MUSTARDBrassica juncea L.

Group No: 04

INTRODUCTION

• Native to temperate regions of Europe

• More than 350 genera

• One of the first domesticated crops

• Major cultivating countries are Nepal, Canada, Myanmar, China & United State

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids

Order: Brassicales

Family: Brassicaceae

Genus: Brassica

MORPHOLOGY

Flowers• Mostly perfect flowers• Actinomorphic• Four sepals & four petals • Six stamens • Ovary superior• Mostly two fused carpel• One to many ovules• One pistil

Leaves

• Opposite • No stipules• Net venation

Fruit

• Seed pods• Many are slender and long

Seed• Small round seeds• Usually about 1 or 2 mm in diameter• May be colored from yellowish white to black

MAJOR GROWING AREAS• Remained as a subsidiary crop in the wet, and

intermediate zones of SL,& also in some areas of dry zone

• Mainly cultivated districts are;⁻ Badulla⁻ Puttalam⁻ Anuradhapura⁻ Rathnapura⁻ Nuwara Eliya⁻ Kurunegala⁻ Matale

FORMS OF MUSTARD & USES

• Mustard oil

• Mustard powder

• Mustard cream

• Mature seeds

• Culinary uses Used as a condiment, as an ingredient in mayonnaise, vinaigrette,

marinades, and barbecue sauce, a popular accompaniment to hot

dogs, pretzels, and bratwurst

• Medicinal uses Sore Throat Relief, Chest Decongestant, Muscle Relaxing Bath, Relief for Tired Feet ,Backache-Treating Bath

• Cosmetics production• Agrochemical production

ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS

Climate

• Mustard is a cool season crop that can be grown in a short growing season

• Seedlings are usually somewhat tolerant to mild frosts after emergence, but severe frosts can destroy the crop

• Moisture stress caused by hot, dry conditions during the flowering period frequently causes lower yields

Soil

• Mustard can be raised on variable soil types with ;

⁻ Fertile⁻ Well-drained⁻ Loamy soils

• Soils prone to crusting prior to seedling emergence can cause problems

• Crop will not tolerate waterlogged soils since growth will be stunted

• Dry sand and dry sandy loam soils should also be avoided

• Seedlings are usually somewhat tolerant to mild frosts after emergence, but severe frosts can destroy the crop

• Seed will germinate at a soil temperature as low as 40°F

CROP ESTABLISHMENTAND

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

• Propagation

• Crop Rotation

• Seed Bed preparation

• Fertilization

• Irrigation

• Weeding

• Pest & Disease Management

• Harvesting & Processing

PROPAGATION

• Propagation- through seeds• Seeds can be sown directly into the ground • Germination will take place within 10 days

SEED BED PREPARATION• seedbed should be;- firm- moist-Uniform

- free of weeds and previous crop residue - close to the surface

• Seedbed preparation depends on the production system

CROP ROTATION

• Three important considerations with respect to mustard in a crop rotation are;

1. Disease control2. Protect soil3. Moisture management

Seeding Date

• Planting should occur as early in the season as the environmental conditions allow

• An earlier seeding date is allowed;o To benefit from the moisture in establishing a

good canopy before weeds emergeo To avoid heat stress during summer that causes

flower or pod abortiono To reduces the risk of damage from fall frosts

that can reduce crop yields and quality

Seeding Rate

•For brown and oriental mustard : 4.5 - 6.7 kg/ha and for yellow mustard : 7.8 - 11.2 kg/ha

•Do not seed mustard deeper than 37 – 50 mm (1 ½ - 2 inch) deep

Irrigation

• The mustard crops are usually grown on conserved moisture received during monsoon rain-fed crops

• Adequate soil moisture & aeration are important for both seed germination & nematode hatching

• The soil is usually very dry and irrigation is required immediately after crop is planted

• For sprinkler irrigation systems, water can be applied immediately after planting to promote rapid germination

• Under gravity irrigation systems, furrows should be put into the field shortly after planting

• After the plants emerge, an additional two to three irrigations may be necessary to provide adequate plant growth and to stimulate nematode egg hatching

FERTILIZATION• Adequate nutrient supply increases the seed and oil

yields by improving the setting pattern on branches, number of siliquae/plant, and other yield attributes

• Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) for different zones changes with climate, soil type, time, and type of cropping system followed

• Chemical fertilization

• Organic fertilization

• Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

WEED MANAGEMENT

• Decline in crop production ranging 15–from 30%

• Critical period is 15–40 days• Hand weeding

PESTS AND DISEASES OF MUSTARD

IMPORTANT PESTS OF MUSTARD

• Diamondback moth• Leaf Webber• Mustard saw fly• Leaf miner• Mustard aphid• Painted bug

Diamondback moth: Plutella xylostella

Symptoms of damage•Whitish patches due to scrapping of epidermal leaf tissues by

young larvae• In later stages larvae bore holes in the leaves•Leaves may be eaten up completely• It also bores into pods and feeds developing seed

Management•Installing pheromone trap•Collection and careful destruction of the larvae•For control of grown up larvae apply 5% malathion dust

Leaf webber: Crocidolomia binotalisSymptoms of damage• Newly hatched larvae feed ;

-initially on the chlorophyll of young leaves -later on older leaves, buds and pods, make webbings and live within

• Severely attacked plants are defoliated• Seeds in the pods are eaten away

Management• Spray any one of the insecticides

- phosalone ,fenvalerate

Mustard saw fly: Athalia lugens proxima

Symptoms of damage

• Initially the larva nibbles leaves, later it feeds from the margins towards the midrib

• The grubs cause numerous shot holes and even riddled the entire leaves

• They consume the epidermis of the shoot

Management• Early sowing should be done• Maintain clean cultivation• Severe cold reduces pest load• Collection and destruction of grubs of saw fly• Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as on anti- feedant

IMPORTANT DISEASES OF MUSTARD• Alternaria blight

• Bacterial rot

• Bacterial stalk rot

• Broomrape

• Club root

• Downy mildew

• Mosaic

• Phyllody

• Powdery Mildew

• Sclerotinia stem rot

• White rust

Alternaria blight

Symptoms• Brown coloured rounded spots appear on all the

parts of plant with black outer ringManagement• Spraying of dithane M – 45 • Grow disease resistant varieties• Use healthy certified seeds

Bacterial rot

Symptoms• Dark colour streaks on stem from the ground level• Gradually these streaks enlarge and girdle the stem• Stem become hollow due to internal rotting• browning of veins and withering of leaves are

observedManagement• Rotating the mustard crop• Follow complete crop and field sanitation• Spray Streptocycline or Copper oxychloride

Downy mildewSymptoms• Grayish white irregular necrotic patches develop on

the lower surface of leaves• The affected inflorescence does not produce any

siliqua or seedManagement• Varieties of Brassica napus group are resistant to this

disease• Destroy the diseased crop debris

HARVESTING & PROCESSING

• The normal maturation of the crop, wind, and rain do not cause shattering before cutting

• great shattering losses when the plants are overripe

• Yellow mustard does not shatter readily and can be straight combined if the crop has matured uniformly (10% moisture) and is free of green weeds

• Plants should be cut just beneath the height of the lowest seed pods

• Brown and oriental varieties will shatter more readily when ripe and should be swathed

• The swathing should begin after the general leaf drop and when the overall field color has changed from green to yellow or brown

• About 75% of the seeds may have reached the mature color of yellow or brown

• The remaining green seeds will mature in the swath before combining

GROUP MEMBERS

• U.M.C.S Udagedara UWU/EAG/11/0018• Premasinghe Y.H.G.D.B. UWU/EAG/11/0023• G.Y.A.D.D Perera UWU/EAG/11/0025

Thank you