Tissues -four primary tissue types: 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Neural.
Muscle Connective Tissues 4
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Transcript of Muscle Connective Tissues 4
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Animal Tissues
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
The major function of muscle is to producemotion
Muscle tissue consists of long, excitable
cells capable of contraction Muscle is the most abundant tissue in most
animals There are three types of vertebrate
muscles:i. Smooth muscleii. Cardiac muscleiii. Skeletal muscle voluntary muscle
Involuntary muscle
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Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
AA skeletalskeletal musclemuscle isis mademade upup ofof numerous,numerous,veryvery longlong musclemuscle cells,cells, calledcalled musclemuscle fibers,fibers,whichwhich lielie parallelparallel toto eacheach otherother withinwithin thethemusclemuscle
Each muscle fiber is multinucleated with thenuclei at the periphery.
Each multinucleated muscle fiber is located
just beneath the cell surface membrane
called the sarcolemma. The cytoplasm in the muscle fiber is called
sarcoplasm and contain many mitochondria.
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EachEach musclemuscle fiberfiber contractscontracts byby meansmeansofof substructuressubstructures calledcalled myofibrilsmyofibrils thatthat
containcontain highlyhighly orderedordered arraysarrays ofof actinactinandand myosinmyosin myofilaments,myofilaments, thatthat whenwhenalligned,alligned, givegive thethe musclemuscle fiberfiber itsitsstriatedstriated looklook
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Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
CardiacCardiac musclemuscle isis thethe mainmain tissuetissue ofof thethe heartheart
Cardiac muscle cells have a singlenucleus, many mitochondria and are striated.
The muscle cells are connected to oneanother by intercalated discs (gap junction)
The fibers are elongated, cylindrical that
branch and rejoin, forming complex networks The cardiac muscles bring about the
continuous, rhythmic contractions of theheart and pump blood around the body
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Nucleus
Intercalateddiscs
25 m
Z-line
Mitochondria
1 m
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Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle
abutting ends of twocardiac muscle cells(intercalated disc)
comm
unication junction
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MyogenicMyogenic :: originatingoriginating inin oror producedproduced bybymusclemuscle cellcell
TheThe contractionscontractions ofof cardiaccardiac musclemusclefibersfibers areare describeddescribed asas myogenic,myogenic, sincesincetheythey producedproduced spontaneously,spontaneously, withoutwithoutrequiringrequiring stimulationstimulation fromfrom nervenerve cellscells
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Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle
SmoothSmooth musclemuscle (visceral(visceral muscle)muscle) isis foundfound ininthethe inin thethe wallswalls ofof thethe digestivedigestive tract,tract,uterus,uterus, bloodblood vesselsvessels andand manymany otherother internalinternal
organsorgans SmoothSmooth musclemuscle isis organizedorganized intointo sheetssheets ofof
elongated,elongated, spindlespindle--shaped,shaped, pointedpointed--endend cellscells,,eacheach containingcontaining aa single,single, centralcentral nucleusnucleus
The muscle fibres do not contain visiblecross striations.
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cellsteasedapart forclarity
SMOOTH MUSCLE
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Exercise to wake the mindExercise to wake the mind
ComparisonComparison ofof thethe threethree typestypes ofofmusclesmuscles
PastPast yearyear questionsquestions ((20052005//20062006))
CompareCompare andand contrastcontrast thethe cardiaccardiac
musclemuscle tissuetissue andand skeletalskeletal musclemuscle tissuetissue..
(8 marks)(8 marks)
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Connective TissuesConnective Tissues
Connective tissue functions mainly tobind and support other tissues. Connective tissues have a sparse population
of cells scattered through an extracellularmatrix.
The matrix generally consists of a web offibers embedding in a uniform foundation
that may be liquid, jellylike, or solid. In most cases, the connective tissue cells
secrete the matrix.
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The major types of connective tissues
in vertebrates are :i. loose connective tissue
ii. adipose tissue
iii. fibrous connective tissueiv. cartilage
v. bone
vi. blood.
Each has a structure correlated with itsspecialized function.
SPECIALCONNECTIVETISSUES
Will be discussed in detail
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CartilageCartilage Cartilage has an abundance of
collagenous fibers embedded in arubbery matrix made of a substance
called chondroitin sulfate, a protein-carbohydrate complex. Chondrocytes, the cells of the
cartilage,live within spaces called lacunae,
secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. These cells remain alive even there is no
blood within the cartilage matrix They receive O2 and nutrients by diffusion
from surrounding blood vessels
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The composite of collagenous fibers andchondroitin sulfate makes cartilage a strongyet somewhat flexible support material.
The skeleton of a shark is made of cartilageand the embryonic skeletons of manyvertebrates are cartilaginous.
We retain cartilage as flexible supports in
certain locations, such as the nose, ears, andvertebral disks.
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Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone
LongitudinalLongitudinal sectionsection ofof aa longlong boneboneshowsshows aa hollowhollow cavity,cavity, medullarymedullary cavity,cavity,boundedbounded atat thethe sidessides byby compactcompact boneboneandand atat thethe endend byby spongyspongy bonebone.. CompactCompact bonebone containscontains manymany osteonsosteons wherewhere
osteocytesosteocytes lielie inin lacunaelacunae..
SpongySpongy bonebone hashas numerousnumerous barsbars andand platesplatesseparatedseparated byby irregularirregular spacesspaces.. SpacesSpaces filledfilled withwith redred bonebone marrowmarrow..
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Fig. 50.4
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TheThe microscopicmicroscopic structurestructure ofof hardhardmammalianmammalian bonebone consistsconsists ofof repeatingrepeating
unitsunits calledcalled osteonsosteons (Harvesian(Harvesian systems)systems) Each osteon has concentric layers of
mineralized matrix deposited around a centralcanal containing blood vessels and nerves that
service the bone.
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OnceOnce osteoblastosteoblastbecomebecome trappedtrapped inin theirtheir
ownown secretions,secretions, theytheyareare calledcalled osteocytesosteocytes(bone(bone cells)cells)
Osteocytes are locatedin spaces called lacunae
surrounded by a hardmatrix and areconnected to eachother by cell extensionscalled canaliculi
In long bones, only theouter area is hard andcompact; the inner areais filled with spongybone tissue calledmarrow
Cytoplasmicextensions
Lacuna
Matrix
Osteocyte
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Spongy
boneCompact
bone Haversiancanal
Osteon
Cytoplasmicextensions
Cytoplasmicextensions
Lacuna
Matrix
Osteocyte
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Volkmann Canal
Volkmann canals connect theHarvesian canals ofadjacent osteons to each
other
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BloodBlood
BloodBlood isis classifiedclassified asas aa connectiveconnective tissuetissuebecausebecause itit containscontains abundantabundantextracellularextracellular material,material, thethe fluidfluid plasmaplasma The plasma, consists of water, salts, and a
variety of dissolved proteins. Plasma from which the fibrinogen and other
clotting factors have been removed is
called the serum Suspended in the plasma are erythrocytes
(red blood cells), leukocytes (white bloodcells) and cell fragments called platelets.
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ErythrocytesErythrocytes
(Red blood cells, RBC
s)(Red blood cells, RBC
s) Erythrocytes,Erythrocytes, alsoalso calledcalled thethe RBCs,RBCs, areare highlyhighlyspecializedspecialized forfor transportingtransporting oxygenoxygen
EachEach mammalianmammalian RBCRBC isis aa flexible,flexible, biconcavebiconcavedisc,disc, 77 toto 88 mm inin diameterdiameter andand 11 22 mm thickthick
ItsIts biconcavebiconcave shapeshape providesprovides aa highhigh ratioratio ofofsurfacesurface areaarea toto volume,volume, allowingallowing efficientefficientdiffusiondiffusion ofof OO22 andand COCO22 intointo andand outout ofof thethecellcell
InIn anan adultadult human,human, aboutabout 3030 trilliontrillion RBCsRBCscirculatecirculate inin thethe blood,blood, approximatelyapproximately 55 millionmillionperper ll..
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DuringDuring thethe RBCsRBCs maturationmaturation inin mammals,mammals,theythey loselose theirtheir nucleus,nucleus, mitochondriamitochondriaandand endoplasmicendoplasmic reticulumreticulum
Thus,Thus, aa mammalianmammalian RBCsRBCs areare relativelyrelativelyinactiveinactive metabolicallymetabolically
ErythrocytesErythrocytes areare producedproduced withinwithin thethe
redred bonebone marrowmarrow ofof certaincertain bonesbones ::vertebrae,vertebrae, ribs,ribs, breastbone,breastbone, skullskull bonesbonesandand longlong bonesbones
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AsAs anan RBCRBC develops,develops, itit producesproduces greatgreatquantitiesquantities ofof hemoglobin,hemoglobin, thethe oxygenoxygen--transportingtransporting pigmentpigment thatthat givesgives vertebratevertebratebloodblood itsits redred colourcolour
EachEach RBCRBC containscontains aboutabout 300300 millionmillion moleculesmoleculesofof hemoglobinhemoglobin
TheThe lifelife spanspan ofof aa humanhuman RBCRBC isis aboutabout 120120daysdays
InIn aa humanhuman body,body, moremore thanthan 22..44 millionmillion arearedestroyeddestroyed everyevery second,second, soso anan equalequal numbernumbermustmust bebe producedproduced inin thethe bonebone marrowmarrow totoreplacereplace themthem..
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LeukocytesLeukocytes
TheThe leukocytesleukocytes oror WBCsWBCs areare specializedspecialized totodefenddefend thethe bodybody againstagainst harmfulharmful bacteriabacteria andandotherother microorganismsmicroorganisms
LessLess thanthan 11%% ofof thethe humanhuman bloodblood areare
WBCs
WBCs
WBCsWBCs havehave nucleinuclei andand mitochondriamitochondria butbut lacklackthethe pigmentpigment hemoglobinhemoglobin
LeukocytesLeukocytes areare notnot confinedconfined toto thethe bloodblood asas
erythrocyteserythrocytes are,are, butbut cancan migratemigrate outout ofofcapillariescapillaries intointo thethe interstitialinterstitial (tissue)(tissue) fluidfluid
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Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes
Human blood contains five types ofleukocytes, classified as either :
Granular
Agranular
Both types are manufactured in the redbone marrow
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Granular LeukocytesGranular Leukocytes
AreAre characterizedcharacterized byby large,large, lobedlobednucleinuclei andand distinctivedistinctive granulesgranules inin theirtheircytoplasmcytoplasm
ThereThere threethree typestypes ::i.i. NeutrophilsNeutrophils
ii.ii. EusinophilsEusinophils
iii.iii. BasophilsBasophils
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Agranular LeukocytesAgranular Leukocytes
They lack large distinctive granulesand their nuclei are rounded orkidney-shaped
There are two types :i. Lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytesii. Monocytes
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Organs and Organ SystemsOrgans and Organ Systems
OrgansOrgans areare bodybody structuresstructures composedcomposedofof severalseveral differentdifferent tissuestissues thatthat formform aastructuralstructural andand functionalfunctional unitunit
InIn allall butbut thethe simplestsimplest animalsanimals (sponges(spongesandand cnidarians),cnidarians), differentdifferent tissuestissues areareorganizedorganized intointo organsorgans
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Fig 49 4
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Fig. 49.4
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In some organs the tissues are arranged inlayers.
For example, the vertebrate stomach has fourmajor tissues layers. A thick epithelium lines the lumen and
secretes mucus and digestive juices into it.
Outside this layer is a zone of connectivetissue, surrounded by a thick layer ofsmooth muscle.
Another layer of connective tissueencapsulates the entire stomach.
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Organ systems carry out the major body functions ofmost animals.
Each organ system consists of several organs andhas specific functions.
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Cell RecognitionCell Recognition
HowHow dodo cellscells recognizerecognize eacheach other?other? ItIt isis veryvery importantimportant thatthat thethe humanhuman bodybody
shouldshould bebe ableable toto recognizerecognize selfself andand nonnon--
selfself.. SelfSelf :: thethe cellscells withinwithin youryour ownown bodybody andand havehave
theirtheir ownown particularparticular setssets ofof surfacesurfacemarkers/chemicalsmarkers/chemicals
NonNon--selfself :: foreignforeign cellscells.. CellsCells withwith differentdifferentchemicalschemicals onon theirtheir surfacessurfaces.. EgEg:: invadinginvadingmicroorganismsmicroorganisms
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