MUSLIM MINORITY IN INDIA

Under The Supervision of

Dr. Iram Khalid

Submitted by

JANNAT MUBASH

M Phil International Relations

FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS

Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore

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ABSTRACT

This paper sheds light at understanding the fortune of the Muslim Minority in

India. In context of the issues and problems faced by Muslims of India it attempts

to explore the root cause of all suppression. The paper briefly discusses the

demographic distribution and educational status of Muslims. The constitution of

India has also been analyzed in order to examine the constitutional status of

Muslim minority. A little light has been thrown on how the thought process of

Muslims has been affected over the period of years. Further the role of Indian

leadership in the initial constitutional building and later in state‟s political

makeover is broadly discussed. Along with the role of political leadership, the role

of some prominent fanatic Hindu organizations in promoting Hindutva and

communalism against Muslims, in collaboration with political parties is also

discussed. Lastly the role of Indian Media has been examined. The paper ends

raising questions over Indian secularism and giving certain recommendations for

both; the Muslim minority to counter the new wave of Hindutva and also for the

Indian leadership to acknowledge the importance of reforming India into a

practical secular state, that actually protects the rights of minorities.

KEY WORDS: Muslim Minorities, Communalism, Secularism, Religion,

Hindutva, Modutva,

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CONTENTS

Abstract ...................................................................................................................... i

Constitutional Status of Muslim Minority ................................................................. 2

Research Questions .................................................................................................... 3

Research Objectives ................................................................................................... 4

Literature Review ....................................................................................................... 4

Historical Context ...................................................................................................... 6

Discussion .................................................................................................................. 8

Issues & Problems ...................................................................................................... 8

Role of Political leadership ........................................................................................ 9

Role of Indian Media ...............................................................................................13

Summary ..................................................................................................................14

Findings ....................................................................................................................15

Recommendations ....................................................................................................16

My Idea ....................................................................................................................18

References ................................................................................................................18

1

Minorities are marginalized communities, marginalized on the basis of Cast,

colour, creed, religion, culture and language. The Muslim minority of India have

been suffering the turmoil since the inception of India.

Demographically Muslims make up 14% of the Indian population that lives under

worst conditions of poverty and unemployment. Muslims of India are deprived of

basic rights, they are deprived of political participation, they are deprived of a

share in government jobs. They are the most neglected and the most exploited

group of the Indian society. Educationally also the Muslims are deprived of basic

education, the children in schools are treated inhumanely and are forced to oblige

to the Hindu doctrines, however in Higher educational institutions they are not

given admissions, only the elite Muslims are incorporated into the Muslim quota

which is very less in number, thus the Muslims don‟t even have right to educate

themselves. As per the census of India 2011, the literacy rate among Muslims is

59%. Religiously they are repressed, they are not allowed to practice their religious

traditions openly or else they will be facing serious consequences. Muslims work

participation is 31%, 47% contributed by males and 14% contributed by females.

20% of the Muslims contribute as cultivators, 22% as agricultural laborers, 8.2% in

the household industry and 49% as other workers. (Census of India 2011) Thus

Muslims make up a major part of India‟s lower level work force but are given no

fruitful results.

India claims to be a secular state and the story of Muslim Minority tells a totally

different story. In framework of a secular state the minorities are guaranteed full

fundamental rights and equal citizenship but the Indian version of secularism even

fails to recognize the Muslims as humans that at least should be given basic human

rights.

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Constitutional Status of Muslim Minority

A closer look at the Indian constitution demonstrates that secularism is not even

made part of the constitution of the state. The term “secularism” does not exist in

the objective resolution, nor does it exists in the Indian constitution. This shows

that being secular is of what importance to India. There is not even a single direct

provision in the constitution of India that is comparable to the first amendment of

the US constitution. If the Indian constitution is carefully studied one would see

that it is unsecular in several respects, moreover it not even forbids discrimination

on religious grounds. Some of the major provisions from the Indian constitution in

favour of my argument are listed below:

• Article 15(1) of the constitution which embodies the principle of religious

non-discrimination permits religion as one of the „legal factors‟.

• Article 16 (2) makes religion as one of the grounds for rendering a citizen

ineligible for or discriminating against him in respect of any employment or

office.

• Article 23(2) allows discrimination while imposing compulsory service in

public interest on the basis of religion.

• Article 29(2) approves discrimination in matter of admission into any state-

owned educational institute on purely religious grounds.

• Article 21(1) says the imparting of education in any educational institutions

is maintained by state funds.

• Article 25(2) which lays the fundamental rights, says that the state has the

power to restrict the freedom of the individual to choose the religion he

would like to profess, in interest of the public order, morality and health.

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• This article also says that the state enjoys broad powers of interference in

religious matters and has vast power to control the financial administration

of religious institutions.

• Article 26 of the Indian constitution says that a legislature can validly

impose laws regulating the administration of religious institutions. (Ref book

library, 1970)

In other words the constitution of India permits the state to draft sectarian or

communal legislation and it also empowers the state to legislate different laws for

different groups. This illustrates discrimination among Indian masses as a clear

feature of the Indian constitution. Irony of the fact is that Indian leadership has

legalized discrimination through their constitution and claim to be a secular nation.

Another major point to be mentioned is that Indian constitution has declared

religion as a legal factor which means religion matters with the state‟s political

affairs however the constitutions of other secular states for example Brazilian

constitution Article 14(8), Bulgarian constitution Article 71, Burmese constitution

Article 21(3) and Yugoslavian constitution Article 21 completely rule out religion

as a legal factor in conduct of state affairs.

Research Questions

This research paper answers the following questions:

1. What are the major issues faced by the Muslims of India?

2. Why the Muslims of India face oppression despite being the largest minority

group and a major part of Indian population?

3. What is the role of Indian Media in promoting antagonism against Indian

Muslims?

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4. Why the muslins of India do not form a strong resisting movement against

the government?

Research Objectives

• To access the major issues faced by the Muslim Minorities in India.

• To explore the major causes for Hindu oppression against their largest

minority group.

• To analyze the role of Indian Media in promoting antagonism against

Muslims Minorities.

Literature Review

The plight of the Muslim minority in India remained academically untouched till

the 1950s. As communalism took grounds and numerous communal Hindu

organizations became active in India, a number of Muslims were killed as a result

of communal riots in 1950 which led to minority crisis between India and Pakistan.

Minorities became a regional issue because of the communal rioting between two

South Asian neighboring states, and thus gained attention of International

community and academia. It was after signing of the Liaquat-Nehru pact or the

minorities pact in April 1950 that by 1960s scholars started writing about the issues

of the Muslim minority of India.

A major research on the Muslim minority of India has been conducted by S. Abid

Hussain. She has divided her book into three parts, first part discusses the roots of

the secular communalism, religious nationalism and secular nationalism among

Indians. Further the author discusses the post 1947 era in which she focuses on the

presence of strong Hindu nationalistic sentiments in a so-called democratic India

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claimed to be secular. Moreover the author studies in detail the social cultural and

economic life of Indian Muslims and their relations with Hindu brothers. This book

provides deep understanding of the status of Muslim minority in India. (Saleha

Abid Hussain, 1965, The Destiny of Indian Muslims, Asia Publishing House,

London).

A very important contribution is made by Shahzana Mallick. Her research focuses

on the Hindu revivalism and its direct impact over Muslim minority. In her book

she began with discussing the Hindu revivalism in the pre-independence era and

moves on to discussing its growing wave in the post-independence era. Further she

highlights the role of Indian leadership in promoting Hindu religious antagonism

and then the sufferings of Indian Muslims. Her book is a major work for

understanding the Hindu mindset and the real condition of Muslims in a so-called

secular state of India. (Shahzana Mallick, 1994 Hindu Revivalism and the Indian

Muslims, Quaid-E-Azam University, Islamabad).

Another research by Iram Khalid analyses the India-Pakistan minority crisis of

1950 in detail. Her research explains the role of Hindu communal organizations in

propagating communal violence against Muslims in India. Besides this her

research also focuses on explaining the role of Indian political leadership in

controlling or promoting communal riots and oppression against Muslims. Her

study of the minority crisis and the role of Nehru in managing and deescalating the

crisis by signing the minorities pact and assuring the protection of minority

Muslims illustrates that if the political leadership wants to control or minimize

communal tensions, it can. Despite the fact that Liaquat-Nehru settlement was

opposed in West Bengal, still Nehru managed to reach an agreement. (Iram Khalid,

2013, Pakistan-India Conflicts: An Application of Crisis Decision Making,

Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore).

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Another research by I.H.Qureshi provides a comprehensive analysis of the Indian

constitution and the Hindu version of its own secularism followed by India. His

research helps understanding the Indian mindset which is reflected in the

constitution of India. He explains that antagonism against Muslims and strong ties

of Indians with Hinduism are deeply rooted in Indian society which form the basis

for strong Hindu nationalism and this Hindu nationalism fails to acknowledge,

accept and allow secularism to take practical grounds in India. The author criticizes

the Indian secularism and explains that all these reasons are the cause for the

suffering of the Muslim minority in India. (I.H.Qureshi, 1970, The Muslims of

India, University of Karachi).

Historical Context

The independent state of India came as a blow to the Muslims of India who had

struggled for independence along with Hindus. The Muslims were left in a very

awkward situation with no power to react to the hostile and dominating behavior of

their Hindu rival citizens. The Muslim that were a part of the independence

struggle became the worst victims of the political economic and social deprivation

after the independence of India.

The communal violence continued in the succeeding years of independence. The

communal rights in Aligarh, Ahmedabad and Moradabad turned into a clash

between the Hindus police force and the Muslims and as a result a number of

Muslims were violently killed.

Since the inception Hindus were reluctant to accept the pluralistic nature of their

society and this reluctance has been witnessed in the number of incidents for

example the destruction of mosque in the name of RAM. This was the height of

religious suppression that the Muslims had to bear such uncivilized acts of

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destroying their mosques in the presence of the top political leadership which

included BJP, VHP, and RSS.

The Muslim suffered incalculable losses of lives, disabilities & missing persons in

the post-partition era. The government of India as well as its political leadership

has failed to protect the rights of the Muslim minority and in fact they have been a

part of organized destructive aggression against the Muslim.

The communal conflict has been the history of Indian Muslims, because of the pre-

independence struggle between Muslims and Hindus and their elite for control over

economic resources and for gaining political power. And this communal rioting

has continued over the past to the present day which is the major reason for

affecting the material, modern and intellectual condition of Muslims. Since 69

years Muslims of India have been suffering religious, political and economic

suppression and as a result they are not only materially weak but also intellectually

in turmoil, their thought process has been effected to such an extend and their level

of deprivation of basic right has increased to such an extend that they are not even

able to form any strong voices for their rights against the government of India.

The Muslims since independence have lived a life of suspicious and fear and such

circumstances have languished their energies, destroyed their spirit and dwindled

their creative capabilities. Moreover with the passage of time these circumstances

have also undermined their self-confidence and have lead them towards a chronic

frustration. Day to day suppression and deprivation is leading them towards a life

of increased rejection and isolation.

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Discussion

Issues & Problems

To the present day Muslims are facing a wide range of issues from compromises,

persecution to being socially isolated. Minorities all around the world are thought

to have negative connotations but the Muslim minority of India are „a community

with no present, no future and no hope‟, as quoted by many writers.

The darker picture of their lives is growing darker with every passing day, every

another day they suffer from charges of extremism or terrorism and they have no

practical social existence. Two major reasons can be listed for the suppression of

Muslims as a result of communalism which include:

1. Hindu Muslim religious-rivalry

Both Hindus and Muslims have strong religious roots and this religious tussle not

only dates back to centuries, but also holds memories of skirmishes from the

independence struggle. Religion has been used as a major weapon for communal

propaganda by the Hindu communalists as well as the Indian political leadership as

the major circles in India want the domination of Hinduism throughout India.

2. Economic factor involving the class-conflict.

Due to the fact that Hindus are in majority and Muslims are a minority in India by

partition and that India belongs to the Hindus, a class division has ever existed

between Hindus and Muslims since independence. Majority of the industrialists,

employers and middle-men in India are Hindus, however the majority of workers,

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artisans and employees are Muslims. This represents a picture of class conflict

between the upper class and the lower class.

Role of Political leadership

Indian‟s political leadership and their particular mindset and interests have played

a very negative role in promoting antagonism against Muslim minority. Since

independence the political leadership of India has been suppressing and

victimizing the Muslim minorities. In order to have a comprehensive

understanding of the role of leadership the aims and actions of all the political

parties and organizations operating in India have been analyzed below.

• Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (R.S.S)

[The National Volunteer Organization]

RSS was a main force that was against the creation of Pakistan before 1947 and

after the independence its image shattered as a result of the formation of Pakistan

but later this organization began to have influence in the Hindu establishment by

taking part in the anti-cow slaughter campaign in 1952, then in 1970s it began

distributing news to more than 1000 correspondents around India which included

24 news centers. Resultantly the number of the readers of the RSS increased. RSS

wanted to strengthen Hindu nationalism as its core agenda pre-partition as well as

post-partition, and so by increasing its readers it started to work on its agenda of

promoting Hindu nationalism. RSS continued operating for Hindu revivalist

movements in India having no concern for other religious minorities.

• Bhsrstiya Jana Sangh (BJS) – [1951-77]

BJS operated from 1951-1977 and it emerged under the leadership of Dr. Mokerjee

as the president and A.B. Vajpaee as his private secretory. Mokerjee had

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previously resigned from Nehru‟s cabinet as a refusal to accept Liaquat-Nehru pact

which guaranteed equal rights to minorities living in India and Pakistan. Thus this

was also an anti-muslim party and also held strict aims for Hindu revivalism. The

four essentials of BJS were one nation, one country, one culture & Dharma Raj

(rule of law). This party also had strong belief in the philosophy that Hindus are a

nation i.e. Hindu rashtra. They considered Hindus not only a religious group in

India but a „nation of India‟. Moreover its ultimate goal was Akhand Bharat which

meant reunification of India and Pakistan.

BJS opposed a number of agreements that favored India-Pakistan relations which

included Nehru-noon agreement 1958, Tashkent agreement as well as the Simla

agreement.

On the issue of Kashmir also BJS had a clear stance that Kashmir solely belongs to

India. BJS also raised opposition to the promotion of Urdu language because

according to them this would provoke separatism in the country. The role of Mr.

Vajpaee in Lok sabha has also been witnessed with promoting anti-muslim stance.

However BJS became the first victim of emergency in India and thus was

dissolved. It reemerged with the name of Bharatiya Janata party BJP in 1980.

• Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

[Indian Peoples Party]

Mr. Vajpaee took the presidency of BJP and in his inaugural declaration he said

that he was proud of his association with RSS which was a fanatic Hindu

organization as discussed previously. Thus the new government of BJP in 1980s

brought with it the BJP-RSS nexus, a new wave of Hindutva, with strong agendas

of promoting Hindu domination throughout India.

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BJP‟s view neglecting the Muslims is evident from its slogans „one country, one

nation‟. BJP government laid the policy of „positive secularism‟ which according

to them meant „justice for all and appeasement for no one‟ i.e. there is no

appeasement for minorities.

BJP also advocated that the Minorities commission should be replaced with

Human rights commission so that not even a single institution remains particularly

for the hearing of the rights of minorities. On the issue of Kashmir they had a

stance of rehabilitating the Hindus of Kashmir. On the Babari masjid issue also the

leadership of BJP had a strong stand for building up a temple at Janamasthan. In a

nutshell the BJP‟s political views can be listed as

• Muslim minority are anti-national because they are the ones responsible for

dividing India i.e. the Indian subcontinent.

• Nehru was involved in the partition process and also gave appeasement to

the minorities and shall be opposed by Hindus.

• BJP believed that there should be no appeasement for Muslim minority in

India.

• They had a dream of Hindu Rashtra i.e. a hindu state and a unified Hindu

nation which would be governed by doctrines of Ram‟s rule.

• Vishwa Hindu Parisad (VHP)

[World Hindu Council]

The RSS members made effort to create VHP for the unification of the Hindu

society. Golwalkar united some Hindu religious leaders and established this

organization for unifying the Hindus religiously. It had three basic agendas:

• To consolidate the Hindu society.

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• To strengthen and establish links between Hindus and people of other

different countries.

• To spread and protect the Hindu values.

Thus this organization also had purely religious Hindu agendas but they also

wanted to establish Hindu Rajya i.e. a Hindu state which made its functioning

political as well. Working for a Hindu state reformation this entity also neglected

the issue of Muslim minority or other minorities in India.

• Shiv Sena

[The Army of Shiva]

Shiv Sena is seen as the most aggressive political party in India. Although it

portrays itself as a major champion of Human rights in the politics of India,

however the reality is totally opposite of that. One of the major reasons for the

spread and influence of Shiv Sena is its leadership. The party was initially led by

Bal Thakaray who was a cartoonist in a journal in Bombay, thus the leader had

prior political insight and being a media person he had good skills of representing a

story the way he wants.

Shiv Sena has also been working in collaboration with the RSS and is one of those

political parties of India that propagated and urged the Hindus to become fanatics

while treating the Muslim minority is the most aggressive and humiliating ways

possible. Thakaray has always been anti-muslim and so his party agendas are.

He blamed the Indian Muslim minority for having Pakistani mentality. He also

provoked anger among Muslims by giving derogatory remarks for the Prophet

(SAW). At another moment Thakaray stated that Muslim minority has always been

ungrateful to India and that they are a burden over the Indian state because they are

responsible for increase in population, whereas the Hindus are a patriots and

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belong to the state, they are grateful citisens because they are following the family

planning and are concerned about the population burden. Thus by giving such

remarks Thakaray and his party provokes the Hindu masses to take up arms against

the Muslim minority.

An analysis of the India political leadership and the mindset of its political parties

helps us to understand that how leadership matters in shaping the views of general

public. Indian leadership has always promoted a division between Hindus and

Muslims, during the pre-partition period as well as during the post-partition period.

To the present day Indian leadership promotes the slogans of Hindu nationalism

and Hinduism in India rather than promoting democratic and secular slogans. This

impacts the Indian society as a whole. The Muslim minority of India has also

suffered systematically organized riots at the hands of the political leadership and

militant fanatic organizations. The RSS and Shiv Sena have been most prominent

for promoting Hindutva across the country.

Role of Indian Media

Media plays a very prominent role in shaping the perceptions of masses and thus

Indian media has also been a major actor in provoking communal violence. During

the past the Indian media has clearly worked with the leadership of India in

promoting Hindutva. It exactly spoked the language of the Indian leadership.

Indian Media has never highlighted the plight of Muslim minorities. The news

media as well as the entertainment industry has always promoted Hinduism as

Indian culture through promoting national policies, through songs as well as

through movies. There are a number of examples from Indian movies in which the

characters played by the Muslims have been criticized for example the film

refugee. The Muslims have always been represented with negative connotations.

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Currently a shift is being evidenced in the role of Indian Media and several persons

belonging to Media Industry. The news media criticized the treatment of the

journalist who invited Mr.Kasuri for his book launch. This incident was also

criticized by several other Hindu circles.

Recently Actor Amir Khan has also made a grave attempt to highlight the negative

and shameful side of the Hindu rituals in his film PK. He also faced criticism at

nation-wide level but the good thing is prominent persons in the Media industry of

India have stood up against the aggression of the fanatic Hindu circles.

Summary

The plight of the Muslim minority in India remained academically

untouched till the 1950s. As communalism took grounds and numerous

communal Hindu organizations became active in India, a number of

Muslims were killed as a result of communal riots in 1950 which led to

minority crisis between India and Pakistan.

The constitution of India permits the state to draft sectarian or communal

legislation and it also empowers the state to legislate different laws for

different groups. This illustrates discrimination among Indian masses as a

clear feature of the Indian constitution. Irony of the fact is that Indian

leadership has legalized discrimination through their constitution and claim

to be a secular nation.

An analysis of the India political leadership and the mindset of its political

parties helps us to understand that how leadership matters in shaping the

views of general public. Indian leadership has always promoted a division

between Hindus and Muslims, during the pre-partition period as well as

during the post-partition period.

15

To the present day Indian leadership promotes the slogans of Hindu

nationalism and Hinduism in India rather than promoting democratic and

secular slogans. The Muslim minority of India has also suffered

systematically organized riots at the hands of the political leadership and

militant fanatic organizations. The RSS and Shiv Sena have been most

prominent for promoting Hindutva across the country.

Findings

The major issues faced by Muslims of India include religious repression at

the hands of Hindutva, communal violence, lack of political representation

and the economic depression, most of all poor jobs that contribute to their

poor social living standard.

The major causes for suppression of Muslims include the religious tussle

between Hindus and Muslims and the role of political leadership and fanatic

Hindu organizations in promoting Hinduism and in adopting discriminatory

stances and policies against the Muslim minorities. The paper provides

occasional evidences of the violence propagated by the political leaders. PM

Modi himself is a contemporary example.

The Indian Media has promoted communal violence in the past along with

that the agendas of Hinduism but now a tilt is seen in the role of media. A

number of circles in Indian Media have started criticizing the extreme Hindu

oppression but still there is a long way to go for changing the perceptions of

Hindus regarding the Muslim minority.

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Recommendations

1. Muslims of India should use social media as an initial step for raising their

voice and conveying the story of their sufferings the world, social media is

easily accessible and can be made a first step towards their struggle for basic

human rights.

2. Muslims of India should began their struggle from gathering initial support

from their fellow Hindu countrymen. There are certain sectors in India that

criticize the aggressive Hindu mindset and oppression. Without the support

from within the Hindu population it is not possible for Muslims to deal with

the oppression of the aggressive and demoralizing forces against them.

3. Steps should be taken to organize interfaith dialogue and partnerships

between Hindus and Muslims and other religious minorities in India. This

can help improving the treatment of minorities and this would also help

India building up a secular society in practical terms.

4. Media can play a very vital role in setting up the agenda of every society,

Indian media should play its part in normalizing the way it portrays the

Muslim minority. If the media starts discouraging the oppressive behaviors

and stops demonizing the outlook of Muslims, this would impact changing

the perceptions of Muslims in minds of the Hindu population.

5. Indian leadership and Indian people should embrace „pluralism‟ and should

recognize it as one of the key features of secularism since they claim India to

be a secular state.

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6. International community should work for the formation of certain global

standards over the issue of the treatment of minorities because there are a

number of minority groups across the globe that suffer and are deprived of

basic rights.

A number of attempts have been made by several Hindu circles to suppress the

existence of Muslims minority and such attempt have ultimately demolished a

secular and democratic India which Gandhi dreamed of. With the expression and

expansion of Hindutva the Hindus are losing the secular image that they created at

the time of independence.

The suppressed Muslims of India strongly advocate cultural assimilation but they

are reluctant to lose their centuries old traditions and religious doctrines. The

matters of faith cannot be washed away from Muslim community, so the Hindus

should tried to incorporate all distant communities under India nationalism rather

than Hindu nationalism. Indian leadership should work towards developing a

secular India because that will not only prevent the Indian society from the

communal pollution but it will also help creating political and social tranquility

and regional cohesion in term with Pakistan. Today is a modern age and every

prejudiced action carried out under the banner of Hindutva is noticed as well as

reported by the world electronic media as well as the print media which is raising a

number of questions over Indian secularism.

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My Idea

The roots of democracy are traced from the Westphalia 1648, which laid the

foundation of a modern state. Later the international system transformed and the

concept of secularism emerged. All the Western secular nations have completely

ruled out religion as a „legal factor‟, as a part of their constitution (examples

include the Burmese constitution and the Bulgarian constitution etc.). India still

constitutionally consider religion as a „legal factor‟. They talk about secularism but

have no practical grounds for secularism to operate, thus in my opinion India

having so many ethnicities should move towards separating religion from politics

and state affairs. Only then can be the minorities rights protected and only then can

India achieve the true version of secularism and democracy.

References

Hussain, S. Abid. 1965, “The Destiny of Indian Muslims”, Asia Publishing House,

London, UK.

Khalid, Iram. 2013, “Pakistan-India Conflicts: An Application of Crisis Decision

Making”, Assistant Lecturer, Department of Political Science, University of the

Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Mallick, Shahzana. 1994, “Hindu Revivalism and the Indian Muslims”, Quaid-e-

Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Zain, Omar Farooq. 2009, “Marginalization of Muslim Minority in India”,

Assosiate professor, Department of political science and international relations,

Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

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Majid, Imam Mohamed. et al, 2011,“The Roles of Muslim-Majority and Muslim-

Minority Communities in Global Context”, Brookings.

I.H.Qureshi, 1970, “The muslims of India”. University of Karachi.

Census of India 2011