Muscles of the (mandible), seen from behind.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Magnified View (via Quicktime VR)

a) Occipital bone.b) Temporal bone, petrous part.c) Mandibular ramus.d) Hyoid bone.e) Thyroid cartilage.f) Thyrohyoid ligament.g) Esophagus.h) Trachea.

i) Styloid process.k) Stylomandibular ligament.

1. m. superior pharyngeal constrictor. 2. m. middle pharyngeal constrictor. 3. m. inferior pharyngeal constrictor. 4. m. stylopharyngeus. 5. m. styloglossus. 6. m. mylohyoideus. 7. m. internal pterygoid. 8. m. masseter. 9. m. buccinator.

Muscles of the palate, jaw, and larynx, seen from behind after removal of the posterior wall of the pharynx.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Magnified View (via Quicktime VR)

a) Occipital bone, basilar part.b) Temporal bone, petrous part.c) Mandible, ramus.d) Styloid process.e) Nasal choanae.f) Mandible, condyle.g) Lingula (tongue).h) Epiglottis.i) Larynx, posterior wall.k) Esophagus.l) Trachea.

1. m. superior pharyngeal constrictor. 2. m. middle pharyngeal constrictor. 3. m. inferior pharyngeal constrictor. 4. m. uvulae (azygos uvulae). 5. m. levator veli palatini. 6. m. tensor veli palatini.

7. m. posterior cricoarytenoid. 8. m. palatopharyngeus.

Muscles of the tongue, seen from the right side.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Magnified View (via Quicktime VR)

a) Mandible, body.b) Mandible, ramus.c) Styloid process.d) Hyoid bone.e) Larynx.f) Lingula.

1. m. lingualis. 2. m. genioglossus. 3. m. hyoglossus. 4. m. styloglossus. 5. m. stylopharyngeus. 6. m. geniohyoideus. 7. m. mylohyoideus (s. digastricus). 8. thyrohyoid membrane.

Muscles of the soft palate, seen from the inner side and from behind.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Magnified View (via Quicktime VR)

a) Sphenoid bone, body.b) Temporal bone, petrous partion.c) Mandible, condyle.

d) Mandible, ramus.e) Hard palate.f) Pterygoid process.g) Pterygoid hamulus.h) Nasal choanae.i) Auditory tube.

1. m. external pterygoid. 2. m. levator veli palatini. 3. m. tensor veli palatini. 4. m. uvulae. 5. m palatopharyngeus.

Middle of the nape of the neck, after removal of m. trapezius.Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Magnified View (via Quicktime VR)

a) Occipital bone.b) Superior semicircular line.c) Mastoid process.d) Atlas, first cervical vertebra.e) Seventh cervical vertebra.f) First, thoracic vetebra.g) Eighth thoracic vertebra.h – l) First to fourth ribs.m) Ligamentum nuchae.n) Apical ligaments.

1. m. splenius capitis. 2. m. splenius colli. 3. m. serratus posterior superior. 4. m. semispinalis capitis, medial head. 5. m. semispinalis capitis. 6. m. longissimus, cervicis. 7. m. longissimus, thoracis (dorsi).

Deep neck and spinal muscles, after removal of shoulder blades (scapulae).Translated by: Ronald A. Bergman, PhD and Adel K. Afifi, MD, MSPeer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed

Magnified View (via Quicktime VR)

a) Occipital bone.b) Mastoid process.c) Seventh cervical vertebra, spinous process.d) First rib.e) Twelfth rib.f) Iliac bone.

1. m. semispinalis, medial head. 2. m. semispinalis, capitis. 3. m. longissimus capitis. 4. m. longissimus cervicis. 5. m. iliocostalis, cervicis. 6. m. iliocostalis. 7. m. longissimus thoracis. 8. m. iliocostalis. 9. m. spinalis, thoracis (dorsi). 10. m spinalis, cervicis. 11. m. semispinalis thoracis. 12. mm. levator costarum (ribs). 13. mm. intercostals. 14. m. superior capitis oblique.