Mushroom Toxins. A. Life-Threatening Poisons 1. Protoplasmic poisons – life-threatening poisons...
Transcript of Mushroom Toxins. A. Life-Threatening Poisons 1. Protoplasmic poisons – life-threatening poisons...
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Mushroom Toxins
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A. Life-Threatening Poisons
1. Protoplasmic poisons –
life-threatening poisons that result in generalized destruction of cells, followed by organ failure.
most likely to be fatal, due to irreversible organ damage.
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Protoplasmic poisons
victims who are hospitalized and given aggressive support therapy almost immediately after ingestion have a mortality rate of only 10%,
those admitted 60 or more hours after ingestion have a 50% to 90% mortality rate.
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B. Life-Endangering Poisons
The following classes of poisons are generally not life-threatening, although death is possible in severe cases in which large amounts were consumed or the patient has additional health complications :1. Neurotoxins - compounds that cause neurological symptoms,
such as profuse sweating, coma, convulsions, hallucinations, excitement, depression, spastic colon.
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2. Gastrointestinal irritants – compounds that produce rapid, transient nausea,
vomiting, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea.
3. Disulfiram-like toxins –
mushrooms in this category generally are nontoxic and produce no symptoms, unless alcohol is consumed within 72 hours after eating them, in which case a short-lived, acute toxic syndrome is produced.
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Protoplasmic Poisons
a. Amatoxin (amanitin)• Death Cap or Destroying Angel (Amanita
phalloides, A. virosa) and several relatives• Fool’s Mushroom (A. verna) and some of its
relatives• Autumn Skullcap (Galerina autumnalis)
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Amanita phalloides
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Galerina autumnalis
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b. Hydrazine (gyromitrin)• False Morel (Gyromitra esculenta and G.
gigas) and some of its relatives
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c. Orellanine• Sorrel Webcap mushroom (Cortinarius orellanus)
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Neurotoxins
a. Muscarine Poisoning• Inocybe or Clitocybe species (e.g., Inocybe
geophylla, Clitocybe dealbata)
Inocybe geophylla
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b. Ibotenic Acid/Muscimol Poisoning• Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) and
• Panthercap (Amanita pantherina)
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c. Psilocybin Poisoning
• Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Copelandia, Gymnopilus, Conocybe, and Pluteus
Psilocybe cubensis
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Conocybe cyanopus
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Gastrointestinal Irritants
• Green Gill (Chlorophyllum molybdites), • Gray Pinkgill (Entoloma lividum), • Tigertop (Tricholoma pardinum), • Jack O’Lantern (Omphalotus illudens), • Naked Brimcap (Paxillus involutus), • Sickener (Russula emetica), • Early False Morel (Verpa bohemica), • Horse mushroom (Agaricus arvensis), and • Pepper bolete (Boletus piperatus).
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Chlorophyllum molybdites
Tigertop (Tricholoma pardinum)
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Disulfiram-Like Poisoning
• Inky Cap Mushroom (Coprinus atramentarius)