Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 4 Adolescence and Adulthood James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson...
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 4 Adolescence and Adulthood James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers
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Transcript of Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 4 Adolescence and Adulthood James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson...
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(5th Ed)
Chapter 4
Adolescence and Adulthood
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Adolescence and AdulthoodAdolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood
extending from puberty to independencePuberty
the period of sexual maturation when one first becomes capable of
reproduction
Adolescence and Adulthood
Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction
possibleovaries- femaletestes- maleexternal genitalia
Secondary Sex Characteristics nonreproductive sexual characteristics
female- enlarged breast, hipsmale- voice quality, body hair
Menarche (meh-NAR-key) first menstrual period
Adolescence and Adulthood
In the 1890’s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is nearly 12 years.
10 20
7.2 Year Interval
10 20
11.8 Year Interval
Age
Age
1890, Women
1988, Women
Adolescence and Adulthood
Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.
Height in centimeters
190
170
150
130
110
90
70
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Age in years
Boys Girls
Adolescence and Adulthood-Erikson
Identity one’s sense of self the adolescent’s task is to solidify a
sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Intimacy the ability to form close, loving
relationships a primary developmental task in late
adolescence and early adulthood
Adolescence and Adulthood
With ideas similar to parents’ With ideas different from parents’
Percentageof teens
10
40
90
80
50
60
70
100
20
30
What values are most important in your life
Religion How youspend your money
What you should do in your leisure time
High school seniors’ attitudes appear to be in much closer agreement with those of their parents than many might suppose (Bachman et al., 1987).
Adolescence and Adulthood
The percentage of babies born to unmarried British, Canadian and American women (1/3 of whom were teens) has more than quintupled since 1960.
Percentage of births to unwed mothers
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
Japan
Britain
United States
Canada
Adulthood- Physical Changes
The slow decline of the body’s physical capacities during adulthood (adapted from Insel & Roth, 1976).40
50
60
70
80
90
100
30 40 50 60 70 80
Age in years
Percentage of function remaining
90
Lung volume
Maximum energyexpenditure
Resting energyexpenditure
Heart capacity
Adulthood- Physical Changes
Menopause the time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to the biological changes a woman
experiences as her ability to reproduce declinesAlzheimer’s Disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of
memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning
Adulthood- Physical ChangesThe Aging Senses
10 30 50 70 900
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Proportion of normal (20/20) vision when identifying letters on an eye chart
Age in years
Adulthood- Physical ChangesThe Aging Senses
10 30 50 70 9050
70
90
Percent correct whenIdentifying smells
Age in years
Adulthood- Physical ChangesThe Aging Senses
10 30 50 70 9050
70
90
Percent correct whenidentifying spokenwords
Age in years
Adulthood- Physical Changes
Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older.
12
10
8
6
4
2
016 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 and
over
Fatal accident rate
Age
Fatal accidentsper 10,000 drivers
Fatal accidentsper 100 million miles
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Recalling new names introduced once, twice or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990).18 40 50 60 70
Age group
Percentof namesrecalled
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
After oneintroductions
After twointroductions
Older age groups have poorer performance
After three introductions
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not.
NumberOf wordsremembered
20 30 40 50 60 700
4
8
12
16
20
24
Age in years
Number of wordsrecalled declineswith age
Number of wordsrecognized is stable with age
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Cross-Sectional method suggests decline
Longitudinal method suggests more stability
25 32 39 46 53 60 7467 8135
40
45
50
55
60
Age in years
Reasoningabilityscore
Cross-sectional method
Longitudinal method
Cross-sectional methodsuggests decline
Longitudinal methodsuggests more stability
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Crystallized Intelligence one’s accumulated knowledge and
verbal skills tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence ones ability to reason speedily and
abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthood
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline (adapted from Kaufman & others, 1989).
20 35 55 7025 45 6575
80
85
90
95
100
105
Intelligence(IQ) score
Age group
Nonverbal scoresdecline with age
Verbal scores arestable with age
Verbal scoresNonverbal scores
Adulthood- Social ChangesSocial Clock
the culturally preferred timing of social eventsmarriageparenthoodretirement
Hospice an organization whose largely volunteer staff
provides support for dying people and their families either in special facilities or in people’s own homes
Adulthood- Social Changes
Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart, 1990).0
20
40
60
80
15 25 35 45 55 65+
Percentage “satisfied”with lifeas a whole
Age group
Adulthood- Social Changes
Kubler-Ross (1969) proposed that the terminally ill pass through a sequence of five stages denial of the terminal condition anger and resentment (Why me?) bargaining (with God or physicians) for
more time depression stemming from impending loss acceptance of one’s fate
Adulthood- Stability of Agressiveness
Index of aggressionagainst wife asreported by wifein 1981
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Lowscores
Mediumscores
Highscores
Boys’ 1960 aggression score
Aggressive boysmore often become wifeabusers
Adulthood- Stability of Agressiveness
Average number of criminal convictions as of 1981
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Lowscores
Mediumscores
Highscores
Boys’ 1960 aggression score
Aggressive boysmore often become convicts
