MUSLIM WORLD LEAGUE MUSLIM WORLD LEAGUE International Commission on Scientific International Commission on Scientific

Signs Signs in The Quran and The Sunnah, in The Quran and The Sunnah,

Makkah AL-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia Makkah AL-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia (Cairo Office) (Cairo Office)

E-mail : mosalamshaltout@hotmail.comE-mail : mosalamshaltout@hotmail.comhttp : www.m-shaltout.com http : www.m-shaltout.com

THE HOLY QURAN AND COSMOLOGY

Professor M. A. Mosalam SHALTOUT Professor M. A. Mosalam SHALTOUT

The Holy Quran contains many scientific signs in Astronomy and Cosmology. The Holy Quran

classified to 30 chapters contain 114 Sura, where each Sura contains many Ayat (verses). There are more than one thousand (1160) verses in the Holy

Quran speak about Astronomy, Cosmology and natural sciences. Our paper contains 43 verses (In

Arabic) and their translation in English (The Meaning of Glorious Quran), from the Muntakab as published by Supereme Council for Islamic Affairs,

Cairo. The 43 verses speak about: Earth, Planets, Moon, Sun, sunrise and sunset twilights, dawn, the

day and night sky, stars and navigation, serious, zodiacs, the lunar calendar, the relation between solar and lunar calendars, the age of cosmos, the

expanding universe, the big bang, and the big crush.

Abstract

Part 1 : Astronomy in the Part 1 : Astronomy in the Holy QuranHoly Quran

1. Zodiacs1. Zodiacs

ا }} ي�ن�اه� ز� و� وجا ب�ر� اء م� الس� ف�ي ع�ل�ن�ا ج� د� ل�ق� ا و� ي�ن�اه� ز� و� وجا ب�ر� اء م� الس� ف�ي ع�ل�ن�ا ج� د� ل�ق� و�: ل�لن�اظ�ر�ين�ل�لن�اظ�ر�ين� : الحجر{. ) (.(.1616الحجر{. )

God most high says in the Quran: God most high says in the Quran:

““It is we who have set out the Zodiacal It is we who have set out the Zodiacal signs in the heavens, and made them signs in the heavens, and made them fair seeming to (all) beholdersfair seeming to (all) beholders”. ”. (15:16)(15:16)

2. Polars, stars and navigation 2. Polars, stars and navigation ال�ب�ر� }} ظ�ل�م�ات� ف�ي ا ب�ه� � ت�د�وا ل�ت�ه� وم� الن&ج� ل�ك�م� ع�ل� ج� ال�ذ�ي و� ال�ب�ر� و�ه� ظ�ل�م�ات� ف�ي ا ب�ه� � ت�د�وا ل�ت�ه� وم� الن&ج� ل�ك�م� ع�ل� ج� ال�ذ�ي و� و�ه�

ي�ع�ل�م�ون� و�م- ل�ق� اآلي�ات� ل�ن�ا ف�ص� د� ق� ر� ال�ب�ح� ي�ع�ل�م�ون� و� و�م- ل�ق� اآلي�ات� ل�ن�ا ف�ص� د� ق� ر� ال�ب�ح� : و� : األنعام{. ) (.(.9797األنعام{. )The Glorious Quran points to this The Glorious Quran points to this

phenomena:phenomena:““it is who maketh the stars (as beacons) for it is who maketh the stars (as beacons) for

you, that ye may guide yourselves, with you, that ye may guide yourselves, with their help, through the dark spaces of land their help, through the dark spaces of land and sea: we detail our signs for people who and sea: we detail our signs for people who knowknow”. (6:97).”. (6:97).

ت�د�ون� } } ي�ه� ه�م� م� ب�الن�ج� و� ت�د�ون� وعالمات ي�ه� ه�م� م� ب�الن�ج� و� : وعالمات : النحل { ) (.(.1616النحل { )““and marks and sign posts; and by the stars and marks and sign posts; and by the stars

(men) guide themselves(men) guide themselves" (16:16)." (16:16).

Signs Signs

3. Sun and Moon 3. Sun and Moon The sun is mentioned in the Holy Quran 33 times, The sun is mentioned in the Holy Quran 33 times,

and the moon is mentioned 27 times.and the moon is mentioned 27 times.{{ ون��ي�ع�ل�م و�م- ل�ق� اآلي�ات� ل� ص� ي�ف� ق� ب�ال�ح� إ�ال� ذ�ل�ك� الل=ه� ل�ق� خ� ا ي�ع�ل�م�ون� م� و�م- ل�ق� اآلي�ات� ل� ص� ي�ف� ق� ب�ال�ح� إ�ال� ذ�ل�ك� الل=ه� ل�ق� خ� ا {. {. م�

(.(.55: : يونسيونس)) The glorious Quran discriminate, between self The glorious Quran discriminate, between self

emission and reflection as indicated in the following emission and reflection as indicated in the following verses: verses:

““It is he who made the sun to be a shining glory and It is he who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number out stages for her; that ye might know the number of years and the count (of time). nowise did God of years and the count (of time). nowise did God create this but in truth and righteousness. (thus) create this but in truth and righteousness. (thus) both he explain his signs in detail, for those who both he explain his signs in detail, for those who understandunderstand”. (10:5)”. (10:5)

{{ ا ر م� و�ق� ا اج ر� س� ا يه� ف� ع�ل� و�ج� ا وج ب�ر� اء م� الس� ف�ي ع�ل� ج� ال�ذ�ي ك� ا ت�ب�ار� ر م� و�ق� ا اج ر� س� ا يه� ف� ع�ل� و�ج� ا وج ب�ر� اء م� الس� ف�ي ع�ل� ج� ال�ذ�ي ك� ت�ب�ار�ا ن�ير ام& ن�ير (.(.6161الفرقان: الفرقان: {. ){. ) م&

The difference between sun and moon will be made The difference between sun and moon will be made clearer by further quotations from the Quran: clearer by further quotations from the Quran:

““Blessed is He Who made constellations in the Blessed is He Who made constellations in the skies, and placed therein a Lamp and a Moon giving skies, and placed therein a Lamp and a Moon giving lightlight”. (25:61)”. (25:61)

4. The lunar calendar 4. The lunar calendar ن�از�ل� }} م� ه� د�ر� و�ق� ن�ورا ر� م� ال�ق� و� ي�اء ض� م�س� الش� ع�ل� ج� ال�ذ�ي و� ن�از�ل� ه� م� ه� د�ر� و�ق� ن�ورا ر� م� ال�ق� و� ي�اء ض� م�س� الش� ع�ل� ج� ال�ذ�ي و� ه�

ق� ب�ال�ح� إ�ال� ذ�ل�ك� الل=ه� ل�ق� خ� ا م� اب� ال�ح�س� و� ن�ين� الس� ع�د�د� وا� ق� ل�ت�ع�ل�م� ب�ال�ح� إ�ال� ذ�ل�ك� الل=ه� ل�ق� خ� ا م� اب� ال�ح�س� و� ن�ين� الس� ع�د�د� وا� ل�ت�ع�ل�م�ي�ع�ل�م�ون� و�م- ل�ق� اآلي�ات� ل� ص� ي�ع�ل�م�ون� ي�ف� و�م- ل�ق� اآلي�ات� ل� ص� : ي�ف� : يونس{. ) (.(.55يونس{. )

The Holy Quran underlined the usefulness of observing The Holy Quran underlined the usefulness of observing the moon’s movements in calculating time and in the moon’s movements in calculating time and in learning count:learning count:

“ “It is he who made the sun to be a shining glory It is he who made the sun to be a shining glory and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and and the moon to be a light (of beauty), and measured out stages for her; that ye might know measured out stages for her; that ye might know the number of years and the count (of time). the number of years and the count (of time). nowise did God create this but in truth and nowise did God create this but in truth and righteousness. (thus) both he explain his signs righteousness. (thus) both he explain his signs in detail, for those who understandin detail, for those who understand”. (10:5)”. (10:5)

{{ د�يم� ال�ق� ون� ج� ك�ال�ع�ر� ع�اد� ت�ى ح� ن�از�ل� م� ن�اه� د�ر� ق� ر� م� ال�ق� د�يم� و� ال�ق� ون� ج� ك�ال�ع�ر� ع�اد� ت�ى ح� ن�از�ل� م� ن�اه� د�ر� ق� ر� م� ال�ق� ) .{) .{ و� : : يسيس3939).).

God describes the syndic month in the Quran: God describes the syndic month in the Quran: ““And the Moon, we have measured for her And the Moon, we have measured for her

mansions (to traverse) till she returns like the mansions (to traverse) till she returns like the old (and withered) lower part of a date stalkold (and withered) lower part of a date stalk”. ”. (36:39). (36:39).

5. The relation between the solar and lunar 5. The relation between the solar and lunar calendars. calendars.

{{ . ل� ق� عا ت�س� د�اد�وا از� و� ن�ين� س� ائ�ة- م� ث� ث�ال� م� ه� ف� ك�ه� ف�ي ل�ب�ث�وا . و� ل� ق� عا ت�س� د�اد�وا از� و� ن�ين� س� ائ�ة- م� ث� ث�ال� م� ه� ف� ك�ه� ف�ي ل�ب�ث�وا و�ب�ه� ر� �ب�ص� أ ض� ر�

� و�األ� او�ات� م� الس� غ�ي�ب� ل�ه� ل�ب�ث�وا ا ب�م� أ�ع�ل�م� ب�ه� الل�ه� ر� �ب�ص� أ ض� ر�� و�األ� او�ات� م� الس� غ�ي�ب� ل�ه� ل�ب�ث�وا ا ب�م� أ�ع�ل�م� الل�ه�

ه� ك�م� ح� ف�ي ر�ك� ي�ش� و�ال� ل�ي[ و� م�ن د�ون�ه� م�ن ل�ه�م ا م� م�ع� س�أ� ه� و� ك�م� ح� ف�ي ر�ك� ي�ش� و�ال� ل�ي[ و� م�ن د�ون�ه� م�ن ل�ه�م ا م� م�ع� س�أ� و�

دا داأ�ح� : أ�ح� : الكهف{. ) (.(.2626ـ ـ 2525الكهف{. )The Glorious Quran hinted at the relation between The Glorious Quran hinted at the relation between

the Julian (solar) and the lunar calendar: God the Julian (solar) and the lunar calendar: God says: says:

““So they stayed in their cave three hundred So they stayed in their cave three hundred years, and (some) add nine (more). years, and (some) add nine (more).

Say: God knows best how long they stayed: Say: God knows best how long they stayed: with him is (the knowledge of) the secrets of with him is (the knowledge of) the secrets of the heavens and the earth: how clearly he the heavens and the earth: how clearly he sees, how finely he hears (everything) they sees, how finely he hears (everything) they have no protector other than him; nor does have no protector other than him; nor does he share his command with any person he share his command with any person whatsoeverwhatsoever” (18:25-26). ” (18:25-26).

This means the 300 solar years is equal to 309 This means the 300 solar years is equal to 309 lunar years or lunar years or

(1 solar year = 1.03 lunar year). (1 solar year = 1.03 lunar year).

6. The twilight, night sky, and the full moon 6. The twilight, night sky, and the full moon ق� }} ف� ب�الش� م� أ�ق�س� ال� ق� ف� ف� ب�الش� م� أ�ق�س� ال� �ذ�ا . . . ف� إ ر� م� ال�ق� و� ق� و�س� ا و�م� الل�ي�ل� �ذ�ا . و� إ ر� م� ال�ق� و� ق� و�س� ا و�م� الل�ي�ل� و�

ق� ق�ات�س� : ات�س� : االنشقاق{. ) (.(.1818--1616االنشقاق{. )““So I do call to witness the ruddy glow of So I do call to witness the ruddy glow of

Sunset (twilight). The Night and its Homing, Sunset (twilight). The Night and its Homing, And the Moon in her FullnessAnd the Moon in her Fullness” (84:16-18).” (84:16-18).

7. Day light and dawn 7. Day light and dawn ا }} ج�اله� �ذ�ا إ ار� الن�ه� ا و� ج�اله� �ذ�ا إ ار� الن�ه� ..33: : الشمسالشمس{. {. و�

God most high points to sun’s scattering of day God most high points to sun’s scattering of day light as one of his mighty works in nature:light as one of his mighty works in nature:

““By the day as it shows up the sun’s gloryBy the day as it shows up the sun’s glory” ” (91:3). (91:3).

�د�ب�ر� }} أ �ذ� إ الل�ي�ل� �د�ب�ر� و� أ �ذ� إ الل�ي�ل� ر� . . و� ف� س�أ� �ذ�ا إ ب�ح� ر� و�الص& ف� س�أ� �ذ�ا إ ب�ح� : و�الص& : المدثر{. ) (.(.3434ــ3333المدثر{. )

““And by the night as it retreateth and by the And by the night as it retreateth and by the dawn as it shineth forthdawn as it shineth forth”. (74:33-34). ”. (74:33-34).

8. Winter and Summer Solstices 8. Winter and Summer Solstices

ب�ي�ن� }} غ�ر� ال�م� ب& و�ر� ي�ن� ر�ق� ال�م�ش� ب& ب�ي�ن� ر� غ�ر� ال�م� ب& و�ر� ي�ن� ر�ق� ال�م�ش� ب& ..))1717: : الرحمنالرحمن(( { {ر�

“ “ He is Lord of the two Easts and He is Lord of the two Easts and Lord of the two WestsLord of the two Wests ”. (55 : 17). ”. (55 : 17).

The movements of the sunrise on the The movements of the sunrise on the horizon from winter to summer horizon from winter to summer solstices and the inverse. solstices and the inverse.

�ن�ا }} إ غ�ار�ب� ال�م� و� ار�ق� ال�م�ش� ب� ب�ر� م� أ�ق�س� ال �ن�ا ف� إ غ�ار�ب� ال�م� و� ار�ق� ال�م�ش� ب� ب�ر� م� أ�ق�س� ال ف�ون� اد�ر� ون�ل�ق� اد�ر� .. ) )4040: : المعارج المعارج ( ( {{ل�ق�

“ “ I do call to witness the Lord of I do call to witness the Lord of orients (easts) and occidents orients (easts) and occidents (wests)(wests)”” (70:40). (70:40).

9. Holy Quran and Serious 9. Holy Quran and Serious ى }} ع�ر� الش� ب& ر� و� ه� �ن�ه� أ ى و� ع�ر� الش� ب& ر� و� ه� �ن�ه� أ .. ) )4949: : النجم النجم (( { {و�

“ “ That he is the Lord of Serious” (53 : That he is the Lord of Serious” (53 : 49). 49).

The Pagan Arabs Worshiped Serious star The Pagan Arabs Worshiped Serious star as a divinity, but the Glorious Quran as a divinity, but the Glorious Quran states that God is the Lord, Creater and states that God is the Lord, Creater and Cherisher of the most magnificent part Cherisher of the most magnificent part of creation, and worship must be due to of creation, and worship must be due to him alonehim alone..

10. Solar and Lunar eclipses 10. Solar and Lunar eclipses ر� }} ال�ب�ص� ب�ر�ق� إ�ذ�ا ر� ف� ال�ب�ص� ب�ر�ق� إ�ذ�ا م�س� . . . ف� الش� ع� م� و�ج� ر� م� ال�ق� ف� م�س� . و�خ�س� الش� ع� م� و�ج� ر� م� ال�ق� ف� و�خ�س�

ر� م� ال�ق� ر�و� م� ال�ق� [.[.1010ـ ـ 77: : القيامة القيامة {]{]و� “ “ At length when the sight is dazed and At length when the sight is dazed and

the moon disappears, and the sun and the moon disappears, and the sun and the moon are joined togetherthe moon are joined together”. (75 : 7-9).”. (75 : 7-9).

11. The difference between the lengths of the 11. The difference between the lengths of the days and nights days and nights

ار� }} الن�ه� و� الل�ي�ل� ت�ال�ف� و�اخ� ض� ر�و�األ� او�ات� م� الس� ل�ق� خ� ف�ي ار� إ�ن� الن�ه� و� الل�ي�ل� ت�ال�ف� و�اخ� ض� ر�و�األ� او�ات� م� الس� ل�ق� خ� ف�ي إ�ن�

األل�ب�اب� و�ل�ي� أل� األل�ب�اب� آلي�ات- و�ل�ي� أل� عمران )) { {آلي�ات- عمران آل (.(. 190190: : آل

“ “ Behold ! In the creation of the heavens and Behold ! In the creation of the heavens and the earth and the alternation of night and the earth and the alternation of night and day, there are indeed signs of men of day, there are indeed signs of men of understandingunderstanding”(3:190). ”(3:190).

The summer of the polar regionThe summer of the polar regionل�م� }} و�م- ق� ع�ل�ى ت�ط�ل�ع� ا د�ه� و�ج� م�س� الش� م�ط�ل�ع� ب�ل�غ� �ذ�ا إ ل�م� حت�ى و�م- ق� ع�ل�ى ت�ط�ل�ع� ا د�ه� و�ج� م�س� الش� م�ط�ل�ع� ب�ل�غ� �ذ�ا إ حت�ى

ت�را س� ا د�ون�ه� م�ن ل�ه�م ع�ل ن�ج� ت�را س� ا د�ون�ه� م�ن ل�ه�م ع�ل : ن�ج� : الكهف{) (.(.9090الكهف{)““Until, when he come to the rising of the sun. Until, when he come to the rising of the sun.

He found it rising on a people for whom we He found it rising on a people for whom we had provided no covering protection against had provided no covering protection against the sun”. (18 : 90). the sun”. (18 : 90).

No Covering protection against the sun, means No Covering protection against the sun, means the sun stays above the horizon for long the sun stays above the horizon for long periods (at the summer of the polar region).periods (at the summer of the polar region).

12. The own motion of the moon and sun 12. The own motion of the moon and sun (dynamic cosmos) (dynamic cosmos)

{{ kل�ك ر� م� ال�ق� و� م�س� و�الش� ار� الن�ه� و� الل�ي�ل� ل�ق� خ� ال�ذ�ي و� ك�لk و�ه� ر� م� ال�ق� و� م�س� و�الش� ار� الن�ه� و� الل�ي�ل� ل�ق� خ� ال�ذ�ي و� و�ه�ون� ب�ح� ي�س� ل�ك- ف� ون� ف�ي ب�ح� ي�س� ل�ك- ف� { {ف�ي

..))3333: : األنبياء األنبياء (( ““(Good is) The one who created the night, (Good is) The one who created the night,

the day, the sun and the moon. Each one the day, the sun and the moon. Each one is swimming (traveling) in an orbit with its is swimming (traveling) in an orbit with its own motionown motion” ” (21::33). (21::33).

Let us think deeply in the following Quranic Let us think deeply in the following Quranic verses : verses :

اب�ق� }} س� الل�ي�ل� و�ال م�ر� ال�ق� ت�د�ر�ك� أ�ن ا ل�ه� ي�نب�غ�ي م�س� الش� اب�ق� ال س� الل�ي�ل� و�ال م�ر� ال�ق� ت�د�ر�ك� أ�ن ا ل�ه� ي�نب�غ�ي م�س� الش� الون� ب�ح� ي�س� ل�ك- ف� ف�ي kل�و�ك ار� ون� الن�ه� ب�ح� ي�س� ل�ك- ف� ف�ي kل�و�ك ار� .. ) )4040: : يس يس (( {{الن�ه�

““It is not permitted to the sun to catch up It is not permitted to the sun to catch up with the moon, nor can the night out strip with the moon, nor can the night out strip the day. Each (just) swims along in (its the day. Each (just) swims along in (its own) orbit (according to law)own) orbit (according to law)”. (36 : 40).”. (36 : 40).

13. The solar System and planets 13. The solar System and planets ال�ك�و�اك�ب� }} ب�ز�ين�ة- الد&ن�ي�ا اء م� الس� ي�ن�ا ز� �ن�ا ال�ك�و�اك�ب� إ ب�ز�ين�ة- الد&ن�ي�ا اء م� الس� ي�ن�ا ز� �ن�ا .. ) )66: : الصافات الصافات ( ({ { إ

““We have indeed adorned the lowest heaven with an We have indeed adorned the lowest heaven with an ornament, the planetsornament, the planets “ (38 : 6) “ (38 : 6)

It is possible that the expression in the Quran “lowest heaven” It is possible that the expression in the Quran “lowest heaven” means the “solar system”? it is known that among the means the “solar system”? it is known that among the celestial bodies nearest to us, there are no other permanent celestial bodies nearest to us, there are no other permanent bodies a part from the planets and the sun which is the only bodies a part from the planets and the sun which is the only star in the system. It is difficult to see what other heavenly star in the system. It is difficult to see what other heavenly bodies could be meant by the ornament, if not the planets. bodies could be meant by the ornament, if not the planets. The translation gives would therefore seem to be correct The translation gives would therefore seem to be correct and the Quran refers to the existence of the planets. and the Quran refers to the existence of the planets.

The planets do not have light of their own. This fact is The planets do not have light of their own. This fact is indicated in the light verse. indicated in the light verse.

ك�ة- }.......}....... ب�ار� م& ة- ر� ج� ش� م�ن د� ي�وق� kي د�ر� oك�و�ك�ب ا ك�أ�ن�ه� ة� اج� ج� ك�ة- الز& ب�ار� م& ة- ر� ج� ش� م�ن د� ي�وق� kي د�ر� oك�و�ك�ب ا ك�أ�ن�ه� ة� اج� ج� : : النور النور ( ( ...... { ...... { الز&3535( ( ..

““The glass is as if it were a planet glittering like a pearl, The glass is as if it were a planet glittering like a pearl, lit from a blessed treelit from a blessed tree”. (24 : 35) .”. (24 : 35) .

Here the reference is to the projection of light onto a body Here the reference is to the projection of light onto a body that reflects it (glass) and gives the body the glitter of a that reflects it (glass) and gives the body the glitter of a pearl like a planet that reflects sun light. pearl like a planet that reflects sun light.

Planet glittering like a pearl was Venus at the ancient Arabs Planet glittering like a pearl was Venus at the ancient Arabs before Islam.before Islam.

14. Spherical Earth and Helocentric 14. Spherical Earth and Helocentric system system

Refering to the Glorious Quran we conclude Refering to the Glorious Quran we conclude the following result: the following result:

The Quran did not defend the false geocentric The Quran did not defend the false geocentric theory although it was inspired at a time theory although it was inspired at a time when this theory had no competition. But the when this theory had no competition. But the Quran pointed to the motion of earth. Quran pointed to the motion of earth.

Spherical shape of the earth: Spherical shape of the earth: ا }} اه� د�ح� ذ�ل�ك� ب�ع�د� ض� ا و�األر� اه� د�ح� ذ�ل�ك� ب�ع�د� ض� . . ))3030: : النازعات النازعات (({{و�األر�

““And the Earth after that (moreover) hath And the Earth after that (moreover) hath he extendedhe extended “(79:30). “(79:30).

Here the translator used the verb "extended" Here the translator used the verb "extended" for the Arabic verb Daha! Where Daha means for the Arabic verb Daha! Where Daha means (He made the earth as egg in the shape). (He made the earth as egg in the shape).

The spherical shape of the earth does not The spherical shape of the earth does not contradict the Quranic verbs. contradict the Quranic verbs.

ا {{ د�د�ن�اه� م� ض� ر�ا و�األ� د�د�ن�اه� م� ض� ر�.. ) )77ق : ق : ((..} } ........ ........و�األ�

““And the earth we have spread it outAnd the earth we have spread it out”. (50 : 7). ”. (50 : 7). i.e. The Earth is round and yet it appears stretched out i.e. The Earth is round and yet it appears stretched out

as a vast expanse. The word “Spread out” gives also as a vast expanse. The word “Spread out” gives also the meaning of a sphere because if you walk on the the meaning of a sphere because if you walk on the earth you will not reach an end. Thus it is actually earth you will not reach an end. Thus it is actually spread out although it is spherical in shape. spread out although it is spherical in shape.

The relation between the shadow and the sun position in The relation between the shadow and the sun position in the sky: the sky:

ع�ل�ن�ا }} ج� ث�م� اك�نا س� ع�ل�ه� ل�ج� اء ش� ل�و� و� الظ�ل� د� م� ك�ي�ف� ب�ك� ر� �ل�ى إ ت�ر� �ل�م� ع�ل�ن�ا أ ج� ث�م� اك�نا س� ع�ل�ه� ل�ج� اء ش� ل�و� و� الظ�ل� د� م� ك�ي�ف� ب�ك� ر� إ�ل�ى ت�ر� �ل�م� أ د�ل�يال ع�ل�ي�ه� م�س� الش� د�ل�يال ع�ل�ي�ه� م�س� . . الش� يرا ي�س� ب�ضا ق� �ل�ي�ن�ا إ ن�اه� ب�ض� ق� ث�م� يرا ي�س� ب�ضا ق� �ل�ي�ن�ا إ ن�اه� ب�ض� ق� ث�م�

((4646ــ 4545 الفرقان :الفرقان :اا(( }}“ “ Hast thou not seen how the lord has spread the Hast thou not seen how the lord has spread the

shade. If he willed , he could have made it shade. If he willed , he could have made it stationary. Moreover we made the sun its guide stationary. Moreover we made the sun its guide and we withdraw it towards us easilyand we withdraw it towards us easily”. (25 : 45 – ”. (25 : 45 – 46). 46).

The phenomenon of shadows and the fact that they The phenomenon of shadows and the fact that they move is simply explained today by the Earth’s move is simply explained today by the Earth’s spinning. spinning.

Part II: Part II: Cosmology in the Cosmology in the

Holy QuranHoly Quran

Unanswered questions in Unanswered questions in cosmologycosmology

Among the unanswered questions in Among the unanswered questions in Cosmology are these: Cosmology are these:

1. What preceded the Big Bang? 1. What preceded the Big Bang? 2. What is the exact age of the universe? 2. What is the exact age of the universe? 3. Will the universe expand forever?3. Will the universe expand forever?4. Does the universe contain a significant 4. Does the universe contain a significant

amount of invisible matter? amount of invisible matter? 5. Will the expansion stop in the future and 5. Will the expansion stop in the future and

the galaxies begin to approach each other the galaxies begin to approach each other in a big crush? in a big crush?

1. Birth of the universe (Big Bang). 1. Birth of the universe (Big Bang). The Glorious Quran present in two phenomena that The Glorious Quran present in two phenomena that

constituted the basic process of the formation of the constituted the basic process of the formation of the universe: universe:

{{ ت�قا ر� ك�ان�ت�ا ض� ر�و�األ� او�ات� م� الس� أ�ن� وا ر� ك�ف� ال�ذ�ين� ي�ر� ل�م� و�

أ� ت�قا ر� ك�ان�ت�ا ض� ر�و�األ� او�ات� م� الس� أ�ن� وا ر� ك�ف� ال�ذ�ين� ي�ر� ل�م� و�

أ�ن�ون� ي�ؤ�م� ال أ�ف� ي[ ح� ء- ي� ش� ك�ل� اء ال�م� م�ن� ع�ل�ن�ا و�ج� ا م� ن�اه� ت�ق� ف� ن�ون� ف� ي�ؤ�م� ال أ�ف� ي[ ح� ء- ي� ش� ك�ل� اء ال�م� م�ن� ع�ل�ن�ا و�ج� ا م� ن�اه� ت�ق� ف� (( {. {. ف�

..))3030: : األنبياءاألنبياء““Do not the unbelievers see the heavens and the Do not the unbelievers see the heavens and the

earth were joined together, when we clove them earth were joined together, when we clove them asunderasunder” (21: 30)” (21: 30)

سبحانه سبحانه وقوله انo }} وقوله د�خ� و�ه�ي� اء م� الس� إ�ل�ى ت�و�ى اس� انo ث�م� د�خ� و�ه�ي� اء م� الس� إ�ل�ى ت�و�ى اس� ...........{. ...........{. ث�م�(.(.1111: : فصلت فصلت ))

““Moreover (God) turned to the heaven when it was Moreover (God) turned to the heaven when it was smokesmoke” (41: 11).” (41: 11).

The important things to remember at present are the The important things to remember at present are the following: following:

a) The statement of the existence of a gaseous mass a) The statement of the existence of a gaseous mass with fine particles (smoke). with fine particles (smoke).

b) The reference to a separation process of a primary b) The reference to a separation process of a primary single mass whose elements were initially fused single mass whose elements were initially fused together. together.

2. The creation of the cosmos in six 2. The creation of the cosmos in six days. days.

{{ ض� ر�و�األ� او�ات� م� الس� ل�ق� خ� ال�ذ�ي الل=ه� ب�ك�م� ر� ض� إ�ن� ر�و�األ� او�ات� م� الس� ل�ق� خ� ال�ذ�ي الل=ه� ب�ك�م� ر� إ�ن�

ي�غ�ش�ي ش� ال�ع�ر� ع�ل�ى ت�و�ى اس� ث�م� �ي�ام- أ ت�ة� س� ي�غ�ش�ي ف�ي ش� ال�ع�ر� ع�ل�ى ت�و�ى اس� ث�م� �ي�ام- أ ت�ة� س� ف�ي ث�يثا ح� ي�ط�ل�ب�ه� ار� الن�ه� الل�ي�ل� ث�يثا ح� ي�ط�ل�ب�ه� ار� الن�ه� : الل�ي�ل� : األعراف ........{. ) (.(.5454األعراف ........{. )

““Your lord is God, who created the Your lord is God, who created the heavens and the earth in six days and heavens and the earth in six days and is firmly established on the Throne is firmly established on the Throne (of authority), he covers the day with (of authority), he covers the day with the night which is in haste to follow the night which is in haste to follow itit”. (7:54). ”. (7:54).

The “day” in the Quran represents a The “day” in the Quran represents a stage or “long length of time” as far as stage or “long length of time” as far as creation or days of God is concerned: God creation or days of God is concerned: God most high says in the Quran:most high says in the Quran:

{{ ف�ي م�ا ب�ي�ن�ه� ا و�م� ض� ر�� األ� و� او�ات� م� الس� ل�ق� خ� ال�ذ�ي ف�ي الل�ه� م�ا ب�ي�ن�ه� ا و�م� ض� ر�� األ� و� او�ات� م� الس� ل�ق� خ� ال�ذ�ي الل�ه�

د�ون�ه� م�ن ل�ك�م ا م� ش� ال�ع�ر� ع�ل�ى ت�و�ى اس� ث�م� �ي�ام- أ ت�ة� د�ون�ه� س� م�ن ل�ك�م ا م� ش� ال�ع�ر� ع�ل�ى ت�و�ى اس� ث�م� �ي�ام- أ ت�ة� س�ن� . م� ر� �م� األ� ي�د�ب�ر� ون� ت�ت�ذ�ك�ر� ال� أ�ف� يع- ف� ش� و�ال� ل�ي[ و� ن� . م�ن م� ر� �م� األ� ي�د�ب�ر� ون� ت�ت�ذ�ك�ر� ال� أ�ف� يع- ف� ش� و�ال� ل�ي[ و� م�ن

ك�ان� ي�و�م- ف�ي �ل�ي�ه� إ ج� ي�ع�ر� ث�م� ض� ر�� األ� إ�ل�ى اء م� ك�ان� الس� ي�و�م- ف�ي �ل�ي�ه� إ ج� ي�ع�ر� ث�م� ض� ر�� األ� إ�ل�ى اء م� الس�

ت�ع�د&ون� ا م� م� ن�ة- س� أ�ل�ف� ه� د�ار� ق� ت�ع�د&ون� م� ا م� م� ن�ة- س� أ�ل�ف� ه� د�ار� ق� : م� : السجدة {. ) (.(.55ــ44السجدة {. ) ““It is God Who has created the heavens It is God Who has created the heavens

and the earth, and all between them, in six and the earth, and all between them, in six Days, and in firmly established on the Days, and in firmly established on the Throne (of authority): ye have none, Throne (of authority): ye have none, besides Him, to protect or intercede (for besides Him, to protect or intercede (for you): will ye not then receive you): will ye not then receive admonition? . He rules (all) affairs from admonition? . He rules (all) affairs from the heavens to the earth: in the end will the heavens to the earth: in the end will (all affairs) go up to Him, on a Day, the (all affairs) go up to Him, on a Day, the space whereof will be (as) a thousand space whereof will be (as) a thousand years of your reckoningyears of your reckoning”. (32:4-5). ”. (32:4-5).

Also the relativity of time is mentioned in Also the relativity of time is mentioned in another Quranic verse where the day is another Quranic verse where the day is compared to (50,000) fifty thousands years!compared to (50,000) fifty thousands years!

{{ �ه د�ار� ق� م� ك�ان� ي�و�م- ف�ي �ل�ي�ه� إ وح� الر& و� ئ�ك�ة� ال� ال�م� ج� ه� ت�ع�ر� د�ار� ق� م� ك�ان� ي�و�م- ف�ي �ل�ي�ه� إ وح� الر& و� ئ�ك�ة� ال� ال�م� ج� ت�ع�ر�ن�ة- س� أ�ل�ف� ين� م�س� ن�ة- خ� س� أ�ل�ف� ين� م�س� (.(.44: : المعارجالمعارج{ ){ ) خ�

““The angels and the Spirit ascend unto The angels and the Spirit ascend unto Him in a Day the measure whereof is Him in a Day the measure whereof is (as) fifty thousand years(as) fifty thousand years”. (70:4)”. (70:4)

Therefore the “day” does not mean a day as Therefore the “day” does not mean a day as we reckon it (24 hours). we reckon it (24 hours).

3. The Seven Heavens (Many Heavens). 3. The Seven Heavens (Many Heavens).

{{ . ط�ب�اقا او�ات- م� س� ب�ع� س� الل�ه� ل�ق� خ� ك�ي�ف� و�ا ت�ر� �ل�م� . أ ط�ب�اقا او�ات- م� س� ب�ع� س� الل�ه� ل�ق� خ� ك�ي�ف� و�ا ت�ر� �ل�م� أم�س� الش� ع�ل� و�ج� ن�ورا ن� يه� ف� ر� م� ال�ق� ع�ل� م�س� و�ج� الش� ع�ل� و�ج� ن�ورا ن� يه� ف� ر� م� ال�ق� ع�ل� و�ج�

اجا ر� اجاس� ر� : س� : نوح{. ) (.(.1616ــ1515نوح{. )

““Did you see how God created seven Did you see how God created seven heavens one above another and made heavens one above another and made the moon a light therein and made the moon a light therein and made the sun a lamp?the sun a lamp?” (71:15-16).” (71:15-16).

{{ اجا و�ه� اجا ر� س� ع�ل�ن�ا و�ج� د�ادا ش� ب�عا س� ك�م� و�ق� ف� ب�ن�ي�ن�ا و� اجا و�ه� اجا ر� س� ع�ل�ن�ا و�ج� د�ادا ش� ب�عا س� ك�م� و�ق� ف� ب�ن�ي�ن�ا { { و�(.(.1313ــ1212النبأ) النبأ)

““We have built above you seven strong We have built above you seven strong (heavens) and placed a blazing lamp(heavens) and placed a blazing lamp” ” (78:12-13).(78:12-13).

4. Gravitation4. Gravitation

ت�و�ى }} اس� ث�م� ا ن�ه� و� ت�ر� د- ع�م� ب�غ�ي�ر� او�ات� م� الس� ع� ف� ر� ال�ذ�ي ت�و�ى الل=ه� اس� ث�م� ا ن�ه� و� ت�ر� د- ع�م� ب�غ�ي�ر� او�ات� م� الس� ع� ف� ر� ال�ذ�ي الل=ه�ر� م� ال�ق� و� م�س� الش� ر� خ� و�س� ش� ال�ع�ر� ر� ع�ل�ى م� ال�ق� و� م�س� الش� ر� خ� و�س� ش� ال�ع�ر� : ع�ل�ى : الرعد...... {. ) الرعد...... {. )

22.).)

““God is the one who raised the heavens God is the one who raised the heavens without any pillars you can see, then he without any pillars you can see, then he firmly established himself on the Thorne firmly established himself on the Thorne and He subjected the sun and the moonand He subjected the sun and the moon…” …” (13:2). (13:2).

ا }} ن�ه� و� ت�ر� د- ع�م� ب�غ�ي�ر� او�ات� م� الس� ل�ق� ا خ� ن�ه� و� ت�ر� د- ع�م� ب�غ�ي�ر� او�ات� م� الس� ل�ق� : خ� : لقمان........ {. ) (.(.103103لقمان........ {. )

““God created the heavens without any God created the heavens without any pillars you can seepillars you can see” (31:10).” (31:10).

إ�ال }....... }....... ض� ر�األ� ع�ل�ى ع� ت�ق� أ�ن اء م� الس� ك� ي�م�س� إ�ال و� ض� ر�األ� ع�ل�ى ع� ت�ق� أ�ن اء م� الس� ك� ي�م�س� و�

: ب�إ�ذ�ن�ه�ب�إ�ذ�ن�ه� : الحج .......{. ) (.(.6565الحج .......{. )““God holds back the sky from falling on God holds back the sky from falling on

the earth unless by his leavethe earth unless by his leave”. ”. (22:65).(22:65).

ب�ان- }} س� ب�ح� ر� م� ال�ق� و� م�س� ب�ان- الش� س� ب�ح� ر� م� ال�ق� و� م�س� : الش� : الرحمن {. ) (.(.55الرحمن {. )ان� }} يز� ال�م� ع� و�و�ض� ا ع�ه� ف� ر� اء م� ان� و�الس� يز� ال�م� ع� و�و�ض� ا ع�ه� ف� ر� اء م� : و�الس� : الرحمن{. ) (.(.77الرحمن{. )

““The sun and the moon follows courses The sun and the moon follows courses (exactly) calculated…. And the sky (exactly) calculated…. And the sky (God) raised it high, and he has set up (God) raised it high, and he has set up the balancethe balance”. (55:5-7). ”. (55:5-7).

ا }} ب�ن�ي�ن�اه� ك�ي�ف� م� ه� و�ق� ف� اء م� الس� إ�ل�ى وا ي�نظ�ر� ل�م� ا أ�ف� ب�ن�ي�ن�اه� ك�ي�ف� م� ه� و�ق� ف� اء م� الس� إ�ل�ى وا ي�نظ�ر� ل�م� أ�ف�وج- ر� ف� م�ن ا ل�ه� ا و�م� ا ي�ن�اه� ز� وج- و� ر� ف� م�ن ا ل�ه� ا و�م� ا ي�ن�اه� ز� (.(.66: : قق{. ){. )و�

““Do they not look at the sky above them, Do they not look at the sky above them, how we have built it and adrorned it, how we have built it and adrorned it, and there are no rifts in itand there are no rifts in it” (50:6). ” (50:6).

5. The expanding universe:5. The expanding universe:

The following verse of the glorious The following verse of the glorious Quran hints frankly at the Quran hints frankly at the expanding universe : expanding universe :

God Says : God Says :

ع�ون� }} ل�م�وس� �ن�ا إ و� �ي�د- ب�أ ا ب�ن�ي�ن�اه� اء م� ع�ون� و�الس� ل�م�وس� �ن�ا إ و� �ي�د- ب�أ ا ب�ن�ي�ن�اه� اء م� {. {. و�الس�(.(.4747: : الذاريات الذاريات ))

““The Heaven we have built with The Heaven we have built with power, verily. We are expanding power, verily. We are expanding itit“. (51:47)“. (51:47)

6. Matter and antimatter in cosmos. 6. Matter and antimatter in cosmos.

The concept of the existence of matter and The concept of the existence of matter and antimatter in the universe may be antimatter in the universe may be understood through the following universal understood through the following universal quranic fact: quranic fact:

ون� }} ت�ذ�ك�ر� ل�ع�ل�ك�م� ي�ن� و�ج� ز� ن�ا ل�ق� خ� ء- ي� ش� ك�ل� ون� و�م�ن ت�ذ�ك�ر� ل�ع�ل�ك�م� ي�ن� و�ج� ز� ن�ا ل�ق� خ� ء- ي� ش� ك�ل� {. {. و�م�ن(.(.4949: : الذارياتالذاريات))

““And of every thing we have created pairs, And of every thing we have created pairs, that ya may receive instructionthat ya may receive instruction”. (51:49). ”. (51:49).

Thus the annihilation is actually probable Thus the annihilation is actually probable since the pair production is a universal rule since the pair production is a universal rule designed by God most high. designed by God most high.

7. The Big Crush in Holy Quran7. The Big Crush in Holy QuranThe following Quranic verses may point to the The following Quranic verses may point to the

expected big crush: expected big crush: ت� { { ط�ر� انف� اء م� الس� �ذ�ا ت� إ ط�ر� انف� اء م� الس� �ذ�ا ت� . . إ انت�ث�ر� ال�ك�و�اك�ب� �ذ�ا إ ت� و� انت�ث�ر� ال�ك�و�اك�ب� �ذ�ا إ ار� . . و� ال�ب�ح� �ذ�ا إ ار� و� ال�ب�ح� �ذ�ا إ و�

ت� ر� ج� ت�ف� ر� ج� ((33--11االنفطار ) االنفطار ) }.}.ف�““When the sky is cleft asunder; when the When the sky is cleft asunder; when the

plants are scattered, when the seas are plants are scattered, when the seas are suffered to burst forthsuffered to burst forth”. (82-1-3). ”. (82-1-3).

د�ة { { و�اح� د�ك�ة د�ك�ت�ا ف� ب�ال� ال�ج� و� ض� ر�األ� ل�ت� م� د�ة و�ح� و�اح� د�ك�ة د�ك�ت�ا ف� ب�ال� ال�ج� و� ض� ر�األ� ل�ت� م� الحاقة {. ) : الحاقة {. ) : و�ح�

1414((..““And the earth is moved, and its mountains And the earth is moved, and its mountains

and they are crushed at one strokeand they are crushed at one stroke”. (69 : ”. (69 : 14). 14).

} } د�ك=ا د�ك=ا ض� ر�� األ� د�ك�ت� �ذ�ا إ �ال د�ك=ا د�ك=ا ض� ر�� األ� د�ك�ت� �ذ�ا إ ((2121 : : الفجر {. )الفجر {. )�ال

““Nay, When the earth is poundedNay, When the earth is pounded”. (89 : 21).”. (89 : 21).ي�ع�يد�ه� .............. {{ ث�م� ل�ق� ال�خ� � ي�ب�د�أ �ن�ه� ي�ع�يد�ه� إ ث�م� ل�ق� ال�خ� � ي�ب�د�أ �ن�ه� ((44 ::يونس .... {. )يونس .... {. )إ

““It is he who beginneth the process of It is he who beginneth the process of creation, and repeateth itcreation, and repeateth it ”. (10: 4). ”. (10: 4).

ConclusionsConclusionsFrom our present study we conclude the following:From our present study we conclude the following: The Holy Quran is rich by the verses related to astronomy The Holy Quran is rich by the verses related to astronomy

and cosmology, where the both were very interested for the and cosmology, where the both were very interested for the people in the Arab Peninsula during the 7th century A.D. people in the Arab Peninsula during the 7th century A.D. where the observational astronomy was the main culture of where the observational astronomy was the main culture of the ancient Arabs in the desert with the clear skies for the ancient Arabs in the desert with the clear skies for navigation.navigation.

The Holy Quran not subject to the Greek or the Ptolemaic The Holy Quran not subject to the Greek or the Ptolemaic theories about astronomy and cosmology in the 7th century, theories about astronomy and cosmology in the 7th century, and not affected by the ancient Greek philosophy, and have and not affected by the ancient Greek philosophy, and have independent characteristics (Special Personality). independent characteristics (Special Personality).

The Holy Quran describe in more detail some astronomical The Holy Quran describe in more detail some astronomical phenomena as the dwan, the sunrise, the noon, the sunset, phenomena as the dwan, the sunrise, the noon, the sunset, and the evening twilight, where all of them are correlated and the evening twilight, where all of them are correlated with the prayers of the Moslems. Also, the Holy Quran with the prayers of the Moslems. Also, the Holy Quran describe in detail the visibility of the new crescent, for its describe in detail the visibility of the new crescent, for its importance for Ramadan, and El-Haij.importance for Ramadan, and El-Haij.

The Holy Quran is the most holy book correlated with the sky The Holy Quran is the most holy book correlated with the sky (Astronomy and Cosmology) from the believe that: The God is (Astronomy and Cosmology) from the believe that: The God is stay above the heavens. stay above the heavens.

The Holy Quran is not against the idea of the many heavens The Holy Quran is not against the idea of the many heavens (multi cosmos), but strict on the God is alone for all the (multi cosmos), but strict on the God is alone for all the heavens and cosmos (One God for all the universe). heavens and cosmos (One God for all the universe).

ReferencesReferences The Glorious Quran and modern science, by Mansour Hassab El-Naby, General The Glorious Quran and modern science, by Mansour Hassab El-Naby, General

Egyptian book organization, Cairo, Egypt, (1990), (in English).Egyptian book organization, Cairo, Egypt, (1990), (in English). The Muntakab, by Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Cairo Egypt, (2006), (in The Muntakab, by Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Cairo Egypt, (2006), (in

Arabic and English), about the meaning of the Glorious Quran.Arabic and English), about the meaning of the Glorious Quran. Islam in science age, by M.A. Gamrawy, (in Arabic), Dar El-Ketab El-Hadith, Islam in science age, by M.A. Gamrawy, (in Arabic), Dar El-Ketab El-Hadith,

Cairo, Egypt, (1973). Cairo, Egypt, (1973). Iron from supernova and our solar system formation (The fall of iron from heaven Iron from supernova and our solar system formation (The fall of iron from heaven

“sky” as mentioned in the Holy Quran); Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal “sky” as mentioned in the Holy Quran); Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal of the International committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and of the International committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, article 13, vol. 10, Muslim World League, Makka Al-Mukurrmah, Saudi Sunnah, article 13, vol. 10, Muslim World League, Makka Al-Mukurrmah, Saudi Arabia, (in Arabic), (2003).Arabia, (in Arabic), (2003).

Serious star in the Holy Quran; Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal of the Serious star in the Holy Quran; Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal of the International committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, International committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, article 11, vol. 11 (in Arabic) (2002). article 11, vol. 11 (in Arabic) (2002).

The reflected heaven; Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal of the The reflected heaven; Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal of the International committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, International committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, article 2, vol. 17, (in Arabic) (2004). article 2, vol. 17, (in Arabic) (2004).

El-Kabaa El-Musharafaa and the four geographical directions and its astronomical El-Kabaa El-Musharafaa and the four geographical directions and its astronomical orientation; Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal of the International orientation; Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal of the International committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, article 1, vol. 22, committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, article 1, vol. 22, (in Arabic) (2006). (in Arabic) (2006).

Supernova Ali Ibn Radwan and the Holness of the stationary cosmos in the Supernova Ali Ibn Radwan and the Holness of the stationary cosmos in the thinking of medieval; Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal of the International thinking of medieval; Mosalam Shaltout, The Seasonal Journal of the International committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, article 5, vol. 28, committee on the scientific signs in the Holy Quran and Sunnah, article 5, vol. 28, (in Arabic) (2007). (in Arabic) (2007).

Thank You