Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not...
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![Page 1: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mutations
![Page 2: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
_________: damage to genetic materialA mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they include:1. __________________________2. _________________ (pesticides, etc)3. __________ (nuclear and solar)Many common place items are capable of causing mutations: microwave, fruit from the store, radar, cellular phones….
![Page 3: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Somatic vs Germ Mutations
Some people may have mutations in their skin cells or hair. Such mutations are termed___________. Germ mutations occur only in the ________. These mutations are more threatening because they can be passed to offspring (forever).
![Page 4: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
_________ is a prime time for mutations to occur. The germ mutations that occur during meiosis could be passed on during a fertilization
![Page 5: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mutations effect protein synthesis
____________: Mutated DNA will produce faulty ________ leading to the production of a bad protein.
![Page 6: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Types of mutations
____________: affecting whole or a part of a chromosome
_____: changes to the bases in the DNA of one gene
![Page 7: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chromosome Mutations:_____________During meiosis tetrads may not segregate or in meiosis II, sister chromatids may stick together.Nondisjunction.
The above ___________ is of a person who has nondisjunction of the 21st _______________ or Down syndrome. (note the extra chromosome)
![Page 9: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes
![Page 10: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Gene Mutations: DNA base alterations
Point mutationInsertionDeletionInversionFrame Shifts
![Page 11: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
____________ - when a base is replaced with a different base.
CGG CCC AAT to CGG CGC AAT Guanine for Cytosine
___________ - when a base is added
CGG CCC AAT to CGG CGC CAA T Guanine is added
__________ - the loss of a base
CGG CCC AAT to CGG CCA A T loss of Cytosine
![Page 12: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Frame Shift mutations• A frame shift mutation results from a base
_________ or __________. Each of these changes the _________ that follow the mutation.
CGG CCC AAT to CGG CGC CAA T
• Frame shift mutations have _____ effects than a ______ mutation because they involve more triplets (recall how important triplets are to protein synthesis)
![Page 13: Mutations _________: damage to genetic material A mutation to genetic material is usually not beneficial. ________are things that cause mutations, they.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071705/56649d0b5503460f949df5d3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Frameshift changes the mRNA produced.mRNA from DNA as expected……..GGG CCC TTT AAA
CCC GGG AAA UUU
______ DNA GGC GCC CTT TAA A CCG CGG GAA AUU U
All the triplets are changed, this in turn changes the ___________ of the protein!
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Protein shape determines how a protein will function. A change in one _________ may change the shape enough to distort the _________ (as in sickle cell disease). Thus, change in one base could potentially distort a whole protein. It is more likely that a _________ mutation will change several triplets and distort a protein’s structure.
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Practice some examples?