Annotate each picture• What do you see? • Tip: refer to colours,

camera angle and framing as well as explaining precisely what is shown.

LO: to explore how age, gender and race are represented in the music press

• Representation means …

• How people and places in the real world are shown to us.• What is shown and what is left out.• Reflects biases of the producer – and audience.

• Important because the more often we see a particular representation, the more likely we are to believe it is true.

REPRESENTATIONS

Representation in the music industry

• Creates and maintain the image of performers and bands

• Music press sells image and a lifestyle as well as music

• Clear genre expectations• Performers are expected to conform to

expectations.• What do you expect a performer of … to look like?

rap dance classical

heavy metal rock pop

What to look at:

• Expressions• Posture• Clothes• Props• Background• Colours• Ba• Framing• Shot

Lily Allen - 2009

Each of these magazine front pages, all from 2009, features the singer Lily Allen. What differences and similarities do you notice between each cover? What does this tell you about the representation of women in each publication?

IT’S A PROBLEM

• Don’t even get me started on this video ?

• Why aren't young women bothered by this ?

Why is it bad if women are represented as sex objects or objectified and only judged by their appearance ?

Dyers Star theory

Audience and Institutions

• Stars are made to make money for that purpose alone.

• The institution then models the stars image around the target audience, for example Rihanna

Dyer’s 3 ingredients

1. The star as Construction• A star is created by record labels successful

marketing– Advertising, Product, placement, TV, Radio,

Newspapers • They create an image of the star• Signature pose/hair/look/clothing

2. The Star as Commodity• The record company want to make the most

money out of the artist– Merchandise– Getting the audience to become the star and

look like them• Audience buy merchandise to look like them

Dyer’s 3 ingredients

3. The Star as an ideology• All artists have a belief or value attached to their image• This belief is called ‘ideology’• Artists sell this ideology as part of their image

Dyer’s 3 ingredients

• We relate to the star because they have a feature that we admire or share with them. This develops from an admiration into an idolization.

• Some people may attempt to replicate what they like about the star, but this can be negative as even though stars are seen as role models, some abuse hard drugs and alcohol which can lead to people who worship these stars copying their actions.

Hegemony

REMEMBER: that institutions use representations to influence their audiences

How do Rihanna and Beyonce help create sexist hegemony?? !!

Denotation ? Connotations ?

In the portrayal of men and women, advertising often uses the following codes and conventions:

Superiority, Domination & Body Language: Men are shown in dominant positions and appear to be reflective of thought and intelligence. Women are physically portrayed in sexual or reclining poses with blank or inviting expressions. Dismemberment: On females, parts of the body such as legs, chest, etc., are used, rather than the full body. This is often applied to sell products which are not related to the body, such as mobile phones (right) The Voice-Over Authority: In moving image advertisements, male voices are used as voice-over's in commercials rather than females.

Gender Representations in AdvertisingGoffmans Theory (1972)

Does it apply to Magazines>?Is this any better ?

Censored !

Is this better ? Why ?

Alternatives ?

Could you explain how women are represented in Magazines ?

• Try and use some of the theories we have covered today.

• How will the magazine you design deal with this?

Extension tasks

• Explore the representation of women in magazines with mainly male readers.

• Compare this with female focused publications, e.g.• http://wearsthetrousers.com/

What about MASCULINITY?

• In what way is masculinity demonstrated in hip hop culture?

Better or worse – Why ? How could you summarise representations here ?

Representations of Race

How are black people and non white people Stereotyped (positively and negatively) in life and in the media?

Echoes – ‘The UK’s essential black music monthly’• Stereotyped images of

black people:• Athletic, muscular dark-

skinned men, curvy lighter-skinned women?

• Aggressive, hostile, rebellious?

• Materialistic?• Women as props?

• What are they selling? To whom?

Notice anything ?

Could we do this NON WHITE BINGO (in the media)?

HEGEMONY (the current dominant views in our society)? AGAIN !

Who’s to blame?

How can you tackle this in your exam and magazine?

Reps of Youth?

Representation in the music industry has a negative effect on audiences and performers

Relies on old-fashioned

stereotypesPromotes unrealistic

body imagesPressures women to

be sexy

People who are not the right race, sex or size may be left out.

Limits which performers can be

successfulReflects what the audience wants

It’s the audience’s fault

It’s all the producers’ fault

It’s all the advertisers’ fault