My MA Thesis

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India. Sept 2009.

Harish Vangara MA Landscape Architecture, The University of Sheffield 2

Acknowledgements:

This thesis wouldn‟t have had been possible without the constant help and support of mainly

Prof. Nigel Dunnett, my supervisor Zoe Dunsiger at the University of Sheffield, Ar. Adrian

Hallam, and most importantly Dr. Vangara Rama Prasad, My father and my mentor, my

mother and my sister for the blessings and faith in me without whom this project may have

not been practically possible. Also to mention Jeevan and Srikar, who had faith in me.

I thank one and all from the deepest of my heart.



Acknowledgements: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

Chapter 1: Abstract: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

Chapter 2: Introduction: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

Chapter 3: What are Green Roofs? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

3.1. Definition: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

3.1.1. Extensive Green Roofs: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

3.1.2. Intensive Green Roofs: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9

3.1.3. Semi-intensive Green Roofs: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

3.2. Benefits of Green Roof and its usage on top of buildings: --------------------------------------------------- 10

3.3. Effects on various elements on a typical Green Roof: --------------------------------------------------------- 10

3.3.1. Effects of rainfall on Green Roof- Storm water runoff: -------------------------------------------------- 10

3.3.2. To help lower down the internal building temperatures: ------------------------------------------------ 11

3.3.3. Preservation of habitat and Biodiversity:---------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

3.3.4 Temperature control-Moderation of Urban Heat Island Effect: --------------------------------------- 12

3.4 Sedum Roofs: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

3.4.1 Sedum mats: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13

3.4.2 Substrate based roof: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

3.4.3 Green Roof/Brown Roof for biodiversity: ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

Chapter 4: Scenario between United States and Europe: --------------------------------------------------------- 16

4.1 Introduction: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

4.2 Why is Production cheap? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

4.3 First Steps: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

4.4 How it started: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

4.5 Price comparison: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

Chapter 5: Case Study 1: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad: --------------------------------------------------------- 24

5.1 Introduction: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

5.2 Few fast facts: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25

5.3 Green Roof: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

Case Study 2: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

Mr. G.Krishna Rao in Gowliguda, Hyderabad: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

Chapter 6: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

Environmental Building guidelines for Hyderabad: (Authority, 2008) --------------------------------------- 29

6.1 Where is Hyderabad heading: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29



6.2 Facts in comparison to the world: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

6.2.1 Renewable energy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

6.2.2 Water: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

6.2.3 Pollution: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32

6.3 National Policies- A Rational for incorporating Green roofs in GRIHA Rating: ------------------------ 34

6.4 Influence of local policies: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35

Chapter 7: Orienting the feasibility issue to Hyderabad: ---------------------------------------------------------- 37

7.1 Hyderabad’s projected climate change: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37

7.2 Hyderabad’s projected climate change by these impacts. ---------------------------------------------------- 37

7.3 Hyderabad’s Adaptation measures: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38

7.4 Average Climate conditions of Hyderabad:-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39

7.4.1 Temperatures:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39

7.5 Adverse effects of Pollution: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41

Chapter 8: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42

Specifications of Green roof or roof garden in Hyderabad: ------------------------------------------------------ 42

8.1 Technology and use of Machinery: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42

8.2 Alternative (Manual labor): ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42

8.3 Local Materials: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

8.4 Manipulative Standards: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

8.5 Green Roof Construction: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46

Conclusion: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53

9.0 Figures: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54

11.0 Bibliography (Other references) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

1. Background Books -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

2. Technical Reports and Government Reports ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

3. FLL Guidelines ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

4. Helpful Journal Articles: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57

5. Additional Materials: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 57

6. Online Resources on green roofs: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

7. Green Roof Examples --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

8. Green Roof Feasibility Review --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58

9. Organizations, Associations and Research Centres -------------------------------------------------------------- 59

10. Literature Cited ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59

11. Economic Benefits: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64



The Economic Feasibility of Green

Roof construction in Hyderabad,

India.

Chapter 1: Abstract:

Green roof technology is the main trend in today‟s times of growing economy and

changing global conditions, be it about global warming, ocean pollution, air pollution,

deforestation and endangered evaporating water. One m2 of plants can evaporate 0.5 Litres of

water on a summer day and accordingly annually, the same area can evaporate up to 700 Litres of

water.

This phenomenon reduces the “Urban Heat Island Effect” in summer. This UHI effect is basically

the difference between temperatures of a city and the surrounding country side. The main reason

being the radiating heat of hard materials like concrete and hard surfacing such as roofs which

absorb heat and re-radiate it as heat reduction of UHI effect will considerably reduce the dust

distribution and production of smog, which finally reduces the green house gas emissions and

adapting urban areas with warmer summers in the future.

Green roofs cannot deal with all the above factors, but can have a mitigating effect on some

of them, like reducing carbon emissions, reducing storm water runoff (Bengtsson 2002) and

mitigating urban heat island effects (Akbari et al. 2001) and keeping building temperatures

low in summer (Eumorfopoulou & Aravantinos 1998; Onmura et al. 2001). Green roofs also

improve urban biodiversity (Mann 1998; Brenneisen 2003). This technological trend had

been started by Germans from the 1960s and the Americans and Europeans have widely been

following this ever since. Today an estimate of 10% of roofs has been greened. Major cities

and growing economies like Japan and China have also been looking into this in detail. Cities

in India have a good scope for this science.



Hyderabad, (India) has a tropical wet/dry climate with hot summers between March and June,

the damp monsoon season between July and October and mild, dry winter between

November and February. It has an average annual rainfall of 810 mm every year, and the

maximum temperature recorded was 45.5 oC.

Green roofs are not a common feature in Indian cities as they are in the United States and in

Europe, because they are not very well understood.

Green building technologies have started to consider this technology as a must for lessening

the adverse effects for environmental contribution.

This study investigates the benefits of green roofs on building rooftops and some case studies

comparing it with European climates. An analysis is made how feasible it has been, for the

conditions in Hyderabad and observing how this can be practically made possible.

Perhaps this can be promoted by architectural and landscape firms to create awareness of

green roofs and its advantages.

The main aim of this research is to see how a green roof can be built economically

considering the climatic facts for urban-central property in Hyderabad.



Chapter 2: Introduction:

“The Green roof technology is a tool well suited for densely developed urban environments,

where they can add to the amount of vegetation and green space. They are an encouraging

growth to urban environments where people, supplies, and resources are concentrated and

have numerous environmental impacts that can affect human health through poor water

quality, poor air quality, urban heat islands unwanted noise, the amount of available green

space contribute to the slowly depreciating land. This as a whole acts as a pivoting point to

the climate change where and everything goes in circles and comes back to the same point.”

(Sutic, 2003)

There are many reasons to promote green roofs in India in an urban centre because of the

rapidly changing city skyline and urbanization which led to the unplanned urban sprawl with

increase in urban density and less open and recreational spaces. This had lead to the

permanent loss of significant agricultural lands.

Stitching green roofs on both new and existing dwellings helps in bringing back the lost eco-

habitats in urban cities and also provides additional benefits of cleansing the system, creating

new chances for „urban agriculture‟1 and „urban footsteps‟ leading to creating „livable cities‟

But how can a household have it built cheaply and reliably in a suburban setting in a tropical

semi-arid steppe climate2 of Hyderabad, India.

1 Urban agriculture is the practice of agriculture, processing and distributing food in or around a city

2 Tropical semi-arid steppe climate: Typical Hyderabad climate



FIGURE 1 THE MAP OF INDIA, SHOWING ANDHRA PRADESH AND HYDERABAD.

FIGURE 2 ZONAL MAP OF HYDERABAD SHOWING RING ROADS AND WATER BODIES

SOURCE: http://www.vrealtors.net/images/orr_map.jpg



Chapter 3: What are Green Roofs?

3.1. Definition:

A Green roof may be defined as “Vegetated roof surfaces, consisting of a layer of

plants and growing medium (artificial soil) and a drainage layer on a rooftop. The planted

layer can consist of anything from a thin layer of low-growing sedum, a wildflower meadow

or a public amenity rooftop terrace with lawns and flowerbeds.” (Dunnett, 2006)

“A roof area of plantings/landscape installed above a waterproofed substrate at any building

level that is separated from the ground beneath it by a man-made structure.” (NRCA Green

Roof System Manual, 2007)

Mostly all green roofs have a membrane layer underneath or immediately above the roofing,

which could be roof shingles or concrete. There might also include additional layers such as

root barrier or irrigation or drainage system.

In general green roofs can be categorized as “semi-intensive”, intensive or extensive,

depending on how thick the planting medium is and the maintenance it needs.

3.1.1. Extensive Green Roofs:

This type of Green roof is between 3 and 6” of growing medium. This type consists of low-

maintenance ground cover plants, and does not require watering after one year. It is ideal for

large-flat roof buildings, apartments and low-sloped residential roofs. Succulent plants and

desert variety plants grow best and are advisable to be used here.

3.1.2. Intensive Green Roofs:

This type of Green roof comes in between 8 and 12” of growing medium. This type consists

of good and well maintained plants and is fully landscaped. A diverse range of plants and

trees can be used, however requiring a regular maintenance. This kind can be used places as

parks and playgrounds or even vegetable gardens.



3.1.3. Semi-intensive Green Roofs:

This type is a mixture of both intensive and extensive systems; however combinations of both

these types are adopted to connect both the environmental benefits of a Green roof as well as

varied features of a garden with a manageable budget of maintenance.

3.2. Benefits of Green Roof and its usage on top of buildings:

There are various uses of having a Green Roofs on top of a roof for a building; also known as

“living roofs”, which can have effects which would absorb rainfall reducing the runoff, help

to lower the internal building temperatures by providing insulation, creating a wildlife

habitat, help to decrease the urban air temperatures and controlling the “heat island effect”3,

It may be possible also to grow vegetables and fruits, increase life span of roof, filter

pollutants and carbon-dioxide.

3.3. Effects on various elements on a typical Green Roof:

3.3.1. Effects of rainfall on Green Roof- Storm water runoff:

Vegetated platforms retain greater quantities of storm water than the conventional roofs with

gravel ballast. While vegetation does affect storm water retention, it will be minimal when

compared to the effects of growing media. The media depth also influences the water

retention on extensive green roofs.

Other studies indicate that if a green roof is to maximize rainfall retention, then factors such

as slope and media depth must be varied.

“Although Green Roofs are not recent to other parts of the world, they are promising new

technology to mitigate storm water runoff quantity. With continual spread of area covered by

impervious surfaces, the already important problem of storm water management will only be

more of an issue”. (Kasmin, Stovin, & Hathway, 2008)

3 The increase in ambient temperature that occurs in cities because paved areas and buildings absorb more heat

from the sun than natural landscape and additional heat is generated by vehicles, lighting, and other equipment.



Research into a simple conceptual model for a Green Roof hydrological process is shown to

reproduce monitored data, both during a storm event, and over a longer continuous and a

transistent storage component. The storage within the substrate represents the roof‟s overall

stormwater retention capacity. (Nicholaus D. VanWoert, 2005)

Green roofs not only retain the rain-water, but also significantly change the temperature.

3.3.2. To help lower down the internal building temperatures:

There is reduction in heat flux through the roof, however less energy is taken to cool or heat

the roof which is a significant cost savings. Having the building envelope in shade will in

turn be significantly effective than internal insulation.

In summer- The building is protected from the direct solar heat by Green roof.

In Winter- The building is protected from the heat loss through added insulation on the roof.

The roof‟s insulation properties can be maximized by using a low soil density growing

medium and by choosing plants with high leaf area, which could generate high moisture

content.

FIGURE 3 : THE

CROSS SECTION

SHOWING THE

AFFECTS OF GREEN

ROOF ON ROOF

TOPS.

(CENTRE FOR

ARCHITECTURAL

ECOLOGY-

COLLABORATIONS

IN GREEN ROOFS

AND LIVING

WALLS, 2006)



3.3.3. Preservation of habitat and Biodiversity:

Green roof tops can be specifically designed to imitate endangered ecosystems, since soil on

these roofs are less likely to be disturbed, it becomes a safer habitat for insects, and the

deeper the soil is the more diversity it can support.

In Germany for instance, research has shown that Green roof can sustain from 10 to 14

different insect species and nesting birds. (ICOPAL, 2003)

3.3.4 Temperature control-Moderation of Urban Heat Island Effect:

The plants on vertical and horizontal surfaces are able to cool cities during warm

temperatures due to Evapotranspiration4, when plants use heat energy from their

surroundings when evaporating water. One m2

of plants can evaporate 0.5 liters of water on a

summer day and accordingly annually, the same area can evaporate up to 700 liters of water.

This phenomenon reduces the “Urban Heat Island” (UHI) effect in summer. This UHI effect

is the difference between temperatures of a city and the surrounding country side, the main

reason being the radiating heat of hard materials like concrete and hard surfacing such as

roofs which absorb heat and re-radiate it as heat. Reduction of UHI effect will considerably

reduce the dust distribution and production of smog, which finally reduces the green house

gas concentrations.

4 Evapotranspiration= Evaporation + Transpiration



FIGURE 4 DIAGRAM EXPLAINING URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT, (ARIZONA STATE, 2002)

3.4 Sedum Roofs:

3.4.1 Sedum mats:

A Sedum mat consists of pre-grown medium of sedum cuttings (2cm app.), which is laid

above polyester, porous polythene and other protection layers. These grow into substrate to

maturity. When it is harvested the sedum carpets are rolled up from the nursery and delivered

to the site. It is then rolled back on a 5-7cm of growing medium or directly onto a moisture

retention carpet.

Sedums are used because they are tough; they can withstand wind, frost and drought. Its

ability to absorb water makes it drought resistant.

FIGURE 5: SEDUM MAT SYSTEM (ROOFS, 2009)



3.4.2 Substrate based roof:

Substrate roof is where 7cm of crushed recycled brick is spread on the green roof system with

all necessary conditions and then plug planted with Sedum or with Sedum mats.

FIGURE 6: SUBSTRATE BASED ROOF MAT (ROOFS, 2009)

3.4.3 Green Roof/Brown Roof for biodiversity:

This is similar to the one above but in some cases, recycled aggregate is used from the site

and is left to colonize naturally. It could also be from a local seed source or an annual

wildflower mix.

Figure 7: Green roof/Brown Roof system for biodiversity (roofs, 2009)



FIGURE 8 DIFFERENT LAYERS OF GREEN ROOFS(BIODIVERSE ROOFS, 2008)

Although brown roof systems are devised to be left unseeded for an ecosystem to evolve, a

small amount of maintenance is required which characteristically involves an intervallic

removal of aggressive species whose roots could damage the underlying waterproofing or

drainage layer system.



Chapter 4: Scenario between United States and Europe:

4.1 Introduction:

As already discussed, Green roofs have acquired technological acceptance worldwide, it has

the ability to lessen the complicated inconvenience caused to the environment.

Although local policies tend to encourage having Green roofs, the costs how ever to install

remain high and would take time to recover the costs.

Green roofs improve the environment and alleviate the flood or storm water problems, not all

Green Roofs have the same ecological effects. Extensive roofs have a better cost benefit ratio

compared to other types of roofs. Choosing the right kind of Green roof specification, the

cost benefit can either be influenced by providing higher benefits by reducing the costs,

however benefits work on long term and are difficult to analyse as opposed to having the

costs cut down in the first place.

Germans have started this trend in the 1960s and this has spread to different countries. About

10% of all Green roofs in Germany are green and from recent times, it has been popular in

the United States.

4.2 Why is Production cheap?

We compare the United Stated and Germany roof production costs; they have a huge

difference in prices, German roofs costs only 10% of what it costs in the United States where

material and market costs shows reasons for higher costs and cutting down prices can be an

important issue because we are talking about feasibility here and maximise profits in a longer

run of the building.

Certification and standardisation of Green roof products and a complete Green roof package

can minimise material costs. Training and specialisation of manual labour can decrease the

installation costs. Introducing modern technology and conveyance to building sites can be an

economical way to Green roof installation.



The Urban heat island effect has a ghastly affect on many of North American states and they

are fighting for storm water management, as Green roofs are an ideal tool to improve the

urban environment and to preserve storm water, this depends on considering the project costs

for each and every project. Building landlord takes decisions which are mainly based on

financial comparison of additional costs for a Green roof and also may get additional

benefits. So, by extending the benefits either by reducing the costs for the owner of the

building, the Green roofs can be promoted.

4.3 First Steps:

The first step would be to influence the cost benefit ratio by choosing the right kind of Green

roof. To increase the ecological effect due to the water retention, spending more money and

by constructing an intensive Green roof than an extensive green Roof could be advantageous

for a single project, but if situations where Green roof is not limited, like having it on school

roof tops or any big university roof tops, then benefits can be optimised by covering as much

roof area investing on extensive Green roofs rather than in intensive ones. Not only will it

have ecological benefits like storm water retention and heat island effect, it will also have

roof expansion, energy savings, smog, noise reduction, air quality and aesthetics will also be

improved.

Researchers are trying hard to prove more benefits of having a Green roof, it is appreciable to

have an optimised Green roof for air pollution but there are marginal cost benefit ratios. It

will be worth knowing if maintenance and increase in construction costs associated with

optimisation are even taken into account.

There is a huge potential for cost reduction in much more effective way to improve cost

benefit ratio, which ultimately is dependent on the market development.



4.4 How it started:

The first approach began in the early seventies by Germans, when the first complete green

Roofs was completed and marketed on a bigger scale and to offer reliable technology

providing sophisticated irrigation and protection in opposition to root ingress for roof top

gardens. The second stage in the late eighties was the development of extensive Green roofs.

Their goal was to create lighter and cheaper options which could be applied in large scales on

flat roofs.

The main driving force in those times was recovery of roof membrane protection from

temperature changes. Ecological aspects like storm water and Heat island effect have come

afterwards.

The present day scenario shows that almost 80% of the green roofs in Germany are extensive

because all are best optimised for cost benefit ratio and perhaps United States will expand in

the same direction too.

4.5 Price comparison:

The elementary part of the success of an extensive green roof installation is related to the

establishment and development of the growing media. Collapse of the vegetation during the

initial phase means that new plant material has to be brought to the site at an extra cost, and

there is also a danger for erosion of the substrate if it has a lower cover during a

comprehensive establishment period (Wolfgang, 2002).

In Germany, an average green roof costs approximately 12.00 €/m2 (1.33 $/ft

2) (14.31$/m

2)

excluding waterproofing, where as in the United States it is close to 32€/m2 (4.3$/ft

2)

(46.2$/m2). From the past 2 years, there has been long market development hence the low

price level.

The progress was slow because the developments of the necessary know how, and testing of

new systems and standards had to launch. These certainly could not be transferred to the



States; however there are lessons to be gained which might further speed up development of

green roof.

The conditions of the site are a medium size extensive Green roof in the mid-Atlantic region

and to the one in Germany.

Further conditions consists of protection membrane with 15 oz/yd2, one inch drain pipe, and a

9 oz/yd2 filter, the growing medium is going to be 4 inches and 1.5 plugs of sedum per square

foot.

The prices are in dollars per square meter.

The following figure shows the price comparison for a defined Green roof system between

Germany and the United States. (Prices in comparison to India are given in the conclusion)

FIGURE 9 GREEN ROOF BED PRICE COMPARISON BETWEEN GERMANY AND UNITED STATES.

(PHILIPPI, 2006)

There is a great difference between prices; the cost to produce is almost two-and-a-half times

in the States compared to Germany, The main reason being there is a little competition for

small quantities of materials. There will be more suppliers for there has to be a material

demand, hence to minimize margins there has to be competition.



In Germany the lesser prices is due to the availability of light weight materials like lava rock

and pumice stone and also recycled crushed brick; and moreover the great distances for

transportation is a significant factor.

Below is an image which explains how the prices are different. There is obviously a great

variation between prices between the two in the case of a medium; this is because of great

transportation overheads and is almost similar to the other cases.

The German market has primarily been driven by system providers like Bauder, ZinCo, and

other leading companies, so selling a complete established product under their brand name

will fetch many positive results. This is where green roofs can become a typical product

which will be then easy to design and specify and when the system supplier gets a reasonable

share in the market, they could invest on researches and launch new products and

technologies.

Where as in the United States, almost any built Green roof is an individual solution, and

hence bespoke solutions are expensive and different, they might also bear a risk of failure.

FIGURE 10 GREEN ROOF BED MATERIAL COSTS COMPARISON BETWEEN GERMANY AND

UNITED STATES. (PHILIPPI, 2006)



In general, establishing a complete system with one supplier or system with a certified

standard of quality will make a good value for money on any project.

Mainly it will be cheaper for both Landscape Architects and designers to specify

Green roofs.

It will be a simple process for contractor and supplier to estimate and buy materials.

FIGURE 11 GREEN ROOF BED COSTS-TO-PRICE COMPARISON BETWEEN GERMANY AND UNITED

STATES. (PHILIPPI, 2006)

Finally, because materials have been standardized and can be produced and used

proficiently with lower risk, it will be cheap for the client.

In this way, the Green roof will last longer and the costs can be recovered quicker.

The main component is Green roof hence special care must be taken to the plant

specification, building cheaper does not mean cheap plants but efficient plants.

Good bio-diversity supporting plants which need fair maintenance are suggestible.

Growing media is the biggest contributor and a key cost element in Green roofs.

The Green roof market in Germany is competitive, only expert workman get the contract,

Well-trained and professional teams work very proficiently which will in turn cut down the

costs.



Modern pneumatic conveyance technology is in use in present Germany, It is a state of the art

blower truck to minimize on-site transportation and installation.

It not only sprays growing media but light materials and even river run pebbles.

FIGURE 12 SPEED MAXX USED ON ROOF TOPS IN GERMANY. (PHILIPPI, 2006)

This technology however is not available in the United States. Americans are taking

examples from the Switzerland and Germany which have a specialization in pneumatic

conveyance, which could mean good business.

There are additional ways of reducing the costs of Green roof construction, which is laying in

single course. Most eco-roofs are built in single course in Germany, where the growing

media specially designed eliminates filter fabric and the need for a special drainage layer.

The growing media however is replaced by spreading the sedum cuttings far off each other,

or by hydroseeding5, which totals the costs in half.

5 is a planting procedure which utilizes a slurry of seed and mulch.



This particular type of Green roof has lower water retention ability because of the lesser

organic content and better drainage function. Hence, single course construction Green roof

can be used only in the areas with enough precipitation.

FIGURE 13 ESTABLISHED SINGLE COURSE CONSTUCTION IN GERMANY. (PHILIPPI, 2006)



Chapter 5: Case Study 1:

CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad:

The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) inaugurated its first chapter in Hyderabad, India,

in early 2000. Having a good support from the U.S Green Building Council (USGBC), IGBC

shaped its own Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)6 building standards

by altering the ratings to the Indian conditions and its priorities of pollution and particularly

for water conservation.

The Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) building is the first LEED Platinum rated

building, opened in 2004. There are a very few LEED Platinum buildings in the world. The

IGBC has six chapters, with main control located in Hyderabad.

5.1 Introduction:

This building had evolved from an idea which is the process of a growing awareness in

ecology, economics and building sustainability. It is a centre for innovative materials

processes and systems showcasing technology. This was designed by Ar. Karan Grover and

associates who had to tackle a far from a simple idea of a completely new building structure

which could address these key issues. The building draws attention for all sustainability

seekers acting as a model for reference in Hyderabad for aspirants in green building

technology.

This building is located in Hyderabad which is one of the quick developing cities of south-

central India in the state Andhra Pradesh(AP), in the out-skirts not far from the centre of the

city, it is placed in the northern district of “Cyberabad”, near HITEC city, the IT hub of

Hyderabad.

The main aim was creating an energy efficient architectural model, considering it as an

organism which tries to benefit from the effectiveness of natural materials without imitating

them. This building is used as an advertisement for the green movement which, in India has

started to gain pace.

6 Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design



A circle was used as a design idea; the structure in itself consists of different radii while the

actual energy centre circle courtyard remains empty. The design elements appear to be

clearly distinguished presented in both individual parts and functional terms. The technology

centre and the auditorium face each other as bigger radii of the circle and small rooms

attempt to forge a relationship, while other office rooms and special bodies remain fixed to

the composition.

The circular design form reduces the wall surfaces, which are exposed to severe heat,

minimizing the floor area space making sure that it maximizes open and green areas.

FIGURE 14 THE CII-SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTRE IN HYDERABAD

5.2 Few fast facts:

The CII is the first building in Hyderabad, India to achieve LEED certification on October

2003, started as an experimental building trying to be as green as possible; it was aimed to

create a balance between locally available materials with imported technologies. Performance



windows, wind tunnels, biological water treatment ponds and even waterless urinals are its

other features.

The CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Building Green Building Centre is a successful model of

public- private partnership between the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Godrej &Boyce, and

CII with technical support from USAID.

It is not a huge space, it houses 18 staff, and the office spaces are day lit, also including a

large conference room and covered walkways.

5.3 Green Roof:

This building has a footprint of 20,000 Ft2. (1,858 m

2.) Almost 55% of this building‟s roof is

covered by extensive Green roof. This building uses this Green roof feature as a CII building

value for its insulating qualities, but this benefit is not likely advantageous under the concrete

sheltered walkways because of the benefit from the sunlight, crossing from both sides instead

of hitting the Green roof and also from the shallow depth of the roof on the walkway.

This curved building has roofs divided into segments connected by parapets. It is a concrete

roof and because of the intense rainfall conditions in Hyderabad, three layers of

waterproofing are built-up as leaky roofs are a great concern in Green roofs.

FIGURE 15 EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS COV ERING 55% OF ROOF AREA (CII, HYDERABAD)



It is a simple stepped design making it easy for the water runoff to irrigate all the levels then

collect in a pit at ground level.

The waste water and excess water runoff from the building is recycled by “root zone

treatment”, this is where specially selected plants purify and filter the run-off water. This

water is then used for everyday use. (Except drinking)

A reduction of 35% of the local municipal water supply is achieved.

The roof comprises of 2” (5cm) sandy soil with similar pervious paver blocks used at grading

time (gradual slope) and finally topped up with turf grass. The pedestrian and the parking

areas have an identical look to the one on the roof.

Water is a key design element for green buildings in India. The long monsoon periods can

either save or lose water from runoff over buildings. The zero discharge design in this

particular building recycles the water used from the runoff and is used for irrigation and

excess runoff is collected at the ground. The roofs are watered regularly from the collection

pit, in the case of dry periods.

The building sets an example in Hyderabad for all Green roofs.



Case Study 2:

Mr. G.Krishna Rao in Gowliguda, Hyderabad:

Gardening for people in Hyderabad is stimulating. Residents have their own niche and

because of lack of space in apartment blocks for an individual to have green space, the main

reason will be having it on rooftops for either an individual or for a community.

Gowliguda resident Mr. G Krishna Rao who is a printer by profession is also an active

participant on his roof garden. He is in this process for the past 19 years. He had been

awarded seven awards for his garden. His garden consists of 120 different varieties of plant

species; his annual spending on the maintenance does not exceed 250 Rs (£3.21). The 650 ft2.

roof houses both fruit and flower bearing plants, also kitchen garden for vegetables and lawn.

The roof is covered in Shahbad (local grey) stone and a four inch thick black soil as a

growing substrate for the plants. The tallest tree is 10 feet (3m) in height.

He also says having a structural engineer for consultation reduces the structural risks of the

building to ensure compatibility before planning a Green roof. Good insulation is also the

key, proper waterproofing is also needed; another horticulture consultant Dr R. Narsing Rao

says, “If the roof is properly covered with stone tiles, there is no risk of plants damaging the

construction,"

FIGURE 16 THE ROOF OF AWARD WINNING ROOF OWNER, MR. G KRISHNA RAO. (HINDU, 2005)

His garden also has Sedum variety plants and bonsai, ornamental, and vegetable varieties



Chapter 6:

Environmental Building guidelines for Hyderabad:

(Authority, 2008)7

Hyderabad is growing rapidly like many other cities in India. Information technology,

biotechnology and entertainment have a high economic growth.

Obviously there has been a change in the built environment over the last decade, use of

electricity has been increased by 7%, and the construction permission given by the

government had increased to 88.7 % from 2007 and is rapidly growing. Residential area is

foreseen to have increased by 133% in the next 15 years. There is expected an increase in

commercial areas by 21 times and with a consequent decrease in conservation and

agricultural lands.

There is good news about economic growth on one hand and increasing pollution, loss of

green cover, water shortage, shortage in electricity, water logging on roads in monsoons and

loss of both heritage buildings and rock formations on the other hand in the present situation

in Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) comes up with a brilliant idea of

sustainable development, which points towards energy and water supply, sewage disposal

and storm water drainage and mainly ecology both flora and fauna and local geological

features such as rock formations which represent the sustainable growth of the city.

6.1 Where is Hyderabad heading:

More energy-intensive buildings are being built across Hyderabad, leading to a rise in the use

of fossil fuels and increase in current energy systems and bringing down the ability to build

new energy generation facilities both in traditional and large scale facilities.

7 http://www.hmda.gov.in/EBRG/site/home/issueswefaceinourcity.html



These major sectors in Hyderabad contribute to the energy consumption.

Out of the total 45 % of the building sector, 25 % is used by domestic sector, 8% by

commercial and 8% by industrial sectors, which indicates that commercial sector is energy

intensive by three times. The residential sector is not a high contributor compared to the

earlier. In household, the consumption is by the use of low and standby computers which

consume 500kWh per year per household and consumer electronic devices add up to 31% of

CO2 in 2004.

Traditional and vernacular Hyderabad focuses on:

1. Keeping the building temperatures down by natural cooling and ventilation,

2. Daylight advantage in buildings,

3. Solar shading.

Whereas present day Hyderabad, which is influenced by the west, with a clash of climatic

conditions focuses on:

1. Energy radiating glazed facades without external shade membranes.

2. Improper use of cross ventilation for floor plans

3. Exposed facades on south and west without use of external shading features.

4. Designing projecting verandahs without considering wind direction.

5. Light weight external building fabric.

6. Low height ceilings with no ventilators.

7. No courtyard which provide cool air and

8. Use of evaporative cooling features

This is because almost all countries in Europe, United States, Singapore and Australia have

compulsory building regulations as part of building by-laws for buildings to achieve a certain

level of energy efficiency.

All countries have strict minimum standards on fabric performance, infiltration pits on

ground and façade treatment, both India and Japan have voluntary energy systems which is

very well promoted in Japan and not likely in India.



6.2 Facts in comparison to the world:

6.2.1 Renewable energy

The voluntary national and state level policies for energy and their implementation is limited

in Hyderabad; however a niche of builders incorporate these energy efficient technologies

for their new constructions without foreseeing the energy and potential cost savings.

FIGURE 17 PERCENTAGE RENEWABLE ENERGY TO WHOLE: INDIA HAS 2 % AS COMPARED TO

SWEDEN (12%) SWITZERLAND (9%) AND AUSTRIA (8.5%) (AUTHORITY, 2008)

6.2.2 Water:

Hyderabad, until a few years had ample water resource available with a number of natural

and artificial water bodies which could fulfill the water supply and demand for the city. Few

rivers Himayatsagar, Osmansagar, Manjira (present water resource) and Singur serve the

local water demand.

The present condition and lifestyle of the city will have a deficit of 10% of the total water

demand; the predicted deficit is predicted to increase by 15% by 2011 and almost 32.5% by

the end of 2021. The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water board is planning to have a new water

source from a river which is 250km away from the city which is not a sustainable way for

then.



FIGURE 18: EXISTING AND PREDICITED WATER DEMAND IN MGD8 AND SUPPLY GAP

(AUTHORITY, 2008)

6.2.3 Pollution:

Below are the graphs which show the world wide comparison with that of Hyderabad, the

particulate matter9.

8 Million-Gallons Per Day (MGD): A measure of water flow

9 Particulates also referred to as particulate matter / fine particles, they are tiny particles of solid or liquid

suspended in a gas or liquid.



FIGURE 19 PARTICULATE MATTER GRAPH SHOWING THAT HYDERABAD RECORDS 260.

(AUTHORITY, 2008)

FIGURE 20: PARTICULATE MATTER (AUTHORITY, 2008)

FIGURE 21 NOISE POLLUTIONS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES (AUTHORITY, 2008)



6.3 National Policies- A Rational for incorporating Green roofs in

GRIHA Rating:

The root cause for the fading environmental quality is rapid urbanization. People are

exploring sustainable approaches in the present scenario. Anything built solid is the main

energy consumer and major contributor to the effects on environment. Newer technologies

are in use for a sustainable environment, passive techniques; smart and intelligent façade,

Green roof and all contribute to the less adverse effects for environment.

Unlike American and European cities, cities in Hyderabad have lesser knowledge about the

positive effects of Green roofs. There are different new policies and rating systems which

support the Green roof technology to create an understanding amongst people and lead them

towards sustainable development.

Sustainable development movement is at the point being global, as there are awareness now

in regard to sustainable methods and practices and is crucial for practices and designers.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Green Rating for Integrated

Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) are the two rating systems practiced in India, the launch of the

IGBC green home had started in May 2008 (IGBC, 2008) while the later was inaugurated on

6 August, 2008 (TERI, 2008)

The main aim of GRIHA for sustainable building practice (Arpita, Mahua, & R, 2009) is to

promote the integration of Green roof in the GRIHA building code.

There is only one point given for additional vegetation on at least 50% of roof covering area

out of 104 points. This might discourage the designers and house owners as they can look for

a cheaper and much better alternative which can gain more points. There is a lot more critical

approach in terms of effort and time to achieve these criteria. But the main criterion of

GRIHA reveals the potential of Green roofs to earn more points than just one.



Few of these criterions –

Reducing landscape water requirement, to reduce the quantity of serviced water used

for landscaping. Hence the appropriate choice of plants might mitigate high use of

water needed for irrigation. Here, rain water can be of use if saved. Maximum of 1

point of 3 can be scored.

Rain water reuse and recycle; the Green roof acts as a natural filter for any water that

happens to run off. This could be used again, scoring a maximum of 3 out of 5 points.

Acceptable indoor and outdoor noise levels; for 12 cm of substrate which can lower

the noise levels by 40 decimals, a maximum of 1 point out of 3 can be scored.

Through this it can be learned that Green roof construction and its aspects can fetch up to 16-

20 points under GRIHA rating system. Additional 4-8 points can be earned in case of an

intensive Green roof.

Comparing the present day scenario to the past few years where roofs have been used for

relaxation and social activity, it is seen that it is still used for similar activities but in the same

time the scarce space is used to solve the storm water drainage problem and reduce energy

prices and building heating and cooling.

GRIHA is encouraging communities to have Green roofs as a major component of building

and have more points making it a better way of sustainable living.

6.4 Influence of local policies:

Local policies from Environmental Building Guidelines for Greater Hyderabad (EGBR) list

points for roof treatment to cut heat gains. This policy was amended in early 2008 so that,

“All exposed roof shall have maximum U-factor of 0.261 W/m2 oC or the Insulation shall

have minimum R-value of 3.5 m2 oC/W. The roof insulation shall not be positioned on a

suspended ceiling with removable ceiling panels which is mandatory.

Roofs with slope less than 20 degrees

1. Shall have an initial solar reflectance of no less than 0.70 and an initial emittance no

less than 0.75. Solar reflectance shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E903-



96 and emittance shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E408-71 (RA 1996)

(Voluntary)

2. Shall have 100% shading by use of solar water heating panels, solar photovoltaic

panels

3. Shall be covered with Green roof by use of integrated roof garden.” (Razdan, 2008)

(TVPL, 2008) (Efficiency, 2009)

There is a significant amount of solar radiation gained by a roof around the year in

Hyderabad whose incident solar annually on a horizontal roof is 2170kWh/m2. Hence to

provide comfort inside the buildings a proper treatment to the roof levels is given which in

turn reduces the cooling loads. Having a thermal insulation on roof tops significantly lowers

heat gains by reduced conduction. To reduce the u value of the roof, thermal insulation plays

an important role for the roof section.

Technically it is better to have insulation on the hotter side of any surface; therefore rooftop

insulation is advised for hot and dry Hyderabad

Roofs which are colored dark gain heat quickly and take longer cooling time for the building

under it, but in the case of a reflective roof, it absorbs less heat and reflects the incident

radiation, hence it cuts down the air-conditioning costs. Flat roofs can either have high

reflective coating which has high emissivity property or have Green roofs where plants can

absorb the radiation and keep the room underneath cool.



Chapter 7: Orienting the feasibility issue to Hyderabad:

7.1 Hyderabad’s projected climate change:

AOGCM (Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models) have the most advanced

knowledge on global climate change projections. Here 22 different AOGCMs were driven by

a standard set of global emissions scenarios SRES, (Nakićenović and Swart, 2000). This

generated varied results, one for temperature and precipitation change. The region of

Hyderabad is found in the intermediate global emission scenario (A1B) for the end of the

century.

The points state that:

There is an increase of about 4oC (more in around January and less around July) in the

annual mean temperature.

The frequency of heat waves has a significant increase.

The average rainfall intensity will also increase significantly (observed from the trend

from the past 100 years in Hyderabad)

There is a high consistency according to these results which reflect from these statements and

within this range, the present knowledge on generating mechanisms of climate, can be

viewed as certain under the understood emission scenario. The projected change in annual

precipitation in this region of Hyderabad is significantly inhomogeneous. Some models

decrease by 15% while some increase moderately by 30%; other models project a predicted

value in-between.

Hyderabad here has to significantly adapt to a possible significant change in the annual total

precipitation taken from the average projections which increase slightly.

7.2 Hyderabad’s projected climate change by these impacts.

Regardless of this problem‟s obvious importance, systematic assessments for these impacts

for Asian megacities is limited and does not exist so far as compared to the cites in the North.



By comparing historical events, projected increase in the frequency of extreme events. The

impact of the projected rise in rainfall intensity and heat waves‟ frequency there are examples

from history and they show us that there is an expectation on the impact of climate change on

Hyderabad. The last extreme rainfall event in August 2000, had a recorded precipitation

value of half the annual rainfall for the last 40 years, destroyed over 77 slum areas in

Hyderabad (Oxfam, 2000).

Heat waves killed about 1300 people in Andhra Pradesh- AFP, in June 2003. This expected

rise in extreme weather conditions has to be taken into account in new construction,

particularly in conjunction with ground water levels and its implications in water quality.

7.3 Hyderabad’s Adaptation measures:

FIGURE 22: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK UNDERLYING PROPOSED ADAPTATION/IMPACT STUDY

(MATTHIAS, PIK, 2007)

This is an obvious image which is shown in the investigated system that climate change is

interlinked via the adaptation studies and impacts. The projected impacts are mainly

dependent on sensitivity of the system which is the cause of the adaptation to climate change.

Both projected climate changes in Hyderabad and other development activities and drivers of

changes by the mitigating the climate point towards the sensitivity of the system.



7.4 Average Climate conditions of Hyderabad:

7.4.1 Temperatures:

Mo

nth

Averag

e

Sunlig

ht in

Hours

Temperature Discomfo

rt from

heat and

Humidity

Relative

Humidity

Average

precipit

ation in

mm

Wet

Days (

+.25

Mm)

Average Recorded

Min Max Mi

n

Max AM PM

Jan 10 16 29 8 35 Medium 73 41 8 0.5

Feb 10 18 32 11 37 Medium 64 34 10 1

Mar 9 21 36 16 41 High 54 27 13 1

Apr 9 24 39 16 43 High 53 34 31 2

May 9 27 40 19 44 Extreme 52 35 28 2

Jun 7 24 35 18 44 Extreme 70 55 112 7

Jul 7 23 31 19 37 High 81 65 152 11

Aug 4 23 31 19 36 High 80 68 135 10

Sep 5 22 31 18 36 High 81 70 165 9

Oct 6 21 31 14 36 Medium 72 53 64 4

Nov 9 17 29 8 33 Medium 71 45 28 2

Dec 10 15 28 8 33 Medium 73 41 8 0.4

TABLE 1: BARCHART FOR HYDERABAD SHOWING THE YEARS AVERAGE READINGS IN RAIN,

MAXIMUM AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE, AND MINIMUM AVERAGE TEMPERATURE. (BBC,

2006)

Having Green roofs and solar Photo Voltaic Panels, which absorb the sun‟s heat rather than

having it transmitted it below, there is a reduction by almost 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. About

15-20% of the building‟s electricity is provided by the panel.



FIGURE 23 FIGURE 24: BAR CHART FOR HYDERABAD SHOWING THE YEARS AVERAGE

READINGS IN RAIN, MAXIMUM AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE, AND MINIMUM AVERAGE

TEMPERATURE. (BBC, 2006)

FIGURE 25 : THE AVERAGE MEAN TEMPERATURES AGAINST THE RAINFALL FRO HYDERABAD

(BBC, 2006)

0 50 100 150 200

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Average Sunlight in hours

Precipitation in mm

Wet Days (+0.25mm)



Rainfall in Hyderabad has changed its pattern from the past few years, conserving water is

yet another important priority in India, and water can be saved in many different ways, one of

which being saving excess runoff water, especially when it comes from the aspects of CII

Green building which wastes no water, hence is a zero discharge building.

7.5 Adverse effects of Pollution:

Air pollution levels are exponentially rising because of the increase in number of vehicles.

Averages of 600 new vehicles are taking their place on roads everyday making pollution

levels go beyond acceptable levels. The numbers of vehicles have increased from 1 million in

2001 to 1.8 million in 2007; recently there has been a vehicle count of 2.7 million alone in

Hyderabad. (Search Andhra, 2007)

The total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) should be 200 mg per meter cube in air. The

average values rise above 230. In fact traffic intense areas like Panjagutta, Paradise Circle,

Abids and Charminar (major public and traffic junctions) have a recorded TSPM of 300-400

on average any given day.

In Hyderabad, vehicles alone contribute 50%, dusts on roads contribute 25%, burning refuse

and vegetation about 15% and rest of 10% by industries; this is the amount of total air

pollution contributed. (Jeevananda, Eenadu, & Hindu, 2007)

The intensity of RSPM (respirable suspended particulate matter) is more hazardous than

TSPM and is constantly increasing. (Jeevananda, Eenadu, & Hindu, 2007)



Chapter 8:

Specifications of Green roof or roof garden in Hyderabad:

8.1 Technology and use of Machinery:

Not many people use huge power machinery like those in Germany where Speed Maxx can

sprinkle almost any material from light weight soil substrate to hard pebble coarse substrate.

This is because the of readily available man power. In recent years human labor is become

increasingly expensive, particularly where special workmanship is involved.

8.2 Alternative (Manual labor):

Generally speaking, if one landscape contractor has a team of 10 people, 5 men and 5

women, the work is distributed in a way where unskilled women can do the material transfer

from a dumpsite in the site to where ever it is needed, while men‟s activities involve tree

transplantation (2.5-3 meters in height) or laying turf grass or activities involving leveling the

ground, or planting, Women also help them in these tasks.

FIGURE 26: LABOUR FIXING A DAMAGED PATCH OF TURF GRASS



8.3 Local Materials:

Locally and readily available materials are soil, sand, aggregate, and rubble.

Crushed brick and River run pebbles are either brought from dumping site or from far off

places which would obviously expensive but effective and long lasting. It is quality assured

and does not comply with any standard. This is only a way of using a better quality because

the soil and rocks are different in different parts of Andhra Pradesh; so are the plants.

The Landscape Architect has to be first satisfied by the contractor, only then the material is

procured to the site.

8.4 Manipulative Standards:

There are a very few practices which follow standards imitated form the United States or

Germany apart from the material and customized to the local environment, but in general

there are no such standards of building a Green roof.

A contractor has a manipulative strategy on the building costs. He is the role player, the cost

effective and standard way to get hold of quality material lies with him, this is with a local

knowledge about the building demolishing sites nearby for rubble and building wastes;

quarries for Sand, Soil, Slate, Granite, Rock, and other softscape and hardscape requirements.

Even if the plants are working slightly above the estimated budget, the quantity of material

wherever to be used can be negotiated. This is manageable but time consuming practice and

not preferred by the contractor as the client and the Landscape Architect have ideas which

can change and need necessary not be as quoted in the documents.

Throughout the years some small and big Landscape Architectural firms have evolved with a

better workable design solution which works fairly similar to all projects on roof tops.

There is more labor involved on a roof as compared to the building a garden on ground,

because of the obvious logistics involved.



FIGURE 27: IMAGES SHOWING THE CROSS SECTION OF AN EXTENSIVE ROOF TOP AT A

HOUSING COMMUNITY

The above pictures show the cross section of the roof, the layers involved the soil type and

thickness, waterproofing membrane and gravel thickness.

The localized (site-specific) way of doing this might involve:

Waterproof membrane:

Mostly Poly flex, which is a trusted product, is a long lasting product unlike Bitumen which

was preferred in the past.

This, if brought from a retailer at Rs 236.72 per Sqm. (£3.07 per Sqm.)

Egg Trays:

A sub contractor is set out for cheap alternative for drainage layer which is egg trays, made of

plastic. Available size is 30CmX30CmX2.5Cm, and costs about Rs16 each and 172.16 per

Sqm (£.21 per egg tray and £2.23 per Sqm) including installation



Shade net:

This is a local and readily available material. This is used in place of a protection membrane

which holds soil and coarse aggregate together, so that the excess rainwater just slips off and

collected at the pit. Costs from somewhere around Rs35 per Sqm (£0.45 per Sqm)

Gravel Layer:

Procured from a local Stone quarry and costs Rs 1000 a Cubic meter. (£ 12.97 a Cubic

Meter)

Red Soil and sand:

Procured from local farms or empty fields and costs Rs450 a Cubic meter (£5.84 a Cubic

Meter)

FIGURE 28 : CROSS SECTION OF THE GREEN ROOF CONSTRUCTION IN HYDERABAD. INDIA



8.5 Green Roof Construction:

Firstly treat the roof top with lime paint (white wash) to make sure all the pores are

evenly closed and are generally used as a marker to indicate the area needed to be

water proofed.

Second layer is a waterproof membrane. It will either be the contractor who gets this

done by experienced professional or the supplier getting the material and installing as

per his standards. There are chances of time delay because of communication gap

between contractor and specification, it can however be solved then and there. The

waterproof membrane gives greater security even if the roof is soundly waterproof.

Unlike another layer of a butyl liner which does efficient job, this is a one in all

solution.

Thirdly, Egg Trays are installed with fasteners ensuring a firm grip at the roof end.

The Egg trays are then topped up with 20mm gravel or small stones till the brim of

the trays which would both keep them in place and act as a drainage layer.

Shade net is a mat which keeps them firm and acting as a filter for the rain water

runoff and for the layers above.

An additional 20 mm of gravel is laid with sand mixed together ensuring a proper

30mm of bed.

This is the main part which most practices have a different approach; three parts of

red soil with good moisture retaining capacity, one part of sand and one part of

manure (vermicompost) and watered until the layer is 200mm in depth after

compaction. This layer can be manipulated depending on the plant mix or turf.

Plant mix is then laid on top of these layers. It can either be turf grass or diverse

variety of species.

The soil depth is varied on the chosen plant species.



In detail the cost is going to be (in Indian Rupees against GBP)

TABLE 2: PRICES IN HYDERABAD MARKET IN COMPARISON WITH ENGLISH AND AMERICAN

PRICES

FIGURE 29: GREEN ROOF MAT AND ITS PRICES COMPARISON WITH GERMANY, UNITED STATES

AND INDIA

Sr.

No. ITEM SPECIFATION

UNIT

PRICE Indian Rs GBP

1 Water proofing Acc to speciation 236.72 236.72 £2.96

2 Egg Trays Closely tied 16.00 16.00 £0.20

3 Shade Net Tightly packed 35.00 35.00 £0.44

4 Stone 20 mm stone -2 layers 40.00 40.00 £0.50

5 Sand To fill to the brim 50.00 50.00 £0.63

6 Soil To the 3:1:1 mix 56.25 56.25 £0.70

7 Vermi-compost To the 3:1:1 mix 30.00 30.00 £0.38

8 Lawn Per Sqm. 200.00 200.00 £2.50

9 Labour Per day Per person 100.00 100.00 £1.25

Total Per Square Mt.

£763.97 £9.55

$ 15.34



Detail Quote for the design and execution.

S.NO ITEM

DESCRIPTION QUANTITY

RATE IN

INR

AMOUNT

IN INR

Per Sq

Mt

1 WATER

PROOFING 100 Sq mt. 240 PER Sq mt. 24,000 240

2

20 MM METAL ( 2

LAYERS OF 20

MM EACH )

4 Cu Mt. 1500 PER Cu

Mt. 6,000 60.00

3 SWEET SAND 5 Cu Mt. 1200 PER Cu

Mt. 6,000 60.00

4 GARDEN SOIL 12.5 Cu Mt. 600 PER Cu

Mt. 7,500 75.00

5 VERMICOMPOST 2 Cu Mt. 3000 PER Cu

Mt. 6,000 60.00

6

FERTILIZERS,

PESTICIDES &

FUNGICIDES

1 Cu Mt. 5000 PER Cu

Mt. 5,000 50.00

7 KOREAN

CARPET LAWN 70 Sq mt. 200 PER Sq mt. 14,000 140.00

8 PLANTS 30 Sq mt. 1000 PER Sq

mt. 30,000 300.00

9 IRRIGATION 100 Sq mt. 30,000

LUMPSUM 30,000 300.00

10 DRAINAGE 100 Sq mt. 25,000

LUMPSUM 25,000 250.00

11 GARDEN

LABOUR 100 Sq mt. 200 PER Sq mt. 20,000 200.00

12 DESIGNING &

EXECUTION 100 Sq mt. 300 PER Sq mt. 30,000 300.00

TOTAL in IRS 203,500.00 2,035.00

TOTAL in

GBP £ £2,543.75 £25.44

TOTAL in

USD $ $4,522.22 $45.22

FIGURE 30: DETAIL PRICES IN HYDERABAD MARKET IN COMPARISON WITH ENGLISH AND

AMERICAN PRICES

Different prices for different top layers can be varied; plants might top the price a little.



FIGURE 31: PRICE ESTIMATE FROM M/S RAMA PRASAD ASSOCIATES



FIGURE 32: PERICE QUOTE FROM M/S SHRISTHI CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS

However the use of extensive turf is mostly preferred in large spaces in an average house

hold. This is because of the aesthetic value and its maintenance instead of different plants



Different Plant Species can be used. The most commonly used species are as follows:

Acalypha Hispida

Acalypha „Holland Red‟

Adenium

Asparagus Myers

Asparagus Sprengeri

Bamboo cane palm – Seafortiiana Elegans

Bambusa - Buddha Belly Bamboo

Bambusa vulgaris

Brassaia Actinophylla

Cane Palm –Calamus scipionum

Caryota mitis-fishtail palm

Chamaedorea elegans

Chlorophytum

Coadium

Croton „Petra‟

Dieffenbachia „Rudolph Roehrs‟

Dracaena „Colorama‟

Dracaena „Mahatma‟

Dracaena „Victoria‟

Eranthemum Tricolor

Euphorbia Millii

Ficus Benjamina

Ficus Blackiana

Hurricane palm Ptychosperma macarthurii

Hymenocallis littoralis

Hyophorbe Lagenicaulis

Ixora „Nora Grant‟

Kentiopsis oliviformis

Leacoccina „Burgundy‟

Pendanus Pigmiana

Philodendron selloum

Phoenix Dactyly Ferrous Palm

Phoenix roebeleniia

Phoenix Sylvestris- Wine palm

Pisonia Alba

Plumeria Alba

Plumeria „Calcutta star‟

Plumeria Rubra

Portulaca

Ravenea rivularis- Feather Palm

Rhoeo

Schefflera hicolor

Spathiphyllum Spp.

Veitchii merrilli – Golden palm

Vernicosa

Wodyetia bifurcata



Conclusion:

The reliable way for building economical Green roofs in Hyderabad is interesting, where

every designer wants to see what is the best way to make use of the soil in an intensive or an

extensive case, the options are from varying soil depths, the manure/aggregate/sand ratio to

the type of plants used, everything is mostly based on the experience of the user and their

feedback.

Few Landscape Designers and Horticulturists feel that using localized materials from the

local neighborhood saves money and time and also since they are natural, they are no harm

and the life expectancy can be calculated, unlike the engineered way which is painstakingly

expensive and a common man is not literate enough to install them. There are small risks

involved with any common man laying such engineered structures of layer. Craftsmanship

has not yet been a player in Green roofs hence very few Design firms still survive because of

the demand and supply.

However, the usage of heavy building machinery is rapidly increasing, Foreign capital is

been invested in large scale production to have the project done in split time, but there is not

much of a need in a below average building budget where a constructing a Green roof needs

such an advanced equipment.

Few small scale design firms practice the general way of Green roof build and maintenance,

there are freelance designers and Architectural Consultants who suggest a different

technology

Most of the designers feel, there is a definite temperature drop of at least 4 degrees in

summer, and the users are happy to spend time on roof tops in any given season, hence

calling it Roof gardens because they prefer it that way.



9.0 Figures:

Figure 1 The Map of India, showing Andhra Pradesh and Hyderabad. ........................ 8

Figure 2 zonal map of Hyderabad showing ring roads and water bodies ...................... 8

Figure 3 : the cross section Showing the affects of green roof on roof tops. .............. 11

Figure 4 diagram explaining Urban heart Island Effect, (Arizona State, 2002) ........... 13

Figure 5: Sedum MAT SYSTEM (roofs, 2009) ................................................................. 13

Figure 6: substrate based roof MAT (roofs, 2009) ........................................................... 14

Figure 7: green roof/brown Roof for biodiversity (roofs, 2009) ...................................... 14

Figure 8 Different layers of green roofs(Biodiverse roofs, 2008) ................................... 15

Figure 9 Green roof bed price comparison between germany and United States. (philippi, 2006) ....................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 10 Green roof bed material costs comparison between germany and United States. (philippi, 2006) .......................................................................................................... 20

Figure 11 Green roof bed costs-to-price comparison between germany and United States. (philippi, 2006) .......................................................................................................... 21

Figure 12 SPeed Maxx used on roof tops in germany. (philippi, 2006) ...................... 22

Figure 13 established single course constuction in germany. (philippi, 2006) ........... 23

Figure 14 The CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad .................. 25

Figure 15 Extensive Green roofs cov ering 55% of roof area (CII, Hyderabad) ......... 26

Figure 16 the roof of award winning roof owner, mr. g krishna rao. (Hindu, 2005) .... 28

Figure 17 Percentage renewable energy to WHOLE: india has 2 % as compared to sweden (12%) switzerland (9%) AND Austria (8.5%) (Authority, 2008) ....................... 31

Figure 18: Existing and predicited water demand in mgd and supply gap (Authority, 2008) ....................................................................................................................................... 32

Figure 19 Particulate matter Graph showing that Hyderabad records 260. (Authority, 2008) ....................................................................................................................................... 33

Figure 20: Particulate matter (Authority, 2008) ................................................................ 33

Figure 21 noise pollutions at construction sites (Authority, 2008) ................................. 33

Figure 22: conceptual framework underlying proposed adaptation/impact study (Matthias, PIK, 2007) ............................................................................................................ 38

Figure 23 Figure 24: Bar chart for Hyderabad showing the years average readings in rain, maximum average daily temperature, and minimum average temperature. (BBC, 2006)............................................................................................................................ 40

Figure 25 : Average mean temperatures against the rainfall fro Hyderabad (BBC, 2006) ....................................................................................................................................... 40

Figure 26: lABOUR FIXING A DAMAGED PATCH OF TURF GRASS ....................... 42

Figure 27: images showing the cross section of an extensive roof top at a housing community .............................................................................................................................. 44

Figure 28 : cross section of the Green roof construction In Hyderabad. India ............ 45

Figure 29: Green roof mat and its prices comparison with germany, United States and India ................................................................................................................................. 47

Figure 30: Detail prices in Hyderabad Market in comparison with English and American prices ..................................................................................................................... 48

Figure 31: Price estimate from M/s Rama Prasad Associates ...................................... 49

Figure 32: perice Quote from M/S Shristhi Construction Chemicals ............................ 50



10.0 References:

1. (2006). (bcit.ca, Producer) Retrieved August 23, 2009, from Centre for Architectural

Ecology- Collaborations in Green roofs and Living Walls:

http://commons.bcit.ca/greenroof/faq.html#3

2. Arpita, S., Mahua, M., & R, S. (2009, June 12). Green roof. Retrieved August 20,

2009, from coa.gov.in: http://www.coa.gov.in/mag/Archi_June09-pdf%20Lowres/30-

34-Green%20Roof-Arpita-W.pdf

3. Authority, H. M. (2008, August). Environmental Building guidelines. Retrieved

August 30, 2009, from Environmental Buildign guidelines for Hyderabad:

http://www.hmda.gov.in/EBRG/site/home/issueswefaceinourcity.html

4. BBC. (2006, August). Hyderabad Weather. Retrieved September 05, 2009, from

BBC.co.uk:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002250

5. Biodiverse roofs. (2008, September). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from safeguard

Europe: http://www.safeguardeurope.com/applications/biodiverse-roofs.php

6. Dunnett, N. (2006, August 10). Nigel Dunnett's research pages. Retrieved August 22,

2009, from Dr. Nigel Dunnett:

http://www.nigeldunnett.co.uk/page_1190755664093.html

7. Efficiency, B. o. (2009, July). ECBC- userguide. Retrieved September 19, 2009, from

bee-india.nic.in: http://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc/ECBC-userguide.pdf

8. Hindu. (2005, July 16). property plus hyderabad. Retrieved September 05, 2009, from

hindu.com: http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/07/16/stories/2005071600310200.htm

9. IGBC. (2008, May). Green building council. Retrieved August 19, 2009, from

igbc.in: http://www.igbc.in:9080/site/igbc/gbc.jsp?eventid=180439

10. Kasmin, H., Stovin, V. R., & Hathway, E. A. (2008). Towards a generic rainfall-

runoff model for greenroofs. Retrieved August 22, 2009, from the Green roof centre:

http://www.thegreenroofcentre.co.uk/pages/Rainfall-

Runoff%20model%20for%20green%20roofs_Kasmin.pdf

11. Nicholaus D. VanWoert, D. B. (2005, may 11). Green roof Stormwater Retention:

Effects of Roof Surface, Slope, and Media Depth. Retrieved August 22, 2009, from

thegreenroofcentre.co.uk:

http://www.epa.gov/region8/greenroof/pdf/green%20roof.pdf

12. philippi, P. M. (2006, May 11). boston paper. Retrieved August 25, 2009, from green

roof service: http://www.greenroofservice.com/downpdf/Boston%20Paper.pdf

13. Razdan, A. (2008). Roof treatments to reduce heat gains. Retrieved September 18,

2009, from www.hmda.gov.in:

www.hmda.gov.in/EBRG/site/.../images/pdfs/Ene%20Bg%202.pdf

14. roofs, G. (2009, May 29). Green Roof types; extensive includes sedum mats.

Retrieved August 24, 2009, from www.living roofs.org:

http://www.livingroofs.org/livingpages/typeextensive.html

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Hyderabad Greens: http://hyderabadgreens.org/automobile.html

11.0 Bibliography (Other references)

1. Background Books

Dunnett, Nigel, and Noel Kingsbury. Planting green roofs and living walls. Portland,

OR, Timber Press, 2004. 254 p.

Green roofs: ecological design and construction. Earth Pledge. Atglen, PA,

Schiffer Pub., c2005. 158 p.

Osmundson, Theodore. Roof gardens: history, design, and construction. New

York, W. W. Norton, c1999. 318 p.

Big & green: toward sustainable architecture in the 21st century. Edited by David

Gissen. New York, Princeton Press; Washington, National Building Museum, 2003

92 p.

Mendler, Sandra, William Odell, and Mary Ann Lazarus. The HOK guidebook

to sustainable design. Hoboken, Wiley, 2006. 464 p.

Sajeva, Maurizio, and Mariangela Costanzo. Succulents II: the new illustrated

Dictionary. Portland, OR, Timber Press, 2000. 234 p.

Spiegel, Ross, and Dru Meadows. Green building materials: a guide to product

selection and specification. 2nd ed. Hoboken, Wiley & Sons, 2006.322 p.

2. Technical Reports and Government Reports

King, V. J., and C. Davis. Isolating and managing urban heat islands effect for

Selected South-eastern cities. Orangeburg, SC, South Carolina State

University Transportation Center. May 2004. 86 p.

http://www.utc.scsu.edu/Research/Reports/2002/heat_island.htm

Vegetated roof cover: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Washington, Environmental

Protection Agency, Office of Water, Oct. 2000. 3 p.

http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS50931

3. FLL Guidelines

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

The LEED Green Building Rating System creates national standards for sustainable

buildings, which are available through the U.S. Green Building Council

http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19

Low Impact Development (LID) Urban Design Tools LID technology is an

alternative comprehensive approach to storm water management.18 http://www.lid-

stormwater.net/



4. Helpful Journal Articles:

Calkins, M. Strategy, use and challenges of ecological design in landscape

architecture. Landscape and urban planning, v. 73, Aug. 15, 2005: 29-48.

Curtis, Doug. It‟s alive! Sustainability news, spring 2005: 7-8.

http://www.nature.nps.gov/sustainabilityNews/

Eisenmen, Theodore. Chicago‟s green crown. Landscape architecture, v. 94,

Nov. 2004: 106-113.

Lubbell, Sam. Big and green: one of the tallest buildings in Manhattan will also be

eco-friendly. Architectural record, v. 192, Aug. 2004: 30.

Meadows, Dru. ASTM International and Sustainable Development keeping pace with

a new global market. ASTM standardization news, v. 32, Apr. 2004: 30-33.

Sherman, Rhonda. Compost plays key role in green roof mixes. BioCycle, v. 46, Mar.

2005: 29-33.

Shufro, Cathy. Living roofs. E: the environmental magazine, v. 16, July/Aug.

2005: 18- 21.

Theodosiou, Theodore G. Summer period analysis of a planted roof as a

passive cooling technique. Energy & buildings, v. 35, Oct. 2003: 909-917.

VanWoert, Nicholaus D., and others. Watering regime and green roof substrate design

affect sedum plant growth. HortScience, v. 40, June 2005: 659-674.

5. Additional Materials:

Boxwood of Seattle, and Roofscapes Inc. Vegetated roof design specification

example. Appendix 9. In Low impact development technical guidance manual for

Puget Sound. Olympia, WA, Puget Sound Action Team; Washington State University

Pierce County Extension, 2005. p. 225-229.

Frazer, Lance. Paving paradise: the peril of impervious surfaces.

Environmental health perspectives, v. 113, July 2005: A456-462.

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYP/is_7_113/ai_n14924799

Green roof feasibility review, King County office project. Seattle, Palladino & Co.,

Inc., 2004. 10 p.

Impervious surface reduction: green rooftops. In Minnesota urban small sites best

practice management manual. St. Paul, MN, Metropolitan Council, 2003. p.3.29-3.34.

http://www.metrocouncil.org/environment/Watershed/BMP/CH3_RPPImpGreenRoof

.pdf

Kuhn, Monica, and Steven Peck. Design guidelines for green roofs. Ontario, Canada

Mortgage and Housing Corporation and the Ontario Association of Architects, 2003.

22http://www.cmhc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/securi

ty/getfile.cfm&PageID=70146 Multnomah County green roof project. In Stormwater

demonstration project reports. Portland, OR, Portland Bureau of Environmental

services, December 2004. 7p.

http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=78291

Use of vegetated roof covers in runoff management. Philadelphia, Roofscapes, 2002.

http://www.roofscapes.com/PDF/Runoff_Management.pdf



6. Online Resources on green roofs:

Boston City Hall Green Roof Project

http://www.cityofboston.gov/bra/press/PressDisplay.asp?pressID=285

Chicago City Hall Green Roof

http://www.asla.org/meetings/awards/awds02/chicagocityhall.html

Chicago Green Roofs Search for Green Roofs to view a matrix of related sites from

the city of Chicago. http://egov.cityofchicago.org/city/webportal/home.do

City Hall Greenroof, City of Atlanta Online The first city-owned green roof in the

Southeast. http://www.atlantaga.gov/mayor/energyconservationgreenroof.aspx

Green Roof, Cleveland Environmental Center Description and pictures of the

Cleveland Environmental Center project.

http://www.clevelandgbc.org/cec/components_roof_greenroof.html

Green Roof, Falls Church, VA Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation

project at a condominium site. http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/sw/docs/greenroofffx.pdf

7. Green Roof Examples

From the U.S. General Services Administration, examples of green roofs on

Government buildings.

http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=8195&channe

lId=-16607

8. Green Roof Feasibility Review

Prepared by Palladino & Co. for the King County Office Project, King County,

Washington.http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/greenbuilding/documents/KCGreenR

oofStudy_Final.pdf

Green Roof Project, Albemarle County, Virginia Pictures and a brief description of

the project, completed in July 2005.

http://www.albemarle.org/department.asp?department=planning&relpage=689

Green Roof Projects for City Buildings, City of Alexandria, Virginia Description of

green roof projects for several city buildings.

http://alexandriava.gov/fyi_alexandria/apr_05/fyi_alexandria5.html

Heat Island Effect: Green Roofs Basics on green roofs, with some illustrations and

examples, from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.

http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/strategies/greenroofs.html

Heat Island Group-The Heat Island Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

conducts research on the summer warming trends occurring in urban areas, the

socalled „heat island‟ effect. http://eetd.lbl.gov/HeatIsland/graphic.html

Pentagon Renovation and Construction:Includes several green roofs.

http://renovation.pentagon.mil/pac/sustainable.htm

Portland Bureau of Environmental Services: EcoRoof information and tours.

http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=34663

Stormwater Management and Green Roof Technology From the Maryland Dept. of

the Environment. http://www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/Green%20Roof.pdf

Vegetated Roof Design Specification Example Point Defiance Zoo, Tacoma, WA,

from the Puget Sound Action Team,Washington. http://www.psat.wa.gov



9. Organizations, Associations and Research Centres

American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) Green Roof Project

http://www.asla.org/land/050205/greenroofcentral.html

Casey Trees Endowment: Green Roof Initiative Works to preserve Washington, DC‟s

green infrastructure. http://www.caseytrees.org/programs/greeninitiatives.html

Center for Green Roof Research at Penn State University Information on research,

news, industry, and many links. http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/research/greenroofcenter/

Earth Pledge Initiative: EPF Green Roofs Supports vegetated rooftops in urban areas

to prevent stormwater runoff pollution, lower urban temperatures, and improve air

quality. http://www.earthpledge.org/GreenRoof.html

Green Roof Research Program at Michigan State University Descriptions and

photographs of several projects. http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/

Green Roofs for Healthy Cities Non-profit industry association site.

http://www.greenroofs.org

International Green Roof Association International network about green roof

technology and public relations. http://www.igra-world.com/intro.html

The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Research on using native drought tolerant

plant species in extensive greenroofs. http://www.wildflower.org/?nd=green_roof

U.S. Green Building Council A coalition from across the building industry.

http://www.usgbc.org/

Earth and Sky: Green Roofs Transcript of interview with green roof experts, and links

to Web sites. http://www.earthsky.org/earthcare/shows.php?s=o

GreenRoofs.com Greenroof industry portal for resources and information.

http://www.greenroofs.com/

Livingroofs.org Independent U.K. site promotes green roofs and provides information

and advice. http://livingroofs.org

Whole Building Design Guide a web-based portal providing government and Industry

practitioners with information from a whole buildings‟ perspective.

http://www.wbdg.org/

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