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MYERS CH. 6
LEARNING
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LEARNING
• The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.
• Three types:• 1) Classical
Conditioning• 2) Operant
Conditioning• 3) Observational
Learning
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• Pavlov: “Forty Studies” • Behaviorist• Def: when a
neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERMINOLOGY
• Unconditioned Stimulus: something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
• Unconditioned Response: a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned Stimulus: a stimulus that is initially neutral that produces no reliable response in an organism
• Condition Response: a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is by a conditioned stimulus
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Figure 6.3 Pavlov’s classic experiment Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.
© 2010 by Worth Publishers
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WATER BOTTLE EXPERIMENT
• Unconditioned Stimulus: • Squirt of water• Unconditioned Response: • Flinch• Conditioned Stimulus: • “CAN”• Conditioned Response: • Flinch
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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MORE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERMS
• Acquisition: the stage when the CS and US are paired together.• Generalization: when the CR occurs even if the
CS is slightly different• Discrimination: the capacity to distinguish
between similar but distinct stimuli. • Extinction: the gradual elimination of a learned
response that occurs when the US is no longer presented • Spontaneous Recovery: the tendency of a
learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: DWIGHT GETS CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED
• As you watch the clip, identify the following:• UCS• Tasting an altoid
• UCR• Minty fresh breath
• CS• Hearing the computer booting up
• CR• Strange, gross feeling in mouth
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SHELDON TRAINS PENNY
OPERANT CONDITIONING
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
• A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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OPERANT CONDITIONING SKIING SQUIRREL
• Shaping: operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior • HeroRATS• Discriminative Stimulus—signals that the
response will be inforced (i.e., landmine or TB for HeroRATS)
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TYPES OF REINFORCERS
• Positive reinforcement—strengthens behavior via reward• Negative
reinforcement—strengthens behavior via removing something negative
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PUNISHMENT
• Positive punishment: reducing likelihood of behavior by adding something bad• Negative
punishment: reducing likelihood of behavior by taking away something good
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Positive Reinforcement
“Reward”+ good
behavior
Negative Reinforcement
--bad behavior
Positive Punishment
+ bad behavior
Negative Punishment
--good behavior
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I NEED THREE VOLUNTEERS! (I PROMISE YOU WILL NOT GET SPRAYED IN THE FACE WITH
WATER)
• When you enter the room the class will try to shape your behavior using a method of operant conditioning.
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YOUR OPERANT CONDITIONING CHALLENGE
• I challenge you to train me using operant conditioning methods• You have one month and you have to agree as a
class what you will try to accomplish. • You can debrief me at the end of class on
November 28th...the Wednesday after Thanksgiving Break. This will be a great opportunity to measure extinction and spontaneous recovery!
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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
• Continuous reinforcement—reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs• Good: learning
happens quickly• Bad: extinction
occurs quickly
• Intermittent reinforcement—responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not• Good: greater
resistance to extinction• Bad—learning occurs
more slowly
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TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT
• Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after a set number of responses• Examples?
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TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT
• Variable-ratio schedule: reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses• Examples?
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TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT
• Fixed-interval schedules: reinforce the first response after a fixed time period.• Examples?
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TYPES OF INTERMITTENT REINFORCEMENT
• Variable-interval schedule: reinforce the first response after a varying time interval• Examples?
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THIS MIGHT HELP KEEP THEM STRAIGHT…
• 1. Do you see something that's set or seems to have a distinct pattern, or do you see something that seems to change? Pick either fixed or variable.
• 2. Do you see a number or do you see a unit of time? Pick either ratio or interval.
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MYERS' DEMONSTRATION OF REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
CLICK HERE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
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TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
• Teachers use operant conditioning methods in various ways while grading assignments.
• How do you feel when a teacher doesn’t give reinforcement for every assignment?
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REWARDS AND MOTIVATION
• Would greater rewards motivate you more? • "Drive"
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AKA SOCIAL LEARNING
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
• Trenton and the iPhone...I didn’t reinforce any behavior...he simply watched me and figured out how to use it.
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MIRROR NEURONS
• Yawning• Empathy
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BANDURA & THE BOBO DOLL
• Forty studies