THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANNING AND MANAGEMENTNEW DELHI

PROJECT REPORTON

THE CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION IN MUTUAL FUND INDUSTRY & ROLE OF UTI MUTUAL FUND

SUBMITTED BY:

DURGESH NANDAN

BATCH: PGP/FW/2008-10

SECTION – F3

IIPM NEW DELHI

INDEX

1. Introduction

2. Theoretical Review

3. Review and Research

4. New Developments

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

6. References

Executive summary

The Indian mutual fund industry in recent years has exponential growth and yet it is still at a very nascent stage. We believe that the mutual fund industry has grown in terms of size or choices available, but is a long distance from being regarded as a mature one. To understand this one has to look at the global scenario. If one look at the global mutual fund industry, one has see that assets have grown by 185% between 2000 and 2009. In comparison, Indian assets outgrew at a staggering 446%, where as the US only grew by 158% and Europe by 242%.

As our economy continues to grow at a spectacular rate there is a huge amount of wealth creating opportunities surfacing everywhere. Financial Planners have an immensely responsible role to play by identifying these opportunities and channeling them into wealth creating initiatives that would enable people to address their financial needs.

To give an overview of a recent study conducted by Invest India, there are about 321.8 millions paid workers in India. Of this only 5.3 millions have an exposure to mutual funds. This is less than 2% of total work force.

Even more interesting fact is that 77% of them reside in super metros and Tier I cities. Again, about 4 millions come in the Rs. 90,000-5 lakh income bracket. The penetration among the less than Rs. 90,000 and more than Rs 5 lack income bracket is very low. The need for the hour is to expand the market boundaries and expand scope in Tier II and Tier III cities.India is also one of the fastest growing markets for mutual funds, attracting a host of global players. Hence, investors will have an even wider range of products to choose from. The combination of the increase in number of fund houses along with new schemes and the increase in the number of people parking their saving in mutual funds has resulted in per cent during April-December 2009.

This now stands at Rs 30314 billions as against Rs. 13476 billions for the corresponding period last year. We already have many experts expressing their concentration at the frequency of NFO launches. Yet we have less than 1000 schemes in India, compared to 15000 in the US and 36000 in Europe. The gap is significant and has to be filled up with unique and better priced products.There has also been a rapid rise in the HNI segment. India stands only second-best to Korea in the Asia- Pacific region in terms of percentage growth. The total HNI (High Net Worth Individual) assets stood at about Rs 12 trillion and their assets are distributed over various assets classes. To top them MFs will have to come up with structured products, real estate funds, commodity based funds, art funds and the like.

Indian house holds have also increased their exposure to the capital market. Very interestingly, the Mutual fund proportion in this has increased.

In fact, there has been more than 2000% growth in the assets coming to MFs in the last 3 years. Statistics reveal that a higher portion of investors’ savings is now invested in market-linked avenues like mutual funds as compared to earlier times.

Passing through the growth phase

We have always read that fund industry has seen three phases – the UTI phase, the public sector phase and the post – UTI phase. But if we study a bit more closely, there have been four clear stages.

- UTI Phase (1964 – 1987)- Public sector phase (1987 – 1993), during which the likes of SBI,BOB and Canara Bank

comes into existence- The emergence phase (1993 – 2003), when international players come in to India. Some

have wound up their operations and a few of them are looking for re-entry.- Post UTI phase (2003 – 2009), when domestic players along with some global players

have consolidated the MF industry.And now we are entering Phase V of the industry, when not only are newer players readying to enter the market but are also looking at penetration and market expansion. All in all, this is a win-win situation for Indian investors. We have also come up a long way from plain vanilla equity funds to hybrid funds, from balanced funds to arbitrage funds, from sectoral funds to quant strategies.

Changing investor profile

Today’s investor is quite young and very unlike the older generation. He follows a contrarian’s approach. He buys when the market flips and books profit when it rallies.The retail participation in equity schemes has also increased tremendously. Although many complain that the industry is still brokerage driven, the trends clearly suggest that investors prefer NFOs to enter equities.Our economy is booming, we have now a sustained GDP growth of 8%, which is likely to remain at this level for years to come.

The number of AMCs is increasing. Their presence across India is expanding. Distributors too are expanding their networks. Besides, the regulator has taken up measures to safeguard investor interests. These are all drivers for the fund industry. Together, these greet investor warmly. The need of the investor populace has changed, resulting in a change in asset management styles. In this way, this is leading to the design of new and competitively-priced products, implying greater emphasis on higher quality of intermediation. This in itself is both an opportunity and a challenge.

As our economy continuous to grow at a spectacular rate there is a huge amount of wealth creating opportunities surfacing everywhere.Financial Planners have an immensely responsible role to play by identifying these opportunities and channeling them into wealth creating initiatives that would enable people to adequately address their financial needs.

MUTUAL FUND MUTUAL FUND is a mechanism for pooling the resources by issuing units to the investors and investing funds in securities in accordance with objectives as disclosed in offer document. Investments in securities are spread across a wide cross-section of industries and sectors and thus the risk is reduced. Diversification reduces the risk because all stocks may not move in the same direction in the same proportion at the same time.

Mutual fund issues units to the investors in accordance with quantum of money invested by them. Investors of mutual funds are known as unit holders.

The profits or losses are shared by the investors in proportion to their investments. The mutual funds normally come out with a number of schemes with different investment objectives which are launched from time to time.

A mutual fund is required to be registered with Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) which regulates securities markets before it can collect funds from the public.

HISTORY OF MUTUAL FUNDS AND ROLE OF SEBI IN INDIA:-

Unit Trust of India was the first mutual fund set up in India in the year 1963. In early 1990s, Government allowed public sector banks and institutions to set up mutual funds.In the year 1992, Securities and exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act was passed.

The objectives of SEBI are – to protect the interest of investors in securities and to promote the development of and to regulate the securities market.

SEBI formulates policies and regulates the mutual funds to protect the interest of the investors. SEBI notified regulations for the mutual funds in 1993. Thereafter, mutual funds sponsored by private sector entities were allowed to enter the capital market.

The regulations were fully revised in 1996 and have been amended thereafter from time to time. SEBI has also issued guidelines to the mutual funds from time to time to protect the interests of investors.

All mutual funds whether promoted by public sector or private sector entities including those promoted by foreign entities are governed by the same set of Regulations. There is no distinction in regulatory requirements for these mutual funds and all are subject to monitoring and inspections by SEBI.

The EvolutionThe formation of Unit Trust of India marked the evolution of the Indian mutual fund industry in the year 1963. The primary objective at that time was to attract the small investors and it was made possible through the collective efforts of the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India. The history of mutual fund industry in India can be better understood divided into following phases:

Phase 1. Establishment and Growth of Unit Trust of India - 1964-87Unit Trust of India enjoyed complete monopoly when it was established in the year 1963 by an act of Parliament. UTI was set up by the Reserve Bank of India and it continued to operate under the regulatory control of the RBI until the two were de-linked in 1978 and the entire control was transferred in the hands of Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI). UTI launched its first scheme in 1964, named as Unit Scheme 1964 (US-64), which attracted the largest number of investors in any single investment scheme over the years.

UTI launched more innovative schemes in 1970s and 80s to suit the needs of different investors. It launched ULIP in 1971, six more schemes between 1981-84, Children's Gift Growth Fund and India Fund (India's first offshore fund) in 1986, Master share (India’s first equity diversified scheme) in 1987 and Monthly Income Schemes (offering assured returns) during 1990s. By the end of 1987, UTI's assets under management grew ten times to Rs 6700 crores.

Phase II. Entry of Public Sector Funds - 1987-1993 The Indian mutual fund industry witnessed a number of public sector players entering the market in the year 1987. In November 1987, SBI Mutual Fund from the State Bank of India became the first non-UTI mutual fund in India. SBI Mutual Fund was later followed by Canbank Mutual Fund, LIC Mutual Fund, Indian Bank Mutual Fund, Bank of India Mutual Fund, GIC Mutual Fund and PNB Mutual Fund. By 1993, the assets under management of the industry increased seven times to Rs. 47,004 crores. However, UTI remained to be the leader with about 80% market share.

Phase III. Emergence of Private Sector Funds - 1993-96The permission given to private sector funds including foreign fund management companies (most of them entering through joint ventures with Indian promoters) to enter the mutal fund industry in 1993, provided a wide range of choice to investors and more competition in the industry. Private funds introduced innovative products, investment techniques and investor-servicing technology. By 1994-95, about 11 private sector funds had launched their schemes.

Phase IV. Growth and SEBI Regulation - 1996-2004The mutual fund industry witnessed robust growth and stricter regulation from the SEBI after the year 1996. The mobilization of funds and the number of players operating in the industry reached new heights as investors started showing more interest in mutual funds. Inventors’ interests were safeguarded by SEBI and the Government offered tax benefits to the investors in order to encourage them. SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 was introduced

1992-93Amount Mobilised

Assets Under Management

Mobilisation as % of gross Domestic Savings

UTI 11,057 38,247 5.2%

Public Sector

1,964 8,757 0.9%

Total 13,021 47,004 6.1%

by SEBI that set uniform standards for all mutual funds in India.

The Union Budget in 1999 exempted all dividend incomes in the hands of investors from income tax. Various Investor Awareness Programmes were launched during this phase, both by SEBI and AMFI, with an objective to educate investors and make them informed about the mutual fund industry.

In February 2003, the UTI Act was repealed and UTI was stripped of its Special legal status as a trust formed by an Act of Parliament. The primary objective behind this was to bring all mutual fund players on the same level. UTI was re-organized into two parts: 1. The Specified Undertaking, 2. The UTI Mutual Fund. Phase V. Growth and Consolidation - 2004 OnwardsThe industry has also witnessed several mergers and acquisitions recently, ex: of which are acquisition of schemes of Alliance Mutual Fund by Birla Sun Life, Sun F&C Mutual Fund and PNB Mutual Fund by Principal Mutual Fund. Simultaneously, more international mutual fund players have entered India like Fidelity, Franklin Templeton Mutual Fund etc. This is a continuing phase of growth of the industry through consolidation and entry of new international and private sector players.

HOW IS A MUTUAL FUND SET UP?

A mutual fund is set up in the form of a trust, which has sponsor, trustees, asset management company (AMC) and custodian. The trust is established by a sponsor or more than one sponsor who is like promoter of a company. The trustees of the mutual fund hold its property for the benefit of the unit holders. Asset Management Company (AMC) approved by SEBI manages the funds by making investments in various types of securities.Custodian, who is registered with SEBI, holds the securities of various schemes of the fund in its custody. The trustees are vested with the general power of superintendence and direction over AMC. They monitor the performance and compliance of SEBI Regulations by the mutual fund.SEBI Regulations require that at least two thirds of the directors of trustee company or board of trustees must be independent i.e. they should not be associated with the sponsors. Also, 50% of the directors of AMC must be independent. All mutual funds are required to be registered with SEBI before they launch any scheme.

TYPES OF MUTUAL FUNDS SCHEMES IN INDIA:-

Open-ended Fund/ SchemeAn open-ended fund or scheme is one that is available for subscription and repurchase on a continuous basis. These schemes do not have a fixed maturity period. Investors can conveniently buy and sell units at Net Asset Value (NAV) related prices which are declared on a daily basis.

The key feature of open-end schemes is liquidity.Close-ended Fund/ SchemeA close-ended fund or scheme has a stipulated maturity period e.g. 5-7 years. The fund is open for subscription only during a specified period at the time of launch of the scheme. Investors can invest in the scheme at the time of the initial public issue and thereafter they can buy or sell the units of the scheme on the stock exchanges where the units are listed. In order to provide an exit route to the investors, some close-ended funds give an option of selling back the units to the mutual fund through periodic repurchase at NAV related prices. SEBI Regulations stipulate that at least one of the two exit routes is provided to the investor i.e. either repurchase facility or through listing on stock exchanges. These mutual funds schemes disclose NAV generally on weekly basis.Growth / Equity Oriented SchemeThe aim of growth funds is to provide capital appreciation over the medium to long- term. Such schemes normally invest a major part of their corpus in equities. Such funds have comparatively high risks. These schemes provide different options to the investors like dividend option, capital appreciation, etc. and the investors may choose an option depending on their preferences. The investors must indicate the option in the application form. The mutual funds also allow the investors to change the options at a later date. Growth schemes are good for investors having a long-term outlook seeking appreciation over a period of time.

Income / Debt Oriented SchemeThe aim of income funds is to provide regular and steady income to investors. Such schemes generally invest in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures, Government securities and money market instruments. Such funds are less risky compared to equity schemes. These funds are not affected because of fluctuations in equity markets. However, opportunities of capital appreciation are also limited in such funds. The NAVs of such funds are affected because of change in interest rates in the country. If the interest rates fall, NAVs of such funds are likely to increase in the short run and vice versa. However, long term investors may not bother about these fluctuations.Balanced FundThe aim of balanced funds is to provide both growth and regular income as such schemes invest both in equities and fixed income securities in the proportion indicated in their offer documents. These are appropriate for investors looking for moderate growth. They generally invest 40-60% in equity and debt instruments. These funds are also affected because of fluctuations in share prices in the stock markets. However, NAVs of such funds are likely to be less volatile compared to pure equity funds.Money Market or Liquid FundThese funds are also income funds and their aim is to provide easy liquidity, preservation of capital and moderate income. These schemes invest exclusively in safer short-term instruments such as treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and inter-bank call money, government securities, etc. Returns on these schemes fluctuate much less compared to other funds. These funds are appropriate for corporate and individual investors as a means to park their surplus funds for short periods.

Gilt FundThese funds invest exclusively in government securities. Government securities have no default risk. NAVs of these schemes also fluctuate due to change in interest rates and other economic factors as is the case with income or debt oriented schemes.Index FundsIndex Funds replicate the portfolio of a particular index such as the BSE Sensitive index, S&P NSE 50 index (Nifty), etc. These schemes invest in the securities in the same weightage comprising of an index. NAVs of such schemes would rise or fall in accordance with the rise or fall in the index, though not exactly by the same percentage due to some factors known as "tracking error" in technical terms. Necessary disclosures in this regard are made in the offer document of the mutual fund scheme.

TYPES OF RETURN:

There are three ways, where the total returns provided by mutual funds can be enjoyed by investors:

Income is earned from dividend on stocks and interest on bonds. A fund pays out nearly all income it receives over the year to fund owners in the form of a distribution.

If the fund sells securities that have increased in price, the fund has a capital gain. Most funds also pass on these gains to investors in a distribution.

If fund holdings increase in price but are not sold by the fund manager, the fund’s share increase in price.You can then sell your mutual fund shares for a profit. Funds will also give you a choice either to receive a check for distributions or to reinvest the earnings and get more shares.

HOW TO INVEST IN A MUTUAL FUND:-

Mutual funds normally come out with an advertisement in newspapers publishing the date of launch of the new schemes. Investors can also contact the agents and distributors of mutual funds who are spread all over the country for necessary information and application forms. Forms can be deposited with mutual funds through the agents and distributors who provide such services. Now a days, the post offices and banks also distribute the units of mutual funds. However, the investors may please note that the mutual funds schemes being marketed by banks and post offices should not be taken as their own schemes and no assurance of returns is given by them. The only role of banks and post offices is to help in distribution of mutual funds schemes to the investors.Investors should not be carried away by commission/gifts given by agents/distributors for investing in a particular scheme. On the other hand they must consider the track record of the mutual fund and should take objective decisions.

PROCEDURE FOR REGISTERING A MUTUAL FUND WITH SEBI:-

An applicant proposing to sponsor a mutual fund in India must submit an application in Form A along with a fee of Rs.25,000. The application is examined and once the sponsor satisfies certain conditions such as being in the financial services business and possessing positive net worth for the last five years, having net profit in three out of the last five years and possessing the general reputation of fairness and integrity in all business transactions, it is required to complete the remaining formalities for setting up a mutual fund. These include inter alia, executing the trust deed and investment management agreement, setting up a trustee company/board of trustees comprising two- thirds independent trustees, incorporating the asset management company (AMC), contributing to at least 40% of the net worth of the AMC and appointing a custodian. Upon satisfying these conditions, the registration certificate is issued subject to the payment of registration fees of Rs.25.00 lacs.  

MUTUAL FUNDS- [terms]

1. NAV: Net Asset Value is the market value of the asset of the scheme minus its liabilities. The per unit NAV is the net asset value of the scheme divided by the no. of the units outstanding on the valuation date.

2. SALE PRICE: is the price you pay when you invet in a scheme, also called offer price. It may include a sales load.

3. REPURCHASE PRICE: is the price at which a close ended schemes repurchase their units and close ended schemes redeem their units on maturity.

4. SALES LOAD: is a charge collected by a scheme when it sells the units, also called front end load.

5. BACK END LOAD: is a charge collected by a scheme when it buys back the units from the unit holders.

Distribution of Mutual Funds

In the past 25 years, there have been dramatic changes in how mutual funds are sold to the investing public. Before 1980, all funds had a single share class, and shares of a given fund were offered to all investors. Most funds were sold through a broker, who provided advice, assistance, and ongoing service to the fund buyer. The shareholder paid for these distribution services through a front-end sales charge when he or she bought the fund. Other funds sold shares directly to investors without a sales charge. Investors in these funds either did not receive advice and assistance or obtained and paid for these services separately. Funds sold through financial professionals such as brokers have since adopted alternatives to the front-end sales charge. The alternative payment methods typically include a fee based on assets that may also be in combination with a front-end or back-end sales charge. In many cases, funds offer several different share classes — all of which invest in the same underlying portfolio of assets, but each share class may offer shareholders different methods of paying for broker services. In addition, the range of venues (or distribution channels) through which an investor can purchase fund shares has expanded since 1980, and each distribution channel may offer different services. As a consequence, companies sponsoring mutual funds have created new funds and share classes that have costs reflecting the different distribution services. With the expansion in distribution channels, many fund sponsors have abandoned earlier, single-channel distribution strategies in favor of multi-channel distribution. As a result, mutual fund sponsors that once marketed exclusively through a single, traditional distribution channel — a sales force or directly to investors — often now compete head-to-head in the same distribution channels. The changes in fund distribution have been accompanied by a significant decrease in the average cost of distribution services incurred by mutual fund buyers. The decline in distribution costs reflects a variety of developments, including competition between mutual funds, expansion of the 401(k) plan market and other markets with low distribution costs, and increased availability of lower-cost advice to investors.

Mutual funds are sold through five principal distribution channels:

(1) The direct channel

(2) The advice channel

(3) The retirement plan channel

(4) The supermarket channel

(5) The institutional channel.

The first four channels primarily serve individual investors. In the direct channel, investors carry out transactions directly with mutual funds. In the advice, retirement plan, and supermarket channels, individual investors use third parties or intermediaries that conduct transactions with

mutual funds on their behalf. Third parties also provide services to fund investors on behalf of mutual funds.

_ The most important feature of the advice channel is the provision of investment advice and ongoing assistance to fund investors by financial advisers at full-service securities firms, banks, insurance agencies, and financial planning firms. Advisers are compensated through sales loads or from asset-based fees.

_ The retirement plan channel primarily consists of employer-sponsored defined contribution plans in which employers provide mutual funds and other investments for purchase by plan participants through payroll deductions.

_ The supermarket channel is made up of discount brokers that offer mutual funds from a large number of fund sponsors. Many of the fund offerings are subject to no transaction charges or sales loads.

_ Businesses, financial institutions, endowments, foundations, and other institutional investors use the institutional channel to conduct transactions either directly with mutual funds or through third parties.

MUTUAL FUND DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS

Mutual funds are offered for sale in five distribution channels (Figure 1). In the direct channel, investors carry out transactions directly with mutual funds themselves by mail, phone, the Internet, or at customer service centers. In the advice channel, investors purchase and redeem shares through financial advisers at securities firms, banks, insurance agencies, and financial planning firms. In the supermarket channel, discount brokers offer a large number of mutual funds to investors from a broad array of fund companies. In the retirement plan channel, employers sponsoring defined contribution plans select a limited number of mutual funds for retirement plan participants to purchase. Finally, the institutional channel consists of non-personal accounts held by trusts, corporations, financial institutions, endowments, nonprofit businesses, and other organizations.

In contrast to the institutional channel, investors in the other four channels are principally individuals. Among these four channels, it is only in the direct channel that investors interact with mutual funds themselves. In the other three channels — advice, supermarket, and retirement plan — a third party or intermediary, whether a discount broker, financial adviser, or a retirement plan administrator selected by the 401(k) plan sponsor, places transaction orders with mutual funds on behalf of investors and provides services to investors on behalf of mutual funds. In many instances, the funds themselves may not know the identity of the investors but only that of the intermediaries.

During the 1990s, it became increasingly common to offer mutual funds through more than one distribution channel. The development of multi-channel distribution has brought a larger number of funds into direct competition within the same distribution channel.

As a share of mutual fund assets, the advice channel is the largest, accounting for an estimated 55 percent of all mutual fund assets at the end of 2002 (Figure 2). The retirement plan channel is second in size with an asset share of 16 percent. The institutional channel has an estimated 13 percent, the direct channel 12 percent, and the supermarket channel 5 percent of all fund assets.

A distribution channel’s asset share, however, does not necessarily reflect individual investors’ use of that channel. In a household survey of mutual fund owners conducted in 2001, 48 percent indicated that the retirement plan channel was their primary source of mutual fund purchases, while 37 percent pointed to the adviser channel as the primary purchase channel (Figure 3).2 This reversal partly reflects the relative newness of the retirement plan channel, which did not grow rapidly until the 1990s. Hence, average account sizes are much smaller in the retirement plan channel than in the adviser channel. In addition, the presence of assets in other channels often resulted from the rollover of assets from defined contribution plans, usually triggered by job changes and retirement. Ten percent of the respondents to the survey primarily used the direct channel, and 5 percent used the supermarket channel.

The remainder of this section describes more fully the features of the five distribution channels.

Direct Channel

In the direct channel, investors buy and redeem shares directly from the fund or, more precisely, through the fund’s transfer agent. The fund company sponsoring the fund does not provide investment advice, so investors must undertake their own research to choose funds. Fund companies selling directly to investors provide a variety of products and tools to assist in decision making. When investors purchase fund shares directly, the fund company provides ongoing services to the fund shareholder such as quarterly statements, recordkeeping, and transaction processing. These firms typically maintain websites and telephone servicing centers that their direct customers may use. Because of the relatively fixed cost of providing these services, funds selling directly to investors often require higher minimum balances than funds offering shares through third parties, and they frequently assess fees to those investors who do not maintain the minimum balance levels in their accounts.

Advice Channel

The principal feature of the advice channel is the provision of investment guidance, assistance, and advice by financial professionals. These include full-service brokers at national wire-houses, independent financial planners and advisers, registered sales representatives at banks and savings institutions, and insurance agents. Such advisers help fund shareholders identify financial goals such as retirement, tax management, education savings, and estate planning. They assess the risk tolerance of their clients and select mutual funds and other investments to meet these goals. As an intermediary between investors and funds, financial professionals conduct transactions for the shareholder, maintain the financial records for the investments under their management, send periodic financial statements to shareholders, and Perspective coordinate the distribution of prospectuses, financial reports, and proxy statements to shareholders on behalf of the funds. Shareholders’ questions about their funds and accounts often are handled by the financial professionals rather than by the fund companies themselves.

Fund shareholders must compensate financial professionals for their services with payments over and above the fees and expenses that their fund is charged for the fund’s management. This compensation can be in the form of one-time sales charges or annual 12b-1 and service fees. These annual fees are also used to compensate financial professionals and, along with the fund’s management fees, are part of the expense ratio of share classes sold through financial professionals. Alternatively, some financial professionals charge their clients directly for their services. These advisers typically assess a fee amounting to a percentage of an investor’s assets managed by the financial professional. This fee might range from 1 to 2 percent of assets per year, depending on the size of the account.

Retirement Plan Channel

In the 1990s, defined contribution retirement plans, such as 401(k) plans, became one of the primary sources through which investors buy mutual funds. In 2002, $1 trillion was invested in mutual funds through defined contribution plans, up from $67 billion in 1990. Furthermore, 62 percent of all household owners of mutual funds held shares in defined contribution plans. Employers sponsoring defined contribution plans rely upon third parties to administer the plans and provide plan investments to employees. The third-party administrator (TPA) typically handles the recordkeeping and other

administrative services and assists the employer in the selection of the investment options offered to employees. Investment options typically include mutual funds, guaranteed investment contracts, stable value funds, and company stock. Among the services provided by these third parties are educational materials and seminars for employees that explain the retirement plan, investment options, and investment principles. TPAs are involved in the provision of other services to employees participating in defined contribution retirement plans, including staffing telephone call centers to answer questions, developing and maintaining automated telephone voice-response systems, building and maintaining websites with information specific to the employees’ particular retirement plan, and producing participant account statements, daily transaction recordkeeping, and annual tax reporting. Some employers assume the cost of TPA services. In these cases, employees receive all of the education and service associated with the retirement plan as an employee benefit. Other employers do not subsidize the full cost of the plan. In these cases, third-party services are paid by employer subsidies, direct charges to employees, or fees included in mutual fund expenses. These expenses that pay for third-party services, such as 12b-1 fees and service fees, are included in the expense ratio of the share class along with the annual fees and expenses that shareholders pay for the management of the fund.

Supermarket Channel

The introduction of the first mutual fund supermarket by a discount broker in 1992 represented a significant innovation in the distribution of mutual funds. Many other discount brokers, some affiliated with mutual fund companies, have since organized fund supermarkets. The most important feature of a fund supermarket is its non transaction- fee (NTF) program, whereby an investor may purchase mutual funds with no transaction fees from a large number of fund companies. The NTF offerings at a discount broker often number in the thousands, providing an investor the convenience of purchasing “noload” funds from different families at a single location. Supermarkets generally do not provide investment advice, and investors must undertake their own research when choosing funds. However, supermarkets provide a variety of products and tools to assist shareholders’ decision making. In addition, the supermarkets provide a convenient platform through which investors can research funds, obtain fund literature, and purchase fund shares. The supermarket platform not only provides fund sponsors with access to a national retail distribution channel, but it also promotes competition among funds because investors can readily compare fund fees, expenses, and returns. The fund supermarket holds a single account with each fund and maintains shareholder transaction records for the mutual fund. The supermarket also provides consolidated reports to fund shareholders, distributes mutual fund proxy statements, financial reports, prospectuses, and tax reports. In addition, because the supermarket maintains the relationship with the investor rather than the fund itself, fund shareholders rely on the supermarket’s telephone representatives and website for account information, reducing the fund’s direct cost for providing these services. Some funds pay for services provided by supermarkets through a 12b-1 fee. In addition, funds can pay for non-distribution services, such as shareholder recordkeeping, using fund assets rather than a 12b-1 fee. Alternatively, some fund advisers use their own revenues to pay the supermarket for servicing their shareholders. The total amount of fees that a supermarket charges the fund is typically based on the fund’s level of assets with the supermarket. Investors can also purchase funds that do not participate in the NTF program through the supermarket. The supermarket recoups the costs of providing services to shareholders in these funds by charging commissions on fund transactions, including reinvestment of dividends and capital gain distributions. In addition, some supermarkets have a special program whereby financial advisers can purchase funds without transaction fees for their clients.

Institutional Channel

The institutional channel comprises a variety of institutions purchasing fund shares for their own accounts. These institutions include businesses, financial institutions, endowments, foundations, and state and local governments. Fund sponsors often create special share classes or funds for institutional investors. Because these investors have large average account balances, the cost of managing a fund or share class with institutional accounts is lower than that for funds with a large number of small accounts. Consequently, the expense ratios for institutional funds and share classes tend to be lower than for comparable funds sold to individual investors.

Institutional investors can purchase shares directly from fund companies, but they also rely on third parties to purchase their fund shares. For example, banks and other third parties that help institutions manage their cash holdings have created platforms that offer a variety of money market funds. These platforms permit institutional investors to place money in multiple money market funds and to move money between the funds on this platform. These arrangements allow institutional investors, which are often restricted as to the portion of their cash holdings that can be held in any particular mutual fund, to easily diversify their holdings across funds.

ROLE OF UNIT TRUST OF INDIA

Establishment

The Unit Trust of India or UTI was established on 1st February, 1964 under the Unit Trust of India Act, 1963 by the government of India. Its establishment has been a landmark in the history of investment trusts in India. It completed 35 years on 30th June, 1999. The UTI started the sale of units to the public from the July,1964.

ObjectsThe basic objective of the UTI is to offer both small and large investors the means of acquiring shares inn the widening prosperity resulting from the steady, industrial growth of the country. There are two primary objectives of UTI, i.e., (i) to promote and pool the small savings from the lower and middle income people who cannot have direct access to the stock exchange, and (ii) to give them an opportunity to share the benefits and fruits of prosperity resulting from rapid industrialization in India.

FunctionsThe main functions of UTI are as follows:

To encourage savings of lower and middle-class people.

To sell units to investors in different parts of the country.

To covert the small savings into industrial finance.

To give them an opportunity to share the benefits and fruits of industrialization in the country.

To provide liquidity to units.

Review of Progress (Operations)The UTI has made good progress during the last 35 years. Bulk of the resources mobilised by the UTI have been deployed in the corporate sector. The UTI gives preference to the securities of new companies as to investments. The UTI invests its funds in government securities. Its operations as to sanction and disbursement of loans during the last few years are given in the table below:

Sanction and Disbursement of Loans by UTI

The total investments of JJTI on 30th June, 1998 stood at Rs. 59,600 crores. i.e., 1997-98, the UTI collected a record sum of Rs. 13.700 crores in its various schemes as against Rs. 9.800 crores in 1996-97. The most popular schemes of UTI is UJP64 under which the UTI earned a record sum of Rs. 3,170 crores as against Rs. 2,600 crores in 1996-97. The rate of dividend under this scheme in 1997-98 was 20%. The income from dividends in the hands of investor is totally exempted from income-tax.

Critical EvaluationThe, UTI operations have been on increase as is evident from the above table. However, the UTI is not free from criticisms and charges which are given below:

The UTI has been charged with the lack of transparency in its operations.

The UTI has been operating within the walls of protection provided to it by the Unit Trust Act, 1963. As such, the UTI has not been subject to any regulation from various statutory bodies including the SEBI.

The UTI has been manipulated by vested interests to effect the transactions on the stock exchanges.

The UTI has been accused of corruption at various levels.

Investors do not possess the right to attend the annual general meetings of the trust.

The expense ratio of the UTI is quite high.

Investors do not get benefits of the capital appreciation of the investments made by them.

The pricing policy of the UTI is open for criticism.

The operations of the UTI fall much short of the standards of efficiency.

The investors are not getting adequate return on their investments.

In spite of the above criticisms, the UTI has emerged as a leading financial institution of India. It has been successful in propagating the unit culture in the country and has offered alternative lucrative channels of investment to small savers

CONCLUSION:

1. A mutual fund brings together a group of people and invests their money in stocks, bonds, and other securities.

2. The advantages of mutuals are professional management, diversification, economies sale, simplicity and liquidity.

3. The disadvantages of mutuals are high costs ,over-diversification, possible tax consequences, and the inability of management to guarantee a superior return.

4. There are many, many types of mutual funds. You can classify funds based on asset class, investing strategy, region, etc.

5. Mutual funds have lots of costs.

6. Costs can be broken down into ongoing fees and transaction fees.

7. The biggest problems with mutual funds are their costs and fees.

8. Mutual funds are easy to buy and sell. You can either buy them directly from the fund company or through a third party.

9. Mutual fund ads can be very deceiving.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. www.Mutualfundindia.com

2. www.birlasunlifemutualfund.com

3. www.franklinfunds.com

4. www.reliancemutualfund.com

5. www.morganstanleymutualfunds.com

6. www.Ingcorefunds.com