Music–color associations are mediated by emotion

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> Early Edition > Stephen E. Palmer

Musiccolor associations are mediated by emotionStephen E. Palmer

,, Karen B. Schloss , Zoe Xu , and Lilia R. Prado-Len

Edited by Dale Purves, Duke-National University o f Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapo re, Singapore, and

approved April 1, 2013 (received for review J uly 23, 20 12)

AbstractExperimental evidence demonstrates robust cross-modal matches between music and colors that are

mediated by emot ional associatio ns. US and Mexican participants cho se colo rs that were mos t/least

consis tent with 18 selectio ns o f classical orchest ral music by Bach, Mozart, and Brahms. In both

cultures, f aster music in the major mode produced color cho ices that were more saturated, lighter, and

yellower whereas slower, minor music produced the opposite pattern (choices that were desaturated,

darker, and bluer). There were strong correlations (0.89


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of the music and those of the colors chosen to go with the music, supporting an emotional mediation

hypothesis in both cultures. Additional experiments showed similarly robus t cross- modal matches f rom

emot ionally expressive f aces to colors and f rom music to emotionally expressive f aces. These results

provide f urther support that music-to- color asso ciations are mediated by common emotional

associations.

color cognition cross-modal associations music cognition emotion mediation hypothesis

FootnotesTo whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected].

Author co ntributions: S.E.P. and K.B.S. designed res earch; K.B.S., Z.X., and L.R.P.-L. performed research; S.E.P. and

K.B.S. con tributed new reagents/analytic to ols; S.E.P., K.B.S., and Z.X. analyzed data; and S.E.P. and K.B.S. wrote the

paper.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

This article is a PNAS Direct Submissio n.

This article contains suppo rting informatio n online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1212562110/-

/DCSupplemental.

*The concept of emo tion is no torious ly difficult to define. Typical definitions identify emotions as co nscio us

feelings that have both physiolo gical and cognitive compo nents, followed by a list o f prototypical examples (e.g.,

fear, anger, joy, and sorro w) with no boundary conditions to clarify less obvio us po ssi bilities. Emotional

asso ciations are sys tematic connections between emotions and other mental states caused by experiences that are

not intrinsically emotional, such as hearing music o r seeing colo rs. As we use the term, emotio nal asso ciations

may include conscio us experiences of feelings and/or cognitive content that accompanies such feelings.

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Published online bef ore print

May 13, 2013, do i:

10.1073/pnas.1212562110

PNAS May 13, 2013

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Music–color associations are mediated by emotion

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