Myers’ Psychology for AP , 2e - schurzhs.org...Myers’ Psychology for AP®, 2e David G. Myers AP...
Transcript of Myers’ Psychology for AP , 2e - schurzhs.org...Myers’ Psychology for AP®, 2e David G. Myers AP...
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Myers’ Psychology for AP®, 2e
David G. Myers
AP® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board ®, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek
Germantown High SchoolWorth Publishers, © 2014
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Unit 1:Psychology’s History and
Approaches
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Unit 01 - Overview
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
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Module 01:Psychology’s History
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Psychology’s Roots
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Psychology’s Roots
Prescientific Psychology• Ancient Greeks: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
• Rene Descartes• Francis Bacon• John Locke
–Tabula Rasa (blank slate)• Empiricism
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Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born• Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
–University of Leipzig–Reaction time
experiment• G. Stanley Hall
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Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Structure
• Edward Titchener–Structuralism
•introspection
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Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Function
• William James–Functionalism
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Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Function
• Mary Calkins• Margaret Floy Washburn• Experimental psychology
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Psychological Science Develops
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Psychological Science Develops
• Sigmund Freud
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Psychological Science Develops
• Behaviorism–John B. Watson
•Rosalie Raynor
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Psychological Science Develops
• Behaviorism–B.F. Skinner– “study of observable
behavior”–conditioning
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Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology–Carl Rogers–Abraham Maslow
• Cognitive Neuroscience
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Psychological Science Develops
• Psychology–Science–Behavior–Mental processes
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Module 02:Psychology’s Big Issues and
Approaches
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Psychology’s Biggest Question
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Psychology’s Biggest Question
• Nature – Nurture Issue–Biology versus experience–History
•Greeks•Rene Descartes•Charles Darwin
– Natural selection
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
• Levels of Analysis–Biological–Psychological–Social-cultural
• Biopsychosocial Approach
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychology’s Subfields
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Psychology’s Subfields• Psychometrics• Basic Research
– Biological psychologists– Developmental psychologists– Cognitive psychologists– Educational psychologists– Personality psychologists– Social psychologists
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Psychology’s Subfields
• Applied Research– Industrial/organizational psychologists– Human factors psychologists– Counseling psychologists– Clinical psychologists– Psychiatrists– Positive psychology– Community psychologists
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Module 03:Careers in Psychology
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Basic Research Subfields
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Basic Research Subfields
• Cognitive psychologists• Developmental psychologists• Educational psychologists• Experimental psychologists• Psychometric and Quantitative Psychologists
• Social psychologists
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Applied Research Subfields
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Applied Research Subfields• Forensic psychologists• Health psychologists• Industrial/organizational (I/O)
psychologists• Neuropsychologists• Rehabilitation psychologists• School psychologists• Sport psychologists
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The Helping Professions
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The Helping Professions
• Clinical psychologists• Community psychologists• Counseling psychologists
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The End
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Definition Slides
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Empiricism
= the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.
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Structuralism
= early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchner; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
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Functionalism
= a school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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Experimental Psychology
= the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.
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Behaviorism
= the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
• Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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Humanistic Psychology
= a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.
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Cognitive Neuroscience
= the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
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Psychology
= the science of behavior and mental processes.
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Nature-Nurture Issue
= the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
• Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
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Natural Selection
= the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
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Levels of Analysis
= the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
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Biopsychosocial Approach
= an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
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Behavioral Psychology
= the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.
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Biological Psychology
= the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.
• Some biological psychologists call themselves– behavioral neuroscientists, – neuropsychologists, – behavior geneticists, – physiological psychologists, or – biopsychologists.
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Cognitive Psychology
= the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Evolutionary Psychology
= the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection.
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Psychodynamic Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
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Social-Cultural Psychology
= the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
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Psychometrics
= the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
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Basic Research
= pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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Developmental Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
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Educational Psychology
= the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.
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Personality Psychology
= the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
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Social Psychology
= the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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Applied Research
= scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychologists
= the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
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Human Factors Psychologists
= an I/O subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
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Counseling Psychology
= a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
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Clinical Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treat people with psychological disorders.
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Psychiatry
= a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
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Positive Psychology
= the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
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Community Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
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Testing Effect
= enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information.
• Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
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SQ3R
= a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.