line LungeThis test attempts to place the body in a position that will focus on the stresses as simulated during rotational, decelerating and lateral‐type movements. The in‐line lunge is a test that places the lower extremity in a scissored position, challenging the body’s trunk and extremities to resist rotation and maintain proper alignment. This test assesses torso, shoulder, hip and ankle mobility and stability, quadriceps flexibility and knee stability. The ability to perform the in‐linelunge test requires stance‐leg stability of the ankle, knee and hip as well as apparent closed kinetic‐ chain hip abduction. The in‐line lunge also requires step‐leg mobility of the hip, ankle dorsiflexion and rectus femoris flexibility. The subject must also display adequate stability due to the rotational stress imposed.

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Test 4: Shoulder MobilityThe shoulder mobility screen assesses bilateral shoulder range of motion, combining internal rotation with adduction and external rotation with abduction. It also requires normal scapular mobility and thoracic spine extension. The ability to perform the shoulder mobility test requires shoulder mobility in a combination of motions including abduction/external rotation, flexion/extension and adduction/internal rotation. It also requires scapular and thoracic spine mobility.

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Test 5: Active Straight‐Leg RaiseThe active straight‐leg raise tests the ability to disassociate the lower extremity while maintaining stability in the torso. The active straight‐leg raise test assesses active hamstring and gastroc‐soleus flexibility while maintain‐ ing a stable pelvis and active extension of the opposite leg. The ability to perform the active straight‐leg raise test requires functional hamstring flexibility, which is the flexibility that is available during training and competition. This is different from passive flexibility, which is more commonly assessed. The subject is also required to demonstrate adequate hip mobil‐ ity of the opposite leg as well as lower abdominal stability.

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Test 6: Trunk Stability Push‐upThe trunk stability push‐up tests the ability to stabilize the spine in an anterior and posterior plane during a closed‐chain upper body movement. It assesses trunk stability in the sagittal plane while a symmetrical upper‐extremity motion is performed. The ability to perform the trunk stability push‐up requires symmetric trunk stability in the sagittal plane during a symmetric upper extremity movement. Many functional activities require the trunk stabilizers to transfer force symmetrically from the upper extremities to the lower extremities and vice versa. Movements such as blocking in football and jumping for rebounds in basketball are common examples of this type of energy transfer. If the trunk does not have adequate stability during these activities, kinetic energy will be dispersed, leading to poor functional performance as well as increased potential for microtraumatic injury.

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Test 7: Rotary StabilityThis test is a complex movement requiring proper neuromuscular coordination and energy transfer from one segment of the body to another through the tor‐ so. The rotary stability test assesses multi‐plane trunk stability during a combined upper and lower extremity motion. The ability to perform the rotary stability test requires asymmetric trunk stability in both sagittal and transverse planes during asymmetric upper and lower extremity movement. Many functional activities require the trunk stabilizers to transfer force asymmetrically from the lower extremities to the upper extremities and vice versa. Running and exploding out of a down stance in football and moving and carrying heavy equipment or objects are examples of this type of energy transfer. If the trunk does not have adequate stability during these activities, kinetic energy will be dispersed, leading to poor performance as well as increased potential for injury.

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Scoring the FMSThe scoring is broken down into four basic criteria: ‐3 is given if the individual can perform the movement without any compensations according to the established criteria‐2 is given if the individual can perform the movement but must utilize poor mechanics and compensatory patterns to accomplish the movement‐1 is given if the individual cannot perform the movement pattern even with compensations, and finally‐0 is given if the individual has pain during any part of the movement or test. ‐There are five tests which require bilateral testing; this will result in two scores for those tests. The lowest test score is recorded for the overall score; however, for assessment and data collection purposes, both scores are needed. ‐Three tests: Shoulder Mobility, Trunk Stability Push‐up and Rotary Stability have clearing test associated with them that are scored as pass/fail. If a person fails this part of the test, then a 0 is given as the overall score. 

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