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Lab Report of Fluid Mechanics

Topic: Visit to National Museum Lahore (Mechanical Section)

List of the apparatuses and objects found there is as;

1. Ellipse Machine;An Ellipse is a regular oval traced by point revolving in plane, so that the sum of its distancesfrom the other two points is constant. A circle is drawn by using compass of a nail and stringed

pen. 2. Check how steady is your hand?

Press the timer button and move the ring from one end to other without touching the wire. Buzzerwill sound if the ring touches the wire.

3. Electrolytic cell and Battery;This Apparatus show the production of Electric current due to flow of free electrons in the

presence of a chemical solution. 4. Piezoelectricity;

When pressure is a applied to some materials, the force of the pressure is passed through thematerial to its atoms, where it derives the electrons out of orbit into the direction of force.Positive and negative charges are built up on opposition to the force. When forced is removed theelectrons tend to move back to their orbits.

Piezoelectricity means the production of electricity due to pressure. 5. Thermo-couple;

Transfer of free electrons across the boundary of two dissimilar metals in contact produces potential difference when heat is supplied to surface of either.

6. Silicon Photovoltaic Cell/ Solar Cell;It is form of photo-cells which unlike photo conductive/emission cells is a source of power. It

generates electromotive force when 2 dissimilar semi-conductors are joined together, are exposedto light. Silicon can be made to behave like two dissimilar semi-conductors by adding impurities,as Arsenic and Gallium.

7. Fluid Centrifugal Machine;When the container or any other object is rotated the centrifugal force drives every part of thesystem away from the center.

8. Effect of Centrifugal force:Mercury and water are placed in a rounded glass vessel. When vessel is rotated both the liquidsmove away from center. Hg being heavier than water settles low while water is pushed up.

9. The Venturi Tube In a tube with narrow section, the pressure of liquid is low where the velocity is high and vice-

versa. 10. Fluid control device ( An application of Venturis tube):

The flow can be restricted to either channels by stopping the air supply to other. 11. Dynamo-Generator

When a Magnet is rotated the magnetic field associated with it passes through the iron coreinstalled on a circular frame. Continuous change of magnetic field through the coil induces anEMF, which is used to lit bulb.

12. Gear PumpIn a Gear pump, liquid is trapped between the teeth and the walls of pump body rather than

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between the two gears and is then forced through the tubing. The intermittent syphon startsyphoning the fluid back down when the fluid reaches its highest point.

13. Syphon:It is a bent tube used to transfer a liquid from vessel at higher level to one at lower level. The

bend tube is filled with a liquid and its one end is immersed in liquid at higher level. Due todifference in pressure between two ends the liquid at higher level will begin to flow out intolower vessel.

14. The Solid Syphon:The chain syphon is a partial analogue explanation of the operation of syphon. When we raise onecontainer then consequently we decrease the size of the chain at that side too. The chain begins toflow from over the pulley, due to weight which is more on other side.

15. Attraction between two spheres: When fast moving air passes through space provided between two light spheres, then byBernoullis theorem the pressure between them decrease and they come close.

16. Application of B ernoullis theorem: By Bernoullis theorem, Pressure of fluid passing through a tube decreases at a place where the

velocity of fluid has increased. Applications listed were lifting of plastic balls when pressure is

applied at the bottom. 17. Bernoullis effe ct on a loose plate

When air is forced through a hole in a plate, it spreads all around due to presence of another layerlying away. This results in the generation of a low pressure in between the two plates. As aconsequence of it the lower plate is lifted above due to difference is pressure.

18. Hydraulic Disk brake:It consists of a master cylinder and 2 small cylinders connected with internal expanding shoesfitted inside close to the inner surface of wheel. All the cylinders are connected with each otherwith a pipe containing fluid.

When brake lever is pressed it through the master cylinder transfers the liquid pressuretowards the small cylinders due to which the pistons are pushed closed and brakes are applied.

19. Hydraulic drum brake:In this the master cylinder and 2 small cylinders are connected with internal expanding shoes,fitted inside close to inner surface of the rotatable drum which is a part of wheel assembly. Pipesare filled with brake oil.

When piston is pressed, it transmits liquid pressure to small cylinders, connected with theinternal expanding shoes. As a result of additional liquid pressure created in small cylinders the

pistons in these cylinders are pressed out and they lined with frictional material stops drum. 20. Air Plane wing

An airplane is lifted above due to the difference between the upper and bottom surface of wings.Wings are designed so that the air speed at the upper end is more.

21.

Hover Craft:Its a vehicle capable of travelling over land, water, mud or ice and other surfaces both at speedand when stationary. Hovercraft is hybrid vessels operated by a pilot as an aircraft rather than acaptain as a marine vessel.

22. Air Table:When pressurized air is forced out through numerous small holes on the top of a table, than it cansupport the objects at some height above the table. This height depends upon the air pressure.

23. Water Hitting a surface:When a water of jet hits a surface it exerts a force on the surface. The size of the forces dependsupon speed and quantity of water and shape of surface.

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24. The Milling Machine:

Move the needle inside so that it never touches the track-lines. Buzzer will buzz if you touch thelines.

25. Flattening of Earth at Poles: Rotation of wheel around its axis has a result in the centrifuge of earth material ending to increaseof diameter along equator at the cost of distance between both poles bulges out.

26. Watts Governor: It consists of 2 masses of spherical balls suspended from vertical shafts rotated by machine.Masses on rotation moves away due to centrifugal action. This process is used in governors whichare used to govern flow rate of fuel.

27. The Pelton wheel: In hilly areas pressure produced by water is sometimes used to generate mechanical energy byrotating wheel by water pressure in lower towns. When pressure is high the edge of wheel isfitted with cups this wheel is called Peltons wheel.

28. The Reaction Turbine:When the water comes out outlets pointing in opposite directions it travels quickly so itsmomentum is large. The pivoted piece of bend pipe acquires a momentum and so creating forces

that will revolver the bent pipe. 29. The Hydraulic press:

Simplest form of hydraulic press consists of a cylinder and piston of large diameter connected by pipe (containing fluid) to one another.

When force is applied on the cylinder, pressure created in the fluid is then transferred tothe piston.

30. Fluid Friction:When a fan rotates it set the nearby air in front of it to a whirling motion. The wind produced canrotate a rough surfaced disc and it will be due to friction between the air and the rough surface ofdisc.

31. Connecting Vessels: In them, regardless of the shape of container or quantity of liquids in each, the liquid maintainsthe same horizontal level.

32. Torricellis Theorem: The pressure and velocity through a hole on the side of the container depends upon height ofwater column.

33. Manometer: It is used to measure the pressure.

34. Bramah Press:It employs Pascals Law that liquids at rest transmit equal pressure in all directions. Total forceacting on a surface area.

Total force acting on surface due to pressure however depends directly upon areaexposed to liquids. This principle is applied in Bramah press to lift heavy loads. 35. Cartesian Driver:

According to Pascals law, pressure exerted on the diaphragm on top is transmitted to surface ofall liquids inside cylinder. As a result of excisional quantity of liquid enters the small floatingtube. It becomes heavier than before and sinks.

36. Archimedes Principle:Any object floating or submerged in a fluid buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of fluiddisplaced by the object.

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37. Surface Tension:

A semi-circular frame hanging by a thread has a thread which is free to rotate along the centeraxis of frame. When the frame is immersed in a liquid and then taken out, the surface of soapfilm, due to mutual attraction of the surface molecules and those neighboring them tend to shrinkin size. The needle is therefore pulled in the direction of tension and ultimately stops at an anglewhere the downward weight component of needle is balanced by total force of tension along thelength of the needle.

38. Electric motor 3-phase:They are commonly used motors. In this system a rotating magnetic field is held in 3 phases eachdisplaced by 120 degree angle.

39. Boyles Law: Volume of given mass of gas is always inversely proportional to exerted pressure provided thattemperature is kept constant.

40. Ripple Tank: By pressing the button and watching interference of 2 set of spherical waves produced at thesurface of water.

41. Crovas Disc:

When air is pushed, longitudinal waves of compression and expansion are produced as a result ofit. 42. Ignition system:

In petrol the spark or lightening of fuel charge at the end of compression stroke is obtained acrossthe terminals of the spark plug by supplying it with high voltage.

43. Diesel fuel injection System:Pump time mechanism is one of the mechanism to inject fuel in diesel engine. The action of

pump times as well as meters the fuel injection. 44. Turbo Charger:

This consists of an arrangement having 2 centrifugal impellers connected together by a shaft. Oneat right is driven by hot exhaust pipe and this derives the right impeller then.

45. Clutch coupling:Clutch coupling engages and dis-engages the vehicle driving shaft from the flywheel of therunning engine for facilitating the selection of appropriate gear ratio.

46. Gear Box:In vehicle requirement of power available for driving varies which is controlled by gear box.

47. Static air pressure in liquids:The pressure in a liquid depends on the depth regardless of the amount of liquid or shape ofcontainer.

48. Stereoscopic vision:They are used to have selective vision, as 3d effect in drawings etc.

49.

Visual perception color mixing:Different colors with perceived mixed are no longer the ones we start out with. 50. Newtons colo r disc:

Component colors of white light are mixed in with different proportions. When the dsc rotatesagain white color appears.

List of Engine models there:

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1. Steam engine 2. 4 stroke petrol engine 3. Motor Engine 4. 2 stroke petrol engine 5. Wankel engine 6. High speed turbo Jet engine 7. 4 stroke diesel engine 8. Air-craft piston engine 9. Fiat old engine