My Architecture Term Paper

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TERM PAPER

Pentium Processor Evolution

(Submitted in the 2nd semester Of Master of Computer Applications)

Session: 2011-12

Submitted By:-

Registration Number: 11106429

Roll Number: RD1116A14

Name: Kanchan Chatrath

Submitted To:

Geetha Mam

Date of Submission: 10 April 2012

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

First of all I would like to thank the Lovely Professional University, Jalandharand take the opportunity to do this project as a part of the M.C.A

Many people have influenced the shape and content of this project, and many

supported me through it. I express my sincere gratitude to MRS.GEETH me a

term paper on Pentium processor Evolution which is an interesting and

exhaustive topic.

She has been an inspiration and role model for this topic. Her guidance and

active support has made it possible to complete the assignment.

I also would like to thank my Friends who have helped and encouraged me

throughout the working of the project.

Last, but not the least I would like to thank the almighty for

always helping me.

Finally, I take this opportunity to acknowledge the services of the total team of

publisher and everyone who collaborated in producing this work.

Kanchan Chatrath

Table of Content



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Contents Page

No.

Introduction .... 04

Definition.. . 04

Pentium processor evolution.. 05

Pentium family 05

8086

80186

80286

80386

80486

Pentium processor ..08

Pentium Register...08

Architecture of Pentium processor09

Pentium (classic or 1)10

Pentium 2...10

Pentium Pro11

Features of Pentium Pro

Pentium 3.12

Features of Pentium 3

Pentium 4.13

Feature of Pentium 4

Pentium M14

Features of Pentium Processor..15

Reference:..16



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INTRODUCTION OF PENTIUM PROCESSOR

The name "Pentium" has greater brand recognition than any other processor in history. The

Pentium began its life in 1993 and was continually improved until its retirement in 2008. Even

today, many of the computers in use still have a processor bearing the famous marquee.

Pentium is a brand used for a series of x86-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel. In

its most current form, a Pentium processor is a consumer-level product with a two-star rating,

above the low-end Atom and Celeron products but below the faster Core i3, i5 and i7 lines as

well as the high-end Xeon processors.

The name Pentium is originally derived from the Greek word pente (), meaning 'five' (as

the series was Intel's 5th generation micro architecture, the P5), and the Latin ending -ium.

The current Pentium processors only share the name but are in fact based on the sameprocessor chips that are used in the Intel Core but are typically used with a lower clock

frequency, a partially disabled L3 cache and some of the advanced features such as Hyper-

threading and Virtualization disabled.

DEFINITION

A 32-bitmicroprocessorintroduced byIntelin 1993. It contains 3.3 million transistors,

nearly triple the number contained in its predecessor, the 80486 chip. Though still in

production, the Pentium processor has been superseded by thePentium ProandPentium

IImicroprocessors. Since 1993, Intel has developed the Pentium III and more recently the

Pentium 4 microprocessors



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PENTIUM PROCESSOR

EVOLUTION Pentium family history Pentium processor details

Pentium registers

Data

Pointer and index

Control

Segment

Real mode memory architecture

Protected mode memory architecture

Segment registers

Segment descriptors

Segment descriptor tables

Segmentation models

Mixed-mode operation

Pentium Family Intel introduced microprocessors in 1969

4-bit microprocessor 4004COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE


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8-bit microprocessors

8080

8085

16-bit processors

8086 introduced in 1979

20-bit address bus, 16-bit data bus

8088 is a less expensive version

Uses 8-bit data bus

Can address up to 4 segments of 64 KB

Referred to as the real mode

80186

A faster version of 8086

16-bit data bus and 20-bit address bus

Improved instruction set

80286 was introduced in 1982

24-bit address bus

16 MB address space

Enhanced with memory protection capabilities Introduced protected mode

Segmentation in protected mode is different from the real mode

Backwards compatible

80386 was introduced 1985

First 32-bit processor

32-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus

4 GB address space Segmentation can be turned off (flat model)

Introduced paging

80486 was introduced 1989

Improved version of 386

Combined coprocessor functions for performing floating-point arithmetic

Added parallel execution capability to instruction decode and execution unitsCOMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE


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Achieves scalar execution of 1 instruction/clock

Later versions introduced energy savings for laptops

Pentium Registers

Four 32-bit registers can be used as

Four 32-bit register (EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX)

Four 16-bit register (AX, BX, CX, DX)Eight 8-bit register (AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL)

Some registers have special use

ECX for count in loop instructions



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ARCHITECTURE OF PENTIUM PROCESSOR



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Pentium ("Classic")

o The original Pentium processor was released with an initial maximum speed of

66 MHz. Thanks to a massive advertising blitz; Pentium became a household

word almost overnight. Near the end of the Pentium's run, Intel introduced anew version of the chip featuring MMX, a new instruction set. These

instructions enabled the chip to perform operations such as encoding digital

music more quickly. MMX is still found in Intel processors today.

The original Pentium and Pentium MMX processors were the superscalar follow-on to

the 80486 processor and were marketed from 1993 to 1999. Some versions of these were

available as Pentium Overdrive that would fit into older CPU sockets.

Pentium

Core Process Frequency L1 Cache FSB Socket Release date

P5 0.8 m 6066 MHz 16 KB 6066 MHz Socket 4 March 1993

P54C 0.6 m 75120 MHz 16 KB 5066 MHz Socket 5 October 1994

P54C 0.35 m 133200 MHz 16 KB 6066 MHz Socket 7 June 1995

P55C 0.35 m 120233 MHz 32 KB 6066 MHz Socket 7 March 1995

Tillamook 0.25 m 166300 MHz 32 KB 66 MHz Socket 7 August 1997

Pentium II

o The Pentium II began its life in the form of another processor, the Pentium

Pro. All processors utilize a type of memory called cache memory; cache is



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much faster than system RAM, and it helps to speed up a computer by queuing

several commands, allowing the processor to work more and wait for

instructions less. With the classic Pentium processor, cache memory was

installed in sockets on the motherboard. The Pentium Pro made the cache a

part of the processor itself. This made the Pentium Pro an extremely fast

processor, but the technology was not ready for mass production. If there was a

defect in the processor or the cache, the whole package had to be discarded,

resulting in a very expensive, low-yield product. The Pentium II bridged the

gap between the Pentium and the Pentium Pro, by placing the processor and

cache separately on a card, which could be installed into a motherboard slot.

The Pentium II was produced from 1997 to 1999 and had a maximum speed of

450 MHz.

Pentium II


Klamath 0.35 m 233300 MHz 512 KB 66 MHz Slot 1 May 1996

Deschutes 0.25 m 266450 MHz 512 KB 66100 MHz Slot 1 January 1998

Tonga 0.25 m 233300 MHz 512 KB 66 MHz MMC-2 April 1998

Dixon 0.25 m 266366 MHz 256 KB 66 MHz MMC-2

PENTIUM PRO

The Pentium Pro was introduced in November 1995 as Intel's 6th generation x86 design -

code-named the P6. It was the first mainstream CPU to radically change how it executes

instructions, by translating them into RISC-like microinstructions and executing these on a

highly advanced internal core. (The Nexgen Nx586 processor was actually the first x86 CPU

to use this design, but this chip was used in very few systems.). The Pentium Pro offered some

minor programming enhancements; four more address lines, and a large 2nd-level cache (up

to the overpriced 1MB versions). It came in 150 MHz, 166MHz, 180MHz and 200MHz

flavors.



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Pentium Pro


P6 0.5 m 150 MHz 256 KB 6066 MHz Socket 8 November 1995

P6 0.35 m 166200 MHz 2561024 KB 6066 MHz Socket 8

FEATURES OF PENTIUM PRO

1) It includes L2 cache.2) It uses 12 stage pipelines.

3) Supports speculative Execution.

4) Dual Independent Bus.

5) Multiple branch prediction.

PENTIUM III

The Pentium III debuted in 1999 at initial speeds of 450 to 500 MHz and, in the beginning,

was very similar to the Pentium II. It used the same slotted form factor, with the processor andcache on the same card. However, the Pentium III included a new instruction set, called SSE.

Like MMX in the Pentium II, SSE made certain operations much faster---in this case,

floating-point mathematics. However, this was only an evolutionary step. The revolution

came with the second-generation Pentium III, nicknamed "Coppermine". Coppermine

managed to shrink the elements of the processor core from 250 nm to 180 nm, allowing Intel

to place the cache inside the processor with minimal defects. This increased the efficiency of

the Pentium III, and it was a massive success until its retirement in 2003. The final speed

reached by the Pentium III was 1,400 MHz.

FEATURE OF PENTIUM III

1)0.25 Micro technology

2)450 MHz up to 1.1 GHz available.

3) Dual Independent Bus

4) 8, 64 bit wide MMX register.

5)70 new instruction used for various purpose.



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Pentium III

Core Process Frequency L2Cache FSB Socket Releasedate

Katmai 0.25 m 450600 MHz 512 KB100133 M

HzSlot 1

February

1999

Coppe

rmine0.18 m

4001130 MH

z256 KB

100133 M

Hz

Slot 1, Socket

370, BGA2, PGA2

October

1999

Tualatin 0.13 m7001400 MH

z512 KB

100133 M

HzSocket 370, BGA2, PGA2

Pentium 4

o With the Pentium III, Intel learned something: People love high clock speeds.

Thus, for the Pentium 4, the company set out to design a chip that could be

ramped up to incredibly high speeds, even at the expense of efficiency. This

caused some dismay among computer enthusiasts when the Pentium 4 was first

released in 2000 at initial speeds of 1,400 and 1,500 MHz, as the Pentium 4

was actually slower than the Pentium III and the AMD Athlon in many

applications. However, Intel was just warming up---literally! Over its

production run from 2000 to 2008, the Pentium 4 gained in speed to an

amazing maximum of 3,800 MHz. The Pentium 4 had become a screaming

fast processor, but it required an elaborate cooling system because of the

intense heat that it produced, and it never found much success in notebook

computers due to heavy battery drain. For its next processor, Intel would look

forward by looking back.

FEATURES OF PENTIUM 4

1) 0.13 micro technologies.

2) 1.4 to 1.6 GHz range.

3) Total 144 SIMD Instruction to enhance MM operation.

4) 840/850/915/945 chipset.

5) 400/533/MHz system bus frequency.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katmai_(microprocessor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppermine_(microprocessor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppermine_(microprocessor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katmai_(microprocessor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppermine_(microprocessor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppermine_(microprocessor)


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Pentium 4

Core ProcessClock

SpeedsL2 Cache FSB Speeds Socket Release Date

Willamette 180 nm 1.32.0 GHz 256 KB 400 MT/sSocket 423,

Socket 478

November

2000

Northwood 130 nm 1.63.4 GHz 512 KB 400800 MT/s Socket 478 January 2002

Gallatin 130 nm 3.23.46 GHz512 KB + 2 MB

L3

8001066 MT/

s

Socket 478, LGA

775

November

2003

Prescott 90 nm 2.43.8 GHz 1 MB 533800 MT/sSocket 478, LGA

775February 2004

Prescott-2M

90 nm 2.83.8 GHz 2 MB 8001066 MT/s

LGA 775 February 2005

Cedar Mill 65 nm 3.03.6 GHz 2 MB 800 MT/s LGA 775 January 2006

Pentium M

o The Pentium M, produced from 2003 to 2008, is to date the last processor to

bear the Pentium name. It was created to solve a problem: Intel was having

difficulty competing in the notebook market. The heat and power consumption

of the Pentium 4 were not conducive to a long-running notebook. The Pentium

M combined the efficiency of the Pentium III with the advanced features of the

Pentium 4, resulting in a processor that was incredibly fast with low power

demands. In benchmark tests, the Pentium M stood toe-to-toe against the

Pentium 4 at much higher clock speeds, marking the beginning of the end for

the Pentium 4. Intel's next processor, the Core, is based on the Pentium M but

does not share its name.



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Pentium M

Core Process Frequency L1 Cache L2 Cache FSB Socket Release date

Bansan 130 nm 9001700 MHz 64 KB 1 MB 400 MT/s Socket 479 March 2003

Dothan 90 nm 1.002.26 GHz 64 KB 2 MB 400533 MT/s FC-uBGA June 2004

FEATURES OF PENTIUM PROCESSOR

1) (Two integer or two floating points can be executed simultaneously).It has two integer

pipelines U and V (32 bit each) that enhances the speed of execution.

2) Two separate cache; 8K for code and 8K for data.

3) Dynamic branch prediction.

4) Data bus is 64 bit (improves data transfer rate, supports burst read and burst write backcycles).

5) Provides high level of data integrity through data

6) Parity checking, address parity checking and internal parity checking with machine check

exception.

7) Test and debug capability through IEEE 1149-1 boundary scan.

8) Virtual mode extensions.

9) To separate cache 8K for code 8K for data.

10)75MHz onwards processor offers following Enhancement.

11) Dual Processing Support

12) Enhance Power Management Feature

13) On chip Advance programmable interrupt controller.



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Reference: WWW.GOOGLE.COM

WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE BOOK (WILLIAM STALLING)


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