Muslims Power Point

8/3/2019 Muslims Power Point

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Muslim Civilization Section 2

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Main Idea / Reading Focus

Islam after Muhammads Death Map: Spread of Islam

The Umayyad Dynasty

The Abbasid Dynasty

The End of Unity

Quick Facts: The End of Unity

The Spread of Islam


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Reading Focus

How did Islam evolve after Muhammads death?

What were key events of the Umayyad dynasty?

What changes occurred under the Abbasid dynasty?

What led to the end of the caliphates unity?

Main IdeaAfter Muhammads death, Islam spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula,

shaping a major empire within 100 years. While the empire eventually

broke into smaller parts, Islam continued to spread.

The Spread of Islam


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The death of Muhammad in 632 presented a challenge for the Muslimcommunity. Who would lead the group and keep it unified? The

answer affected the faiths spread and its future.

Muhammad had notnamed successor

No clear candidate

Abu Bakr, close

companion, early

convert, chosenleader, called caliph,

successor

Muhammads

Successors

Abu Bakr focused onbringing back

bedouin tribes

Built strong Arab

fighting forces to

keep tribes under

control

Reunified Arabia, led

forces north

Priorities

Abu Bakr, successorUmar, expanded

Muslim rule rapidly

637 early victory

against Persian

forces in Iraq

642 victory over

Persian Empire

complete

Expansion of

Territory

Islam after Muhammads Death


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More Expansion After Iraq, Persia, Arab army faced wealthy Byzantine Empire to west

Byantines first lost Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem

639, Byzantine province of Egypt fell; 642, rest of Nile Valley under Arab rule

Internal Conflict and Division

Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of Abu Bakr, caliph

Some had supported Muhammads cousin, Ali

644, Ali lost again, to Uthman, supported by powerful Mecca clan Umayyad

Empire

Only 10 years after Muhammads death, followers had created empire

Conquests continued under later caliphs

661, caliphate stretched from northern Africa in west to Persia in East

More Expansion


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Most Muslims accepted

Umayyad caliph, Muawiya

Called Sunnis, followers of the

Sunna, or way of the Prophet

Alis supporters refused to go

along with Umayyads.

Became known as the Shia,party of Ali

Sunnis and Shias

Umayyads had been

Muhammads enemies,

converted reluctantly, were

unpopular

Uthman killed by rebels

Ali became caliph, but troubles

had just begun

Civil war broke out between

Alis forces, Umayyad; Ali killed,

Umayyad retook control

Alis Troubles

Civil War


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The Shia and Imams

Shia believed God had specially blessed Alis

descendants

Alis descendants, Muhammads true heirs

Shia called each of Alis successors imam

Imam means leader

For the shia, only imams can interpret the Quran.


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Further Division

Husayn killed while holding infant son, battle became known as the

martyrdom of Husayn; split between Sunni, Shia has remained bitter

Third group developed within Islamthe Sufis

Sufis seek mystical, personal connection with God, using range of

practices including breath control and meditation in rituals

Conflict

Conflict deepened between Sunni, Shia after deaths of Muawiya, Ali

Many thought Yazid, Muawiyas son, successor, not a good Muslim

Muhammads grandson, Husayn, led rebellion against Yazid

Husayn, forces defeated in battle at Karbala, Iraq


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Find the Main Idea

What was the result of the successionconflict?

Answer(s): Two different Muslim groups

emergedthe Sunni and the Shia


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Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread. Internal problemsweakened the Umayyads, though, and led to their fall.

Umayyads strengthened rule

after death of Husayn

Achievements:

Established Arabic as official

language

Made coinage uniform

throughout empire

Began first great work of

Islamic architecture, Dome of

the Rock in Jerusalem

Continued Expansion

Armies conquered territory to

borders of China, Indus River

Valley, to east

Took northern Africa, most of

Spain, to west

Conquests spread Muslim

faith, while allowing religiousfreedom for People of the

Book; some restrictions, taxes

for Non-Muslims however

Military Conquests

The Umayyad Dynasty


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Umayyads strengthened central government as caliphate grew in size Arab Muslims became ruling class, with power, privilege unavailable to those

they conquered

Creation of privileged class conflicted with strong Muslim ideal of equality

Wars over succession also upsetting to many faithful, unhappy with

emphasis on political ambition

Displeasure with Umayyads

widespread

Shia continued opposition

Also unrest among conqueredpeople, some Arab tribes

Umayyads weakened by

discontent, time ripe for rebellion

End of the Umayyads

Abbasids, led by descendant of

Muhammads uncle, united many

Umayyad opponents by appearing

to support their causes Abbasids wiped out Umayyads in

series of battles, late 740s

Caliphate entered Abbasid dynasty

Rebellion

Ruling the Empire


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Sequence

What events brought about the end of the

Umayyad dynasty?

Answer(s):A family called the Abbasids took

advantage of discontent with the Umayyads andestablished a new caliphate.


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Baghdad Abbasids relocated capital of

caliphate; rulers lived in

splendor

Chose Baghdad, on Tigris

River, in present-day Iraq

Government

Rulers cut off from people

Caliph hidden behind screen inthrone room, could not be seen

Used Persian officials; vizier,

deputy, oversaw affairs of state

Persian Influence Move to Baghdad beginning of

end of Arab domination of

Muslim world

Abbasids adopted Persian style

of government

Change in Islam

Nature of Islam changed

Abbasids invited all to join in,turned Islam into universal

religion, attracted people of

many cultures

The Abbasid Dynasty


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Trade helped fund cultural

achievement

Most prominent Abbasid caliph,

Harun al-Rashid, helped bringculture to great heights, 786 to

809

Support of scholarship helped

produce lasting achievementsof Islamic arts, sciences

Funding for Change Islam spread through trade

Muslim traders journeyed from

end to end of caliphate,

exchanging goods andinformation

Exchange brought Islam to

West Africa, Southeast Asia

Importance of Trade

A Changing Culture


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Contrast

How did the Abbasids differ from the

Umayyads?

Answer(s): The Abbasids focused more on

prosperity and cultural advancement than on

empire expansion.


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As early as the 800s, Abbasid political power weakened. By the 900s, anumber of small, independent states broke away from the caliphate.

European Christians weakened

Muslim rule

Christian armies began to drive

Muslims out of Spain, 1000s

European Christians began

Crusades

Wanted to make Holy Land

Christian, won at first Muslims eventually retook

Jerusalem

Challenges from Europe 969, serious threat, Fatimid

dynasty established in Egypt

Claimed descent from

Muhammads daughter Fatimah

From Egypt, controlled

Mediterranean, Red Sea

Disrupted Abbasid trade

Fatamids soon richer, morepowerful than Abbasids

Problems from Egypt

The End ofUnity


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Seljuk Turks Many non-Arabs among peoples of caliphate, including Turks

1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control of Baghdad

Seljuks were Sunni Muslims, supported Abbasid caliph

Mamluks and Mongols

1200s, Mamluks took power in Egypt, Syria

1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph; caliphate finished

Islam still a vital force, spread to India, Central and Southeast Asia

War Against Byzantine Empire

Seljuks defended Abbasids against Fatimids, went to war against Byzantine

Empire, defeated Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert

Seljuks would go on to create own empire

Seljuk Turks and Others


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Summarize

What forces ended the unity of thecaliphate?

Answer(s):Abbasids lost political power when

small independent states broke away.

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