Mycomedicinals

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M ycomedicinals : bioactive constituents, biosystemic effects and treatment applications

LightningIce, Feb, 2015

Abstract

M ycomedicinals such as Inonotus Obliquus, Aaricus !rasiliensis, Aaricus bisporus, "ordycepssinensis, "oriolus versicolor, #ericium $rinaceus, %rifola frondosa, %anoderma lucidum, &entinulaedodes and 'remella fuciformis have been investiated in a number of studies and found to be able to balance systemic imbalances as (ell as e)ertin hih effectiveness and ef*cacy in theimprovements of a variety of ailments such as immune system enhancements, stimuli and

reulations+ diabetes, human immunode*ciency virus hiv -, human papillomavirus hpv -, herpessimple) virus hsv -,neuroreenerations, epilepsy, neurodeenerations, cerebral stro.es, ischemia,cancers, hih blood pressures, overall health restorations (hile functionin as an antio)idant, (ithradioprotective effects, an antiviral, antimicrobial, antifuni, antiparasitic and anti/inammatoryome of their biochemical components alon (ith the various ailments they are able to attenuate arefurther discussed

Introduction

On earth there are about iv million .no(n mushroom species, only ) 3 of these funi have beene)plored and some of their medical properties elucidated o far, it has been discovered that about

450 of these are mycomedicinals, (ith none or lo( to)icities, e)ertin positive health effects upon the biosystem alon (ith functionin effectively to attenuate a variety of health ailments andsystemic dysfunctions

All aspects of the ailments they can treat, alon (ith the e)act mechanisms and bioconstituents have yet to be fully e)plored, as (ell as the many other species of (hich their medical potentials anddisease curatives are still un.no(n and remain yet to be discovered It is most interestin to e)plore these mushrooms and their various medicinal healin effects upon the biosystem

ith molecular compositions often analy6ed, isolated, identi*ed, characteri6ed and studied, it has been discovered that many mushrooms contain moieties, some unique to speci*c mushroom species, that are cancer taretin speci*c+ such as their polysaccharides, β lucans and erosterols

"ancers disrupt the entire biosystem, hi7ac.in blood, o)yen and lucose from reional cells and tissue, alon (ith e)ertin e)cessive pressures upon them and disruptin the intravascular, overallinternal systemic pressures essential for reulatin basal essential functions such as dilatations 8constrictions of vessels 8 air(ays, determinin the si6e of inner vessel diameters (hich affect the volumes and rates of uids that can transverse throuh, alon (ith affectin their viabilities adresilience as slo(ed transport of solute dense uids (ould results in damaes to these fraile vessels

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or increased reabsorptions (hich (ould be ha6ardous to systemic biochemistry, li.e(ise e)cessivelyfast transportations of solute dense liquids could also result in abrasions upon these delicate innerendothelia cells of the vessel (ays thus disruptin this precarious balance of uid mobilities+ aidinin the compressions 8 rela)ations necessary for mobilities 8 motilities to occur, or oran compartment pressures that is essential for cell 8 tissue and oran developments, locational placementmaintenance, viabilities and functions, (hile direct pressures placed upon oran structures or parts

of it (ould result in serious damaes to cells and speci*c functions especially if particular locationscarryin out these functions are affected, alon (ith hinderin, disruptin and occludin the overallmobilities and path(ays of the uids 8 secretions blood 8 lymph 8 cerebrospinal uids etc -circulatin (ithin

Intrasystemic pressure, beautifully created by the outer con*nes of tihtly bound s.in is soimportant for an oranisms viability (hich is also the precise reason (hy incisions must never bemade upon an intact system, once perforations reach a certain depth (hich disrupts this precariousinternal pressure that sustains everythin perfectly in place, systemic imbalances (ould result

"ancers also .ills essential healthy cells via causin them to undero atrophy 8 lysis from starvations,destructions and severe damaes from cancerous to)ins that these cancer cells secrete, alon (ith proteolytic en6ymes that cause the brea. do(n of membranes and proteins that cancers utili6e tocarry on their metastasis and e)travasations throuhout the vessel net(or.s, leechin upon vasculatures of other healthy cells 8 tissue (ithin the oran systems Once systemically compatiblecells and tissues are destroyed, the functions and structures of the orans aficted are also one, (hereas cancerous cells 7ust .eep multiplyin (ith uncontrolled ro(th and propaatin theirmutated enes, destroyin viable healthy systemic cells (hile not carryin out any of the functionsrequired for the biosystem to be healthy or cohesively functional (ith all oran parts runnin in perfect synchrony for viability of an oranism to occur 'hey cause mass areates of obstructions,coaulations and bloc.aes as (ell these can be e)tremely ha6ardous by itself especially (hen ma7or vasculatures are occluded leadin to hypo)ia, ischemia or stro.es (ithin cardiac, brain or oran tissue due to these do(nstream hindrances As such many ailments, diseases and othercomplications arise once cancerous transformations occur

$ventually cells, tissues and orans of the entity affected die off or cease to function and as the biosystem starts to (an, mortality is a possibility, normally prede*ned by remainin life spandurations based upon the e)tend of spread and orans involved, alon (ith the stae and types ofcancers As the system dies off, the cancers cease to be viable as (ell thus necrotic lesions and vacuoles start to appear (ithin their disorani6ed anioenic net(or.s and mutated unstructuredcellular masses of uncontrolled ro(ths

9irect pressure e)erted upon these cancerous mass can cause them to undero lysis, so can prevention of their anioenic formations, or transformin them bac. to normal cells, if proenitor

cell types are cancerous such as in leu.emia, revertin them to differentiate into cells of a different lineae+ ho(ever the e)act mechanism to terminate them once they are formed from cellularmutations or ro(th cycle path(ays dysfunctions or dysreulations, as instantaneous, ef*ciently oreffectively as viruses can be .illed, has yet to be elucidated It remains as perple)in a question as (onderin ho( prion mediated misfolded proteins can be reverted to systemically compatibleconformations or ho( misfolded αβ tanles in ailments such as Al6heimers disease can beinstantaneously eliminated and totally cleansed out from the cerebral system before they can even

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cause neuronal damaes, apart from (ith inta.es of brain deto)ifyin herbs (hich involves a lon term duration and is a lenthly process, or upreulations of systemic misfolded protein clearance path(ays (ith increased inta.es of hydro)y/9#A 'orres, et al, 2015 - As such, cancer remainsas one of the ma7or causes of sufferin, morbidity and mortality in many countries

;ycomedicinals are effective in their curatives as they function to prevent many of cancers

intravasations, e)travasations, anioenesis and destruction aainst the biosystem such as throuhinvasions, metastasis, penetrations, and most importantly alonside the anticancer mechanisms, theyalso mediate immune enhancements, immune system reulations, myeloid proenitordifferentiations, maturations and upreulations ome of the mycomedicinals discussed have beene)tensively studied in these antitumor mechanisms, functions and aspects

;edicinal mushrooms : antitumor (ith effectiveness and ef*cacy aainst diseases

orth America and (ithin the >orthern 'aia forests of ?ussia %ro(th occurs upon trun.s of alder or beech, (hile medicinal mushrooms are only harvested from these mycelium andfruitin bodies that bloom upon trun.s of birch trees $ach only found ro(in on birch trees somedistance apart from the ne)t Only about a sinle (oody con. of this mushroom is found ro(in (ild loded (ithin trun.s of these birches, found upon a sinle tree out of every thousand birches

#eihts of iv to v feet in lenth, about ) pounds and above in (eiht !ears a s(eet avor and is tumor shape in resemblance %narled surface is hard, dar., crac.ed and charred, (ith an interiorcor. in shades of yello( to bro(n tones, these have veins in shades of cream and are striated

!ioactive constituents

"ontains polyphenols, erosterols, β lucans, proteins, amino acids, minerals, ash, vitamins,carbohydrates and fats

Functions

;edicinal properties include antio)idative (ith hih o ii anion scavenin activities >a.a7ima et al,200@ -, antinociceptive, bein a very stron antitumor, tumor mitosis inhibitor, anti/inammatory,immunomodulatin, upreulates the immune system increasin their activities and mirations

to(ards tumor locations, antiviral as it has been found to inhibited inuen6a and #I type i protease, alon (ith bein hepatoprotective

Ailments applications

#arvested and effective in treatments of #od.inBs disease, cancers of pulmonary, lip, s.in, breast,astric, stomach, parotid lands and rectal reions, tuberculosis, cardiac ailments, ulcers, astritis,

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liver disease, stomach, intestinal disorders, stomachache, and parasitic removals Also effective as a pain reliever, tonic and blood puri*er, as (ell as functionin as an internal and e)ternal cleanser

In accordance to traditional chinese medicine, this mushroom functions to remove harmful (ind,smooths the o( of internal qi enery (hile strenthenin the spirit and mind

#imematsuta.e,


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peptic ulcer, polio, malinant ulcers of the laryn), $hrlichBs ascites carcinoma, simoid colon cancer,ovarian cancer, breast cancer, ynecoloical cancer and lun cancer =rotects aainst radiation andchemotherapy effects

'raditional chinese medicinal properties include it as bein of neutral temperature

Aaricus bisporus

9escription

Also .no(n as the : hite !utton ;ushroom 'emperatures bet(een ))ii E ))v H" is the optimalro(th climate as ro(th is inhibited at hih temperatures of )))v H" and above %ro(in (ild inrasslands of =ennsylvania, most reions of Dnited tates of America, $urope and India

!asidiomycetes that are edible, common in American and Italian cuisine these are small, short (ith acylindrical vi cm stem, stout and about ii/ iv inches in overall diameter 'hey are (hite, eshy andresemble little buttons in appearance ?anin in shades from (hite to liht bro(n tones "onsistinof a pale rey to bro(n shades of button caps (ith radiatin narro( ills beneath "ro(ded illshades chane (ith the years, from a pretty pin. hue at initial blossomin they proress to shades ofreds and bro(n tones before *nally turnin (hite at the edes and dar.ish bro(n in colors"onsistin of many tiny ivv E vv ) v E viiv m, ovoidal to roundish spores producin prints of dar. bro(n tones


>utritionally these are lo( in calories and fat, containin essential vitamins such as provitamin d ii, vitamin c, phenols ;ami, ei al, 201 - hih in antio)idants (ith hih supero)ide free radicalssavain actions, β g lucans, erosterol, vitamin 9, lypopolysaccharides, e)opolysaccharides ;ahapatra, et al, 201 -, lycoproteins, phenols, proteins, hih antio)idative falvonoids,fucoalactans, fucomannoalactans, mannoalactans, sodium, phosphorus, essential vitamins, potassium, and minerals, pyrocatechol, con7uated linoleic acid, protocatechuic acid and 2/aminopheno)a6ine//1

Functions

Found effective as an antio)idant (ith hih ferrous ion chelations and supero)ide scaveninabilities !abu, et al, 201 -, effective aainst cancers as they consist of aromatase inhibitors,antiestroenic factors, antiproliferative %al β 1E%al>Ac α, alon (ith immunostimulatin,immunomodulatin and dendritic cell enhancin functions, upreulations of lymphocytes, ' cells,

>< cells, ! cells, increases cyto.ines : interleu.in I& -ii, ), )ii, '>F α and interferon ammae)pressions, enhances differentiation of monocytic '#=/cells into functional macrophaes,enhances phaocytosis and is an effective anti hepatic steatosis

Ailment applications

;edicinal properties include treatments for facilitatin blood clottin as they enhance

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hemalutination, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis and sepsis due to their anti inammatory heteroalactan effects, as a mild analesic due to antinociceptive effects,aainst cancers mainly of the breast and in hepatocellular carcinomas as they contain β d lucans that are cytoto)ic to(ards these cancerous hepatocytes and anti viral, antifunal and antimicrobialaction aainst pathoenic bacteria infections such as taphylococcus aureus

'ochucaso, "ordyceps sinensis

9escription

"ommon name : "aterpillar ;ushroom %ro(th occurs at hih altitudes (ithin cold alpine habitats (ith lo( o)yen and temperatures $ndoparasitoids (hereby parasitic ro(th occurs upon the bac.s of &epidoptera host moth larvae in the form of threadli.e hyphae after spreads from spores After (inter v years later, perithecial stroma then emeres from the soil after the host is lysed and itis this portion that contains most of the medicinal properties #o(ever due to the nature of itsro(th and uncertain locations of emerence, most medicinal funi of this variety are lab cultivated by mycelial fermentation "ommonly found naturally occurrin in cold mountains of 'ibet,#imalayas, >epal, !hutan, and some parts of asia

Ascomycete funi are lon and orane bro(n, some are straiht others are curved #as a thic.erstem li.e base tubular endosclerotium portion and a slimmer dar. bro(n iv E ) cm upper lon andslim fusiform, clavate or sublanceolate stroma portion %ranular fertile head of the stroma containsordinally arraned ostioles of the embedded ovoid perithecia %ro(th of these funi species occurs by disseminations of their spores, some land upon the month larvae they prey upon (hile others areinested (hen the larvae feed upon the funi ubattenuated at each end portion, thesemultiseptate, hyaline, *liform ascospores are tiny (ith lenths of 7ust about v / )ii m


"ontainin antio)idants, protein, carbohydrate, *ber, fat, erosterol, vitamins $,


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proliferation inhibition, ene e)pression inhibition, hemolysis inhibitory activity, lipid pero)ideformation inhibition, natural .iller cell inhibition and tumor necrosis factor inhibition and as an anti/inammatory

As it balances the immune system durin an immunocompromised state, upreulations of theimmune system can also occur as it can upreulate and stimulates macrophaes


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Apical portion has a variety of color tones ranin from shades of red, rust, yello(, reen, ray huesof liht to dar. bro(n and appearin in concentric rin reions ery thin and *ne hairs coat certain parts of the mushroom hile many round pores in (hite and shades of faint bro(n hues appear atabout a frequency of ii E v pores 8 mm, their spore sprints are in shades of (hite ?eproduction iscarried out by (ind disseminations of *ne (hite, cylindrical or oblon tiny iv E vi ) ii E iiv mspores


"ontains lucose, alactose, frucose, )ylose, rhamnose and mannose alon (ith the essential aminoacids valine, leucine, serine, lycine, threonine, aspartic acid, lutamic acid and alanine Alon (ithspecies unique immunomodulatin, anti cancer, antimetastatic and carcinoen preventive F alpha synthesis, upreulate synthesis and e)pressions of cyto.ines, interferons, I %,inhibit tumor ro(ths, prevents anioenesis, suppresses oncoenes, inhibit metastasis throuh preventin the process of cellular adhesion, miration and invasion, both intravasation ande)travasation, inhibits matri) metalloproteinases for preservation of cellular matri) interity andenhance apoptosis of transformed cells

Increasin hypothalamus mediobasal neurons dischare frequencies mediated by polysaccharide peptides %uan/9i, et al, 1GG4 -, protective to(ards hepatocytes, it also has stron antio)idativeeffects as it reduces cerebral lipid pero)idation and eliminates free radicals such as nitric o)ide, (hile preventin neuronal apoptosis brouht about by neuroto)ic nitric o)ide bursts durinneurodeenerations


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$pstein/!arr virus $!-, "o)sac.ie virus, aricella/6oster virus, !armah forest virus, inuen6a,most viral infections, upper respiratory, diestive tract and urinary infections and antifunal aainstrin(orm

Mamabushita.e, #ericium $rinaceus

9escription

"ommon names : #edeho ;ushroom and &ions ;ane Found in countries such as >orth America, Capan, F β, < Khan, et al, 2013 > immunomodulatin luco)ylan, hetero)ylolucan,luco)ylan protein comple)es and alacto)ylolucan protein comple)es &indequist, et al, 2005 -+anti cancer polysaccharides : 2Ehydro)ymethylE5E α Ehydro)yEethylE γ/ pyranone, L/chloro/,5/dimetho)yben6oic methyl ester, L/chloro/,5/dimetho)yben6oic/O/arabitol ester, L/chloro/,5/dimetho)yben6oic acid and 4/methyl/2,5/dihydro)ymethyl/γ/pyranone

>euronal effects

9iscovered to be blood brain barrier permeable and upreulates nerve ro(th factor >%F -secretions by lia cells (ithin hippocampus throuh enhanced e)pressions of c/fos ene alon (ithupreulated phosphorylations of c/Cun >/terminal .inase C>< - path(ay ;ori, et al, 200J ->%Fs are also upreulated by enhancin their m?>A e)pressions due to hericenones andditerpenoid erinacines ;a, et al, 2010 - hen cholineric neuron enhancin >%F quantums arehih+ neurite ro(ths, neuronal synthesis, ro(th, differentiations and viability occur hen lo(,diabetes, neurodeenerative ailments such as Al6heimers disease, dementia and cardiovascular

complications result

>%F synthesis are increased by astrolia and neurons at hippocampus and locus coeruleus+increases the production of myelin, enhances nerve reenerations on, et al, 2010 -, enhancinneurite e)tensions, enhancin *rin activities of hippocampal "A mossy *bers, increases thequantum of neurotransmitters synthesi6ed, prevents amyloid plaque formations, attenuates peripheral neuroloical dysfunctions, prevents apoptosis of cholineric neurons (hile healin them

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'he hih antio)idant activities protect the entire cerebral structure from o)idative stress inducedin7uries as (ell such as neuronal apoptosis brouht about by cerebral reperfusion in7uries, reductionof inammatory interleu.ins, do(nreulates endoplasmic reticulum stress, preventin and healinneuronal in7uries brouht about by stro.es or ischemia $rinacine is also a primary afferent neuronsκ /opioid receptor aonist, thus upon receptor activations, it decreases sensations of pain, functioninas an analesic, lo(ers mood perceptions, and e)erts sedative effects of reduced consciousness and

motor control

Functions

It has also been found to reduce to)icity from beta amyloid peptide accumulates in Al6heimersdisease, =ar.insons disease


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about iii mm and are visible as *ne pores upon surfaces, ro(in smaller, *ner and more taperednear the circumference edes "reamy (hite a)ial stal.s are branch li.e, rather short and non visible from the top vie( (hen covered by (aves of clustered caps, ro(in stroner and touher (ith the years

Antio)idants

#ih in supero)ide and free radicals scavenin, hih reducin capacity, stron hydroen donatin,hydroen abstraction inhibition, metal/chelatin, transition metal bindins, stimulations of chaininitiation, terminations of free radical chain reactions, pero)ides decomposin antio)idants such asferrous ions chelatin phenols, supero)ide anion scavenin Meh, et al, 2011 - and heavy metalchelatin polyphenols allate and !#', antitumor, antibacterial, antihypertensive, antirheumatic,antialleric, and anti/inammatory phenols, alpha tocopherol, beta carotene, free radical scaveninascorbic acid and transition metal chelatin, free radical scavenin, lutathione and supero)idedismutase antio)idant maintain avonoids


#ih in vitamins such as >iacin, ! i, ! ii, ! iii, ! vi, ! )ii, ", mushroom or funi speci*cerosterol 8 provitamin 92, minerals manesium, potassium, calcium, folic acid, unsaturated fattyacids, phosphatidylserine and phospholipids, protein, protease &ys/>+ insoluble, various aminoacids, cell (all rodlet formin and (ater surface tension lo(erin, hydrophobin #%FI Mu, et al,200J - and proteopolysaccharides

"onsists of free radical scavenin and potent anti tumor polysaccharides, lectins (ith hih bindinaf*nity to(ards cellular carbohydrates thus preventin tumors from formin cellular areationsand hih *bers

Other bioactive chemicals (ithin include anti tumor rifolan, alpha lucosidase inhibitor, proteinstabili6in trehalose synthesis and phosphorylation mediatin trehalose synthase aito, et al, 1GGJ-, mycelia and fruitin body derived, macrophae and ' cells activatin, tumor inhibitin, ><secretions of '>F alpha e)pression upreulatin, β lucans e)ert hih immunopotentiatin andimmunomodulatin effects, stron antitumor ?a7amahanty, et al, 200G -, >< and dendritic cellupreulations, antibacterial and anti funal effects these are contained (ithin polysaccharide 9/fraction # 2-/?$9>A="%&>/"OO# and neuroactive;$%F upreulations (ithin the central nervous system and peripheralnervous systems (hich activate .ey cell sinalin path(ays : ;$


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stimulatin branchins, neurite e)tension outro(ths and elonations throuh neuritoenesis eo(, et al, 201 -, these mushroom e)tracts can also function as aonist, mediatin bindins to thesame >%F tyrosine receptor : 'r.A (hich initiates the neuritoenesis cascade path(ay If receptorse)pressions (ere upreulated as (ell there (ould be a correspondin neuritoenesis increasedenhancements triered by both >%F and mushroom e)tract bindins $)tracts also enhancese)pressions of neuron speci*c proteins, is neuro protective, increasin neuronal survivals,

stimulatin neuronal stem cell ro(ths, developments and differentiations

Functions

tudies have also found that maita.e e)tracts especially their polysaccharides have the stronestantitumor, antimetastasis ;asuda, et al, 200J -, antiproliferative effect upon tumor cells, cancer preventive and immunomodulatory activity as compared to other medicinal mushrooms It enhances both the innate and adaptive immune system, stimulatin both cellular and humoral immunity,initiates the complement cascade, reulates and modulates the immune system, upreulates phaocytosis of monocytes and neutrophils, upreulatin IA e)pressions, increases cellular proliferations of macrophaes, monocytes, >F amma, stimulation of I& i secretions,>< activatin I& ii, I& vi, I& ), I& )ii etvic.a, et al, 201L - >< cell activatin I& )ii induction ofapoptosis in cancer cells+ slo(s, declines and inhibits tumor ro(ths and proliferations alon (ithinitiatin hemorrhaic tumor cell necrosis and tumor lysis by enhancements of >< cell proliferations and suppression of cellular adhesionmediatin $/selectin and I"A; i e)pressions and anioenesis throuh vascular endothelial ro(thfactors inhibitions

$)tracts prevent the initial transformations of healthy cells to tumor subtypes, moderatecycloo)yenase inhibitions, increases antiviral cyto.ine and macrophae activatin '>F alpha Mu,et al, 200G - and inhibits virus some of (hich are of the cancer initiatin oncoenic variety

Antiviral effects

;9 fractions are effective aainst #I (hile decreasin accompanyin opportunistic infections in patients, #/i as replications and viral penetrations are inhibited, alon (ith inhibitin

accompanyin #/i induced neovasculari6ation, # i has also been implicated in the furtherdevelopments of Al6heimerBs disease in entities (ith the enetic predispositions, thus (ith thesee)tracts that can control and do(nreulate viral replications, the accompanyin ris. of developin beta amyloid in*ltrates characteristics of al6heimers disease of (hich theses plaues have a common protein sequence (ith # i Fernandes, 201L - is also lo(ered+ stomal .eratitis and blepharitis+hepatitis !, inuen6a, hay fever, listeriosis and many various strains of viral induced infections Ailment applications

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;ycomedicinal treatments include increasin sensitivities of insulin, lo(erin of blood suar levelsin diabetes, prevents formation of advanced lycosylation end A%$ - products suarattachments to lipids 8 proteins - and their additional cross lin.ae accumulates (ith other proteins 8adipocytes 8 hemolobin in diabetics (ith hih adipocytes concentrates and hih blood suar (hichis accompanied by increased quantums of reactive o)idative species and free radicals as (ell+ furthere)acerbatin A%$ formations

A%$ also coaulates the cardiac and .idney reions, inhibitin the proper *ltrations of blood andimpairin .idney functions (ith e)cessive accumulates %lycations can also circulate (ithin the vessels and arteries and may end up bein loaded (ithin the cerebral structure leadin to ailmentssuch as impaired cerebral blood circulations, stro.es, cerebral ischemias, neuro*brillary bloc.aesand tanles alon (ith initiation of Al6heimerBs disease

'hus (hen A%$ comple)es are inhibited from formin throuh blood suar and adipocyte lo(erinfunctions, these e)tracts can prevent occurrences of atherosclerotic plaque accumulates, lycationscoaulation of vasculature, vascular damaes, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffenin, *brosis, loss of cardiomyocyte and vascular muscle tones, hypertension, stro.es, cerebral impairments,increased o)idative stress, impaired smooth muscle rela)in of vessel (alls by A%$ inhibitions ofendotheliums nitric o)ide or prematured ains as lycations tend to accumulate beneath the s.informin lots of lycated cross lin.aes causin prematured (rin.lins, due to s.ins e)tensive vasculature and capillary net(or.s (hereby they pass throuh interactin (ith the surroundinstructures

Interactions of A%$ and ?A%$ cell receptors also brin about an entire neative cascade ofailments as they affect ene e)pressions and sinalin path(ays such as arterial stiffness, increasininammations and mediation of cellular in7uries, apoptosis, tissue damae and autoimmuneconditions 'hus e)tracts are also cellular protective in diabetics susceptible to hih A%$ quantums,improvin endothelial, vascular, arterial and cardiovascular conditions, structures and functions=yrido)al/5/phosphate in vitamin !4 also aids in preventin A%$ formations, 9>A damaes from the free radicals enerated by A%$, alon (ith inhibitions of e)cessive platelet areations

$ffective in treatments of Al6heimerBs disease, dementia, neurodeenerations, stro.e, cerebralischemia 8 hypo)ia, cerebral reperfusion in7uries, reenerations of in7ured neurons, immuneenhancements, cancer and the prevention of its recurrence+ lessens the to)icity of chemotherapyalon (ith its pain and various side effects, (hile increasin its effectiveness aainst tumorro(ths

$ffective in treatments of polycystic ovary syndrome as it induces and enhances ovulation, enhances (ellness and vitality, chronic fatiue syndrome, stress reductions, hypertension 'alpur, et al, 2002- as it decreases and prevents hih blood pressure, attenuates hih cholesterol, hyperlipidemia,

decreases hih vascular adipocyte accumulates+ obesity as it increases lipid metabolisms, inhibits trilycerides accumulations ;inamino, et al, 200J - and inhibits transcription factor pero)isome proliferator activated receptor amma e)pressions, one of the reulators in the sinalin cascade thus preventin !2"1 pre (hite adipocytes from differentiatin into matured, trilyceride storin (hite adipocytes+ fatty liver disease, hepatocyte protective for the treatments of liver ailments,ulcerative colitis as it is improved by hih β/lucans concentrations, atherosclerosis ;ori, et al,200J -, improves the cardiovascular system, cardio protective from reductions in $/selectin thus

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decreasin adhesive bindins of monocytes to aortic vascular surfaces ;artin, 2010- e)tracts alsoreduces >F/ κ b bindins thus inhibitin i>O e)pressions alon (ith inhibitin "ON i and "ONii, atherosclerosis, reduces chronic inammatory conditions, overall cellular healin and necrosis preventions of traumati6ed in7ured cells and tissue

;annenta.e, ?o..a.ushi, ?eishi

9escription

"ommon name : %anoderma lucidum #ot and humid subtropical reions favor ro(th %ro(in (ild in the forest and (oods of nature near surface soils or soils (ith buried roots beneath ?eionsof ro(th occur upon los, deciduous trees trun.s, stumps, dead (ood and plants %ro(th occursupon (illo(, manolia, plum trees, elm, oa., locust, maple and s(eet um trees Found in >orthand outh American, $urope, Capan,


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!ioactive molecules include antio)idant, immunomodulatin alon (ith macrophae and dendriticcell maturation initiatin &in, et al, 200G -, hepatoprotective, (ound healin &in, et al, 201L -and immunosuppressive mycelia isolated peptide &K/viii, fruitin body isolated antifunalanodermin protein, lipid/lo(erin and antio)idant terpenoids, triterpenoids ;a, et al, 2011 -:renal antio)idant defense upreulatin and renal cell protective methanol, anoderic acids A and !,anoderic acid " ii, " vi, 9, F, %, #, C, < ; i and antitumor, prostate cancer effective anoderic

acid 9; Cohnson, et al, 201L -

Functions

%anoderic acids function as antitumor, antimetastasis ?ad(an, et al, 201 -, lo(/density lipoproteins, blood pressure and trilyceride lo(erin : hih tumor cytoto)icity, A (hich also prevents tumor cell adhesion, mirations and subsequent invasions, A= 1 and >F/κ ! transcriptionfactor inhibitions thus preventin uro.inase type plasminoen activator secretions+ !, A; i, basophils histamine release inhibition, thus preventin e)cessive 8 chronic inammations 8anaphyla)is reactions : ", " ii, " vi, direct tumor cytoto)icity and inhibitions of histamine release :9+ 9;, $


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acetylanoderic acid # and 12/aceto)yanoderic acid F Man, et al, 200@ -

$)tracts also contain anti/inammatory, chemopreventive, tumoricidal antitumorienic andhypolipidemic terpenes : monoterpene - menthol, tetraterpene - β/carotene, anti/invasion andantitumor lucidenic acids A, !, " and > en, et al, 200@ -, anoderals, anoderiols, lanosterol,squalene+ tumor proliferation and metastasis inhibitor, lanostane

"onsistin of antitumor lon chain fatty acids that induce tumor apoptosis (hile inhibitin their proliferations and reductions of inammatory '>F synthesis : heptadecanoic acid, nonadecanoicacid, octadecenoic acid and he)adecanoic acids Fu.u6a(a et al, 200J -+ lipid pyrophosphatidicacid, provitamin, anti ain cell cycle replication lifespan enhancin erosterols : anodermasides "and 9 en, et al, 2011 -, they are also vitamin 92s precursor the end product after e)posuresand reactions (ith ultraviolet rays+ fruitin bodies isolated α lucosidase reversible inhibitor < directcytoto)icities Khen, et al, 2011 -+ alon (ith inducin the maturation of monocytic precursorcells into dendritic cells "han, et al, 200J -, protectin other(ise short lived neutrophils (ith anantiapoptotic effect that can prolon and enhance the immunoloical response aainst tumors or pathoens, the activities of these neutrophils are also improved such as inammatory moietiessecretion and an accelerations in their phaocytotic abilities (hich (ould aid in a better attac.aainst these cancer cells and pathoens #su, et al, 2002 -, =/% enhances neutrophil phaocyticabilities thus upreulatin immunity and increases their chemota)is capabilities as (ell #su, et al,200 -

'hese immunoenhancin polysaccharides include : acidic polysaccharide %&/A fraction eito, et

al, 1GJG -, antitumor apoptosis initiatin, pJ activatin alon (ith intracellular calcium quantumincreasin polysaccharide


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galactosidase < Sip!an, et al, 2003 >

#ih in chemopreventive &in, et al, 200L -, tumoricidal, antio)idative %F a)onal ro(th sinal inductions includeanoderans A, !, " a hypolycemic peptidelycan, cyto.ine e)pression upreulatin #su, et al,

200L -, immune enhancin polysaccharides fractions : lycoproteins, heteropolysaccharides and

9>A 8 ?>A bone marro( cell stimulatin β 9 lucans isolated from both fruitin bodies andmyceliums but found to be best in antitumor effects of inhibitions and complete reression (henisolates came from the fruitin bodies : antitumor %& i, F i, FI 0, fruitin body derived (ith stronactivity aainst tumor, mycelium derived FI 0/a hihly active aainst tumors, FI 0/b, FI 0/c, FI 0/bα (ith hih anti tumor activity (hen isolated from mycelium, FI 0/β, stronly anti tumor "#$i afruitin body derivative, "#$ii, "#$i, "#$i$a, "#$i$%, "#$i$c, "#$i$%$α,"#$i$%$ β, F iii+ funi cell (all located, immune system stimulatin, enhances activities of >A polymerase selective inhibition, andantitumor : apoptosis induction, tumor proliferation inhibition, prevention of anioenesis andantimetastasis+ hepatoprotective triterpenoids such as #I/i antiviral bitter triterpenes (hich alsofunction as immune enhancers, adaptoens, inammatory reducers and antihypertensives :anosporeric acid A, anoderiol F and anodermanontriol

Other compounds isolated include antidiabetic, antio)idative u, et al, 200G -,

immunomodulatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antitumour, cardiovascular enhancin, hepatocyte protective, anti/inammatory and anti*brotic phenolic compounds : coumarin, neuroprotective andacetylcholinesterase inhibitin quercetin, myricetin, catechin, rutin, cyanidin, thymol, lupane, elaicacid, ferulic acid, neuroprotective ursolic acid, .eampferol and terpeniol+ acetylcholinesteraseinhibitin and hih antio)idative flavonoids, hydroquinones, antimicrobial anomycin A and ! lectins, polyphenolic compounds, cerebrosides+ photosensitivity reducin, immune enhancin alon (ith mediatin tumor ro(th inhibition antio)idant cantha)anthin+ antimicrobial and histamininhibitin lanostane type of triterpenes, 5α/reductase inhibitions &iu, et al, 2004 - throuh bindin (ith androen receptors thus suppressin androen e)pressions, anoderol !

hile spores contain bioactive choline, erosterol, erosta/@, 22/dien//ol, b/sitosterol, behenic acid,

palmitic acid, stearic acid, tetracosanoic acid, tumor cell necrosis initiatin and tumor cell proliferation inhibitin nonadecanoic acid, betaine, hentriacontane, tetracosane, monounsaturatedfatty acids that do(nreulate macrophae '>F productions thus functionin as an anti/inammatory+ lipopolysaccharide induced '>F synthesis inhibitin unsaturated fatty acids :moderate tumor cell necrosis initiatin cis/10/nonadecenoic acid, cis/G/octadecenoic acid, cis/10/heptadecenoic acid and tumor cell proliferation inhibitions cis/G/he)adecenoic acid and some anti tumor proliferations and tumor apoptosis initiatin lon chain fatty acids : nonadecanoic acid,

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heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acids and he)adecanoic acids

Anticancer effects

Found to be e)tremely effective aainst tumors due to the direct cytoto)icity effects alon (ith theupreulations and modulations of the immune system brinin about tumor antipromotion,

induction of cell/cycle arrest, antiproliferation, ro(th inhibitions, antiproression, antimetastasis,antianioenesis, tumor cell apoptosis "hun et al, 2001 -, such tumor cytoto)ic and apoptoticevents are also brouht about by effects of e)tracts upon the Fas8caspase cascades &ian, et al,201L - modulation of tumor sinalin cascades, inhibitions of farnesyl protein transferase by triterpenoids anoderic acids A and " that lead to halts in ?as dependent cellular transformations thus preventin onsets of tumor formations and mediatin tumor cell apoptosis 'riterpenoids and β/9/lucan (ithin are modulators of sinalin path(ays and cascades that affect mitoen/activated protein, "?$! protein, ?as 8 $r. and c/myc these lead to up 8 do(n reulations of e)pressions of9>A repairin enes, cell cycle related enes, apoptotic enes and ornithine decarbo)ylase enes (hich function as antio)idants, mediate stabili6ations of 9>A structures and double strand brea.ae repairs, tumor cell communicatin ap 7unction ene upreulations and tumor suppressin tiht 7unction ene do(nreulations thus preventin cellular transformations and haltin ro(th ofcancerous cells alon (ith their terminations

"linical trials conducted in some ynecoloical patients displayed a halt in further tumor ro(ths ormetastasis, this stability is one of the many studies that have found reishi to be effective in antitumor treatments uprasert , et al, 201L -, (hile other trails conducted have sho(n better effectivenessand ef*cacy haltin tumor ro(ths completely, leadin to reressions, total tumor clearances and nofurther recurrences ariable results could have occurred due to an entitys individual biochemicalcompositions, alon (ith the (ay they react (ith these e)tracts and the locations of tumor ro(thOverall, it has produced effective antitumor effects, ho(ever if ta.en in combinations (ith otherstron antitumor mycomedicinals the cancer eradication effects (ould be ampli*ed

$)tracts e)ert free radical scavenin and antio)idative properties Coseph, et al, 200G -, protectin cells from free radical incurred apoptosis &ai, et al, 2004 -, carcinoens deto)i*cations,do(nreulation of =hase I en6ymes e)pressions and activities, =hase II en6ymes upreulations andactivity enhancements, protection of carcinoens from orans by either preventin their entries orfacilitatin their removals, to)ic metabolites formation preventions, prevents to)in con7uates (ith

macromolecules, oncoproteins post translational modi*cation, 9>A polymerase inhibitions+ (ithsome studies sho(in complete tumor reression, (hile others displayed declines in tumor ro(thnumbers and si6es, inhibitions of anioenesis and tumor metastasis ?adiation therapy aloneenhances the metastasis of tumors as treatments are locali6ed thus their subsequent mirations to various reions thereafter occurs, ho(ever there is a sharp decline in the occurrence of metastasis (hen carried out in combination (ith inest of e)tracts as a form of e)tremely effectiveimmunotherapy

Immunoenhancin effects

Immune stimulatin e)tracts immunomodulates an, et al, 2012 - and activates complement "iii e)pressions these enhance synaptic prunin, viral and microbe eliminations alon (ith enhanceimmunosurveillance+ activations and enhanced phaocytic activities of human polymorphonuclear

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neutrophils #su, et al, 2012 -+ upreulations of caspase iii, vii and i) activities, do(nreulations of!cl/ii and !cl/)l e)pression (hile enhancin !a) thus upreulatin the apoptotic cascade,cycloo)yenase ii "ON -/ii en6yme e)pression and increased nitric o)ide synthesis, mitochondrialdysfunctions by upreulation of proapoptotic p )))))iii and !a) alon (ith increasin cytochromec releases (ithin cytosol thus enhancin tumor apoptotic events, mitochondria membrane potentialdisruptions, inhibitions of phosphorylation of $?< i8ii and A.t sinalin cascades, thus

do(nreulatin do(nstream >F/κ !, c/Cun and c/Fos proto oncoproteins preventin further tumorro(ths 8 metastasis, telomerase do(nreulations and dna deradations resultin in apoptosis of

tumors alon (ith activations of dendritic cells and macrophaes

Increasin occurrences of macrophae phaocytosis+ increasin spleen proliferations of lymphocytes, heihtenin "9 iv and "9 viii productions, increases serum nitric o)ide quantums,enhancin ! cells antien presentations thus increasin ' cell tumor reconitions and activities,increasin ' cell quantums, upreulatin neutrophils activities throuh p )))viii ;A=< path(ays, (hile enhancements of >< cytoto)icities to(ards tumors and their secretions of I>F γ A and ?>A synthesis of splenocytes % &ucidum e)tracts increases the synthesis of cyto.ines thus increasin productions of immune system cells and upreulatin their overall quantums, someof the cyto.ines upreulated include : I& i very effective aainst "andida spp, I& iβ, I& ii, I& vi, I& ), I& )ii, tumor necrosis factor '>Fα >, interferon γ IF>/ γ >, perforin, ran6yme ! and colonystimulatin factors "Fs - levels+ natural .iller >< - cells and macrophaes activities Increases the formations and maturations of hih quantums of >< cells, ' cells, 'h, ! lymphocytes, dendriticcells, splenic mononuclear cells and "9 iv8"9 viii ratios

Antianioenic effects

Antianioenic effects throuh 5 α reductase inhibitions (ere e)erted inhibitin tumor ro(ths &iu, et al, 200@ - and facilitatin their subsequent apoptosis % lucidum e)tracts also upreulates!a) inducin tumor apoptosis and inhibits $r. i8ii and A.t sinalin path(ays leadin to decreasedsynthesis of anioenesis enhancin vascular endothelial ro(th factor $%F - and transforminro(th factor '%F -/βi uppression of the transcription factors >F/κ !, and A=/i also resulted in $%F and '%F -/βi do(nreulations, (hile modulations of mitoen activated protein .inase and

A.t sinalin inhibits further anioenesis

Antimetastatic effects

;etastasis of tumors are prevented by the >< cell activity upreulatin beta lucans beta/9/lucose -, (hile cell cycle inhibitions of tumor cells durin %i and phase prevents their proliferations or further ro(ths throuh do(nreulations of cyclin 91 and upreulations of p))i 8

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af i, inhibitions of phosphatidylinositol and >F/κ ! alon (ith F8%/actin ratio modulationsstimulatin actin remodelin preventin further tumor metastatic events and their usual process offocal adhesions, cellular adhesion, colony formations, invasion, and mirations are thus halted

Antio)idative effects

#ih antio)idant compositions suppress o)idative stress, protects dna from radiation damaes andaainst o)idative damaes from #2O2O, inhibits dna strand brea.aes by hydro)yl free radicals,hih free radical scavenin of supero)ide and hydro)yl radicals, contains supero)ide dismutasefunctionally similar polysaccharide peptide and protein bound polysaccharide (hich protectsimmune system cells from o)idative stressors caused by reactive o)yen species ros- hile triterpenes enhances tumor selective cytoto)icity, increasin enerations of ros by tumors thuscausin increased dna damaes and subsequent apoptosis

Antipathoenic effects

=hosphorylation of $r. i8ii resultin in do(nreulation of c/fos e)pressions, (hich leads tosubsequent inhibition of transcription factors A=/i and >F κ ! (ith antiviral effects, hepatocyte protective, enhancements of bone mineral densities, stimulates blood clottin as it initiates onsets ofred blood cell haemalutinations, antimicrobial aainst %ram R and some of %ram / bacteria, found to be very effective aainst strains of $scherichia spp, !acillus spp, ;icrococcus spp, =roteus spp,A polymerase α

and β inhibitin triterpenes lucidenic lactone and lucidenic acid O are effective aainst #I/i

protease and reverse transcriptase activities

tron inhibitions of #I protease are carried out by anoderiol ! and anoderic acid ! (ithmoderate inhibitory effects occurrin mediated by anoderic acid β, anolucidic acid A, lucidumol ! P2LQ/lanosta/@,GP11Q/diene/ beta,2L,25/triol -, anodermanontriol and anodermanondiol (ithmilder protease inhibitory effects initiated by anoderic acid A, "1, #, antimetastatic, antiinvasionand antiadhesion anoderiol A u, et al, 201 - and b/5a/dihydro)y/4b/metho)yerosta/@,22/

diene+ (hile #I viral replications are inhibited by anodermanontriol and anoderiol F+ anodericacid !, "1, #, α also demonstate &'( i potease inhi%ito) e**ects < #+%a, et al, 2011 >

Antiviral anoderic acid inhibits hepatitis ! viral replications, stimulatin the healin of herpes

lesions and (ounds (hile polyo)yenated lanostanoid triterpenes, &ucidenic Acids =, and ;ethyl&ucidenate = (ithin inhibits carcinoen causative associated $pstein !arr virus Antiviral activitiesalon (ith reduction of cellular in7uries and to)icities (ere also found in studies to be effectiveaainst vesicular stomatitis virus and inuen6a A

Antifunal activities (ere also discovered in studies as the e)tracts (ere found to inhibit andeliminated candida albicans "hen, et al, 1GG2 - 'hey upreulate and increase the potency and

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differentiation of macrophaes and neutrophil quantums alon (ith other immune cells and theircyto.ine secretion e)pressions especially I& i, interferons and cyto.ines, dendritic cells alon (ith their surface e)pressions of toll li.e receptor ii is also unreulated, these reconi6e funal 6ymoensand thus are able to mount a suf*cient immune attac. aainst them

>euronal effects

tudies have found e)tracts to be neuroprotective hen, et al, 201 -, reulatin intracellularcalcium by preventin e)cessive accumulations, preventin neuronal apoptosis, inhibitin activitiesof acetylcholinesterase #asnat, et al, 201 -, thus increasin Ach neurotransmitter quantums, (hile protectin neurons from free radical damaes throuh haltin their chain reactions or initialenerations, especially after brain trauma or neuronal in7uries such as stro.e, ischemia or cerebralreperfusion in7uries "erebral vasculature circulations are also enhanced due to the vasodilatineffects, improvements in vessel tones and maintenance of vessel elasticities >eurotransmittersacetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrin and dopamine are reulated (ith their activities enhanced, thus improvin brain function (hile stimulatory effects occur (ithin the hippocampus reionsenhancin conitions and memory processes lo( brain (aves are stimulated by e)tracts, these aidin insomnia 8 an)iety 8 stress as they brin about rela)ations

Free radicals are the by products of heavy metal poisonin, neuronal in7uries or cellular death,ho(ever the e)cess accumulations of free radicals also lead to further neuronal in7uries or the onsetof ne( cerebral diseases from the brea.ae of bonds that hold the chemical moieties toether thatconstitute these cells and their cellular components or their essential molecules, proteins aredenatured alon (ith damaes caused to the essential protective polyunsaturated phospholipid cell bilayers

'hus once free radical quantums are decreased, preventions of further neuronal in7uries, prematured cellular ains, neuronal death or neurodeenerative ailments onsets from the freeradical incurred neuronal damaes or ros enerated as a byproduct of these ailments such asreperfusion in7uries, cerebral ischemia, Al6heimerBs disease, #untintonBs disease, =ar.insonBsdisease, multiple sclerosis a condition that is also temperature dependent reected by the hihincidence of occurrences in cold climates as blood o( in impeded due to cold temperatures and thus circulation is slo(ed, concentratin e)cessive immune system cells at reions of myelinincreasin their susceptibilities to inammations alon (ith ros enerations and inammatorycyto.ine releases thus contributin to their subsequent brea. do(ns, demyelinations and eventualscar formations+ amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and macular deenerations from e)cessive rosmediated damaes can also be brouht about Other hih ros quantums associated ailments includediabetes mellitus, cardiac infarctions, cardiac ischemia, acute hypertension, hemorrhaic shoc.,atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis

$)tracts activates antio)idant en6ymes (hile bein hih in antio)idants that scavene hydro)yl andsupero)ide radicals, functionin as an effective hydroen donor, sinlet o)yen quenchin, alon (ith inhibitin other reactive o)yen species, reducin phospholipid cell membrane bilayerdamain lipid pero)idation thus preventin myelin destructions alon (ith rbc haemolysis and aood heavy metal chelator alon (ith upreulatin ene e)pressions of innate antio)idant activitiesmediated by catalase, supero)ide dismutase and lutathione pero)idase

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&ipid pero)idations &= - also induce protein denaturations, dna damaes, increased neuronalin7uries, alon (ith e)cessive microlial mediated inammations, as lipid barriers start collapsinand ris. of intracellular pathoenic entries are hih, thus initiatin synthesis and release ofinammatory cyto.ines I& iβ, I& vi, prostalandin $ ii and '>F α, alon (ith reactive o)yenspecies and nitric o)ide

As inammatory mediators are harmful to(ards neurons as (ell, especially (hen in e)cess, e)tractsdecreases these inammations Moon, et al, 201 - and resultin ris.s of neurodeenerations, preventin further neuronal lysis and releases of α synuclein in Al6heimerBs disease, reducininammations and resultin neuronal in7uries of dopamineric neurons at the substantia nirareion often deenerated in =ar.insonBs disease and #untintonBs disease, multiple sclerosis,cerebral ischemia and brain in7ury 8 trauma by do(nreulatin &= induced >F/κ! and '&?sinalin path(ays alon (ith inhibitin e)pressions of inammatory mediators, neurodeenerativei>O and "ON/ii tudies have found that dopamineric neurons (ere protected from e)cessive&= induced, activated microlia stimulated neuroinammations by e)tracts of % lucidum, in adose dependent manner

Attenuatin of neurodeenerative ailments and neuronal dysfunctions

Aids in healin Al6heimerBs disease, neuroinammations, epilepsy as studies have found thate)tracts inhibits the e)cessive accumulations of calcium ions (ithin hippocampal neuronalcytoplasm (hile enhancin e)pressions of calcium bindin, neuronal reulator "a;< II α , thusdecreasin the e)cessive *rins associated (ith onsets of sei6ures, >eurotrophin iv e)pressions arealso increased thus preventin neuronal in7uries 8 apoptosis, e)cessive calcium to)icities, protectionsfrom e)itoto)ins, neuronal morpholoy preservations, increasin quantums of cholineacetyltransferase (ithin cholineric neurons and enhancin cellular protections of hippocampalcholineric neurons, cortical neurons, dopamineric neurons, noradreneric neurons and striatal%A!A/eric neurons, stimulations of neurite sproutin, formations of intercellullar neuromuscular 7unctions and ivin rise to neural plasticity durin in7uries 8 ro(th and developments

>/"adherin e)pressions (ere also found to be inhibited by the e)tracts thus preventin formationsof mossy *ber sprouts and ne( e)citable circuitries occurrences mediated by ranular cells (ithindentate yrus an, et al, 201 -, a common event after epilepsy to compensate for the in7ured,dyin and lysed neurons, alon (ith the (anin activities of current brain circuit+ that if left in place (ould (orsen sei6ures as epileptiform dischares (ould be heihtened thus increasin the onsets ofsei6ures #o(ever once the brain conitive sector aficted (ith e)cessive dischares is shut do(nfor some time and circuits no lon utili6ed, thus the cessations of sei6ures, sproutins and synaptic plasticity is favored as it (ould ive rise to developments of compensatory ne( brain conitivesectors and circuitries as an effective mechanism for ne( conitive abilities

>eurodeenerative ailments (ould also bene*t (ith synaptic plasticity occurrences from the samemechanism, studies found that neuritoenesis inducin % lucidum =han, et al, 201 - ives rise todevelopments of the lonest neurite sprouts, (hile other neuroprotective mycomedicinals thatenhance dendritic sproutins include &inosus rhinocerotis, #ericium erinaceus (hich inducesdendritic sproutins more effectively than >%F, =leurotus ianteus, =leurotus pulmonarius,cyathane diterpenoids scabronines A and % from arcodon scabrosus, arcodon cyrneus, %rifolafrondosa, 'ermitomyces albuminosus, amnesia attenuatin 'remella fuciformis, conition

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impairment attenuatin "ordyceps militaris and by hepatoprotective and antio)idative Ima6e.i, %anoderma neo/7aponicum, (hich stimulates hihest neuritoenesis at the lo(est inta.econcentration dose as compared to the other mycomedicinals

;ost mycomedicinals enhance e)pressions of >%F and induce neurite sproutin eo(, et al, 201- by the same mechanisms of action As blood brain barrier impermeable >%F e)pressions (ithin

the central nervous system declines (ith ae and durin neurodeenerative ailments, but areessential to neurite outro(ths, neuronal ro(th and differentiations alon (ith properdevelopments, maintenance, survival, reenerations and synaptic plasticity these mycomedicinalsinduce >%F actions by bindins to the same receptors thus stimulatin = )iii %Fe)pressions by inducin phosphorylations of C>< and c/Cun hile % lucidum enhances phosphorylations of "?$!, $r. i and $r. ii thus stimulatin the neuronal differentiatin "?$!sinalin path(ays Other path(ays 8 mechanisms could also be involved as in depth analysis of the various modes that trier neuritoenesis in each of these mycomedicinals have yet to be fullyelucidated in cultured cells or clinical trials #o(ever quite a number of studies have beenconducted, that con*rm their effectiveness and ef*cacy in neuroreenerations and treatments of various neuroloical ailments

ynaptic densities and neuronal sinalin path(ays (ere also found to be .ept in tact as e)tracts preserve synaptophysin, maintainin synaptic densities affected by accumulates at the same time preventin synaptoto)icities from occurrin (hile preventin onsets of of Aβ peptides mediated9$9 cleavaes from causin further neuronal apoptosis and destructions of neurite connectionsalon (ith their circuitry and sinalin path(ays &ai, et al, 200J - thus aidin in eliminatin Aβ disruptions of .ey neuronal circuitries alon (ith attenuatin their damaes (hile maintaininsynaptic connections, transmissions and viabilities (ithin cardiac, restorations of the brain inicted by Al6heimerBs disease, alon (ith other related neuro 8 synaptic deenerative conditions

$)tracts protect opioid receptor sinalin path(ay reulations, alon (ith short and lon termsynaptic plasticity reulatin synaptophysin, thus preventin their decline and density loss due toalpha beta accumulates that occur in Al6heimers disease, this .eeps the brain circuits involved in tact preventin them from (anin and affectin conitions 9ue to alpha beta to)citcies, neuronal p )))viii ;A= .inase, c/Cun >/terminal .inase and c/Cun phosphorylations are affected, e)tractsreverses the damaes thus preservin structures, vesicles and sinalin path(ays inicted, one of (hich affects neuroimmunomodulatory, food inta.e and insulin reulatin serotonin metabolism thus preservin do(nstream synaptic plasticities at the pre frontal corte), preventin neuronalderadations and subsequent conitive dysfunctions

$ffective for treatments of other cerebral and neuronal ailments such as e)cessive muscularcontractions, spasms, hyper.alemia, cramps, epilepsy an, et al, 201L -, reconstruction ofdisrupted, (anin or ne( neurocircuits, synaptic plasticity, dementia, neuronal stimulatin effects,conitive declines, memory impairment, multiple sclerosis, ;yastenia %ravis, #untintonBs disease,=ar.insonBs disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral trauma, cerebral hypo)ia+ decreasesneuronal apoptosis, neuronal inammations by inhibitin e)cessive secretions of pro inammatorycyto.ines '>F α, I& vi and I& viii e)pressions and si6e of infarction areas in cerebral ischemia (hile

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enhancin activities and quantums of antio)idant catalase, supero)ide dismutase and lutathione pero)idase, increasin e)pression of I& ii, I& iv and I& ), stimulatin ;A=%F, for synthesis of a)onal protein to enhance ro(th coneformations alon (ith neurite sproutins and neuronal ro(ths and differentiations after peripheralnervous system in7uries, brain in7uries and neurodeenerations alon (ith their initial preventions ofoccurrences


Other ailments % lucidum is effective for include cardiac ischemia, heart disease, cardioprotective (hile protectin from nonfunctional overreachin after e)tensive periods of intensive trainine)ercises, or overtrainin thus affectin overall athlete performance in terms of continued sustained performances, endurance and stamina ?ossi, et al, 201L -, enhances blood volume perfusions andmicrocirculations (ithin vital orans, increases blood pressure ouchi, et al, 200J -, ulcers,anoderic acids and triterpenes (ithin are antihepatoma (ith tumor speci*c cytoto)icity inducincellular atrophies, lysis and apoptosis+ (hilst mycelia isolated proteolycans Man, et al, 2004 -function as a hepatoprotective for liver hepatocytes u, et al, 201 - (ounds or cellular 8 tissuein7uries, antiviral aainst chronic hepatitis ! (hile healin the hepatocyte viral induced in7uries

Fruitin body e)tracts of antio)idative, antitumor, anti/inammatory, immunomodulatin polysaccharides anoderans A, !, " initiates a hypolycemic effect and do(nreulates hepatic=$="< ene e)pression thus decreases blood lucose levels 9eclines in o)idative stress, lipid pero)idation, hepatic lycoen levels, elevations of circulatin insulin, modulations of blood lucose and hepatocyte lucose/metaboli6in en6yme modulations (ere carried out by anoderan !$ffective in treatments of diabetes mellitus type ii as it aids in the control of blood lucose levels,enhancin phosphorylations of A;=< thus stimulatin lucose inta.e (ithin adipocytes

hile polysaccharides upreulates collaenase activity and is effective in treatments of cirrhosis, preventin e)cessive scar tissue or .eloid formations that (ould further impair liver functions,do(nreulatin e)cessive collaen α i - m?>A e)pressions, α actin (ithin smooth musculatures,alon (ith metalloproteinase/i and metalloproteinase/)iii en6ymes+ restorations 8 increasin mucusand prostalandin productions thus attenuatin the acidity (hile speedin (ound healin in astricand duodenal ulcers, accelerations of (ound healin "hen, et al, 201 - durin in7uries 8 lesionsas collaen synthesis is upreulated for suf*cient tissue remodelin to occur

Free radicals are scavened by avonoids preventin further o)idative in7uries to proteins,molecules, (ounded and ne(ly differentiated cells that affect their cellular functions and interities+alon (ith enhanced mirations of macrophaes and endothelia cells to(ards the in7ured area

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mediated by β lucans, (hile proliferations of *broblast are upreulated to(ards the reion ofin7ury, thus stimulatin the (ound healin processes of anioenesis, collaen synthesis andepithelialisations

hilst e)pressions of inammatory >F κ !, caspase iii and cellular apoptosis is reduced,endothelium cell proliferations (ithin vasculatures and microcirculations are enhanced alon (ith

increasin mitosis, 9>A synthesis and enhanced cellular proliferations by upreulatin cellquantums underoin % ii / ; and cell cycle phrases thus e)tracts are effective to(ards healin ian, et al, 200L - slo( or non healin diabetic (ounds and open lesions, acceleratin theirother(ise slo( proressive healin speeds due to e)cess suar accumulates outside the cells (hichfurther in7ure them and lo( intracellular lucose quantums (ithin reduced cellular eneryenerations, inhibitin 8 decreasin mitochondrias A'= productions thus preventin proper (oundclosures and the accumulated ulcerative lesions that consequently form as (ell

$)tracts are also effective in treatments of cancers, prostate cancer, liver disease, hepatitis,nephritis, hypertension as it (as found to contain 9$A9 8 9$A# bo) helicase li.e protein, alpha 8 beta hydrolase li.e protein, pa)illin li.e protein and cystathionine beta synthase li.e protein, theseinhibit aniotensin convertin en6yme activities, reulates actin remodelin of vascular smoothmusculature and prevents cardiac hypertrophy throuh inhibitions upon cell cycle cardiomyocyte proliferations thus lo(erin blood pressure (hilst e)ertin a vasodilatory effect Ansor, et al, 201-+ prevention of blood pressure spi.es, neurasthenia, insomnia, hypercholesterolemia 9u., 2010 -,and dyslipidemia #u, et al, 201L -

;odulation of the immune system durin states of immunode*ciencies or imbalances, bacteriostasis thus effective durin microbe infestations, e)ertin oran tonifyin effects, antiain (ith cellular life cycle prolonin effects, strenthenin of cardiac function, increasin memory, stro.es 8aneurysms as it inhibits areations of platelets, as a poison neutrali6er, lo(erin of hih liver trilycerides and obesity as it do(nreulates lipid accumulations (ithin adipocytes and decreases their differentiations throuh ?$!=/i c, ==A?/, and "8$!=/a transcription factors suppressionsalon (ith do(nreulatin adipoenesis and enes involved in lipid synthesis, transport andstorae : FA, A" i+ FA!= iv, FA'= i and perillipin (hile plasma lipid and lucose quantums arealso decreased thus effective in diabetic conditions, obesity reductions and visceral fat removals

=olycystic ovarian syndrome or other endocrine disorders such as hyperse)uality, benin prostatichyperplasia, !?"A ii ene mutational prostate cancer of (hich triterpene, anoderic acid 9; ishihly cytoto)ic and anti metastatic aainst tumor leadin to their apoptosis, acne vularis,hirsutism, "ushinBs syndrome and androenic alopecia that occur due to an e)cess of androensecretions can also be treated, as triterpenoids anoderol !, anoderic acid %, anoderic acid " ii

and anodermanontriol (ithin % lucidum e)tracts decrease the productions of androens thru

inhibitin testosterone conventions into 9#' by do(nreulatin quantums of its convertinen6yme 5/alpha reductase %rant, et al, 2012 - iso6ymes type i and ii

Often utili6ed in tcm, its herbal principles classify it as a i replenisher, enhancin vital enery thusa revitali6in tonic Dtili6ed as a sedative and a tonic, for soothin and rela)in of the mind andspirit, in the relieve of respiratory ailments such as couh and asthma+ antiain, di66iness, shortnessof breath, fatiue, cardiac palpitation 8 (ea.ness, lun ailments, liver diseases, lo( 8 imbalanced

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immunity physical (ea.ness and insomnia

hiita.e, &entinula edodes

9escription

"ommon name : %olden Oa. ;ushroom, a(tooth ;ushroom and !lac. forest ;ushroomFound ro(in upon dead and rottin los or at the base of decomposin trun.s and foliae of broadleaf, hard(ood trees such as the Iron(ood, Oa., !eech and =oplar %ro(th occurs best at v E )))ii derees celsius, (ithin dar., cool and damp conditions "ountries they are found ro(innaturally in include Capan, Dnited tates, outh F α and othercyto.ines+ reulations of ' reulatory cells 'ana.a, et al, 2011 -, stimulations of 'h cells,reduction of '%F β durin tumor in*ltrations, upreulatin and enhancin cytoto)ic ' cells, ! cells,macrophaes, lymphocytes, >. cells, dendritic cells, hematopoietic stem cells alon (ith increasinquantums of antibody productions, synthesis, secretions and cyto.ine upreulations At the same time these e)tracts pass (ithin the circulations and into the cerebral reions (here theyare upta.en by microlias dectin i receptors hah, et al, 200J - (hich stimulates brain immunity

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thus enhancin both innate and adaptive defense and surveillance system aainst tumor ro(thonsets and developments, prevents pathoenic invasions by virus, microbes and funi alon (ith their subsequent eliminations as cyto.ines and chemo.ine e)pressions are not correspondinlyenhanced by bindins due to the inactivation of upstaeam >F .b+ e)cessive 8 chronicneuroinammations that miht lead to fraile neuronal damaes and their subsequent do(nstreamailments ho(ever are not e)cessively stimulated and thus do not occur timulations of cerebral

dendritic cells is another occurrence alon (ith their cyto.ine releases of I& )ii, '>Fα

and IF>γ thus enhancin the immunoloical reactions (ithin

"ontained (ithin are also the e)istence of hih α lucan immune stimulatin and enhancin, phaocyte potentiatin, >< and macrophae quantum upreulatin, stress reducin, infectionresistin, serum cholesterol reducin, hypolycemia inducin, lo(erin of blood pressure, tumorresistance enhancin, (ound improvin (ith healin of conditions such as ulcerative colitis as found to occur in studies (hen these carbohydrate moieties (ere added to ill sub7ects+ upreulatin activehe)ose correlated compound (hich aids in its antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral activities,hypercholesterolemic balancin, hypocholesterolemic attenuatin eritadenine and immunoreulatinand enhancin arabino)ylan li.e polysaccharide (ith )ylose and arabinose, hihly antio)idative,free radical scavenin, (ith bindins to free radicals ?O 8 >O, lipid pero)idations alon (ith their hih reducin po(ers and antiinammatory, antio)idative erothioneine Ito, et al, 2011 -+immunopotentiatin, hepathocyte protective, antiarthritic, antiatheroenic and antiviral lenthionine

hile antio)idative protein latcripin iii induces cellular halts of tumor at s phrase of the cell cycle path(ay, thus inducin apoptosis of tumor cells, studies have discovered inhibitions occurrin in tumor ro(th alon (ith decreases in their ro(th mass (hen these e)tracts (ere isolated andadded to tumor cells, thus increasin their tumoricidal and anti tumor activities Ann, et al, 201L -Immunomodulatin aashima, et al, 201 -, carries out immunoreulation (hileenhancin immunosurveillance, increases productions of cyto.ines such as '>F α, e)hibits directcytoto)icity to(ards tumors, alon (ith inducin apoptosis from trierin their apoptotic cascades,studies have sho(n that direct induction of tumor cell death occurs (hen e)tracts (ere added and these events too. place in a dose concentration dependent manner (ith more apoptosis occurrin as the concentrations (ere heihtened, phaocytic cells (ere also upreulated and activated (hile

enhancements and upreulations of macrophae activities also occur

?educes hih blood pressure alon (ith e)ertin reulatory effects (hich also aids in circulatoryo( conditions such as hypovolemia or poor blood circulations alon (ith improvin theirassociated do(nstream disorders, upreulatin erythrocyte and mononuclearcytes at the peripheral vasculature reions for an immunoprotective and better circulatory alon (ith enhanced perfusionseffect, arthritis, 7oint mobility disorders+ erothioneine (ithin e)tracts e)hibit an analesic function

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decreasin pain (ithin 7oints and articular reions thus improvin uidity of movements alon (ithmobilities, alleric asthma, autoimmune 7oint inammation, ut inammations ;i6uno, et al, 200G-, antiatheroenic, hypolipedemic, decreases serum cholesterol levels, cardiovascular ailments,hypertension, hypertension, antiinammatory, atopic dermatitis (hile e)ertin stron antio)idative properties

Other effects include reductions of the ris. of fractures and bone mass loss as it improves bonemineral densities and related conditions such as osteoporosis, fraile and frail bone conditions suchas bone structural deformities or slipped disc+ improves e)haustion, fatiue, (ea.ness, a declinedconstitution after lon term illnesses or deliberated conditions after chronic ailments, thusfunctionin (ell as a eneral health tonic


Antiinfection effects occur as it contains protease inhibitions leadin to various antiviral effects,effective in the eradication of hepatitis, (hilst found effective in studies conducted aainst polio virus ?incao, et al, 2012 -, #= i as early stae viral replications are inhibited, e)tracts are alsoeffective in treatments aainst retroviruses #I, inuen6a virus, vesicular stomatitis+ antifunal+antimicrobial aainst strains of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyoenes, staphylococcusaureus, mycobacterium tuberculosis and listeria monocytoenes+ antimicrobial aainst tuberculosis,anticarinoenic and prevents the formations of oral bioim microbial formation coloni6ations bytreptococcus mutans and treptococcus sobrinus Kaura, et al, 2011 -, carcinoenic dental cariesand tumor inducin inivitis "iric, et al, 2011 -


$)acts e)erts improvement of cardiac and blood circulatory conditions, prevention of areation of platelets thus inhibitin e)cessive clot formations (hich aids in situations such as the occurrence of thrombosis, cerebral stro.es, coaulative stro.es or aneurysms, respiratory ailments, liverdysfunctions, cirrhosis, aids in lipocyte brea. do(ns and (eiht loss as studies have found e)tractseffective in lo(erin the serum triacyllycerol quantums alon (ith decreasin overall body fat and (eiht thus applicable to obesity also equally effective in decreasin the liver stores of fatty phospholipid accumulates and initiatin their brea.do(ns thus helpful in fatty liver disease and itsassociated disorders, hepatocyte protective, prevents liver stenosis, functions as a .idney tonic, treatments of vitamin d de*ciencies includin ric.ets, u, colds, accompanyin s.eletal defects and bone mineral densities declines, dysfunctions and other associated disorders, alon (ith mediatincellular healin functions (hich aid in (ound repair, healin and recovery

hiro .i.urae, 'remella fuciformis

9escription

"ommon names : no( ;ushroom, hite !rain ;ushroom, ilver $ar or hite Celly &eaf Foundro(in upon broadleaf trees such as the a.ura or Faaceae tree (ith fruitin bodies located on their fallin, decayin or dead branches %ro(th occurs in temperate, tropical and sub tropicalcountries such as Capan, !ra6il, "entral, outh and >orth America, "aribbean, =aci*c Islands >e(Kealand, Australia, sub aharan Africa,


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'ai(an and "hina

A basidiomycota that is clear, lucid and translucent (hite, some parts e)hibit varyin derees of translucency, other reions are (hite, (hile the basal reions tend to be of denser tones in bet(eenshades of pure (hite to (hitish mil.y pale yello( shades "omposed of a soft yet *rm, 7elly te)ture (ith a mucilae feel and is slimy loo.in, alon (ith elatinous matri) fruitin bodies of

basidiocarps

'hey have (avy seashell li.e edes and are shaped li.e (aves, each (aves is neatly orani6ed in petal li.e sections of fronds and many of these sections are orani6ed toether in a small to mediumsi6ed coral li.e ro(th, about inches in (idths, they consist of slim lobes alon (ith bein madeup of stal.s that are (ide, curved and short, and resemble sea anemones in appearance 'remelloidal basidia measure )E)iii by vivE) m in si6e, (hile smooth, hyaline, ellipsoid basidiospores measure vEviii by ivEvi m


"ontains a hih quantum of dietary *bers, calcium, vitamin 9, disaccharides, insulin sensitivityincreasin and hypolycemic lucurono)ylomannan, antitumour and immunomodulatory neutral polysaccharides+ o acetyl roups (ithin their molecular forms and suar containin polysaccharidesfractions A, !," >omura, et al, 1G@2 -, carbon and hydroen containin !C, A", !", AC D.ai,et al, 1G@L -+ hih (ater retention capabilities polysaccharide %N; fraction+ anticarcinoenic acidic polysaccharides that stimulate cyto.ine and interleu.in productions and synthesis by monocytes andmacrophaes+ lentynian, schi6ophyllan, antitumor polysaccharides D.ai, et al, 1G@2 - and polysaccharide proteins ==, =< (ith direct tumor cytoto)icities and inhibitions of their furtherro(ths, continued proliferations and developments Other bioactive components include neuroenesis stimulatin /O/beta/9/lucopyranosyl/22$,2L?/5α, Jα/epidio)yerosta/4+ disaccharide trehalose dihydrate, heteropolysaccharides ' ii, = i,!, F iii/ii/b, 9 alactose, melibiose, lactose, lucuro)ylomannans, monomeric suars ribose,lucuronic acid, lucose, arabinose, etythrithol, threitol, )ylose, mannose, alacatose, fructose+anticholesterol, chromosomal mutations preventive, antimicrobial, antitumor (ith inhibitory effects to(ards do(nreulatin their ro(ths and mass developments, immunopotentiatin acidicheterolycan i/-iii β lucan+ moderate antio)idative phenols that lead to free radical scavenin an, et al, 201L -+ alon (ith lycosidases : β > acetyl 9 he)osaminidase and β 9 mannosidase one, et al, 1G@J -

>euronal effects

In studies, it has to found to improve amnesia !aradaran, et al, 2012 -, conitions and learnin

speed alon (ith memory retention abilities due to upreulations of acetylcholine A"h - secretions (ithin reions of the frontal corte), medial septum and hippocampus, thus facilitatin andincreasin the neurotransmissions required for proper neuronal synaptic communications to occur,improvin the circuit connectivity path(ays and the subsequent uidity in memory retrievals andstoraes+ as A"h quantums are increased, neurodeenerative conditions (ith (anin electricalactivities thus hamperin proper neuronal function and (hole brain systemic declines can also beimproved this (ay, they are effective for ailments as as Al6heimerBs disease, myastenia ravis,

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multiple sclerosis, par.insons disease, neuro borreliosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and#untintons disease, li.e(ise (ea. musculatures (ith poor circuitry connection (ill also beimproved (ith these additional A"h upreulates

>eurite ro(ths (ere also found to be enhances by administration of these e)tracts =ar., et al,200@ - as they function li.e neuronal ro(th factors and promoted their elonations and subsequent

connections as found in cultured neuronal cells, thus aidin in successful nerve reenerationsfacilitatin synaptic plasticity formations durin ro(th and developments or recovery after cerebralin7uries, alon (ith restorations of peripheral nerve tracts truncated or (orn (ith lo(er densities atcertain reions thus requirin some stron denser neuronal mass and brides to reconnect the (ea.ened connection reions in bet(een the synapses at their respective ap 7unctions, events thatmiht have occurred durin illness or as a result of in7ury onsets #o(ever ever after neuronalreeneration occurs lon term inta.e of the e)tracts alon (ith other neurite sproutin herbs andmyelin ro(th enhancin substances are still required as nerve conduction velocities alon thereenerated reions are still lo(er than the norm

As anioenesis is required as part of the reenerative process for adequate perfusions so that theneurites and dendrites can sprout, alon (ith enhancin the densities of neuronal formations, bloodnourishers (ould also aid in hastenin the recovery and neuroenesis procedure It (ould be some time till they can reain perfect functionality and densities once more (ith consistent conduction velocities occurrin alon the entire innervation tract and be restore to the transmission speed thatused to occur before in7ury onset, thus ivin rise to a total restoration in structures andfunctionality of the innervated reion affected


Antipathoenic actions are e)erted upon infections due to the immunostimulatin and upreulatin properties, taretin both ram R and E microbial strains as it inhibits their microbe quorum sensinand communications alon (ith subsequent bioim formation path(ays, eradicatin spirochete!orrelia spp initiated &yme borreliosis and the associated neuroborreliosis 8 bacterimia+ antifuni to(ards eliminatin pathoenic opportunistic, ram E basiospore candida spp initiated candidiasisinfections often found as part of the microoral (ithin the ut, but in cases of e)cessive overro(thsspread to diestive systems, luns, cardiac, nails, s.in, .idneys, uroenital reions, oral mucosalmembranes and even enterin (ithin the csf reions affectin the brain and causatives of urinary tract infections of (hich neonates are prone to+ alon (ith antiviral effects aainst hepatitis

Functions

$ffective aainst tumors as a stron immunostimulant (ith bi directional immunomodulatin effects that reulate macrophae and monocytes synthesis and secretions of antibodies, interferons and

cyto.ines such as cell cycle mediated acquired radioresistance development inducin I& i (hichenhances the inammatory responses alon (ith facilitatin coaulations, fever onsets and thesynthesis of acute phrase proteins (ithin the liver, I& i α , I& ii a ' cell ro(th factor, stimulant andreulator, >< cell proliferation upreulations and activations, stimulatin ! cell activations andantibody productions, lethal irradiation cellular protective I& vi (hich enhances ! cell synthesisalon (ith their subsequent antibody productions, liver acute phrase protein synthesis+ I& viii, '>Fα an K cells and le!+oc)tes activato has antivial popeties, and inceases -&. class i expessions

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or if in e)cess their subsequent do(nreulations

$)tracts stimulate and potentiate monocytes, macrophaes, neutrophils, >< cells alon (ith otherdendritic cells for an enhanced host mediated response aainst the invadin tumors+ (hile inhibitin platelet activatin factor thus preventin the occurrence of anioenesis thus inhibitin further tumor ro(ths and proliferations

'umors persist (ithin the host system due to the continued lac. of suf*cient immunity aainst them, thus vis upreulations of host immunity alon (ith stimulatin the differentiation, activations andmaturations of the necessary immune cells, reconition of these tumor antiens throuh ;#" classantien presentations are enhanced If locali6ed speci*cally to(ard the locations of tumors theseresponses can attract increased quantums of ne(ly differentiated >


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Other ailments this is effective to(ards include protectin cells and tissue e)posed to radioactivedamae or after tumor radiation and chemotherapy thus preventin further tumor developments or transformations via reducin and repairin dna strand brea.s, occurrences of chromosomalaberrations, strand nic.s or damaes, inducin and enhancin dna repair, inhibitin occurrences ofenoto)icity, preventin free radical liberated harm to dna and cells, free radical scaveninabilities, (hilst protectin hematopoietic proenitor lineae cells and inducin the rero(th and

subsequent production of bone marro( stroma cells thus enhancin formation of immunocytes (hile replacin dead 8 damaed cells and protectin ne(ly developed s phrase cells from radiationinduced transformations (ithin the mitotic cycle, thus enhancin their radioresistance durinro(th and subsequently upon cellular maturations (hich (ill lead to more resilient cells

$)tracts also aid in improvements and curin ailments such as lesions incurred by astric ulcerdisease, as a reent to decrease cellular cytoto)icity as it is cellular protective, (hile increasin thequantums of antio)idant supero)ide dismutase thus effective as a brain antio)idant as it passes (ithin the cerebral circulations and throuh the blood brain barrier, alon (ith protectin neuronsfrom the assaults of free radicals (ithin

9ue to hih (ater retainin abilities it functions as a uid replenisher and e)cessive heat dissipatindurin conditions (ith lo( uid volumes such as hypovolemia, dehydration, sore throats,inammations, chronic dry couhs, ailments (ith e)cessive dryness and heat retained (ithin thesystem and provides uidity and moistures (ithin reions of dry or desiccated orans such as the brain, luns and stomach

Attenuates and restores irreular cardiac palpitations due to the blood pressure reulatin and balancin abilities, it dissipates e)cessive melanocyte accumulates thus displayin abilities toimprove s.in microvasculature circulations, anti ain effects due to the chromosomal protections,free radical neutrali6ations, cellular healin and improvements of its condition alon (ith overallhealth restorative functions

"onclusion

It has been found that primin an entitys o(n immune system to reconi6e cancer antiens has been very effective in their subsequent destruction as ' cells (ould mount an attac. aainst thecancerous tissue, enhancin a robust immune response and successfully destroyin them ;anyclinical trials have produced ood results (ith hih remission rates and lo( recurrences, ho(ever there are some cases (hereby patients still develop cancers after the initial cancer terminations and these patients have short lifespans after the subsequent recurrences Indicative of the entitiesimmune system bein unable to terminate these cancerous cells completely or further mutations of the cancers that recur, of (hich the immune system and initially reconition primed calls are unable to destroy

'he effectiveness of treatments throuh upreulatin and enhancements of the patients o(nsurveillance and immune system after reconition primin is also varied, (ith some systems totallycapable of completely eliminated these cancerous cells, (hereas others produce various quantums ofeffectiveness (ith some cancers one at certain reions (hilst others are diminished or reduced in terms of their ro(ths and cellular si6es, still some cases demonstrate tumor masses that undero anoverall ro(th reduction, then they revert bac. to the oriinal si6e, then (ith time, shrin. aain

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Other cases occur (ith the immune response aainst cancer bein too stron for the system to evencoupe (ith due to the hih and chronic serious inammations and fevers occurrin (ithin 'hiscould be indicative that this treatment protocol can be further re*ned, (hereby the primed ' cellsare speci*cally tareted only to(ards the e)act location (hereby the cancerous cells are situated at, thus reducin the probability of a severe immune reaction that affects the entire system instead,

includin cells and tissue unaffected by cancerous transformations ?eion location taretin to(ards cancer tissue locations can be further carried out if the *rst immune response is tooimmense and the entities system is unable to cope (ith that Met to be tried out in clinical trials, thus the effectiveness and lon term results of this tareted approach are still un.no(n

As the immune system mounts a very immense attac. aainst cancer after their initial primins andreconitions (hich are then transferred bac. to patient system, some entities undero theseimmense immune effects of inammation from the attac.s aainst cancer, ho(ever in the event (hereby the system is affected to a severe point, the inammations can be attenuated (ithinammatory lo(erin medications and balanced (ith the aim of *ne tunin it to a moderatequantum instead, at the perfect state (hereby the system can still mount a suf*cient immunoloicalresponse necessary to eliminate these cancerous ro(ths completely, yet at a safe manitude to the biosystem, .eepin it (ithin the marins of safety+ thus creatin a balance (ithin and mediatinhealin

Another probability of such results occurrin is that the primin of ' cell reconitions are toosudden thus the onsets trier an e)cessive immune reaction mediated by presence of thesecancerous ro(ths An anticancer vaccine can be further developed (hereby immune cells of thesystem are primed radually, (hereby the vaccines are iven at lo( dosaes, in bet(een intervals, thus allo(in the system time to adapt and be accustomed to these chanes (ithout ivin rise toany e)cessive immunoloical inammatory responses, so that eventually they reconi6e and are able to *ht off cancers effectively and (ithin safe limits of inammatory states that the (hole systemcan safely undero+ should any cell (ithin the system ever undero transformations #o(ever theeffectiveness of such a vaccine (ould ultimately still be inuenced by subsequent cancer mutationsespecially if further complicated by accompanyin viral infections and the question (ould be about (hether the primed ' cells can continually evolve, reconi6e these ne( mutations and mount asuf*cient immune attac. aainst mutated cancer cells

From results of the studies to date, it seems that the effectiveness and ef*cacy of thisimmunotheraphy treatment is varied and based very much upon an individual entities immunesystem and systemic condition #o(ever as compared (ith other form of cancer treatments, fore)ample radiotherapy (ith a hih rate of cancer metastasi6in to other reions occurrin, orchemotherapy (ith variable effectiveness and curative results, some results have sho(n that these produce complications else(here (ithin the system as (ell, due to non speci*c cancer taretin, as

all cells are affected includin non cancerous ones+ some clinical trials have found a combinations of these t(o methods rather effective in taretin cancers, ho(ever the reconition primin of the patients o(n immune system to date has yielded the best results

For a better outcome after cancer onsets, anticancer herbs such as the mycomedicinals (ould (or. (ell alon (ith various anticancer natural herbs, many of (hich function effectively and can be ta.en in smooth synery (ith mycomedicinals for an e)tremely stron anticancer effect, ho(ever

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they are not discussed here as its beyond the scope of this article 'hese can be done alon (ithimmune tareted treatments

=revention is al(ays better than cure, if an entitys system is constantly primed (ith these effectiveanticancer mycomedicinals 8 herbs alon (ith a constantly healthy vean diet ;c"arty, 201L - ofcarcinoenic pesticide free !orchers, et al, 201L - and carcinoenic enetically modi*ed "ichos6,

et al, 2012 - free, fresh veetables and fruits that are very effective aainst cancers and consistin ofeffective molecules that mediate their initial preventions ;any studies have sho(n a lo( cancerincidence amonst veans 'antamano/!artley, et al, 201 - alon (ith reduced cardiovascular #uan, et al, 2012 -, ischemic heart disease "ro(e, et al, 201 -, cerebrovascular &i, 201L - ris.and motility &e, et al, 201L -+ (hile meat diets increase incidences of cancer developments ;ahfou6, et al, 201L - !astide, et al, 2015 - Fallah6adeh, et al, 201L - and the ris. of infections (ith carcinoenic viruses =eretti, et al, 2015 - as (ell

It has been sho(n throuh population analysis studies that many in china consume an e)cess of redmeat Min, et al, 201L -, this also displays that a difference in dietary consumptions (ith heavymeat diets brins about a populations occurrence of hih cancer ris., their developments andincidences &i, et al, 201L -, many incidences of transmissible infectious carcinoenic viruses suchas #= (ere also found prevailin, accompanyin certain types of cancers amid the populations there an, et al, 2015 -

If carcinoens are obliterated, proper nutritions and a veetarian diet adhered to, the onsets ofcancers even developin (ould be pale 'hus these mycomedicinals 8 herbs if ta.en lon term, (hich clinical trials and cell culture e)periments have found to be safe and non to)ic at theirrespective moderate daily dosaes are effective as an anticancer preventive 8 curative 8 recurrence preventive after an initial healin

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?eferences

A.i.o ;atsumoto/A.anuma, atoshi A.anuma, ;asuro ;otoi, A.ihi.o Mamaishi and >aohitoOhno =artial =uri*cation and "harateri6ation of =olyphenolo)idase from "ulinary/;edicinal?oyal un ;ushroom P the #imematsuta.e Q, Aaricus brasiliensis asser

Mycomedicinals

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