My Favorite Skyscrapers

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MY FAVORITE STRUCTURES AETC 232C – STRUCTURAL DESIGN SPRING 2014 Professor David Bowles Student: Name Removed AAS, Construction Management Anticipated - Spring 2015

Transcript of My Favorite Skyscrapers

Page 1: My Favorite Skyscrapers

MY FAVORITE STRUCTURESAETC 232C – STRUCTURAL DESIGNSPRING 2014Professor David Bowles

Student: Name RemovedAAS, Construction ManagementAnticipated - Spring 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of ContentsProject Summary

HistoryList of Sturctures

Burl KhalifaShanghai World Financial Center

Willis TowerTrump Int'l Tower & Hotel (Chicago)

Empire State BuildingAl Harma Tower

Mercury Center TowerInternational Commerce Center

Taipei 101Q1

Bibliography

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PROJECT SUMMARY

To identify and summarize 10 super structures of architectural significance; to share important details about the buildings structure, the architects, designer, construction details or structural systems.

A “super-structure” is the part of the building above the foundation and is separated from it’s foundation by various civil engineering mechanisms.

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HISTORY OF THE SKYSCRAPER

Is there a difference between a skyscraper and a “high-rise”?

Skyscraper is a word used to describe a very tall building, and the “very” is a comparative adverb dependent on time and place. The first very tall buildings were those made possible by the invention of the elevator and the development of cast iron, and soon thereafter by the use of steel and concrete structures. Thus ten- story structures such as the Western Union Building by George Post (New York, 1875) or the Home Life Insurance Building by William LeBaron Jenney (Chicago, 1884) were once skyscrapers. Today they are skyscrapers no longer (Pelli).

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BURL KHALIFASUPER-TALL SKYSCRAPER

Status: Built

Type/Use: Mixed Use (office / residential / hotel)

Construction Start: 2004Estimated Completion: 2010Cost: $1.5BOwner/DeveloperManagement:

Emaar

Users/Occupants: Residents/Hotel Guests/Office Tenants

Architectural/Height: 828m (2717 feet)

Structural System: Buttressed Core Steel/Concrete

Floor Count: 163 (2)Lifts/Elevators: 57 Lifts and 8 Escalators Architect/Designer: Adrian Smith at SOM*Structural Engineer: Bill Baker at SOM*

Other Consultants

• Façade - ALT Cladding•Wind - WDI•AECOM (Not Specified)DUBAI, UNITED ARAB

EMIRATES

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BURL KHALIFASUPER-TALL SKYSCRAPER

Signifigance

• World's tallest building since 2009 and now the world's tallest man-made structure (Skyscraper Source Media).

• The Height of Burj Dubai, as it was known prior to its renaming as Burj Khalifa, was kept private until the building's completion in 2010 (Skyscraper Source Media).

• The spiraling “Y” shaped plan was utilized to shape the structural core of Burj Khalifa. This design helps to reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as to keep the structure simple and foster constructability. The structural system can be described as a “buttressed core”, and consists of high performance concrete wall construction (Burl Khalifa (Emaar Properties PJSC))

• Seven double-storey height mechanical floors house the mechanical equipment (Burl Khalifa (Emaar Properties PJSC))

• The crowning touch of Burj Khalifa is its telescopic spire comprised of more than 4,000 tons of structural steel. The spire was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 metres (700 feet) using a hydraulic pump and houses communications equipment (Burl Khalifa (Emaar Properties PJSC)).

• The exterior cladding is comprised of reflective glazing with aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel panels and designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer heat. Over 300 cladding specialists from China were brought in to create the 26,000 glass panels, each individually hand-cut. A World War II airplane engine was used for dynamic wind and water testing. The curtain wall of Burj Khalifa is equivalent to 17 football (soccer) fields or 25 American football fields (Burl Khalifa (Emaar Properties PJSC))

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SHANGHAI WORLD

FINANCIAL CENTER

Type/Use: Mixed Use (Hotel/Office)

Construction Start: 1997

Estimated Completion: 2008

Cost: $1.2B

Owner/DeveloperManagement:

Shanghai World Financial Center Co., Ltd (Mori Building Co., Ltd.)

Users/Occupants: Guests/Tenants

Architectural/Height: 494M (1614 ft)

Structural System: Composite, Highrise/Hole

Floor Count: 104 (3 below ground)

Lifts/Elevators: 91Lifts

Architect/Designer:Kohn Pedersen Fox & East China Architecture & Design Institute

Structural Engineer:Leslie E. Robertson Associates R.L.L.P. (LERA)

Other Consultants:AECOM; Hitachi Ltd.; ThyssenKrupp

Façade: ALT Cladding; Permasteelisa GroupSHANGHAI, CHINA

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SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER

Significance• SWFC is the tallest building in China and 4th tallest in the

world

• Desire to change the building size surfaced after the foundation was put in place. With a substantial and fast-paced reconfiguration of the building’s structural design, the project team achieved a taller building without compromising the capability of the original foundation to support it (Katz).

• Seeking to improve the quality of the office spaces, on each of the four orthogonal faces, the new structural system decreases the perimeter framing from seventeen wide columns to just three narrow columns. Hence, building occupants will be provided an extraordinary sense of openness and unparalleled views of the surrounding city of Shanghai (Katz).

• Driven by the architectural form and existing foundation limitations, the new structural system reduced the cost of the structure, provided for speedier construction and decreased the perimeter framing from the seventeen wide columns to a maximum of just three narrow columns. Hence, building occupants are provided with an extraordinary sense of openness and unparalleled views of the surrounding city of Shanghai and improved the quality of the office spaces (Robertson).

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WILLIS TOWER(FORMERLY THE SEARS TOWER) Status: Built

Type/Use: OfficeConstruction Start: 1970Estimated Completion: 1974Cost: $150MOwner/DeveloperManagement:

Willis Group Holdings/Sears Roebuck & Co. (US Equities Mgmt)

Users/Occupants: Office/TenantsArchitectural/Height: 442.1M (1451 ft)Structural System: Floor Count: 108 (3)Lifts/Elevators: 104

Architect/Designer: Bruce Graham Skidmore, Ownings & Merrill (SOM)

Structural Engineer: Fazlur Khan (SOM)

Other Consultants: Alan G. Davenport Wind Engineering Group BLWTL

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS - UNITED STATES

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WILLIS TOWER(FORMERLY THE SEARS TOWER) Signifigance

• The Willis Tower is the tallest building in US and the 9th tallest in the world

• Was commissioned by and headquarters to Sears Roebuck & Co until ____ and later renamed the Willis Tower in _____when it was sold to it’s current owner

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Type/Use: Residential/Hotel

Construction Start: 2005

Estimated Completion: 2009

Cost: $255M

Owner/DeveloperManagement:

The Trump Organization

Users/Occupants: Residents/Guests

Architectural/Height: 322.5M (1058')

Structural System: Highrise/pole

Floor Count: 78 (2)

Lifts/Elevators: 11, 2 systems

Architect/Designer: Skidmore Ownings & Merrill

Structural Engineer: Skidmore Ownings & MerrillOther Consultants: RWDI (Wind)

TRUMP INTERNATIONAL HOTEL & TOWER

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS - UNITED STATES

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TRUMP INTERNATIONAL HOTEL & TOWER

SignifiganceAccording to Emporis:

• This Trump tower is the 2nd tallest building in America and the 12th tallest in the world

• This project was originally proclaimed as a future world's tallest building but after the terrorist acts of September 11, 2001 the plans were scaled down a few hundred feet (Emporis).

• The spire rises from a glassy cylinder, surrounded at its base by a futuristic screen wall covering the mechanical elements and the silvery color of the stainless steel facade forms a transition with neighboring buildings (Emporis).

• A unique asymmetric shape gives the building a different appearance from each angle. As the tower rises, the floorplan tapers gradually in four steps at heights of 65, 121, 201 and 338 meters (Emporis).

• Setbacks at three levels are designed to give the tower a visual continuity with its surroundings (Emporis).

• Residential floors on the mid-levels above the Trump International Hotel are convertible to hotel usage at the discretion of the unit owners (Emporis).

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Type/Use: OfficeConstruction Start: 1999Estimated Completion: 2004Cost: $1.7BOwner/DeveloperManagement:

Taipei Financial Center Corporation

Users/Occupants: TenantsArchitectural/Height: 508m (1667ft)

Structural System: Highrise/tuned mass damper/pole

Floor Count: 106 (5 below)Lifts/Elevators: 61Architect/Designer: CY Lee Partners

Structural Engineer: Thornton Tomasetti; Evergreen Engineering

Other Consultants: • Façade - ALT Cladding• Wind - RWDI• Toshiba Elevator and Building

Systems Corporation (TELC) (Not Specified)

TAIWAN, CHINA

TAIPEI 101

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TAIPEI 101 Significance• Is LEED Platinum and the world’s tallest green building at

509 m (Beesetti).

According Emporis: • At the time of construction, the building held the record

for the greatest height to which concrete had been pumped (Emporis).

• Taipei 101 is the tallest building in Asia (excluding the middle east) and the 3rd tallest in the world (Taipei 101).

• Taipei 101 holds the world record in three of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat's height categories: tallest to the structural top, tallest to the roof, and highest occupied floor (Emporis).

• The tower's design specifications are based on the number "8", a lucky number in traditional Chinese culture; it features 8 upward-flaring sections, and is supported by 8 super-columns (Emporis).

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EMPIRE STATE BUILDING Type/Use: Office

Construction Start: 1930

Estimated Completion: 1931

Cost: $40M

Owner/DeveloperManagement:

W&H Properties/Alfred E. Smith, John J. Raskob/

Users/Occupants: Tenants

Architectural/Height: 381M (1250')

Structural System: Highrise/pole

Floor Count: 103 (1 below)

Lifts/Elevators: 73

Architect/Designer: Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Associates

Structural Engineer:H.G. Balcom & Associates; Post and McCord; Strong & Jones Engineers

Other Consultants: Otis Elevator, Dow CorningNEW YORK CITY, NEW YORKUNITED STATES

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EMPIRE STATE BUILDING Signifigance

• LEED Gold

• The Empire State Building is iconic figure and is featured Featured in dozens of films, most notably; "King Kong" in 1933 and 2005 (Skyscraper Source Media)

• It is the 3rd tallest building in United State and Tallest building in the world 1931 – 1972 (Empire State Building)

• It's original cost, including the price of land, was $40,948,000, a very low figure for a building of this size even at that time. The building itself cost only $24,718,000 (Skyscraper Source Media)

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AL HARMA TOWERType/Use: OfficeConstruction Start: 2005Estimated Completion: 2011Cost: $372M

Owner/DeveloperManagement:

Al Hamra Real Estate Co./Ajial Real Estate and Entertainment

Users/Occupants: TenantsArchitectural/Height: 412.6M (1354’)Structural System: Highrise/poleFloor Count: 83 (3 below)Lifts/Elevators: 43

Architect/Designer: Al Jazera Consultants; Callison; Skidmore Owings & Merrill (SOM)

Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill (SOM)

Other Consultants• Wind - BMT Fluid Mechanics Ltd.• Hitachi Ltd.; Momentive (Not Specified)

KUWAIT CITY, KUWAIT

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AL HARMA TOWER Signifigance• The tallest direct adhered stone-clad structure on this

planet (Treister).• The Concrete was Pumped over 400 meters height to a

stationary placing boom which distribute Concrete to Every Floor (Al Hamra Real Estate Co.)

• The world's tallest residential tower until April 2011 with the building of the 348 meter Marina Torch in Dubai

• According to SOM.com, SOM engineers designed a 60-by-70-meter, 4-meter-thick raft made of reinforced concrete. Each of the 289 piles is between 20 and 27 meters long and is tailored to the specific load requirements at its respective location under the raft (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP)

• Per Som, the raft was constructed of 23,000 cubic meters of concrete, poured in 15 separate sections over a period of four months (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP)

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MERCURY CITY TOWER Type/Use: Residential/OfficeConstruction Start: 2006

Estimated Completion: 2013

Cost: 775M(Euro)

Owner/DeveloperManagement:

Mercury City Tower/Liedel Investments Limited; Mercury Development

Users/Occupants: TenantsArchitectural/Height: 338.8M (1112')Structural System: Highrise/poleFloor Count: 81 (5 below)Lifts/Elevators: 31

Architect/Designer: Frank Williams & Associates; M.M.Posokhin/Gennadiy Sirota

Structural Engineer: International High-Rise Construction Centre LLC

Other Consultants: ThyssenKrupp

MOSCOW, RUSSIA

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MERCURY CITY TOWER Signifigance

• The first Russian building to incorporate environmentally friendly methods:

-heat-resistant reinforced concrete

-steel and glass with aluminium glazing (www.designbuild-network.com)

-designed to use less water and electricity by collecting melting water and providing 75% workspace with daylight (Emporis).

• Buidling features contemporary European architecture and a shining golden glass façade (www.designbuild-network.com)

• Tallest Building in Russia and Europe

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INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTER Type/Use: Hotel/Office

Construction Start: 2002

Estimated Completion: 2010

Cost: $3.7B

Owner/DeveloperManagement:

Sun Hung Kai Properties/Harbour Vantage

Users/Occupants: Guests/Tenants

Architectural/Height: 484 m (1588')

Structural Material: Composite

Floor Count: 112 (4 below)

Lifts/Elevators: 43

Architect/Designer: Wong & Ouyang/Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates

Structural Engineer: ArupOther Consultants: • Façade - ALT Cladding

• Wind - RWDI

HONG KONG, CHINA

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INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTER

Significance

• Due its location in a major fault zone with unfavorable geological conditions, the engineers settled with shaft grouted friction barrette pile foundation system for the structure (www.designbuild-network.com)

• ICC is integrated with a public transportation infrastructure that carries 11 million passenger journeys per day (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 2009).

• Because a square floor plate would perform poorly in the wind and lead to a unsustainable proposition wind tunnel studies indicated notched or “re-entrant,” corners would respond similarly as a circle floor plate (Mallot).

• The symbol of a Dragon was a major influence in this buildings design:

• the tower’s curtain wall is a series of overlapping panels, each one-story high, which the designer likened to “scales of a dragon” which generates a kaleidoscopic display of light and shadow (Mallot).

• the façade sweeps down in a dramatic gesture, enclosing the “dragon tail” atrium which serves as the public face of the tower and the primary connection to the rail station (Mallot).

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Q1 TOWER Type/Use: ResidentialConstruction Start: 2002Estimated Completion: 2005

Cost: 255M AUDOwner/DeveloperManagement:

Sunland Group; Surfers Paradise Beach Resort

Users/Occupants: TenantsArchitectural/Height: 322.5M (1058')

Structural System: Highrise/poleFloor Count: 80 (2)Lifts/Elevators: 11, 2 systemsArchitect/Designer: Sunland Group; InnovarchiStructural Engineer: Arup

Other Consultants:Windtech Consultants

GOLD COAST QUEENSLAND,

AUSTRALIA

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Q1SUPER-TALL SKYSCRAPER Signifigance

• Q1 is the tallest building in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere when measured to the top of its spire

• The world's tallest residential tower until April 2011 with the building of the 348 meter Marina Torch in Dubai

• Q1 draws inspiration from the upswept curves of the Sydney 2000 Olympics torch which itself is reminiscent of the overlapping curves of the Sydney Opera House.

• The Q1 is embroiled in controversy and lawsuits over the quality of construction and material defects (Bartsch)

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References

Al Hamra Real Estate Co. www.alhamra.com.kw. n.d.

Bartsch, Phil. The Courier Mail. 14 Jun 2011. 13 Feb 2014. <http://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/developer-fights-q1-repairs-lawsuit/story-e6frequ6-

1226074514359>.

Beesetti, Suvarna. www.greenprospectsasia.com. 29 May 2012. 13 February 2014. <http://www.greenprospectsasia.com/content/taipei-101-world%E2%80%99s-tallest-green-building>.

Burl Khalifa (Emaar Properties PJSC). www.burjkhalifa.ae. n.d. 9 Feb 2014. <http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/TheTower/Structures.aspx#Structural System>.

Empire State Building. n.d. <http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/empire-state-building/261/>.

Emporis. n.d. <http://www.emporis.com/building/trumpinternationalhoteltower-chicago-il-usa>.

Katz, Paul et. al. "www.ctbuh.org." Oct 2011. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 9 Feb 2014. <http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/Archive2008/ShanghaiWorldFinancialCenter/

tabid/2810/language/en-GB/Default.aspx>.

Mallot, David. www.ctbuh.org. January 2011. 13 Feb 2014. <http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/ArchiveJournal/InternationalCommerceCentre/

tabid/1781/language/en-GB/Default.aspx>.

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Pelli, Cesar. "Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects." Skyscrapers. Perspecta 18. The Yale Architectural Journal. MIT Press, 1982. 9 Feb 2014. <http://pcparch.com/firm/bibliography/essays/skyscrapers>.

Robertson, Leslie E. "SWFC: Welding Brilliant Architecture to Imaginative Engineering." Structure June 2007. <http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=393>.

Siddiqui, Kashif. "http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/8924837-worlds-tallest-residential-tower-set-to-welcome-occupants-soon." 28 April 2011. www.allvoices.com.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP. www.som.com. n.d. 13 Feb 2014. <http://www.som.com/projects/al_hamra_tower__structural_engineering>.

Skyscraper Source Media. "http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7787." n.d. http://skyscraperpage.com. 9 Feb 2014.

Taipei 101. n.d. <http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/taipei/taipei-101/117/>.

Treister, Ron. "LATICRETE soars to new heights with the Al Hamra Tower." October 2011. www.laticrete.com. <http://www.laticrete.com/portals/0/pdf/A-5068-0212.pdf>.

www.designbuild-network.co. n.d. 13 Feb 2012. <http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/mass_transit/>.

www.designbuild-network.com. www.designbuild-network.com. n.d. 13 Feb 2014. <http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/mercury-city-tower/>.