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ABR~NAHRAIN'AN ANNU<\L

PUBU5HED BY THE DEPARTMENT QF MIDDLE EA5TERN STUDIIlSUNIVERSITY QF MELBOURNB

fIDlTED BY

T. MURAOKA

VOLUMB XXII

19SJ·S4

CI~lb~

r;f. t'eJ~'J'

LElDENB.}. BRILL

'984

·l",~·••

CONTBNTS

It>crodueUon. . . . .

MeupborieaJJy Eaùng and Drinltiog tbe Body and Blood13y J. !I<''''NAN . . . . . . . . . . . . •

T~!he Eld« Crom Sheikb Fu.g Tomb POIBy C. A. Hopn . . . . . • . . . . • . . .

El-QiIU: Fin, Setl500 of BxCOVlÙOOS, '98>·S,By W. CUlJCANt and T. L. McCl.IiLLAN .

VII

7

'9

H8

'19

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." .Ii.:' .,

•

ISBN,. ........ ,

c.P.Jri:bt ~ T« Dç1'T,.m _/ NiIJJk Wltr. SuJin.VIIiNr»1y .jMlI..",."" Atur,..)i4

Ali rig/JIJ n~twJ. N. }Hl'! ~ '''is Hd: MIfJ ;, "p.r"_. If'Ir.taltu_ i. "" /.,., " J1'ritII. jJJtN.,mI, Mit,.jiJ_••it1'PjKIN.,. -.I "in- .UIIU .,bHl .m/In J'nAlliJ..ti. In. tW ,.,i.,.

·r~i

l

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Tbe Biblico! Ta' of the Commeollrie. of Eusebiu. and Jemmeon ll4iPJ

By R. G. JIlNKINS • • • • • • • • • • •• 64

The TeU·Fekberye Bilingual lnscription aod Barly AromoieBy T. Mu""oKA. . . . . . . . . . . .. 79

Auguste Mariette: One Hundred Years Aftcr. By R. T. RJDLBY. . • . • •

Tbe Cunelform T.bl.. from e1.QifirBy D. C. SNIlLL. • • • • • . • • • • • . .

Akk.clian "'·PI-b-(Ii)·.. "defe.," and tbe Volue ofPI a' MariBy L. Snu.w:AN. • . . . . . . . . . . . • '7'

Rni,.,s

Sb. R. BauNsWlCK (ed.), Slwliu ;" J1Ii14iu JVu.ttilitll """ Is"'.ir4p,.sn/tJ ID Dr 1..- N,"'il" his EitJlitlh BirlhMy (Ramal-Gan.1981). - Revicwed by J. BOWl\IAN. . . • . . . . . '77

D. l-l.Jao, l"idr Ihr MùJdk buI (London 2nd Hentcy, '98».- Revie",ed by J. SALT.' '79

List of Contributors l B1

~. Thesc cna are: fuuoo al: Eus. comm. Is. 4):9 (che addition i, mis.located inS,.h~.JNn ?Ag ;'/«., ~d Ùtuaott likcJy co be a sttondary itntoduttioo from tbcm.rgm); Hl Is. 49:1).

., \Vhen.ll ninety or so Hc.x-apl:uic sdditiona ofla. 40---49 art calu:.l1 Into a«ounttbc t,bit. or ftl.1lionshipl hai the foUowlng tOrm: •

5yh'"

78

&Is./Hl

R.G. jENKINS

+ > ""ab

{: '" ,./6 D 2.7/'4 4 1/ l0

B 16/11 E 6/'1 2.1./40

C 6/6 P 1.0/14 1.6/)0

ab H " 90/,.

THE TELL-FEKHERYE BILINGUAL INSCRIPTIONAND EARLY ARAMAIC

BY

TAKAMITSU MURAOKA

From tbc point of vicw of an Aramaic sdtolar the Assyrian.Aromaie inscriptioo fowld accideotally in early '979 i. of eonsider­ablc imponaoce for a numbet of .....,05.. Tbc: cdiron propose rodarc it fa tbc mid-nioth eeowry. B.C.,' whicb ..,~y mak.. ir tbcoldest ALamaie writing kno"", so far.' Secoodly, tbc length of rbeinseription is imprcos;vc witb twCllty·tIlIec: lin.. or I rotai or aboutrwo bundrcd worda, a Iengtb tbu promi... ro tbrow a grelt dcalor light on tbc 'anguage of tbc wdtct aod bis p«lod aod locale.Tbirdly, tbc inscriptlon being bilingual, tbc Akkadian pan provideoconsidcrablc bclp in tbc intcrpmatioo of tbc Aramaie rcxl. FounbJy, .tbc insaiptioo originaI" from ao a",a wbicb bIS SO far produccdvery Iittlc liruary remains in Aramaie of tbi, pcriod tO eoablc ua tI>..., rbc nalun: or Aramaic opn:ad Ibere aod tbc naw", of intctaaionwilh Aklt.adian (Assyriao). Fifthly, unlikc maoy Otba cady Aromaieìnscriptions, tbis ODe ha. bccn pn:scrvcd almool inraa, wirh onIy I

fcw ..omo pmeoring somc cpigtaphical difticulry.Glveo Ihese signi6caor f..,u,=, it is ro be cxpcetcd <bar a swdy of

Iho langulgc of thc ìnscription would help us beno< uodcnlaod Ibc..dy phase of tbc hìslory of Atamaie and linguistic problcms1SS0ciatcd ",itb il. Obvioualy tbc insctiptioo muSI be slUdicd witboonstant reference to some ma;or jnscriptioos evidcnàng,tbc perlodof Old Aramaic.' Spccilica1ly I h,lvc in mind a group of r""" doalt..,itb by Degm in Id. Imponanl analysis,' iocluding ,hc Sc6rcinscriptioos,' aod tbc uniquc idiom ptesetvcd in tbo.Zeojirli inscrip­tions, 5G<a1Icd Samalian.or ,Ya:dic.

'ChronologicaJly tbq span a

pcriod or abour I ccntury aod I half (8'0-700).Fim ,bc rat wltb ao accompaoyiog English rcaoslation.

~.- ..

(I) To Adod, (c...al-) inspeeror of hcaveo and e.rth, one wbo pau..ou' (1) plen,y, one who.provides pasture and wateriog piace' (l) 'otbe people of alI ciriea, ooe ",ho provide! (4) income" and cerealofl"crings Cl) tO gods his brothen, (cacal-) inspecr.or of rivc.., (6) whopro5pen tbc world. a men:iful god (7) 'l'ho deJights in pray..(addressed to) him," ooe who dweUs io Guaao, (I) ,be grea,lord, hislord, Ada<!·it'i, rul.. ofGuzan-land, (9) $00 of Shamash-ouri, rulet orGuzan-l.nd, ('0) for sustaioing" his life, prolonging bis daY',(11) multiplying his years, protceting his household, bis olfspring(n) and his people, for expelling iUness ('3) of his body, forh..r~CDing to my pray.., (14) for granting my rcquest, be dedicated U(Il) ...d preseoted (il). Wboooevcr shouJd (come) aftcr (me) may bereoCW its disrepair, (16) put my name. Wboever lboukl remove H myname ('7) md pu, bis name, (18) may Adod tbc watrior be bisadvenary. ('9) 11>e statue of Adad·it';' ruler or Guun·land. ('0) ofSikan and ofZarao, (u) for dre lastiog" ofhis rule, tbc prolongotionor NS govemmcoI, (u) SO as IO makc tbe word of his mouthagrceablc tO gods wd mCD (,,) ,his ,mue, he m,de (il) bc<ter(14) tban bcfore. Before Ada<!, (a,) one who dweUs in Sikac, lord ofKhabur (a6) be en:r:red bis SI.tue. Whoevcr should remove my oame('7) from among the utensilI oftbe house of Ada<! my IOrd, (.8) mayAdod my lord nOI (a9) ac<:cpt &orn him bis food, bis water. M.y Shal,my miStl..s (30) diI/o his food, his "'atcrl M.y hc plw, 16 Ca 6dd and)nor (l') harv..tI M.y be sow t,OOO (measures .od) (,,) ge< ooc "'tiOnc hundrcd ewes would not sad3te (3 3) a 111mb. One hundrc:d cowswould not satiate a calf. (H) One hr.mdred. morbers would DOt sadatea child. (H) One hundred baking wcmen would 001 611 (16) .n o_en.In a rubbìsh-tip may collecrors (37) callea t May Dot thc: tli·lI.-diseasc,11

pestilenee (and) (II) insomnia Il be er.diclted from his land I

glTElJ,.I;'f.KHtil.Y.E INSCRlmC>N AND BAIU.Y AIlANAIC

bur1pu(UDU.NIM) I ml(ME) lltu(GU,.AB) la Ii-li·bo-a muori• rnl(ME) a·)i-<d.-> ...e I. Ii~i·ba·o rnlra(DUMU)I tnC(M1!) a-pi'He la·. Ii- < mal· > I.-aliniir'(NlNDU) cli(UGu) lub-ki·na-te !.-qi-IeIil-q~·te di· 'u !ib;udi- < li· > ip-'c issu(T"') mimu(IWR'!U) Ii(NU)ipparrasii(KUD.MsS)

IlH

"16'.

l7, <li,

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80

(A) A""AOIAN T"xy l

I Ina(ol~) "adad(I~KUR) gu-gal lamé(AN") u e~i(KJ") mu-Io-..-nin

l nubli(I;I!. NUN) N"'-DIN ri·i-ti u mù-ql·tel an'(DI~) ni!I(UN. MES) kal(DU) illni(URU. URU) n.-din4 iI-qu u nin-d,-bt-e, ....(OI~) ill(DINGIR) abb~u (P"'B.NES-Su) gli-r1 niriti(ID.MES)6 mU-la-bi-du kib-ra·ri ilU(DlNG1R) reuxnù(UD")7 U si-pu~ti libù(DÙG.G...) a~ib i1(UIU)gu..._ni8 beli(llN) rabl(GM.) b6ilu (IlIHIi) l,dadiU)-ir-'i Sakin(G"'R)

miti(J<UR) il(URU) gu.%O.ni9 ,pilC"') ldjamù(UTU).nùri(zALAG) lakin(G"'R) miti(KUR)

l~u.Ù)gu....ni_m.

.0 .na(OI~) buUul(TI"') oapUtisu(ZI.ME~iU) arii(GID.D"')I1mi!lu(UD.'MES~Ii)

ti lùrD-ud hnllilu(NU.NES-!Ii) luJlum(SIUM) bltitu(I'HIi)zemu(NUI\IUN.MEWu)

IZ u nùISU(UN.MES~o) ana(DI~) oa'ib(Zl'l» muqi(GlG)'1 U 7.Umrilu(SU-Iu) ik-ri-bi·. ana(OI~) k·mc-e.14 qi-bil pi-il ana(OI~) ml·g.-ti ik-rum-m•• , iqt!(NIG.llA) ma-nu arkù(EGIR·) an-!]u-.u lu-dH16 !umrma(Mu-mI) lil-kun ma-ou U lu-mi17 Ii·oa·ka·ru u lum!u(MU·IJi) i-hk-ka-nu.8 adad.<U) qar-du lu-o b6(EN) di-tù-iU'9 ~.lom(NU) 'a<!ad,('ul-it.'i bkin(G"'R) mlri(KUR) i1(UlUlgu_za_ni·'o lI(URU).i·ka_ni u .~ukU)za.ra_ni

u a;'(OI~) ti.ri-i,iokussilu(G1S.GU.ZA-IIi) arlk(GID. O"') pa-lu(I)·!,ju ql-bit pTlu(KA-!Ii) eli(UGU) illni(DlNG1R.MES) u nill(UN.MES)'l \U-ub-bi ~alma(NU) lu·a-,e cli(UGU) ma!]·14 re-< u-U-<cr ioa(AS) plni(lGI) dad.d("r~UR)al .-Ifu il(URUlsi_ka_ni bOl(EN) nlo(lDl!)o_bur16 salamlu(NU-!o) iz-qu-up m.·ou !i lu·mi issu(T"') Jib·bi'7 o·ou·ce la br[~) dada<!(dISKUR) bcliya(EN-ys)a8 i-pa·Si-,u-oi dadad(dI5KUR) be-Ii okaUu(NINDA-I,j)'9 me!u (...·lli) la i·ma·bor·lu d!a-Ia be-siIO akallu(NIND"'-{,j) melu("'-!,j) KI.MlN li·ril lu-u I.l' Cole-dc I lim(lGI) li-ci! l siita(BAN) .II li-il-ba, I me(ME) la!]ritu(U,> la u-U-ba-.

82 T. MURAO.... "rnl.J.-FHt'HERYE INSCRlmuN AND IiARI.Y ARAMAJC 83

! J''-.

H) ARAMAIe T~XT

dmw" I .y I hdys'y : .y : 1m : qdm : hddskn1. gwgl: ~myn : w'rq : mhnl)t : lsr : wntn : r·yl wm;qy: lalt : kln : wntn : l/h : w'dqwr4 l'lhyn: 1..100 : 'h",h : gwgl : nh< : klm : m'dnl m': klo : 'lh : rhmn : .y : "Iwtb : !bh : ysb6 sko: mr' : rb : mr' : hdys'y : mlk : gwzo : br1 ssnwry: mlk : gw%n : Ibyy : nb>h : wlm'rk : ywmwh8 wlkbr: lnwh : wlllm : byth : wl$1m : %t'h: wlilm9 'nlwh: wlmld : mrq : mnh : wlaUm' : t;lwth : wl

lO mlqh: 'ma: pmh : I<nn : wyhb : Ih : wmn : 'hr : knl I ybl: II<00h : hds : wimym : tim : bh : wz : y : yld : imy : mnhU ",ylym: 1mb : hdd : gbr : Ihwy : qblh: ;Im : beiyo'ylJ 0011..: gwm : w.y : slrn : wzy : 'zm : "rm wrd,: kn'h14 wlm'rk: hywh : wlm'n : 'ma : proh : 'I : '/hn : w'l 'niaIl Inb: dmwt' : z't : 'bd : " : 'y : qdm : hwtr : qdm hdd.6 ysb: .kn : mr' : bb...r : ,1mb : 1m : mc : yld : lmy : ma : m'nr''1 zy: bt : hdd : mr'y : au'y : hdd : lbmb : ...mwh : 'I : yl~ : 10ft

II ydh: ....1 : mr',y : lbrnh : wmwh : '1 : tl~ : ma : ydh : wl'9 %t': w'l : Yhtd : w'lp : l'Ifn : I:r' wpry. : l'l)z : mohlO wtQ'h: .'wc : Ihynqn : 'mr: w'l yrwy " : wm'h : .wr : IhynqnIl 'gl: w'l : yrwy : ...m'h : mwn : /hrnqn : 'Iym : w'l : yrwyZl wtQ'h: nlwn : l'pa : btn...,: Ihm : ....( : ym!'nh : wmn : qlqll' :

\I,!!w: 'nl...h : l'm: l'ldwlJ ...mwtn; lbl : zy : nyrgl : 'I : ygtzr ma : mrh

•

(l) The stameof Hadad-yis'i. whleh he sct up ~fore Hadsd ofSiksn,(l) (eu>al.) eonrrolle:t of tbc wvco aod tbe earth, onc who briDgsdown .....Itb sod providcs pastute· u) snd watering-pla". to siiuu(s) sod providcs a basket:ll snd so ....pll.....,ntainc< (4) ro alIgods bis brotben. (euW.)controller of alI rive:t(s) (l) who cacicb.. allland(s). a mw:iful god ...bo dclighl$ in prayer(add=scd to) bin>, onewho d...clIs in (6) Siksn, a grcat Ioni, (bis) lord, Hadad-yis'i, rulcr orGo>:an, soo of (1) Su-nuri," ruler of Go..., far tbc sustaining of histife aod for tbc prolonging of bis days (5)~ for ,bc muWpiying orbio y..n and for the pro~ of bis houschold and far tbe

.,..

protcction of his offspring sod for ,bc protection of (9) bis mca .n~for tbe averting of illncss from h.m and far tbe hearkenmg to hlSpraye< sod for (lO) tbe iaking of tbe wordo of his mou,h he....blisbed (it) and dediea,ed (i') ro him, and whoever (l l) sbouldobift 22 (it) hercafter," let bim establiob il aoew and put my namethercupon aod whoc:vcr should removc my Dame then::Crom (l%.) andput bis name (in..ead). may Hadad tbe warrior be his advenarr·The statue of Hadad-yis'j. ('l) tuler of Go.an and of Sikan and ofA,ran ? ? ? his throne (14) and for thc prolonging of bis life and inorder ehat the words or his mouth may be accepeable tO gOd5 and tomeo (Il) be hu made thio ..a.ue (and) he ha> improved OD what wa>bcfore. Before Hadad, (16) one who dwells in Sikan.lord of Habor.he prcscnted his SUNC. Whoever removcs my n.me: from the vessels(17) of the housc or Hadad my lord, may my lord Hadad not acceplhis bread aod hls wlter from (18) bis hand. And may Shala Z4 mymistrcss not accep' bis bread and bis water from bis band. And even if('9) be should sow (sccds), may he not huve... Even ifbc should oowa tbollSand measures.2S may be gel balf(u much) thcrefrom. ('0) And..ca if a bundrcd cwcs sboutd sucltle a lamb, may it not h< satiated.Evco if a buodrcd cowo sbould suekle (11) a cale, may it not h<oatiated. Aod evcn if a hundrcd ...amen ohould suclde a bah<, may h<not h< oatiated. (11) And evco if a huodrcd women should bake breadin an ovco, IMY they no' 611 il. And from tbc tubbish-tip may bispcople c:ollcet b:uley snd ca, (thereol), aod may a plaguc and .&Iictiooof Nergal 00l h< eradicated from bis land.

On tbc foilowing pageo "'e sball makc an attcrnpt lO bigblightsome important poin" ofgramalat of the Aumaic of thc inscripùon.Whilst tbc tJjJi. priIft'PI doca deal with te"ain linguistie aspcets,"obviously it was not tbe editors" intention tO prescnt a completepietore or attempt a full discusoion.

§ t. Us, of mat... lectioois

In thcir joior work published in '91', Cross sod Frccdmanconduded. iItJ". II/MI thal tbc use in At~a.ic of vowd ImeniII' and" in parcicular, to indicate word.medial/O/ and /II rcspcctivdy,rcptCSClltx:d so extcnsioo of tbe same orthographic praetice at word­final positioos.%711Jcy did not think tbat tbe medìal usc or tbe _tr.,IHti..u had bcc:ome a regular featute of the texl$ studied by them.secking cvidcnce fur such in tbe Samalian i~criptioDs.2I However.

tbc 5ubscquent publicarion of new Aramaic texn and furtherinvestiganoo ha.ve rended to point to the need of some revision of thisposi,joo. .. summe<! up by Fitullyer: "Thc: tbesis ... io stili valid, evOllthough mese authors had glossed Qver some problematic instances 0'0

and would now bave lO admit morc cxocpt.ions ... tbc anly problemwj,b i, originally was tbeir reluctance lO admit tbc inccptive use ofmediai vowe1~lettus in some Old Aramllic teJets. for which theevidencc is no'" clearn.Z'J

§ .... AlifABM (p. ~9) hold ,ba, ,he letle' is solely use<! as an indieation of

tbc consonane. Evcn ,he ato1Ung pronoun :c'1 ('1) io so in,erpreted.How~ver ,he only thrcc Scmitic language'" tblt all"ord ics parallel donoI appcar to conrain a mediai gloltal Stop: Heb. t.il (spelled t'I)

A'ab. til aod Gccz til/i." 11>e fint is gcncraJJy con,idere<! to be Iderivative of a less common demoostrative, ti. spellcd either th or tw.witb no traee ofthc Alif.J2 Joùon holds ,ba' tbc" Alifin tbc Heb. t'I i,not C'tymotogial, but pu.rely a Ma/W /ulioniJ." Js it pos5ible tu say thcsame of this new Aramaic proooun? But see below, S7,

§ .... Hth

ABM (pp. ~9 f.) scc an indicaùon of Iii and lél respcctivcly in tbeHth cf 1Jum6 (••) Ind Il1J (~), but ICe bcIòw 5" (p. 91) and n.•0.

Otherwise me letter is either oonsonantal or a likdy indicaoon of6nal/l /·

§'.j. Yotl

ABM (p. 40) hnld tba" apan from I conSOllantll/yl and l wotd·final rrI. tbc letter.J also indicarcs.bc dipbtbong layl in cithcr word·mediai or final posiùons: e.g•• il.Jlb () and 16"!1 (n)•.1''''' ('0, IIbia).

A. a mltter oHlct tbc final.J is I moor que,tion ..,here it rcp....,,"tbc fina! sound of <be .Jfli of·.."'" ItrI;". ""IIIIJotl. A. regard, OA,De8~o, who has e5rablished an importane distinction betw~n +ybll1J(bis "Langimpcrfekt") aod '"Jb'!J ("Kun.impcrfekl"). 'hc.J in lbelatter is .&id 'o indicate lay/as against h for /f/.>< Ho docs no< ..y whyit cannot m:lrk any otner vowcJ in thcse cascs. In contrast, Dianmaintains [bat tbe letter stands for fil. as fte a.s *.1J",.1 in Samalian isconcemed,Js He adduces [wo arguments. Firstly. givcn tbe faa tbartbc Peal infinitive of tbe mot 1>-11-) is spclled t..,ice 6R' (bUI once bI?1).Usi nos.J'itl s'etaient eux llussi terminés par *.4.) à un. stade ant~rieur, la

ss1'EI.....FJ:I,KHBRYB INSCRJP'TION AND tiARI.Y ARA"'AIC

diphtongue finale accer:uu6c aurait dù .voir le mè.me 50ft qu'll'infittiuv, et les textes autlicot, au moins sporadjquemeot, dea.orthographes.tels quc ~","etc au Iieu dc)"/} etc." (p. 120), thelatter<ypc whicb, as bc justly emphaW:cs (p. 119), appclrs in Simalianwhere thc w:ritCI' oC tbe Sdire inscriptions wuuld use: -b. A validargumcrir, .. long as one agtccs with him on tbc question of tbepositioo of tbe accento One wonders however how Dian wouldcnvisage the gcoC5is of tbc 1·1/. Secondly, he ,cf"" 'o Ibe .11 causaùve6rp.J, for ..,bicb tbc value IY is assurcd by I:liblicall\r.maic, Syriac etc.But 1 fail to see why this should suppon his solution tO the question inhand. For surely /II is ooly ono of tbc possible valUC5 tbal one CIO

assign IO Ihe final.J. For some rcason bis work, which io generaJJy Imost meticuJous .nd exhaustive analysis of Samalian. does nOI: makei, sufficicndy clear that tbc final.J CIO liso mark l·aYI, as i, evideo, inelSa like b1!J umy $Ons" &Od J''''Y H my daysu. To my mind thedearcst evideoce chat tbe.J in question in OA docs nor indicate tbediphtbong is Idduced by Zakkur A Il 1I7'"'!J "and he an,wcrcd mc".11>e form is correctly analyscd by Degcn (56.) IS a "Kunzimpf.",.nd is quote<! .. lO czccpùona! eumple of tbc original/ay/ not beingprese.rved (i 19). As he postul.tcs [la"l/mi] < ')or'Rl7-lri, his countce·argumcn, would be tbat thi, applies only lO ..,.iNl Imiti. Y"", l

dubious ad hoc argumcot, .inee oowherc in his analy.i. of _iNl I"'u.,mp11ftil' the lubdivision of this group ofweak verbs is madc lO play Itolc, ar least no, rigorou.ly and consisreody.J6

Far moi:< ,ignificant and strilùng i, tbc use of mediai Yotl to markfil: '11J.lR (4)•.J!l'- (..), r'.}R,pr;pJ1 ('9). One migh, .dd '''!1- (lt) witha possible cnclltic MI.. With these contra" tbrcc instlncca ofdefecùve spclling: 1IJR, iI1. (14) and ,.... (n). ABM spclk ofinconsistencies C·inconsequentts") not unique lO ODe inscriptioo (pp.40 f.). Inconsistcocics Ihey ccrrainJy a,e, but one nccds to cvaluaretbcir signilicancc from the point of view of tbe his,ory ofNorth WcstSemiùc orrhography. Scc § 1.1 bcIow.

§"4. W.",

In addiùn to tbc con.onanraJ Iwl md word·final /ù/, possibly tbcdiphtongal/aw/ JI and undoubtedly a word-mediai lui, /ù/ o' lò{ areindicated in our inscriplioD with rhe Jetter .... E.g.; II1fJ11 I/'rq (1),Ih"!J (IZ): IIqllll, 1'ItJ.. (1l):p",,,,6 (7), ,"",6 (8); 'dq",r (,). gwgl (.).tlmll' , ('. 'l). SInlll'.} (7), IRlllr·(..), fR",/" (.~);" g""{' (6. 7, l~).

~1Pr (16). Herc thete js no C1se of inconsjstency.

"

'., .

r·.' ."

T. NUJ.AOKA84

ABM daim that 'Jpr. glllg/, and SSnlvry have long vowds in thc:iroriginai fonn (p. 41)) but js thete any hard evidence far that o.cept inthc: case of the lut?40

As regards tbc: two geographical names, ABM are of tbe opinionthat P,olemy's r".x;.....,"'" and X"f3OJI"'_ io hi. C"gTQPhy is tOO late awitness (sc:cond cento AD) to be re1iable. But il indicatcs at Icast thatth<: indigenous pronunciation mo" probably did not have lui ot liil asin the Assytian soutCes,g"Z."" and IJabm-, but rather /61 of the Hebrewtraditico, ga~in, /Jibòr. 41 Thc: cuoeiform is of coune not capablc: ofindicating thc: voweJ o.

S',1: Fllrlbtr ,.""Qr!u fn y """ W QS ",tJilsl ",Qlm 1t<li.nis.

Degeo's poSitiOD on this quescion is extttmely-somc: wauJd say,excessive!y-cautiousj he admits mediai l1161ru ltrt;ollis Claur ineinigen, a,T. unklaren FiUen" (p. 37). Even for tbose few C2SU, he'Rrtnarcs an alternative: interpretanoo orODe sort or anomer includinga most unliltè1y and fun:cd suggesti"" sueh .. y_ ryaroiiwatl,"naeh dem MUSler der akkadisehen Form ipttrras gebildet ... mit 11/ alsGleidaut ... 1" (p. aB)."

FilZmyer, in contrasto more readily admits tbc usc of tbes<: twoletters for mediai vowel indicarion iD OA in generai and in Se/irc inparticular.o lt i! qui« h<:y""d me bow [)egeo con pcmibly dismi.. acase llke 'iIIIr as "wohl keine Matres lectionis", simply ~ the groundtbat it ili a non·Aramaic plae:e-name (p. 17).- As (or Samalian, Dion concludes tbat .. word·medilll WalV CUI

be a vowcl marker, tbougb the possibiliry is DOt exduded that itindicat.. a dipbtbong," and tblt a YfJ undoubtedly con be a ",al"

Ia<tÌrPtis fur /TI.ABM, who have prcscnted mo.. oftbe evidences menrion«! above,

stili wav,er, in respeet of /II, and entertain th<: possibility of i'ts being anindiearion or lawl (p. 41). Th<:y invoke tbe erymology, whieh is farfrom assurcd, for SS1l1ll':J, tlUW, J1It1ll", md tIJ.I·.~ Tbe 6nt being apersonal name, its erymology is perbaps not of mueh relevance loth<: ~rion. 11Ie three naro..-s_ry, g"'t", ;inw-and the ",oAkkadian 1000 wo.rds-g"'l.l, \Iqaor-clineh the whole matrer. Whilsta serih<: would h<: bound by time-honouretl speUing convenrionswhen writing his own language, be couJd be: more ad,vcnturous andeaperimenlal in speUing foreign words or naro.. and writing tbemphoncrìcaJly. Indccd, forcign words and names moy haveserved .. amajor eatalyst for tbe dcvelopma>t of ••Iru Ia<Ii.ms, whether mediaJor 6n.aJ.

86 T. MURhOKA

",.

.. ,-,

",r•"'

ttLl..FHKHKRYEi JNSCRIPTION ANO EARLY hRAMA1C 81

It caanor lx cmphasizcd too strongly that in Qut inscdption the.useof word-mcdiai mairts I«/i(}";1 i.s tbe norm f1Ither than the eK:ctptlon.In ,he light or lhis, fitz~yer's modified version of the .originaiCrossJFreeclrnan thesis i46 scems to be in ~ecd of furt.h~r modificauon.As far as OU! inscription is cooccmed, the use of mecl12.l VQwellettetSio it is 'vc[J' muro faaber advancc:d than ,cincepuve'''; it is indeed

almo't fully devcloped,In the Iighl of this abundant evidcnce now adduced by ou<

oew inscription, l am tempted lO haza.rd a suggcstJon as to t~eorigin of thc use of malTe! /ec/iOnii in generai, not merc.~y. ln

word-mediai positions. This significant depanure from tbe ortg~aIpurely consonantal nature of the. Phocnician ,orthography, tO whlchPhoenicians tenaciously held 00 tUl very late. lS usuaUy assumed tO h<:aD Aramaie innovarlon." Cross/Freedman Boatcci tbc poslibiliry ofhistoncal speUing al an origin for tbis deve1opmcnt.'· l subroit th.ttbis spelling mDovacion carne about as a result of contaets betweenAtamak and AssyrillO scribcs.49 In paniculllr. scribcs wbo wereemployed to tran.late AssyriaD tex.. cannOl have failed.'o n~rice ~enature or the beterogeneous wriling systcm of Akkad,lO lO wblehvowe1s were fuUy represented and long vowels wcre &om time IOtime represented by tbeir own .pecial symbols, DOt in combinaUoDwith a cansananl or ClOnsooants (CV, Ve, cvq. Tbc ostenl oftbe useof ..ms I«tianis in tbe Tcll Fekhcrye Aramaie inscription'secm. toindicate that thi! proctsS h.d betn underway for qui« some time.lt also atands to reason th,t sucb a. contaCI: initially took pba: inMesopoumil and subsequently spread t~ Ancien~ Syril wi~. tbeSteady wcstward apansion or tbe Assynon politlc~1 and milJt~ryinfluenet'. A rca>tlSttuetion sucb as tbis wouId expl1lJt1 tbc tentatlven.ture of thc usc made of tbe vowclletters in Nortbem STria in tbemurse of tbe following NO centuries. 11Iis assumption oroua doesnot bave lO preclude any other possible aplanation suth .. theaforemcntioned one advanced by Cross/freedman, but I wouldeonsider the Akkadian influenee as a ratbe< .igni6.cant factor in <bisorrbographie devclopment.

§.. C..Ir«I;..,./ Jipblblngs

§•.•. laylIn contraSt tO the uDClOmpromising posirion indic.retI by Crossi

freOdman,50 Fitzmyer justly holds that tbere i. some ~idence ofsporadie monopbthongintion of Ilyl tO lè/- in OA," whlllt Degen

S,·bf·rp

ABM (p. 4) are righ, io .aying <ba. <be substilUtion of b for p inaut inscription is confined tO the word IIpl. This v.ciant spelliog oftbc noun i.s 1c.nown from OA, and Samalian.61 Moreover, tM:pbcnomenon i.s nOI confined co Aramaic, for it i.s also 2ttested in

wou1d oet eDten&ÌO .uch a possibiUty." Our inscriptioo proviclesMether incomes,"ble pie.. of evidence. unles. one invokes I .eribllerror: "I bJd (17). The 6..t word. onr shou1d oote. is in the con.truetstl" IOd is tu be complced with '!:JI" (8) "hi. hou....... Furthcnoore.the contrletcd vowc! i. fouod in ,bc 6011 (only) .ylllblc of the word·fOno. 00 tbc ba.i. or dm pai:, il would probably be fair lO ... 'beclipb<boog .tiI1 mainuiocd in tbe foUowing DOQ·6nal.fs: 11l!J. (a).!lI" (Il). l.I!J"fI' (.obil, 11). '!J. (st. IbI.• 21)." I wonde: if ,hi. II"example CAJ1 be coostsucd Il l'llym'l with ,he importlO' impliCition<bI' 6nal sbort 90wels were .tiII retaincd a< this suge." Likewise

1"'('0)."

Sa.a. 1,91/Whete the diachronic Aramaic gramm.. would leld one 'o expcet

/IW/. our inscription olwlYs sho..,. ••" 'Pt" (.)•.1"...." (7), l",," (8),'d'" (9. »),!?J"'" (t.), ."" (t7, t8)-.1I ex.mpl.. of tbc )rd m. Ig.pron. wi.h • m: pl. ooun -lOd ""Ir (Il), 1M" (ao, Il. abl.)." h is no<elSY tu decide whetber ,."t' (1. Il) and 1,1,,1" (',9) allO belnog bereor not.

Biblical Aram:a.ic: jo its Tibcrlan uadidoo attesa ro a gcneNJmoooph<bongizl'ioD Df law/ 'o là/. whesea. aalsical Syriac displaysno ~esena: in <bis ....pect berw... layl 'Dd l'w/,''

Segert m&ÌOtains <ba< the mooophthoogira.ion of I~w/ se< inalrcady in Offidal Aramaic on tbc blSis Df speUings .uch u y ••y .....buI, al Dion hu coDvinciogly argucd." thi. is the very word whichdocs DO!: lend itself (O unequivOCll inecrprerltion in vie.w of a fonnlucb u Heb.Ji.I.. .

AU we can statc with conJidcoce is then rbar our inscription lacks I

de&r<u' example Iike "I (=/bétf). ,ha<. IS we have uicd lO .howabove in rcspetl of ,be place-Damcs l""C.. &Dd #11'1', the letrer " mostlikely markcd thc vowel • u weU. ami 60aUy <ha< <be specd ofmonoph'hongizatioo probably dilfered from lay/ to /awl. suggesting<be possibilily of ali our «ampi.. standing for /0/.

88 T. NUR.AU){A

.;... :.t.....",.

:iJ~'.'

.~'~,

tI-

vr[

.'-

11:l.I.l..VE~RYB lNSCRtmON AJIlO BARLY A1AMA1C 89

Phoenici.n (Zenjitli) IOd Hebrcw of some Ar.d inscription.62 The .Ar.d inscripr;on no. 14, ",hicb thc cdìro: wou1d a..igo 'o <he period60'-191 Be, h.. nOI only obl (t8: ""IJ:.). bol al.o lJItfJJ- (14f.).which is highJy instruaivc. Aharoni is certainly righI io ha view thnthe phcoomenoo i. oot speci6caUy Anmaic, bu. ra<ber general_"80th Degen IIld Dion are iOClpable of oll'ering lO expllOltion fO' <bephcnomen"!'." Fricdtich tbough, <ha< tbc .upposed anapryptic vowdWIS rcsponsib1e... but <he hypothesis would be helpless ",itb ca...such IS ""11tM of tbc Arad inscription or .bI" etc. of Se6re. Grobbcdeclarcs that ....II.uch examples follo", weU-known rules". a1'houghooe wisbcs ()Qe knew ..,blt tbe ruJe:s are." Gamini', hypor)""il. orAnatolian ioRuence ls rcndeced unlikcly by <be !trad inscriptioo.67

In contradisrincùon tO Friedtich, Haais artribo.es the change 'o aninRuen.. of the preceding 90Wel," and Aharoni .... in the instana:ftom ,hc !trad inseriprion cvideoce or tbc .pirlOtiration or <he stops."

Pending I romprchensive tevicw of ali relevant da,..lO I wou1d.ugga' tmlarively <ha< tbc shift wu conditioned by ,be prcsence ofa prca:ding vowcl" aDd • following consonlO,aI c1us,a.n AlIexampl.. of .bI. not ooly of Atamaic, and lJINttl- or tbc Aradinscription Sltisfy rhcsc: CODditions. & far al OUE inscription iscona:rned, il does not appeat <ba< i, con,ains IOY othcr word·fonowi<b a; <ba' would lltisfy <hese conditioos. If <bis hypotbesis werecouect, il would imply amoog other things <har 00 lOapryxls hadraken piace Yel in Samalian (abl 'F [*"'11(.): Fricdtich).

S4· Sml••11

!t. WIS rlghdy rec:ognized by ABM (p.•!). il i. in thc norwoo ofsibil.ants tbat tbe ne:w inscriptioo provides a m_jot surprise. Itratlically dopam ftom OA and SamalilO, which agr.. in this reganl,in <ba< .he .ouod <ba, wou1d corr..pond tu <he Prolo-Semitic 161 isspdled censilrcndy wj,h the letter I: /;Hb (Il),"" (h t6), l''''' ('0),l'''' (.0). 'sr (a). To <bis Us, one may add hdys), if .he secondeompoaent is to be derived Cromj!- ',73 The foUowing ta.ble sbows tbesituation io "ariou.s phase5 or Aramaic.

Proto-Scrnitic Fekherye OA+Samalian OfA LA

Itl " " " III

15/ III " " D

/O/ D III n n

/si D D D D

As regards OA, Degen convincingly argued again.. the thesis putforward by S,iehl tbat the grapheme J in OA w.. phoneticallyunivaleot, Le. = (i)." The priociple of polyphony must be postulated.How would one otherwise unde.rstand 2 convoluted phonetic evolu­cioo sucb as /61 > Isl > IiI > Itl?

Confronted by this suikjng orthography of oue inscription. ABMspeak of "une panicu!arit~ tòt disparu du dialeete local" or "unehabitude paniculière au scribe" (p. 60). le scems co mc howcvcr thacthis valuabte piece of evidence could be lookcd al in a more positiveIight. If ooe is to follow Degcn, who believcs the le«et I in OA alsostands for the i,nemental /fl/. chere is 00 real impedimeo' inpOSlulating the same for tbe longuage represctlted by tbe Fekhetyeinsctiptioa. 1òe difFerenee in orthography betweeo the (WO idiomscao be accoun,ed for by uswning tha, ooe is dealiog witb <wogeographically di,tioct aliognpbs to notate ODe phoneme."

lo this coo,!exioo I wou1d address myse1f tO tnO,her rela,ed issueof M,orica! Aramaic phonology. I assume ,har me phooologica!evolurion Iying behiod ilS gnpbie oOlarion JD/rl- n is a Iioear one. loother ...ords, tbe pho_ic value notated by n eao be as.umed to havedirealy evolved &om thar not2.ted by IlOr O. Uoder tbi< a..umption Iwould su bmit that tbe IIR of tbe grapheme n in ÒeA was inrrodueedabout the S&me dme as tbc process of spiranti2:ation, induding [hat oCl'l'o (,] and (8], set in. Po, i, dilferendy, mi, graphemic.lùft in OfA i.001 evidence of a phooemi<: .hift /61 'o It/.let alone Iii to 181. The useof T_ for the dcn,al-frlcative ..... appareotly promp,ed by thedevdopmeo, under which tbe pbooeme /ti came 'o be realized as [8]uodet me wdl-known cooditioo. oamely afret a vowe!. Thus in ,beeuly 'l'hase of OCA, a ...ord sucb as '/8a1181 was presumably stilipronouneed with 181 in .",b positioos. Only when t~ tule ofspiraoti2atioo hecame firmly established, f8aJ.iel or f8li8/ ..... made toconforro tO ,he rule, mus producing Itllel .. lo tbe known readingttaditions of Jater Aramaic. In other words~ om: must noc: posrolatc adevdoptneot aueh as filalie/l- Italit/- Italill/. 'Ibis hypothesis eanbe heId ,o apply to another Proto-Sernitic dental-mcarive /al with irsootation by' \Dd subsequendy ,.

Thus, whilst I would 001 entcaaio the possibility of a "merging of,be Proro-Semiric: d, t, and I wim their spirantiud couoterpans ;, !.and J (V" (Kaufnun. hfl-.s, p. 117), the evolurioo o! ,be ""Oden'~.fricarives.. outlined ahove ti.. in ...ith Kaufman'. asaumprioothal tbc spirantizaùon mwt ba"e Sd: in about che same ùmc as tbc

90 T. MURAOf\.A

I .

1- .

I.I....

TEI.I.·[:EI'HF.RYR INSCKIPTION ANI) fit\Rl.Y "RAMAIe; 91

merger of the two seES of phonc:mes. which he dales tO a periodbe,ween ,be end of DA aod eady Elephantinc A,amaic (ib.)."

§ l. Assinti!4Ji.. of III and InlIn OA aod Samaliao ,he JIJ of me imperfecr of ,he Pcal verb Iqb

shows regressivc assimilation ,with the cxcc:ption of tw~ c~. inSdire: I B J Jbis ylql; in contraSt tO Y'lb io thc same InscrlptlOO

(Hoe l]). Degcn's vicw "Ob einc ~5Similation ~tatt~et?nd~n h~t,

muss off'en bleibenH n is ltighty questlonable. OUt snscnpuon IS qulteunambiguous witb ali three ocrurrenccs of tbc verb having presetVedfl/:yI~ ('7). t'i; (.8), I.1f9 (to). Egyprian Aramaic. io bich moo'examples do sho... the ..similation, h.. ODe ""eeptlan: eo ley 67:'8~, ...hicb Leaodu dismisses .. a scribal error.'" 1òe a«estallOOof .. many as tluee examples io ao early tex< .. out inscriprioo leadsUI to cooclude thar tbc uslmilllioo of 111 of tbe yub did no'consis,cntly talte piace. It would eenaioly be ill-advised to dismiss ali,bc tbree examples of the Fekherye inscriprioo .. scribal ettOrs. ABM(p. Il. n.•) mentioo ,he possibiliry of an Akltadian inBucnce, for tbefii ofU9l is nevet assimilared, a suggestioo whicb ~ouId souod morelikely if .he Akkadiao reat had use<! me verb IO tbe m...e easesconcerned.

1òe fate of me Aramaic o..al Inl bas been a aubjecr of far moreintense debate over thc p..' Cew deeades. The generai course ordevelopment tba< Ius emaged f,om tbc debare c:ao be summarized ..follo..... lo OA • noo-initial/nl 00' immedi.teIy followed by a vowdw•• regularly usimllatcd to tbe immediately (oUowlog consonant.resuiring io tbc la"et'. geminarioo, wbi!!t in OfA thete devdoped.presumably undet ao Akk.dian (Babylooian, '~ be. mo... pr~),inllueoce, a process of degemtOa"oo, the hJStoncal Inl hcingreiOStlted, and this phenomcnoo .pread by anaJ.ogy to otbu cases orgeminarion wbich had oothiog tU do ...i,h tbc originai ass~milllio~oftbc: llua1. However, 8rouod the 6tSt ee.ntury AD. onc notica a SWlOgback to ,he si,uation wbicll p,evailed io OA, assimilared fonnsbecomiog more aod more ptomioent, except in tbe E... (as inMa.odaic).19 Howcvcr, this ntber neat piaurc hu boc.n known to befar &om satisf.et0'l'. Especialiy as reglrds tbc OrA period, tbcHermopoIis papyri ha.e maoAged 'o muddy the pieture quite a bit,wlth neu-total absence ofCXIlD.ples of degem.ioation.aJ This, bI/tr_Iu.led KUlSeher 'o conclude mar me Aramaic of tbe Ietters wa. or aWesrem rype!11

Once 8gaio our insaiplion compeJs us lO retbink the issue.Alchough che onJy relevanl e.ample is .""61 (a), it il ,lgni6canl thO!che na..1 is not assimUaud, and that evcn in this eady periodo I< doesnot 21ppear to me that me evidenees curreotly avallabJe 6t into a neatscherne of dcvelopmcn, whether conceived along chronologicii orgeographicol/dialectal lin... An that cUI be ,>.id witb conlidence i,ch.. chere can be di,cemcd I .oogh ouUine of developrncn. witb ,copefar oc:casiond or individllal fluauation.

Our new evidcnce muSI also compel Klufman to rethink hi.position: ..... it [i.e. degemlnation] is a salient fearure of cheOabylonian dialeet of Akkadjlo ... Tbe origin of thl, feature isunknowo ... it may weU be I phooetie featu.e cammoo to a glOup oflanguaga around OabyJonia inc1uding Amorite lod .he euly soutb­eastem dialects of Aramaic" (laj1".",,,, p. 120).

For a ~ritique ofDegen's view 12 tbat .. case $uc:h a5"r fhe rais.c:st

does nat nec~arily prove assimilation or ". 5CC Dian. p. 4Z,h n. 1­

Purthennore, ondcr sueb lO.amption oDe wauld h.ve tO deal wichlexemes con,lioing an e,ymological IDI sepatately from thooe whichdo nor, likej" ",jtb lyidda'l and lymda'l, and,chere does OOt ..ero tobe sufliciem: justffi.cation for sach an approach. The Aramaic loan~

word .'*'''' "cnt.ance" lo Aliadian Il would also go some waytow••ds demoostrating tbc phonetic reaJity of the degemlnating In/.

As regard. tbe Ihl of tbe causative and so-<:aUed rellexive-pas'iveconjugations. che relevant extmples from OUt inscripùon are:.ha91 (.), 1".1"q- (10,11), andY&l;:r ('l).

In contrut to Samalia.n. our Ih.J"'I1I is nou:worthy, for me formcridiom atr.... to che regular syncope of }hl in .bc cau,"tive Impufect,a1tbough Ihj. is no. a pla.in imperfcc. and it mvolv.. more thana syncupe of /hl, bUI liso .bal of IYI. OA, onder tbe .amecircumstan';", doa not syncopate Ihl. ei,ber."1n OCA inc1udlog OA,however, both syncopated and non-syncopa,ed fonns a~ Itrestod. Itis quitc obvious that OA, as represc.otcd in Senre, for inStance. (annotbe said. al )east in thi! eegard, tO have cvolvcd from IO idiom IUch asSamaUan; typologically the latrer i. innov.tory. if the synoope io no.lO be thought of a. Canuniom.

& regard. tbe Hlfcl participi.. no eXlmpJe is available €rom OAor Samalian, but here aga.in it io OfA that IUa" lO both types likeDo ...l N:J\~ and ib. 6." NJiI:l.

No example of I reftexive p"rticiple or imperfcct with /hl io atratedanywhere,

Dion (p, 107) justly voices che doubt as to whether Ihl WIO trulypart oftbc I-conjugation. Tbe onIy example from OA and Samalian i.hl.'b", (Barrakib, 14) and III otbe... a~ imperfcets wichout /hl. juStlike our)8l;:r.

92 T. MUltAOKA

, ..'...

,

11ilJATF.to:HEa.V8 INSCl,PTJON I\ND Et\RI.Y ARAMI\IC 93

•

§6.' ~'jJ< of _-W,itli /hlWe note three ..ampi.. of a non-mitial /hl ayncoplted: 'li!Ja.l:l",

"ali goda" (4), .hr.l:l", "ali rìver(a)" (4) and ., A1JI "IU land(s)" (l),whe~atte expccts -Jdh. and fl.JdJm respectively.lt.i:s cunoU5 howeverrhal io tbc lattcr two cascs tbc DOUO is in tbc singulu. Hebrew, whichu.ually .yncoplta tbe /hl of tbc jrd pl. suSi. ptODOUo, hl' p<eservedit lo some odd cases: .5m 'j.6 ll~~, .Kg 7-)7 "l\l~:2, E••6'1ln;.,~\n~, and, of course, Il!l~, Oi)~ etc. l'erhaps the pronominaisuffixes -inmml-itmin wÌlh a verb characleristic of some Atamaicdialect5 belolJg here, unless one derives them with Banh from ~mt1ll

m-bin.M

Unfortuna.te1y aut inscription does DOt provide any othc:r exa.mplcof tbe 3cd pl. pronominal suffix, which prevents U5 from determioingwhether tbe syncope was lexiCilly conditioncd, namely, confined IO

tbc combination with thc word JeJ.

.'. .. ..

,-.~.

§7. V..rmslralinp_ Z'l

As mcntioned above (§ I ...), OUr Insetiption h.. tumed up Imo"striklng form, ~'I, a f..g. demoDa.rative proooun. 8o1h OA md5amalian attest tO ~', Do the other hand, the antiquity of tbe /tidemecu scems w be assured by its 2ttestluion io Hebre.w, Ugaotic('I), amicai Arlbie, Epigraphic Soutb Arabi.... and Geez. Oaaheven ma.in,"ioa tblt origloally .he eJemcnt was of che form Ilil as isstiIJ the case in Geez, and tbe feoe-Corm demonstrative Il in CJassica.lArabic,86 so thar this /t/ was distinct from thc feminine nouomorphc:me of the same 50und.87 This accords weU witb the faet that inOA and Samalian, aod even m BA, the plOnoun is regulady spelledwith aD A Id. and only after tbc classical discinetioo bctween theword-final 1-'1 aod I·bl began lO collap.., wc begin to find ,hespelJing tilJ as in Hermopolis papyri. This scems tO suggest that, likcthc 1'1 of lhe Stalu' determinatu. mo,!,beme,sa the letter Alef in ~. i.

not a #ID/er J«liORis.89 And ii Barth be righe, che samc: must ~ said ofour ~'t.il would tbeo a1so be possible lo assume tbal'{'t anledal's '{'C"to'/i> '(p't > to' > taì, lhe III has droppe<! as a result of falseanalogy of che feminlne noun morpheme.

".,. _. i

95·fBl.lrFF.KHRRYB INSCRIPTIoN AND eARl.Y ARAMAlC

k/II (,),l'II!yn k/"m (4), IIhr kflll (4). In every case thete is kf following,.which makes ODe suspeet tbat oDe might be de:ùing with somesyntaaic pcculiarity.

Even under the generally accepted assumption chat thc definite:article is a. celativdy lare pheoomenon "ne remontant guère au-dclà dcla 6n du deuxii:mc mil1énaite" (Dion, Y,,'lidi, p. 'l8), the frc:shancstarioo of 'thc morpheme in Fekheryan readers thc isolatcdposition of Samalian ever more uniquc, which. along with sorne orherpeculiarities of thc idiomi calls for. some sort of cxplanation, lingul'itlcor olherwise.

§ 1 I. ]"'J;"s/pr«.ti",

Like io OA," our inscription attests tO tbe disrinction colled byDegeo Langimpett'ekt aod Kurzimperfekt."

il will be recalle<! tblt, io OA, tbe morphological disrinetionmanifeste<! itself io tbc and .od ,"d m.p!. eodiogs (-II vs. -..) 00 tbeooe hand, and in lhe ooo·sullixe<! petsoos of on/M MlIi",.. i.fir",.. (-hvs. -.J). In tbc case of OA, furthermote, the ide.ui6catioo of suchdistinctiOB wu conteuually basetl, namdYt formi idcnti6ed a.s shonimperfea hove beeo .howo .0 be possessed witb a volitive (iussi_e)foree. la contrasl, our ìn5cription has fu..m.J.shed more tangiblc1

morphosyntactic clues, whieh are a ptecative ptoclitic 1- aod theprohlbitive 'l,'" The followiog are re1evanl e,,"mples: 11., (ti) asagaia..-'!l'III (u), a conUut which reminds one of Biblical HehrewHIII VI• .Jifilll. Tbe remalou.g example. nf tbe preutive 1- areincooclusivc: J/uuI/J (Il), IV' (.8, '9), l'h. ('9), UrI"'!" (10 bis, .. :J f.p!'), 1'pIt (u: J f.p!.).

Of tbe above-quoted cases, J"",:! (u), together with 'I J"'!J ('0,ubis},'oe seam to fil Degen's scheme. bUI me faa must be notcd thatour inscriptioo, Ihough pcchaps by pure accident, d'oros no eumpleof an impett'ecr vetb ending in -b. Ali examples of t"li", YorI verb., ilso happeos, are prea:ded by eitbet I· or 'I. Hence, whatever phooetic_alue tbe 60al -.J may represent, one must a1low fur the possihility

§ IO. l11Jixrd H'Ifj"l."lion

Barring the po.sibility of a scribal errot, Jgtzr (13) is the 6tst everaample or ao inaxect l.-conjugation in Aramaic.ts As is wc.ll kaown,Akkadian, Amonl" Barly Phoeniciao, Ugarilic, and Moohile beloog

. to tbc iofixing type, whereas Arllbic: ~ttests to prefixation as wdl.90

,"

.~,i.~.

.fil~" .",

T. MURAOKA94

§ S, Third ma",dill' Jing.ku prOIlG.1I J.JJix

This morpheme attached to a m.p!. 0000 appears a number oflimes in our lext: '!J.,h (4), 'lJfwh (9, 22), l!J.,h ('4), JUlm",h (7),m",h (17, (8),III",h (8). The form agrecs wilh whal we lind in OA, .ndfor tbat mattu in ali Aramaic idioms exeept io SamaJian and thc Urukioantatioo ll:xt, .. fu as tbe vowel preoeding Ihl i. concerne<!,SamaIian presenta a fotm .uch as:J"'~ "bis days" and tbeÌ1lC2ll1ation Wtt, which is beli<:ved tO date from the eatly Seleucidperiod, h.. preserved an example such U JOtibrzJi "those ",ho siIIl: lt [= the gate)", Iksplte tbc oototious dillicullY .. to how theassume<! l-a""'l came into being, tbe ptlmilive nature or I·ay-I is in nodoubt, As tbe latlet appea.. Ì1l tbe Uruk text, tbere is DO abrolulea:Raiaty <haI tbe same diphlhong io Samallan is a Canaaoism.00 the othel hand, tbe evideoee of Pekberyao underrnioes Dion'schuaetcrization of tbc fcnn as unique to ElStem A,ra.maic.9J

S9· Thr ••phtlli< stili' o/ lItNf1U

T\1e teta! ab!ena: of Ihe SI. emph. Ì1l Samaliao hu long beeo~ .. a most strilùog and puzzliog ttaluse of Ibis idlom.These ",bo prefer to se<: this idiom as esseotially Aumaic propose toregard lbe fealure u an .iodicatico of lbe atehaic oature of tbeidiom.91 Dian, who pRSCOtS an c:xce.Ucnt survcy of tbc past discussionand h..is own aoalysis or me phenomenon io Samalian.fZ. is awlUC orspandic .ttestadon or tbc morphcme in cOQtemporaneoU5 or eveopooslbly eulier Aramaic !ex!S," ",hich compds him ro concludeML1.bsenc:e'de IlftU emphaùque en yaoudien est done un sigM cerraindu retatd de cetle langue sur J'aram=, OU sU! Ics dialea.. cananl!emdu premier milllnaireU

•

Pe1theryan ha. three clear caICS of tbe st. emph.: '_l' (t, l,h... 't!r' (I6); flf/l'(u)," Tbe onlf cua WhelC OA might have used thest,. emph. are: l~'" ",'" (.). These ,,",o DOUD', how.ever. appear 00 oOhOR ~.t of OA nouns which appear in st. abs. "ab generellt1etl:rminit:R oder 015 'durch sieh selbst determinierteo EigènDameo'"(Degeo, AAG, p. S,). Add tbe foUowing u doubtfu1 cases: 11111

§ IZ. Pra.';';'! pr.dili< fI-1

As is righlly e:mphasized by Dion, therc wctc in Semitic threevariatioos of tbe pre:cative proclitic 1-: li, li, laY" He postulates li farSamalian al'hough be holds ,ha, /i l. equally plausible"'" ne ,hirdvariao, .J.- is excluded by him OD accoun' of (jl!eb (H .l).... nere isno internai evidence whueby onc can derennine what vowd possiblyfollowed I in our inscription. .

TF.1.I ...ftiKHMRyg IN5a.IPTION ANO EAl.r.Y Akl\MAIC

ABM (p. 19) rightly underline a sigoificao, contributioo made byaut inscripùon lO thc long.staDdlng discussion oa thc orlgin of thcpartide aod.ila ,ubsequen, hislory In Aramaic. ne new documeolbas Cumishe:d u rt\2l1y as Neive instances of tbc morphcmc, asquotcd .bave S' 1. This abundanl 2ttCSIl.tion is an unequlvoalcoafirm.tion of the suppo5ition made by Dian: unol,ls pouvonse:ntrcvoir que le "'III'; préc.atif. s·"1 p·aralt (aire d~lut en uam&:n deSyrie, pouvait ~re cepeodanl plus '<pandu du ro,t oneo,aI qu'on nedevinecail par les seules doootes de l'onomastique" (Y.·..u. p. '70 ).

In view of the funetion of ,his /. and its suppooed alIomorph •. inII'" ph.... of Aramaic, especially in tbe easlom braoch n( LareAramaic, i, is important 'o stress thal ali e><ampl.. in our in'criptionare: genuindy precative. Furthermore. io contrast to SamtHan. wheretbc use of /. to eapress a vofuion is optional,Wl thelaogu.ge of ourinscription appea... 'o m.ke ilS use compulsory.

As regards the origin ofthis morphetne, ABM (p. 19) opine: "Cenec.sraaUistique était, bieo enteDdu, p1rtic integrante dc l'an.mécn deM~opotamit:mais s'~endait aU$Si aL1 notd~C$t dans te royaume deSamal ~ .. On est maintenl.Ot SU! UO lerra.in plus solide et la ligoc: dedkdoppemeot paralt daire au sein mbne del'aramfa1 sans qu'il soitnécesu.ire dc rccberchcr une infIuence akk..diennc", I have: someresetVation, OD ,bi. assessment. When one remembers .) th'lSamaUao i. <be ooly mo,e or I... contemporary (DA) Aramaic idJomused in tbc west mal has prcscrvcd tbis ustge. 1) [haI its use is nOIobliga,ory in thar idiom. I) that hacdly aoy ua"" of ,bis usage can be(ound lo la..r ph.... of Aroma!c in the wesl.'" aod 4) tha, thelanguage displayed lo ,be Sdire ,eats o( eonsiderable amouo' and ageoo1y slighdy younger than SamaUao pr..eolS a di.tioetly differeocpitture with 00 precative /. and i.. oea' binary morphology of longand ,hort imperfeet','" ooe begins lo woode< If this morpbeme wa.ret.lIy IO integrai part of Mcsopotamian Aramaic, and 1101 a foreignintrusio~ ~Dd also whethcr tbc phcnomenon in Samalian is really t

manife:sution of it in tbc weSI. If tbis were thc case. how could on~

accounl for tbc lOlal discontinuity in Ihis rcspca betwcen Samaliaoaod Sefire (or DA in generai)? From a dlachrooic, comparative­Semitic point of vlcw. tbc: proclicic in ali its historical and geo-­graphical manifesllltions would no doubl u1timate1y go back to theurne origino But as a purcly Atamaic phenomenon. its manifest2tionsin the Tdl Fekherye inscriplÌDn 00 ,he ooe haod aod ,hase loSam2lian on the other do Dot seem to mc [O be a homogeneous eotity

ò'I~.

·i''-0~ tJ~·

r~'

T. NURAOKA96

mal, jUst as in SamaHan,'Ot mc Aramaic of our inscriptioD did nOldistingui,h between the long and ,hon imperfceu .. far .. wrlJ",,/Ii.... i.jir... are concerned. Equally uncert&Ìn are ,he two c.... ofthe ending •., 9ft'" (n) and IV. (n). for once again ,here arelacking ..ampi.. wi,h ,be con"asting cnding '•.'" nerefore 'hesi,ua,ion C2I1 be analogous 'o ,he ono which prevails in Samalian ,.,iththc signilicant ditre.talcc. bowevcf, that whilsl Sa.malian bas •., fonnswith and wjthouc tbc proclitic /- with no scmantic: distinetion, allcxamples in our inscriptiOtl, though ooly 'wo in number. are preli,edwith I· with an unmistakably volitive farce.

Tbere is or course no ,dling whether , fonn ,ud> u JIf~ in ./J/#(17) was phonetically any dilferen, from the "indicative"J!#. Thesame goes for ~r' ('9)''''

To sum up. the language of our in,criptioo probably did dis,in­guisb betwcen the two imperkcrs in _1M .w« 1Y"'lytJtI. buI thecvidencc at ou.r disponI does ooc allow us to detcrminc wbethet thedistinction wù universally ,rue of any inOeetiooal da.. of verb aadthere I. no absnlute ....on to tbinIt tha, i, musI bave been universal.

'" regard, verba .tJi•• ;"ji,•••• Dion (p. 118) appears lO ,hink ,hat(onm such .. Il. (w) (Peal) and "7'1. (Hafd) in SamaUan coot&Ìn aninternai Iii. Should the grapbic con".... however, betwcenJ[y. and.JI. (in Iyl.) in our inscriptiOD correspoad tO a con"asl betwcen along /II and a shon Iii or lei. ,be SamaUao fonns might bejn,erpreteddifferently, and indeed the usumption o( a .hon internai vo..elwould lally ..ith the generai thrust of Dion', thesi> that SamaUankn... ooly the ,hort imperfetto

ne isolated inStlnce o( ,be "piene" spelllng in OA,y.w' (Sf. m16), ìtomost IikeJy nothing more chln I graphic variant of.1.', as canbe judged (rom (nrms JikeJrlP, ['g]••, "., allloog imperfects. Tbeoooe musI conclude tha, in Olt. tbe morphological dis,inetion o( longand aban im~rreetsdid nOI 6nd a graphic distinetioo u we assume ildid in the: latlguage.of oue inscription.

s.,. 111fillili..

§, , .• P",l i1lfioilìw

Tb••triking prewlCC of <be p'efix .- in tb. PesI inlirùtiv. is justlyund.dined by ABM (p. Il): t.'rlt (7, '4); 111I'" <9); 1.1.,' (9); I.,!fb(9 f.). 10... faut insrances compd Il> to bave a fresh Iook at th.hisrory of tbc Atomaic in/in.itiv.. Prior to <be discov.ry of ou'inscription. OA, induding Samalian, kn"", of no infinitiv. other tbantb.. ,.,ithOUt <be prdix •."1 Foe tbis Rasan, some ",ctm sa,., in tbisfe2ture an in8uence of some Canaanite substratum.."2 and indcccl

when oDe looks al jt in ilS tou.1 ll"locphOSYOt2CtlC context in each ofthetwo idioms, as outlined abovc. Civ!!o the persistence of che proditicin tbc: east, ABM al'C, in my view, right in seeing in il a featureintegrai to Mesopot2mian Aramaic, but I faH to see how tbisrcrogoicioo should pttclude [he possibiliey of Akkadian infIuence.A number of considuations. 00 the contC2ty, seem to speak forprecisely such aD in8uencc as bcing ralhet Jikcly: tbc faCl thar aUt

inscription is a transJation (rom Akkadian, a fair numbcr of Akkadianlaan-words lhcrein, [he ocady rotaI alnc:ncc of the prec~uivc: /- inthc wc:st (except of (ourse SamaJjao). The syncope or thc tenseptefo,mlltiv. Iyl and th. consequential crui. of its vow.1 and ch..followiog 111 se.m lo be analogou,ly modclled 00 tha< of lhcA1tksidian phenommon. FutUre discov.ry of oew ,n" may evenbring to light c.... of thc precativ. proclitic witb tbe lirst and .ccondper$oo verb forms to compl.l. th. Akkadiao analogy. If tb. procliticbel00ged to ~. "genius" of Aramaic, ooc would be hard pul toaccount for ilS a.bse:oce in Sc:6rc and in the west in gcneral

00 the oth., band, the abov. coosidention of oun ..rongl,sugg.... that the Smalian /- .hould not be put on a par with itsMcsopotamiao count.rpart. Rather it seems to me tO go back to th.pao-Semitic 1- via its Canaaoire manifes.atioo. The pheoomenonoughl to be scen in tams of the nan". of Sama1ian, i.. degre. of...Aramaicncss". and ics reluion to othe-r A..ram.a.ic idioms.

Tbc feature under conside.rltion of aur ncw inscription must alsolead to some modi6cation of th. perceptioo of "MesopotamianAramaic" u put forward by Green6dd: "1Ois dialea (as usod, fo,inslana; in th. Bu-lUkib inscriptions (ICAI 116-18)], whieh may bestbe called 'Mesopotamian Aramaic', em.rge<! in th. area of Aram­Nabraim along th. banks of <be Habur and Balìkh rivers ..."."0

99TEI.I ...FEKt-IERYl!. INSC:RIPTION ANO HARI.Y I\RAMAlC

SI l-' 1oJùtilm'l t/triHtl tllfjMg4lwlUAlthougb in tbeir g~ticaJ ,kereh ofollr inscriptioo (pp. 46-'°)

ABM mak. no mentioo of th. infinitiv. of d.rived conjugations. itseems to mc that some luth instances lte jdeotiliable in a seria of.xp....ioo. prelixed with thc ptepo,itlon Lamed wb.re lhcy hav.couectly ìsoiated roue Peol iolirùtivc. (_ abov.. S.,.. ): 1!trI dlhwl., 'rl<J'JIIWb (7) ./kirlJIJIIb ""'I. b.Jlh .11I., {r'h ",III., (8) 'olwh ",I.,'""rq.JI1J ",/.1.,' 1,I.'h ",I (9) .,~ '.TI p.,b (lO). I .ubmit that ono conrec:ognize Pad infinitiv.. in W. kbr. and Il. (uco). OD. Dugbt tOremark that <be Assyriao vc..wo also p...eors a seri.. of infinitiv..ber.: _ ""IM orti/< ... ('0) "'''''''' ... MIo. '" (11) ... - """'9 (Il). .. _h_('l) _ /IItl~ri(l4). On <be orbee blJJd, I am a,.,are tbattbe m.e.aniog ""tO proteet" is not so far actcsted in An.maic for Pael/pJ~

•. Howevu, the "stlutavit. valcdillit" of Syriac 14JI11II \17 would.uggest tb. possibility of devClopment of a factitiv. or denominative

Fitzmyer stili thinks that this is a Canaanitisrn. 'u In contrasto Dionhold. that th. pubIication of th. S.lite ìnscriptioos c1inched thc whol.matter, resulting in a confirmation of the earlier suggcstion by Miillerthat tbe fonn IItllJJ4J is a la.te develop~nt in Aramaic. 114 lt is no'"obvious (hat the Tc.ll Fekhcryc inscription rendent thi5 lauer viewtot1\l1y ·untenablc. Here wc have: onc of tbe cadiest. if not thc earliest.Aramaic documc:rus currcntly in our possession using solcly the formwith me pre:fix. Funbennorc:. a foreigo influence. say. Akkadian, letalone Cana:anite, is ntQer a remote possibility in this regard. Thismust 00"" be consid.crcd 2 genuine, native featu1;c of Aramaic. whilsttbc: non-pre6xa1 farm may have come: about under a forcign. moSt

Iik.ly Canunit.. influenc., although Samalian exampl.. Iik./~o·, Ib..,do p...ent a dillicu1IY in that cont.mporary Co.noaoit. sbow. osufformative I~t/. But if thCIe be rc.mains of the primitive inf. abs., no.ueh diBicu1ry would .cis•. A few ,poradie occurteoces of thc la".r in

·OfA .hould DOt atfect this generai conc!u.ioo. Or altematively<be cvidencc of our in.cription indicat.. possibl. dialectal spIir ioA,amaic al this es,ly ..age, <be .- Pesi infinitiv. being aD iooovationin nMespotamian Acamaic". ao innovacion whicb would 5Ubse­

quenù, bccome a univ.rsal Aramaic fcatutC "and be extended to tb.dcrived coojugations.1I5 The noo-ptelixed formo lhen. would bave tobe considercd an c:qually iDdigenous. genwne md more primitive

Aramaic formo

. .. ..'1... 01. •

T. MURAOKA98

o •., ...-..

sensc fur the lexeme concemed. The possibility of aD Assyriln calque,hould not be precJudtd, eìtber.

Our proposa. lO c1assify 1aJ, 1tJ1" and Il. a. Pael infinitiv.. ra~one morphologiCllI problem. nameJy tbc absence of rhe final vowclIii, whJeh would be grapbically represen.ed by an b. Indeed .bi, w",ao argumeol brough. agaion Dupont-Sommel'. inlerprelation of 19b(Sf. I B }.)", Pael."a For rhe .ame re.,oo Degeo 6nds bs/l:r (Sf. 111 z)strlking, a forro whicb he undoubled1y corzectly onaly,es as Hafelinfinitive.1t9 This argumeot would no doubt Icnd suppon to Fitz­myer'. analysi. of anorhcr Sdire erua, IhJb (Sf. I A t}) a, Paeiinfinitive,." Dupont-Sommer. who ..lewed il as Peal infinitive witha femin ine eoding,l2O an analogical formation based OD Ihc iofioitiveof the derlved conjugltions. Yet. rcvicwing ali exomples in DA 12. ofrhe infinitive in derioed coniugotion" one i, .truclt by the faet rhar,.oviog the afore-meotioned hs/l:r aod ;Oh, thoy are ali in the n. cstr.,eoding lo./-tl and followed hy In obj.... nominai or pronominll. Thilmilitate, agllos. Fltzmyu'. analysls of fiub, which il followed by'& br t.':Jb "'0 gue upon the t<caty of Bir·Ca'yab". It is tbeoprobobl.y eirher a fcroinioe Peal infinitive or Peal infinitive wilh •proleptie pronoun_ Tbc other excepùon, bs/l:r in bs/l:r Ibs.érll", "youmu.. band thcm over" ha. prohably sometbing '0 do wirh the fa",that the iofinitive is uscd io tbc mannet or me Hcbrcw inflaitiveabsolute, Ind rhu. i" morphological plnern mlY be dlstioa from tbltof ita inlinitive COIUt.ruet.

§ l}.} Hillory o/ Aro_i< i.fioili..

Indeed Dian Irgues quite plau.ibly rh.. ali Pul ioIinltives iniamalian ought to be oon.ide~ lO be of tbe type 'l'''ii/.''' A. nooe oftbc aaual e:r.ampJes is used in tbe manner or tlu: int. abs. as distinclfrom Ihe inf. at., be app"reotly tbink. of 'l"lil "' • prorotypeinfinitive 12J that il subsequendy fO split. in some idiomI. UItO twO'ypes, abso and al. His lhesis j, bosed on lhe orthography of one ofthe e:.rampies, oarneJy. bO. o.nd his reconstruetion of in phonecìcpte:history: -bo""fl' > "borIay > ?'bo''!J > 'bo";. Whilsl tbe weak linkin this chain of evolution indicatcd by Dian with thc question mark.namcly the ine...'«plicablc shonening of tbc vowel. migbt be Iccountedfor by .he ,bonness of tbc slem vowd, of lhe impeneet and thesyntactic affinity bctwecn thar tensc and lbe inFioilivc. tbc strongattestatioo in our luely discovered inscription makes it ritherunJikcly to acc~rd grcatcr antiquity (O the Pcal infi.nitive without the .prefonoarive/m/.''' Pu. it dill"'enrly," we argued above (§ t).1), "'

§ 14. zy allJi lbe lOll1lrwl tbain

In our inscription we find five insunces of V linking two nounphrases. where a classica.! Semitic languagc would havc a direct.symhetic. and not analytical linkage:

I. tI",,,,,''O ht!Jsy (.)•. + l· .,IA-. g"'Z' IV'{) su 111'0 'Z" (Il)4· ""/f1''O b, bJd (16)l· lb!'O "J"gl ('l)

101TEJ.I...I:'J~KH6IYH INSCRIP1'IUN ANO 6AIU.Y ARAMA1C

far .. laually attested form, go, both pAllems are equally old. Suehbeing tbe cue. thdr reladve age becomes Jargdy a m,ana oftheoreUclll. teconstmetiOtt. NcvertheJe$S. Dioo'l obsenration tblltm.oy dialects of Late Aramaic ,ho... Iii after tbe .econd radical intheir in6nitives io tbc dcrivcd conjuglltions is AD cxuemcly validpoint.m le some allin.il)' can be poslulated betwcen the/il of Aramaicinfinitives on the ono hand and Heb. filOi « "q"il), Akko !"'risa andtbe like OD the other. il ...ould 001 be far-Cetehed .0 as.ume Ihlt Ihebs/l:r io Sefire, perhap' lO be glos,ed as Ihaskir/. is a primitiveAnmaic infinitive. sytlCficall)' specialized. alongside a secondarydevelopmeot 126 witb ,ulI'ormaùve Iii or lùtl also syn.letòCJIUyspecillized but far a dilfelUlI function.' 27 A. regards the morphologyof the infinirivc in our inscription. one. would hllVC to usumc that (be..ggested Pael infinitives represent • suge earlier .han th.. reBeetedin Sefi,., a stlge in which rh.re exisled ooly one infinitive foltO with

. 00 syo(actic spec:ialization and also thtt lhe primitive PelÙ inlinitivc inAramalc had • preformlùve Imi. Thete: j, no compelliog ...ason toassume tblt the primitWe Aromaic inlinitive uniformly lacked .uch •prd"orma.tive. Jts prcscnce in tbe infinltive oE tbe deriv~ coojugacionsu welJ in Lite Aram.ic can be cui1y oplained Il analogica)developmeolo

But if rhe Peal in/initive witb 1m-I he I dialectal incOVOlioo and.by implicarlo", the bue fono .. a"ested in Samalian and DA didnot result erom some foreigo inl~rfereoce, rheo ODe would ha". to

. think thar tbc Mesoporamiao innoo..ion subsequeotly .ucceeded ioreplacing the more primitive fono withoUl sueh o pre6a and futtherled Iller to Inalogica! pre6xatioo of rhe inlinitive in the derivedooojugatiooso The 0011 difficulry with rhj, recoosuuction io tbe speedwitb which Ibis panicular innovacion coole roots in Alamate in tbe....... nearly two ceoturiesl Was Zenjirli or Sdire pretty much CUI oli'over thIs long perind?

T. WURAOJ.;A100

102 T .•\fURM)}{t\ T61.1...FBKHBRYB INSCRIPnON AND EARlY ARAMAJC 103

§ Il. Word.....u,

Kutschet not.d some f.ltutU of word-order in tbc ...bal dluse utraito chlract.ristic cf Eutem OlIicial Aramaic: tbc objea oftenpreceding 1M infiniti.e, tbc objcct oft.o plCC.ding tbc Mit. verb, aodth. subjea often p~ceding tbc .erb.U ' In brief. I leoden.cy lO pushth••erb lO 1M end, ",hJch hl' been plausibly IttribUled lO Akkadianin8ueocc. On tb. othet hand, the Ibsenee cf this lendenc:y or ilS",'rem. ratilY has been ooted in OA and hu beeo mld. by KutsehetI hillmatk or Weslern Aramaic.'"

A. OUt Aramaic ,.... i. lO be Issumed lO hl.e been tran.llledfrom tbc Akkadiln,'J7 d••illions of tb. fotmet ftom tbc lattet merlIspecial comidetatioo.'" Il musI be alosidered highly .ignilicanl lodinsttueti•• thal ali .uch CUCI I~ thoso of .etl>-ftontlng.

ist". Dcgen's rule was formulated 00 tbc basis of oo1y one more orless sure examplc and aJ'lother in which ani}' thc "Ultll r«IIIM is partlypn:scevcd. Funhe.rmore il is noi quite clear to me wby a case likeId -/1;7 "pd"ali tb. king. of Atpad" sbould 001 be con.ideted lo hana determinated "l!IIS.tJZ

1. Leaving aside thosc casa in which the first eomponcnt is aparticiple,UJ wc find e1cven exampJcs 1.)4 of tbe syothetic struaule.The rario of aoatytical co synthetic. ~: I t. must be. consjdered prcttyhigh. Th. conlta.. between rim ht/.J1) (u) and d_t' '" ht/.J1J (,) i.most striking io that thc fòrmer has no Assyrian cquivaJent, whereastbc latter parallcls the synthetic nrueturc: in iu originaI. pttl•••dtuJ-itl.This .xampl. of tbc periphnstie SltUtl\l~ muSI bear wiln... lo tb.Aramaic translltor'. familiari'y ",ith it.

l, Ono CID hlrdly ... ho", tbc choie. between th. t"'O sttucruteS isCIOl\ditioo.ed. Ali tbal ooe CIO "y is lbal the sec:ood almpooellt is •proper DOUO or cootaim 000. BUI thll this cannOl be lbe .ufJicienl andn....sary conditioo for tbc uso of th. periphras.il is PIOVell bycumples .uch .. 11t/l:t;r(. (6,7. Il), M" ~_ (.6), bt htIJ (17), aodind-l tb. lbo••-menÙonec! ,I_ hr/y1) (u).

Whilst the analytical strueture is totally foreign tO SamaJian, it isapparcntly attested at lcas"t once in DA,IZI bue quite commeo in OfAand subscquently.'29

As for the origin of tbe: analytical eonstruetioD, an Akkadianinfluencc has long been suspeeted, lJO 2nd with tbe added cvidc:ncecomiog from aue inseription. ABM hold that Hj) faut dire qucl'inRucnce akkadicnnc a pu fa\'oriser san usagc" (p. n). The faetthat ooly in one aut of tbe fivc 131 cases io our inscription thecorrcsponding Akkadian t~xt usc:s /11 seems to lend some support totheir assumption that ..... et dans celte hypothèsc eette inRuC11cc sesuait cxen:éc. antl!rieu.rement A la r6iactioD dc l'inscrlption dc TcllFckb.ry•. Si C.It. d.rni~ doil ltt. dll~ du mili.u du 9' .i«I.,l'ung. gtnitival d. '" tta]t alot. dqà bi.o inl~gr<! à II langu.... I 1mnot lure that by thc time oue inscription was composed tbc (etturelo queslioo hld be<:ome al home in Aramlk "' • .,IH/t. They lhen go00 tO menti9D [WC cases in Sdire of mc: samc strueture ideotlhed byDegen, .Ilhough in tbc end tboy reject 000 of tIu:m. n. evidenceor our text muSI be -., in I ",idet CIOl\lcxt. il is tO be remem~a) thal tbc fellure i. lotally Ibsenl in Samalioo ood so poody altesledio olber OA ,."" .nd b) tb.. 1M newly disco.eted rexl .irtually..and. alone lO lestify IO !be form of Aram2i... il W1U _d inMesopcxami. in thi...dy periodo To me il seems lhll tbc uso of tbcanalytical '" h.d irs origin in tb••ph.re of Akkadioo inlluenee.oamely in tbc RaSI, al a faidy eldy period - how ..dy one annoI'"Y - and tbal illODk some rim. far il lO esublish irseIf.. IO integraipan of the syottetic struetUre of Aramaic.., as is weU documc:nted. inorA or vlrious prov.Dienees. Hen... wc ne<:<! mmpl.,dy lo ...assCISth.1:hesis PUI forwlld by Dioo in ord.. to Iccounl far tbc absen... oftbc consltucrioQ in Samalian, whieh lO biro "pouttail f.dlcm.nrn'ètre qu'acr:identel.. (p. '16). His tbesi. is: "Il s. poUtnil ... qu'ouhuit.iè:me sik.le et dans l'aire arun~ne le pronom déte.rminatif n'.itét~ anployé qu. rarement conune '1fWIl'JÙlin', SOil qu. oet unge,jodis r<!pandu, fùt Ilors ~ san dkJJn, soit qu'il o'ait janais tt~

l6el1emeDt en voguc auparavant" (p. Il}).Apan from tb... generai mues arising from tbc ••ideoces

fumJshed by our imcription, ",e also I;k. tO QOC. some pointa or lbe.aual unge of lh. SltuCtUte.

I. D.p (AAG, S65) h.. formulaled tbc tul.: "Dio Umschm­bung des GenJù.. mit '" ",itd oOOg, wcnn d.. Regens 'determiniett

,.'

I) Objea - Verb (A..yrioo)

L (t 6) _ '" ht11ti rnul:Ntnt• ittrlllIr iftrJdu••

b. (a6) _l4f••iiISMIu.; lII1iù _ ipUli/itli

= Verb - Objcct (Aramaic)

(li) 'O y/J fIftY lIIOb(u) .,!J11tf11tb(16) "",y/J fMY •• • "" ...

•

105TBt.I....PEJ.aUilyE lNSClJPTKlN ftND EAJlLY A.AMAte

§.6, e-r.'''_liotuOur cxamulltion of some scIcet problems uising !rom <be Aramaie

of Tell Pekhctyc imcription hlS shown. wc hopc, whl' .igni6can.tlOOwbu,ions <bis ncwly discovcrcd te.. can mallc .owarda possibIcducidWon or some ou.nandiog issues of Aramaic Iioguistics. Wc

. hlvc aIso tricd '0 rdlte cvidcncea furnishcd by our lnsaiption 'owhat is tO be founcl in othcr~ morc or lea.s eontcmporary A.ra.ma.ic orallegcdly Arlllllaie tClltS, va. a rugc of 'na whieh hlS bccn covcrcdby Dcgcn in bis OA grammlr 011 thc ODC hand and SllIIIllian on tbcotber. This wc bavc dooc .pcciJic:l1ly wi,h t vicw '0 dacrmining howthesc VlliOIlS idioms CIO possibly be rda.cd lO ono 1Il0thcr front Ichronological. gcognphical or dillcetologicil poio' of vìcw.

In vicw oC thc doubt CIS' by a numbcr or scholars on tbc Aramaicntturc of Samalian. j, mus< be .,alcd here ca'egoricaUy thl' tbelanguagc of our lnsaiption is unmisra~ably Aramaie.

Tbue ate howcvu some iodieatiool of Ak.kadian inIluence: infekheryan. whl' is na.urally to be expca<d. Tbis infIuencc sho,"itsclf in such OlAtters u mc anaJ)'tic;a11inkagc of twa (or more) nouophrasca by mcans of tl' Ind straightforwud IcxicaJ borrowings (P1.1.l/gM'). al.hougb the numbcr of .ueh Icxical loan. !rom Akkadlanin nor .ex. Is IUrprisingly amaIJ. Wc havc abo pointcd ou' anunmistakablc atIalogy in thc use of thc precativc 1- io Aram2.Ìc andAkkadian. Emphasis h.as wo bccn l:lid 00 che cunc:iform wtitingsystc:m as probably triggcring thc: process whercby some Jetlers bcganto be employed to reprc:sc:nt vowds incspective of their positionwithin a word. It is striking, though DOt surprisiag. that Ak.kadianinAuence of tbis inteosity is evidcnced at this very cady stage, for sofu it has beco believcd tbat such inAuence began to becomc I

significano fnrce ooly in .hc perlod of OfA. Tbus the word-ordor of

l•~\

\f

!;

·•

·.t.'..-,. '.

r" .{f-l,

't.!i 9) Advcrb - Objcet - Vcrb

,,: • ,.:. n. ('})/"'.'fIIi',Ji."'Jri"'i'''~('I)J_I·{.~'IN/·/t'fil.hwlr

\;..:: ::.;~ One may conclude by saying tbl.t tbc lransl.alor did atte:mpt on:.~ ioo 'I! free hinucJf fmai the foreign inliucncc of 'bc langulge of

bis origizal. a1tbough jUSl Il oftcn hc ehase 'o copy .bc sccmioglyfon:ign word-ordcr paltCM or thc Assyriln.'J9 Ipparenly onnfidcn.that il wu not too roreign to lead to breakdown in rornmunication.Compare cspccialIy (~) with (9), and (.) witb (7).

T. MUItAOKA104

I) Subjea - Vcrb (A"yrian) _ Vcrb - Subjca (Aramaie)

Co (16) tli /IIb},i1t1li1t "'fi'; lil""l; (Il)." f/fl" "f/" 'aI1I'!J rr.}) Subjea - Adv, - Vcrb (Anyr.) = Subjcet - Vcrb - Adv. (Aram.)

d. (l7) tli. lib,. llilip" ùn ('}) ...'.!bl ti' '!!'lI 'IJt./tr.,,;'Ì/It li ipp.",ui _ .,b

Note a1so the inrrociucrlon. whicb is Wlnting in t~ AuyrianoriginAI :

~) V- Adv.

Co (.) [......,. t' b4]J) t'I f.. fil. btJJs.U 1."llIMJ• ...

I, mus, be admi"cd howcver ,ha< .be Cllpandcd subjca wouJd Icadto In cxt«mdy tOp-be:.vy scntt:ncc: jf tM: ttverse word-ordcr wcreehoscn.

Abo wcrcsring In: .hc following .wo eascs of dcpartUn: from thcAssyrian oliginal in ",bich the in6nitivc follows its objca:

I) Objca - lnIinitivo (A..yr.) _ ln6nirivc - Objcct (Arlm.)

f. (I}) iJ:rib!J4 _ h.1 (9) I.f..• '11..lbg. (.~) fibilp!J4 ...'!.iri ..I (lO) .1# ·..rt p.t>

lr il no. appucn, why ,bc luthor of thc Assyrian 'Cll' dccidcd lOIlter thc word-ordcr in this long scrìcs of inlinitiv.Q, whilst ,bcuanslaror m&intained the Sll.JDe "ScmitiC' order.

Over against me abave casa of deviltton. thc.re tU Cor SUte

nlmples in which me Anm.aic venion foUows the non.Se.mjticp.ncm of the originai:

6) ·Subj. - Adv. - Predica.e

h. fu) 'l"iI pif..lii/l" llili IMbbi - (l~) ''''Ip.h Y '/htt .. '1 'ah tJlb

7) Objca - Vcrb

i. (.6) INllli",. lilJum = (II) l'''Y''' Iflllj. (.6) ,.J.",f. *t'l"J> = (16) II_h f",

k. (Il) l li. lirif = ('9) 'Ip !'ry.lzr'1. (II) l siI. lÌ/b., = (19) P'Y l'h ...h

8) Subjca - Objca - Vcrb

n (aB) AJktl/H1i-.uÙ••iIN li i••NJorfN = (17) _) htIJ Ih_h ..l1rwh'1JI# ."ytI1J

l••

thc type Subjcet-Object-Ve.rb is uid by Kaufman la be Cl a charac­lerinica!ly Achllemenid fe.tu«" (I.jlNtI/W, p. '18). In .ttempting lOrcconstruct a history of thc Af'2mak. iofiniuvc wc notcd thc gre.atsignificance to be attached to tbc carly attcstation in out insa:iption orthc 1tI- prefixed Peal infinirivc.

How is thc idiom of our inscription rdated to thc omcr rougblyeontanpora.ry manifcstatiOl1s of Aumaic? This is surely anorhcrmajor question that must be faced. Some of thc issucs treated abovcpoin. lO .ignificonl poin", of differente between lhe Fekherye idiomand Samalian on .be one band and OA OD .be ocber. Admittedly,some or those dill'ercnces an: oot lUndamen.aI, but differences ofdegree, U is <be cue witb the use of ",.lns UcfiflÙS, wbil'l Ibe use oC<be precativc /- is optional in Samalian, prob.b1y obligatory InFckhcryan, bu. uolmowo in OA. Bu. the use of V io an onalylicolnoun pblllSe is totally Coreign tn Sam.lian, exttemdy nore in OA,bUI quite at bome in Fckhcryan. Thc distioction bctwcco "KUlZ'

impenùt" and "Langimperfckt" is meticulously mAin.ainl!d in OA.od most liltdy in Fekberyao oIso, but Samalian dOC$ nOI know oC.beI.tter. Sama!jan nand. ou. ",itb some bighly uniquc Cetlura, .uch ..Ibc .bs<:noc oC tbe delinke article or SlalUS ernpb.ticu. and the longvowds 101 and fII fur m.p!. nominative and oblique rcspettively.A non-iDioal c.u..rive morpheme l-bJ bAI been .yncopale<! inSamalia.n, but not in the cxher two idioms. Samalian. is diuinct (romlbe otbcr ""O in ""ainirtg tbe ma.. primitive :]b (= '!Jbtt?) ...g.in'l-1l1J (-=: 6whll or iJJN?) of the latte.r 1.$ • sutfix for uhis" with a m.p!.noun or ita congencr, whereu Fekhetyln with irs t"luthis" sraods autfrom tbc olben.• Sbould wc .ubmil tn tbe edilors' vi... tb.1 our inscriptioo i$ older

.han both Ihe Zenjirli insctiption. and <be .ex" .",died by Dcgeo iobis grammar,'40 il ",ould obviou.ly be 100 .implistic lO .ay tbarFckbCfJan is typologica!ly and io every rcspeet 0100 .han ci.her ofthe ""O W"lcm m2lÙf....tioo. of Eady Aramaic, a <besis ",rucb isR.rly conltadictl!d by Ceatur.. sucb AI the use of tbe definite article,tbe rd.tive V. <be nominai .... endings lùl and fII, and tbc syncopeof tbe cau..tive /bI. In Otber word., i. is .Otally un.ccepuble lOenvi.age a aimple linear evolutioo from rckberyan Ihrougb SunalianlO OA. I. ;., oommonplace in bis<orical lingwstics tb•• aD arcb";cCeaNte is fuund .ltesll!d in a ",rinen or .polr.co manif....tion wbicb isrcl.li'fdy rcocnl in terms of .bsoJulC cbrooology. such a pesceprionof cUacbronic Iinguistics ",ould be te.diJy cmbraol!d by wti.etS who

clailO tO 6nd Samalian archaic or archai'Zing.141 Writen such asGinsbe.g, Kutsch.., Grceo6dd and Dioo are agtecd tbal Samaliao isbuically IO "",haie loca! dia!"l oC Aramaic.'" Howevcr, in tbc ligblof evideoc.. lUrn;"hl!d by tbe Fckberyc inscription il i. cvidm. IbalSlJJ\ali.n is no. wholly and .ypologically more archaic or primitivelhan Fekhetyan. One aoly necds to con5ider tbe dcmonstntive -t ~/.

,he .upposcd diStinction betwcen .wo typ.. of tbc impenCC:I, an~ tbcVlIY the prccative /- is u.sed in Fekhc.ryan. Features of Saroahan 5a1d ~o

be: charaaer.istic or arch~c Aramaic. but nct aue:stcd clsewhcrc mAramaic and now not in Pekbcryan eiehcc, include tbc preservation ortbe m.p!. oocn./ob. case distioction.,o tbc .otal absencc of tbe ddinircartidc. tbc proooun ""'a}. lhe patticle:_. Tbc oonjunction Pis liso.ncsted .proadically elsewherc.'" So is tbc f.pl..bo. ending -I instadof .hc .tantI.rd ... (_ -.ilo),'0 altbougb bere .gaio Pckhe<yan .lt....lO the "seconday developmen. peculiar ~ Acamaie" (Kutscb..,uAramaic-'. p. 510). Those who sceSamalian al pure .rch.aic Aramaicbave tO raolvc • dilIicul. bis.otical qucstioo. Thc ClUSlcncc oC tbcKilamu",a inscrip.ion (KAI 14), ",bicb ;., composl!d in standardCanunite (Pbocnician), .bows tbar .be olIicia! language oC tbeSamalian IUngdom io the mid-nintb cenNry B.C. "'AI Can..ni.~ andaocording .0 tbe ",e1I·knoWD Ginsberg's reconstrUctioo Ataml'c "'..broughllo tbe locolity by the late-<:omers d..ignarcd in tbe Kilamu....ioacriplion u • ·rr_. Wbete di<! tbis group come Crom, be.ren oC anidiom some or ",hooe .rchaisms said to be Cound in tbeir mid-eigblbceolUry ilUCriplion. an: mlssiog in. tex. praumably a ccnNry old..?Altemativcly, is il conceivablc thllt it VIU eanaanittfPhoenlcian thaclupplanted AramlÌc whicb bad bocn Ibe vem.cuIar DC••ection oC tbeloc.1 popul.doo Cor a long time? Would .ucb a teconstNetlOn .~rd",itb lbc known political hislory oC tbe .tea and ;., Ibere anyoonviocÙlg ellplanalion Cortbcoming why tbi. local Aam.i< idiombad beld l.. ground 60 loog, immune .0 cbanga and devcJopmen..",bicb mOlI bave bocn ••Iting plaoc cJ....berc, U is now amplyC'fideool!d by Ibe Fekberye inscription? '46 In my vi... tbm: is 00

absolute reason ",hy onc sbould in.is. on tbe Iinguis'ic putiry ofSamaliao.!41 Si1\ce th.c ean.anitc pte&d\ce in Sarn'al is an iocontcst..able Caet oChis.ory, il is ped'cctly legitimale lO scdt IO .ccoun' Cor panoC the .bove-menùoncd alIeged arcbaism. in lcrms oC C.n••nitism,UDtiI lome evidcooc tn tbc CODlrary turns up. IC tbis po.ition beconcedr:d, il is obvioUl tbar moli of tbase archaisms !Udily 1endlbemsclves lO IUcb an """Ian.tino.

107ThI.I..F".IlJ\.Hf\RVE. tNSCRIPTlUN AND E.ARI.Y ARAM"lC

.'~.

"'01

•"'i_ ...~ •

....

:-

T. MURtlO"''''106

NOTES

I The NlÌlUI pritlUpS was produccd by an intero.donal tetJD of Ali AbDLI~AmC.

Piene Bordralil. and Alao R. MUJard. in their u Jlllfa th Ttll Ft~~ ~I JOIf

i"reripli. biJUwtr tII!JNHU'••mmt. é.tucb; Ass,riologiqun (Pari$: Édil:ions R«hercbeIUt!es civilisatioJ'\s, 1912.).~ thcit: preliminary rcport "CommWlte:ll.tioo", in eRAI,1981, pp. 640-U' I 'lillil'l,h [O record bere my 8Ulitude ro Mr MiIl.rd {or makingn.il.ble photocopics of some rcccot public.tions. whteh would not normaliy havereached mc in time {or mc: lO bene6t from them. I aro rd'cuing tO his own Itticle.

Wtthout Venturing into the necesuril)' obscul'e doma in of Praco­Ar.maic 2nd a periad when Pro,o·Northwcst Semi,ic supposcdlysplit into Canaanite and Anmaic., lhe following brid' oudine m2y

perhaps bt viewed u a faìrly pllt1Sible reconstruetion of the evolutionof Aram,aic io il! early phues.

Old Arrunaìct which presumably had ils c.arliesr home ìn EasrcrnSyria.,'''' beg~ to malte &telldy advancc:s northwards and westwardsduring 'hc last centuries of ,he second mmennium B.C. A prolongedsymbiosis and coexistencc, whether peacd'ul or warlike., with vl.tioushercrogcneous ethnicJlinguistic groups wu bound 'o have in drects00 their hnguage.1," Tbe earliest textS now at our disposal testiCy lOtbe ..istence of such local variations u early ... tbe ninrh.eightbcenrurics B.C. wirh Fekheryan srrongly coloured by Akkadian butaJso with internaI innov&tions oC Its own (thc Pc.1 inlinitive with .~,

ror instance) 00 the ODe hand and Sam.Han showing some Cto.uniteinfIuence no thc arber. Thus alre.dy al ,hjs earliesl !tage: ofAromaic one may legitimately speak of Basrern Old Aramaic orMesopotamian and 51rian Old Aram.ic. lnsrcad of rcJegalingSamalian tO the posidon of a Ioc'" or provincial deviant (rom"Common 'Aramllic"9 as Ginsberg does. l :un inclined lO piace tbcNO varieries on In equal footing. Wherher .bere ..isted a form ofOld Aramai< which transeended these local varierics, "Common OldArama.ic", is dH6cu1t to s.y, tbc di16culry arising from tbc nature andamount of materi:ùs cu.m:ody ava.iIable.

GreenlicJd's proponi to sce in 5amalian a precursor of LateWestern Aramaic Ot Ptoto~Westc:m Aramaic scems lO me WOM

pursuing Nrther.1lO 5hould he prove righr, Fekheryan could be seenaoatogously as a lorerunoer of Late Eastcm Aramaic aod Imperia1A.camalc.15l Truc; nOI In futula which chuaetcrizc Late: Western&Od Eutero Acamale are to be found in Somalian aod Fekberyanrespectively. But il is Ukely that tbosc mis!ing (caturel developcdst1bsequeot1y in tbeir respcclive localitìes.

"Auyri&nl Ind Aramuns'" !,." 4' (t9's). 101-01 Md J.c. GrccnJield IlndA. Sh.tfcr. "Notes on tbc Akkldi.n-Anmlic Bilingutl Statue {rom Tdl Felthaye'·, •ib. 1~t6t Ind, R. Zadok., "R.e:r:nll'U on the lnsedption of HDYS'Y from Ttllfakhrtya". Ttl Arh. 9 (ltta), 117-a9.....hldl aU rnd\cd mc alter compledon of adnIc 01 thc presmc Itudy. -

Note tbc {oUowiog abbre.ittions.ABM - tbc ~l/;, /f'-'1S cf che iNCfiption. Scc .bave.AH. - W. von Sodcn, AJ:hJixlJu Hdt/Wltrwd. Wiabtldc:o. I~f-ll.BA _ BiblictJ Aramaic.Blucr/l.kandcr, C,... _ H. BluerI P. Lcander. Gr"•••JiJ, Ju Bi;Il."A,.M.iiJdII•.

Halle. 1'''7.CAD - Gk<p AupW DiltiMn:J. ChÒCOJo, '9,6.."CommuniaClon" _ 'P. Bordreuil, A. R. MiO_cd. A. Abou Asut, "Communica·

don. La al.tue de TclJ f~: La pn::mibt: iNaiptioo bilingue UlJ~

ar.m6ennc:". C'.pltl RftM'1U. rAçJl.i, MI ltUlriJiliMf, J911, pp. 6.4o-J f.CrossfFrccdman. l:!.HO - F. M. ClOni D. N. Frecdman. &rIJ Ht6rt.. O'I.~~:

.~ S",,:!.jl# E,;,.,1Ii< &itHMt. New Ha , '91'.Cegen. AAC - R. Desea. AJ/~,_.w,1H C,. tiA '" ItfldJrifì. tW IO."'. J•. •.

Or. Wiesbaden, '969.Dion. Y"Mi - P.-E. Dion, u !.4f.v- tIt y~.tJj. Durri}/iM ti tMm.,., tlt I..irtt

jMrkr Jt Znt:irll tWu I, uJrr 4u '".-.1 N.,;/ifIHI '" ..rJ-..sI. W.tc:rLoo, J 974.Ftttmyt:r. Sifn-r - J. A. FitzmJCf. r.. A,.1Uk Illmipt*l 'I SIf1rt. Rome, 1967'-. "Pbucs" _ ··Phuct oltht Aramaic 1.anau-ae'" io J. A. Frtzmye:r, A W_-ri,r

A,........ Ctlkr,*, A,..... EtNrp (MWDula, 1979), pp. ,7"....Gibr.oct, Tntl" - J.c.L. Gibsoa, TtxllwJ!.'l S"" S,.iN ItlJtJifilitItu. Vol. a,

Anmaic loxriptions ladudlng Jnscripdooa in. tbc Di.1«t: ol Zcnlirli. Oxford.'91)·

Grec:nfidd. "DbJext Tr.o"... J. C. Grunfidd, "Dia!ecl Traiti in Barly A.unak",l.'" :. J2. (1961), U~•.GteenIie\d/Sha.fer. "NOla-" - J.C. Gn:eotictd IA. Sha.lF'er. "Noceaon thc Ak1tlkii.n.

Aramaic 8lUo&ual St..tue {rom TdJ Felthe-ryc:"./Nf 4' (191.). 109"16.1011 - H. Don4er/W. ]tOltig, lWaJ,;i#w ,.} ,,,,";iK. llUtj,ijlttt. J vok.

Wicsbtdc:n, 21"',69.KauflYU.Q. ltfJMuas - S. A. Kau&nao.. rArt AJtJH~tf l~", A,....k. Chica&o,

1974-KutICiltt, "Ara.maic",. E. Y. KuudlCt. "Aflmak·', in T.A. SC'beok (cd.),

z..,'~Ji" ;.S..,j Wct .AM" NH" Af'w (Carnol Tt'Cftds in Unguìstia, 6(The H"I"'/Pul.. 19)0»). pp. ,.,.....

-. "H.cI'lDOpOlia" ••'Tbc. Hermopoli$ Plpyri", lJr~,1 0rftI_1 SIIItiiu 1 (1911),

'0'-1'.-. T"""". _A H.klOry ot Anmak. Part l (In Heb.). Je:rusILem. 19n.LA = Lale: AtlImaic.N6fdc:lte, S.11". erri",. "'" Th. Noldeke, Krruif4H/t f]riJl- C;'tUItIltlJJiJr.. Lci~ig, 2"98.OA = Old Arsmaic.OfA es O&icial Aramaic;.Scgeft, AAG = S. Segc:n. AllnlltMiùtDr C'••/IlIIJilt .i! 8ibfi.tJvapbft, Chnl!fJ11IDtbir

lIItII CkuJII'. Lcipzi.e•• ~Ilt.

1 ABM. pp. u, u. 60. 97. I u. Stt :lIso "Communicacion", pp. 64'(" IndA. R.. Millard, "AuytiU\$ and At1O'IC'atlS", Irtlf/ .. , (19tJ), pp. 104 f.

j With che po$.ible e:zception of [he Tt:1I Ht.!a( inscrip1ion. aod another fromAnlan Tash .nd • short i.nscription Tram E.in Gev. The fim is date:d by many tO thc.Icnth or carly ninch tUllU'J' B.e.: e.g., Navch, Tbt Dwtl(Jp.~.1 t( Ihc A~tII.« SeriptUCfUsalem, 1970), p. 7, J.Ild Gibson, Trx/1HJl1r.. VoI. t., p. ,6. But d. CrOl$JFreedtn2n.

109TBl.I ....ì!KHERVE INSCRIPTlON AND EARty A.AMAle

~..

,

,

•

,.

,.... :,.;'~.

•,"··.,.,f

T. MURA,OKA108

: . '.

EHO. p. 1), a. 16.~ seeond is gc.neraUy assigned to t'he nlorh cemury B.C.: SCI:!KAl. Bd. U. p. 1.12, and Nllveh, p. 7. 80th imcriptiocil a~ ext~mcl, shorl and tuopoody preservcd IO be of much U8C for grammatka1scudies. Tbc lut probably dalcs(rom che oinch eentury.

<4 OR thl: pcriodiulion of the hinory ai Al"lImaic.. I rollo,"" J. A. Fiumyer. "'rhePhases ofme Aramai< Laoguage". in his cullcction of ~pet'll, ,I IPdJJ'dtrÙ«: "l,.",o,/HIUf:C~lItrlttl Ar."",K Es1t!1S (Miuoula, 1979). pp. 51,84·

5 AAG (rS)69)' Cf. :lIso Sc:gc:rt, AAG (1971)' In ,hi" artic:le we shlll1 mCI tO mcidiom analys«t by O~Q 25 old Aramaic (OA), ltnd wc follo"" Dion in uslng H(D: H:1Idad) IInd P (= Panammu) to mc::r to the (WO inseripltons n:prcscntingS::amalìan.

6 00 the Sc::fire imcdptions. sce .150 FiT7.m)'cr', detailed commcntflry (r,<i7).l Wc sh.allluvc man)'.n octasion lO rt=fcr [O Oioo's penetT1tmg analysi5 (1974) uf

Samali.n.• n.c Alladiao tUt is bucd on ABM'I rcading, whkh hu becn c:omparcd wllh

Gfecnfidd and Shalfer'. vcnioa. 1M tranllation ÌI entircly mine. n.e Atamaic undi&Cf'I only .1 onc: point from ABN'. IUding: KlC brio,.,. The tr'l\$luic:K\ ~gatn

tltc:l'tlpb tO rdIea my own interptttuion.t PiIit, ABM, p. l' "tcftl.ÙU lnosh". a. AH., s.v. And CAD, I.V.

fO A8M, p. '1: "pani". et. AIV, 5••• and CAD, '.v.Il ASM, R' 17: ".uqud il Ql ben d'ldreuc.r SI priè.re".II: A8M', p. '1: "pour la vie deaon Ime". NOlC hnwne.r duJ: this i. the firat of I

acria of' infinltivtl phnscs coucbcd in ~he lime formulI, induding perbaps A8M'.h/Jt. (SIUM) (line n), which coWd be n:ad /MD•• CD infinilivc conKtucl). "Ihcproteaion (01 his houleho1d)", an ;nlerptttatiun cvnlideted by Mt Millard plulwibk:(ptivlte communicttioo). IMe aow thlt GrunficldIShaB'U. "Notes". aJao niet dtelame intClpretatloo.

U ABM, p. 17' ..... bi&~". Scc al., thc.ir discuWon on pp. ., f. But hrilNl h.tdlymcaDS "IO eft'Ct, $Ct up". Scc AH_, I.V., md CAD, S.\'.

.. ABM, p. 17: "endommagen·'.

., A1SM, p. 17: "II pl'Olpéril~(l)".Whttbcc tl.W u Ihc G infiititive o( urWpt ortheCOlUlNCt or It'rpt, thc noùon ofprospuity il nchcrunlikd,. 1'hc buie meaning oflItWpt 1:1 "IO .uttch, enend", a.nd tbc an.I08' of Heb. iW/d "IO dr,.... d,..... out,proIong, conrinuc" indicatcs something .imil". Howncr, lhe Akhdlan verb docsnoi: ICCm lO be uted with JI tempoflJ manio8, ehough che nouns It,.,. .nei .'111 do.ttal to.ucb in phrua ,udt u hM 1Wti ".e tbe rime o{" sncl /ti N'1i•../;.. '.'IÌ CU:.,al) tnuning "u me dmc: or'. Su AIV, t ••• h'IJI, J b, and •••• .,.,.. B. eenainly t.bcptl"lllcJiun ,.,ith thc toIlo_inl cmi4 Itrotlgl,. suppons our Une of inlerpfttttion.The cohapoudlol Aftmaic phruc: la 1'J.thc:r obtcuCCj sec below. Aa altcmatlveinterpretltion, "(or CSlIbU.bing1ùa Ihrone", il oI'c.n:d b,. Greeo6cldfSha&Cr. BUI

doa, one ercct ud dedicate aatJlNC Forthc purposeoCClttblishiDg ooc'. cnm thn:me?In ",il. of tI1c InlemUag philoJocN:a1 paraUda collo=! "" GTecoIidd/ShaJrc,.tomethìng likc ou.r wetprentioa tcems tO 'wc better che gcnual conm:c: Ind tbcp.nJlctism (...ith ",hlt follo..).

Il P.c. ABM (p, n), ..ho write ul'usyrien se:: télè~ l I. C\lltucc.. landil que1'..n.t'06en l_Rh itl: J(T1 pricilc qo'il "'alt dc "",Ima'o. triI••bo mca.na: "to .cedu

•

cc. CAD, I.V. mbl B. Note lIrif lo the rotJo'#Ìog Imc, which Al)M rmd.cr o'qu'lJ"'''(p. II).

,1' Ac::cording co A 11., 174', Jl. lignUiel lOme 1clnel or hcadllChc or hc,d·rdatcdd8c1K. Cf.. ano CAD, a.v.: ... gravcdiseasc da.r.eteriud b, a hetdac.he ..•• sc.r.ioustnd often epidemie. discuc. TbI.1 it: wu malui. is plausibl,. sugga:tc!d by ]C11Wl ...".A. lima the word OC(uN lA eonjunaion _ith Iii,.. -*-, .od 'i/il/11 u bere.

" "BN, p••1: '"pelle", bue tbe _o~ JU,e Ji... il !non specifiç.

110 T. MURAQKr\

,tI!l·•;I,I"t.,~ ~'.. -.l

TELL-FEKHERYE lNSCRIl'1'ION ....NO EAR.I.Y AR ....MAI(: III

11 ABM readJm, thc ol!ly pl:l1tt where my re:ading differs (rom chcirs, bue Ihe)'propose lo emend Il toYi"l!:' (p. 4']).

J) ASM, p. 14: "tranquiUin!:", wbich don not pair eom(nttably with /Hl••", Ihcdrrcndc:ring of 'Jqll'r, Sin~ the possibility or tm: tNlra12cOf faiJing ili undcrstRod acommon wurd such., iftptil;praetic:lJly nil:md ?hiO bcxause far some n::~son Ot ocherhc chose to borro.... IIn Akkadian word signifying :li container to huld eulttl; ofrerings,~"., lo render an eq\.lally cummun Akkadian word, "ùlritJfui. it stands tu tta5t1nch:u Db dcnOles somc contain!:c f(lr an o(fcring. m05[ probably a non-liquid j(cm, (ord611l"- b used te afrcr in it milk, bct:r, ~nd the likc. Hencc 1 am inellnetl to connè«Ih~ word ""jlh Heb./Anm, Slfl and I\cab. la/bt. Akk, 1(lIINls;/II1. aH meaning 'basket'.In vil:."" ~{che onhog,aphy poclltilU lO 1)"1 ilUCription (to be discusscd bell}W), une i.scompcUc:d (O postulatc Pmto-Scmitic ·ialh" whkh 15huuld appeat in Akkadian Il.~

J.lbt, buc J. Aro writtl: "dicscs i dcc aJtbabylonischeo Zdt 6el n,d'li mehr mit J&USlUnOlCn. tondem (naeh ckr allb.byionilchcn Zcit) mie l" rOriMh/_, N.S. d('919). ".).

11 Por. phonedc n:aUty t,.ing bc:hind the ~Iins ofchis nunc, Ke. dìscuuioo byGm:nfield/Sha"er, "Notes". p. l' •.

U Note tha. the nrb••, in 0" and Samalllln, ~ Itill used in Pelli, not InHafel/AId as in BA .nd Late Aram,ic:. GrcenficldJShafferderiYe.,rUfmm ""'(- ~pI),

tnd t'fSl1Il.tt: "ii' it (stu". But lhc subjm of the vecb Il ItUl ti.,,', a feminine• oou.n, thuugh il is replsad latu (u) b,. a ')'C1UO)'f'l'lUUS ""', Anorhcr dlliaalt)' ",,1th

their rndinS is Ih.t Fclr.he..,an most likdy dld nut ...imilate Nuo'., on whida sc:ebc!o.. §l. .

U ABM are tiJht in ...,i"K Ih.t che phn.e ';r hl ÌJ not ,rtelful la OA but ti

~aClCdJalt:r(e.g. Ahiqar) by '~ ... 8uI DOle the juXtapositie.Jn ln Kracling 4-171',"••'/g' .nd ...al ~ ..~.

,. I (ollow tbc emencbc.ion pmpolCd b1 Grccnl1ddlShaffi:r. "Nola", p•• I ,.

1:1 P«r ABM, "orsc". G~ficldJShafrer are c:ettainJy tlght in mcir reodc:tmg or"'?-.

.. ADM. pp. ""0. ".(,g." EHO. pp. l'.,..• lbid .. p. S,. See DioD, Y"',,Ji, p. 61." "Ph&SCI'" pp. 64 r.JD One could add ESA P and Lste Phuc:niciu t,./, Il. Set: M. H66tet, .·1/Ui/·.rW1iK.C,....,iJc (Lc.ipzig, I94J). p. J9; A, f.l- BuIton, A Duri";,,, Gr••,,'f/

~piIk S,.tb ,1...... (Landoo. 1'J6.). p.•7; J. Friedrich. Pb6Aiti«f>.p.ittlNC..._i.i (RolJlC, 19p). pp.•7-49·

.)1 MOK:Iu (cd.) considcfI Ihis fonn al Jeaultin, from tegtaSive: alllmiladOll,namdy ·{illli > ~lJtJ, bue lhe demonllnù.-c clcrncn.1 ti- appcan lO me unUkdy.Su: S. MClK&t.1 (c.d,), A.l.,,*,-';" lo ,. C."'/Uf'.,M Gr••. _/IM S,.,irit-~.P'-"II "'"M~ (Wìeobad<n. -9'4). S, Hl, S.ppooiaa th.. tbc &em;n... JrIof t~ tndit.ionll1 pronunàuioa i.t ptim.i.tlve, how woutd ooc ICCOlltlt {or Itl

JI: Whethu ooe Sta mIti tbe: fetninjne cndlaa or .. demonstratl..-c clancnt. nebUet mlnodty ftW li bcld by. lO.. cxlmp1e, J. 8a.rth in hil D' P~.;"'i~iM"~s....... (LeIpxlg. '911). S'ld.

.u P. jouon, C,..lNiN J.t fWllmt biblifptt (Rome., '947). ft 7 b, ,6..

... AAC, pp. 16, 11 f., J9' Fit&m7cr, whom lhe diSlÌncdon h.d acapcd, took bnth.. indiating /q ft\ Sefi"tt:: JeC $,1'''' pp. 41 (.• ••,.

» Y~Ji, p. &.,lO.

,. Wha. bull il Ihere, Cor in.su.nce., whcn hc wrilCS In c:rillclsm Df Scgcrt IDeI inrapcct of [l')" "you come" mat "mw.s hier I......) ala Lawuog tngmommenwen:litn, daln dic cntsprccb~dc Badung da S,rilcheo, [...1. Irann nur aWl dcmDiphthonS ~+,. cntstudcn sein, nic:ht aus ..+." (A~-eC, p. 17. n. ,Il?

112 T. NURI\UKA ttl.I...FRKHRRYR INSCRIPTION ANO BARI.Y AlANAle 113

J1 On PfJJ. cf. Klufman. "/III.m. p. ~ n. IS4... Sor below p. Il. S.I. ....•" On ••'1/11 c= "Sele. Mi/i8). d. KlurmJJ1. I"jllnlw. p. ,.'c Fur I prDbabJt uamplC' of r mlrlc.ing I shurt II In Sam.aJi.n, KC' O;on, y,'ltfli.

p. -,6. •4' The Peshinl Jhu\lo'S'I,,{i.~ b\.ll ~r(l).

Q 11lC odamuion m.rk is t.lqtn'$.4J StJin, p. I.'.oM Su )',,'lH!i, pp. 6'-80. His suggcsfion th:u "I. dlphtougue lOir pré\anf dans Ics

forma i .Itri/Ii' Mf.l. dltHnC:mCS" (p. 76) souods lO me I Iinlc (U·fclChcd." To suggest In,"'} for /07 Ales in thc facc of aety 11ICSlCd ,radicM>n ur rnding

IVlilable. a. Kau(mUl. ],tlli'l«r.s, p. 101_ Un 1M: lur IWO nouna. KC P. dc: L_Slrde.U,bn-m1Jf Ftbu d;, i•.·lrwllliiJIbrlf, ,,1,••1J1W.1III HtIJ,llll~ IbI;,., 8I1J1IIII. Jt,. N•.hw(G&.lingm, IIl,), pp. 14'·'0.

.... ..... the ooly pmblem wilh il orlKln&l1y ...." lheir, reluctance tO .dmit th,C'inccprive u", or mediai vowd·)etu:n In 1Ome: Old Anmale textJ 0.0 BUI chU usc: 11ICIJceI,. SI .bundlnt or wklesprad u me evidc:noe in flvor cf thcir origioll posJtioo.In I aenle,tbc cvidcnce. luch u it it. merd, confinns tbc b.k Ihruu oflhe1ruriglnllcontendon" ("Phues". p. 6,).

41 "11tc fint imponlnt modi6catJoo k1lhc Phomk.iu onhugrlphk ,~un wumadc, applten,tly b)' thc Amnlnns, abortir after Ihc:r borm....uI the &lphabci(CL nth-loth a:nc."leI 8.C:)" (CrosafFreedman, SHO. p. ,I); •.... d'inspitltionInm6enoe" (Dion, y.'u, p. $11).

... UllOlatrd cnmplct ofhinorieaJ spdUnl ••• C.S., .~ > .#1 > r' (op. dt.• p. 19).~ 1 now nolc chlt Zadolt and l are in acneral t,AfCUl)(11C in rhia qarei: Zaduk,

"Rcmarks".I.lI.i) EHO, p. 24 unda no. 4: "There is no evidcnce '(or the COOCftctian. nf lhe

diphthonp. *J snd l", in Old ANImale undtt Inr circUINlaRCa".'1 Fìtzmyer hu bccn kd lO mocUf, ••tbc: leneral thc::lis oi Croa ~d Frftdman'"

which be .dll cunslders valid. in tM Iight of MW cvktcn« fOu('d in lhe Sdì~

iosc:ripdons :Il.Ich u b9 "1mOflg$1.o bclWccn"; S,ptw, p. 1-46.sa On Ibc Scfire cumplc mcnr.ioncd io che preccdl.ag foor.norc. Oegu 'Mrhes:

"Vidlcic:ht Iit:gt im Aa. c.iru: andcrc Nominalfonn vor" (p. 6&, n. s9').» Tbc Tiberlan uadition of Biblictl Arlm.c hlll prCKtVed both flIn;111nc1 "n,

thougb che I.ner i. con.idC'red by Saucr/Lnndc:r Il probablr Hebrai.lM: C,.....IiA;.p.I.)Ia.

ti'" Giblon (lix/~ vol. 2, P' 90) quotcS che pair ~/lpIpr.nei t8P#Sr ili nidc:ocl:or che monophthongindon., bue Il.In::ty tbc twnC or t~ AUYfi2ln klng did RoeOri&inaUy conu.in 1')'/' Cf. A. R. N'iII:ud, "Allyri2In _oyaJ Names io BibJica.lHcbn::w", JSS al (1976), 1-14. esp, 1·

U Dioo (ytllllii, pp. 101 f.) lisa. seria of p1ausiblc. uswocnm 8S.iNI Ihc:presenc:e in S.malilln of shon finiI "o....eb.

56 Ponibty • Icribù ettOf far llllr{y)/f IIccordiag to Gteeoficld/Sh,,6'er,(n. 6,). J13.

i' h lhol.lld be nou:d that Classical Syrisc, IglmSI tbe generai tcndcncy, hu IIIcxceptional CllSe in I,rli', tne v~ word which occurs in our ioscription u JW'r (IO).

SI See N61ddle, 5.1" CrAIII.• §49.5Jt AAC. § 3.8.,.1.,.60 Ya'lIlIi. pp. 7vr6. Stt .150 Stent, op. cit., § ,.8.,.1.•.61 Degcn, AAG, S9; OMm. y.'Jtdj, pp. sar.ea: Y. Aharoni. Ard lA'UTipli""Ucruulem, 1911), p."I.~ Thus ttlc interchllnaC- ClonOl be.,.id to be", rcgion2It Ì$ogloss'" as Gr.bbc sa"

ca p. j IlOr his 'ltdclc.. 1.. L. Grabbc., "Hebn:w piiJJUgaritte B'L IInd the Suppaud

" ..

l·~.

,...~.~(..

. l

BIP lnten::h.nge: in.Scmiric". U,-rit FUlt:IJ""",. Il (1979),307.14. }te loc:J un co ..y:."it is ItilIllkcl, tMt thc fonn hen: (ADIi .tbJl has nOlhing in common wjeh thc rormwl in nonhcm S,tia bue rather n:pt'eKnes an cnùn::ly dUf'ermt linguildc phcno­met!fN\" (p. 311). bUI he: docs MC ~r, what (hl, di!fcrcnt phenomcnon t..

.. Oq,eo, A ....fe. §,; Di()ft, Y.'JIlii, p. '9'

.. J. Fricdrich, P~I".PJt-;ttIk C,..",..,II: (Rumc. t91 I), p. jJ. n. I.

a Grlbbc, ttrl. di. (n. 6]), )1).

ti1 G. Carbial.lI s,.ilk,/,"'''''1 (Napull. '960). p. l'. Scc allo SeXen, .·'AG.SJ·7·a.+ I • •

.. Z. Hln'ls. DnW'JI.d fj ,IN C.tItNI/filt Oltllttls (Ne'W H.ven. 193'), p. 71.'" Op. C'iL. il>., and n. 16.'IQ One m., fiod mnrc. enmples or ehe Illeged ,/b .hin In M. Wdrre:n. hngl. rr.•

1.S"II,..,II'./ l''' Isrwlil, "".$ i. P.lulù" (London, 1971). pp• .,640. Weippefl.lIpeIIlts of ".n MrHI.t;'. o( che t.bl.l plDlive bcfore Ihc foUnwing voi.ecJes•COO50n.nl". TM m ..jor diillc:uJcy 1 f\nd W'ith his uutmCIU il thal he il detling wichthC$C twu IOUnds li toO( consritumts. 1 t;nn1y bclleve Ihlt ti bit Initidly pne nccdtu look If K'fual ....ords in their pknncr.ic c:oates.r. le k nf coursc (X*UòJe tht, apbcnor:nenon which wu In:itialty coofincd and rpccifk tO I panicular pbonot.cùc:cootcxt could s~bs:c:qucntly be lelCicaU1Cd or even "ndicalized".

fl Noce:: '.p d.llcgc:n bldbt im 05 1_ Os.tsyrJsc:hcnl mc.t alMI.. uod w;ro nur$dten im Silbcnlosltut %U ! f'CllItWert(~ mit emttn IO' o abgdcùmc:n a.lb-­krcis)" (C. Broclcdnunn. S)"". Gr••. (Lcipzig••1962). p. '1). Xc 1110 N6k1c.ke, .~.C",•. , §s7'

n Whe'~r Ihis h.l .n,mmc lO do with sp'ntntludon, u Ahmo.l daims (.ICe&bave), loCt1lU tI' mc anothc.r malcet. Stc allO Kat1rman, lItJl.,.u. p. 116. n_ a.However 1 (,U to follow che lanc.r's argumc:nt (p. 111, n. 6) cblt spiramiulion couldnor bave o«urred in 01d ArunJ.k, m,in my vlew thc:.re is no \'CISOn tu bc:1ieve tbatche UK tu OA ofche kttcr J tO IUark tbc Ptoc:O"Scrnitk dtntal frkal:iyc 181 necand1yìmpIìa eha. rbc kacr wu IO ptoaouna:d In OA.

"I) Thc Akkadi.o venK>a bu MfM.il·'i. ABM (p. '0) lte of che opinion ehat then.rnc • Anlmaean, a.nd addu.et. (p. 19) (rom Allyrlan sourccs more namea "'legtdJyconcamiell che .IatnC sccood c:lemcnl A1J ,pdJed. wich l. As tM 'Proto-Sctniùc J8I..,pun in Akkldian u /tI, whicb .bifta in Noe>Au,rian IO !'I. thc: onhQ&uphy •temltnbk, lO la)' tbc lcut.ls it pouibl)' In .ttempt IO rdJecr an Aranuac lntc..rdent'"fOJ? 011 tbeOlher hand. some Auyriologisu oplne that~ is some eviclc:ncc of mespirtnli2ed /tl (-18D in AkkadillD spdJed ..ah I; aee. C.I" W. .-00 SodcD mdW. R611ig. v",s .iJ:M1ù,"~ (Rome, .)1976), pp. xix-n and W. vOC1 SodCfl.Erg_t.l,'VUt11 t .... G·,dtblu••J:J:.diu4,," G'I1...ti_ (Rome:. 19691. pp. "."(. FOI'JoOIM implkarions or suc:h "W:w for Aram..lc linguiStia. I« Kaufman, III/Jfttu.pp. U6-I" ISI f.• wbCft: be temb. to DÙnianixc tbc otmt o( spirtluindon inAk1c.adiln: "at presmc Ibere: 11 ooJy l.mallamouDt of evick.na: fDla mini.ouJ IJDOUntor insignificant v:iItiuion, diffc:ring in è'Ach of tbe \'Ilrious dialec:t$" (p. t I a. n. 1 J).

H Dt=gcn. AA"". §, pp. H f.15 Note a Palc:stinian·Att.bic form ~'f1jiJ (or Ihe Hcbrew placcMmC: '~/i,.i{.

mcntiuntd by E. Y. Kuticiler in ]SS IO (t96,). 18. "lr1l. 'his farm(?)' in anins.c:ription f'lublished by CaquOl" ll.nd dllltcd on palaeognphics.l grounds lO tM:5Cventh antury B.C......ould not betong here ir ir i5 a 10an from CDntemporaryAssyrian tnrWII (= ,,,ililll in a.bylooian) or some' sIJch tc:lllted form. SceA. Caqum, "Une tn5Cription ~ntnétnnc d'q,oquc aSlyricnoc", A. CaquOt andM. l'hiloncnko (e<b.), HO/.u"tI!P4 JI. DltpoJlt4 S.,,"HT (Paris, 197'). pp. 9~16. Cf. alsoKauEman, lJfjlMntnl, p. "9, fot a pfOposai to d.le the ios.cciption later (Nw·Babylonian), &CC Grcmfield, "Anmaic Sludies and thc: Biblc:", p. 116 in J. EmenoA(c:d.). CMA"SJ V~""", VkllJfa "ltI ISVT J:') (Lciden, '981) aod the literature dIccithcre.

\"i~ ,'HJ.l.·fHKI-IIiItVg INSCRU'TION AND Hftltl.Y AR,\MAIC t 15

;o ~"," .oegcn, .·1.'1G, n049'"'O. fìtxm)'er (.\4ir". pp_ ... f .• l''~) WlIlll nut aware ur rhi,~" gnmC'nt distinetiun,4 ~ 00 the "emphatic"/pf'C'CllÌ~l· in vlrious Semiti<: langulgeJ, ste I diacuuion in

"':QUI: rorthcoming f;·.pJJ.lir F.,., .JNl CWUlnKl;f1l1s il, Biblir"J Hlb,.,.., Ch, 1, (i). and... '-(.1';000 Y.'.Ji, pp. 1(,1']0.

....-..w: " IIOD As indiatl!'d .be,lYC- (n. \9), this L' lIur prcrcrrc:d ruding un li~ 1.0 u :tIgAinst~ ';;.\BM·L.J"I''b.~'. ~i.: "" Dtnn, )'tI'''';, pp, 119(,. ~_ '~ .. r: IO! Dinn (p. H!.) makcs A bold sUUCSlion ,h'l the ,ullix 'II is • m:ni"e1l' I.te

~ ;. ~ -;" ~dition,and also contendi th.t che-re is n() cc:rt:linty char Samali.n never had ~. rurm. ~ ..,.lm 5uch Juffix. Thi$ 1...« )'XJiot, howcvc:r. ts kfc undanonstUled..~ . '. ":: 10.\ II il {O thesc casc:s cha\ A8M is rc:krrioJ' k'I (hdr pu:a:ling sr:atenu:nt "·rul.ltcfois

_-r~"'?'ib'" ce tate la c:ocxincnce l.cil. of $oort irnperf«ts (trt:hud whh • ',I a\'ec des, "!~.' .tottDCI impc:.f"ativn norm.lcs pa,..it ma.nifotd'qu~~ t molnt qu'11

~ ~ • ,.' ... ,'aaiuc: d'un élémenc ,yntactiquc menre ob6cur'· (pp. Si f.)? b~ ':( ~ /0.." il aw'l"'. :~.! ..~ tu dM: Hadad hucriptÌOtl uf V.'di tl\entinned i" thc prct'CdÌfl8 ICflte:Occ..

..... ':".'ihdr Connulltioa ios ku than accuratt, (or Oiun'l conteruioo 11 th.t thc cvidmcr.: ~~~.. '.~ the ablcnce in t!w Jdìom or unormaJ" (te•• bili impuka.

!".... Otoo, Y~_, p. 16,. He a.sumcs In ultim.td,. axnmon origin oftlle ~itivr

tod :t.IlnO'teivcJanphalÌC' ptOditk: l,• • (.idy pI.ustbk u.wmption.ID "'..• mais .'; (enil rQut 'USli bien l'.W.lre'' (p. ILf)... Gibaon tads Jt Il fIìIhJ: Ttxl"-M. vol . .I, p. 61 .... ith • discua;nn oa p. 74... S« Dioa. )'4'''', pp. ,0t"OJ,

..t ~"I.: "j 101 Sec Kaufm.tn. J.'lIttIf'U, p. las .nd n.. 46 th«e. On dte (.mcd lW in Biblica)'" ~~...;.. , AnrnUc, aee n. Y. Kl.lUdcr, Ln.... aJ (1,60/'6t), p. 14'·~ .(' ,1'" ... ADM are I.'re uI this: "Ek (i.e., 'cctte C'll"ICU!risdquc' of thc precedin"

':" ".-";':~.. quntel dwinguc l'aram6tn de Samal dc odui dc S,ric où seui l'impcrfcc:ti( .pocx~.', ...::.: coprimc le ,........ 1'.bsaKc dc m""" l pn!~,", I·" (p. ,,).

• 1M JNES 11 (191'), 9"III h lCC:mI \bu therc is somc unc:crtainry abuuc MI/I(Sc:fiR! J B H), whkh Dqcn

<ad>pli.na The hiaml'J or lhe diacuuion "Iuedoctly aummlrillCCi by Dton, Y.'., p. 19S.m "Phucs'" pp. 61 f.'''' pp. u.a f, In D. H. MOllet, "Oie .hacmitilchcn lnlchrirrcn VOlI Sancbehirll",

rzr.M 1 ("9t), H-70. Il '.40 .

u. Grcenfic1d (Lt.... 'l (1"1), J6.t) would no", o( CO\U'IC t:eYÌK bis poaitlon'. Chll'.'" in the plOv('1'bf or Ahiqar is I rrak ol Western Aram.lc •• s&.fost l'."..

....-.l "'.__ ~ "t See n. Il lOO"e. TI1c UK of O Uli"", to "pfO«Ct. prc:sc:rveo• i. -eli IUated.

~~ '. ..~ YOn Sodc:n, AU.., •.•. (p. l '4C b)..• . \. ti? C. Brocltelm.nn, u;),'kN $.",........ (HaJle, "911), p, 7"'~, . Ila Scc F"aamyer, S#jItY. p. 6,. Dcgen (AAC, p. 6,. n. u) cancun.

'" Dqen, AAG', p. 70, n. 60.:1 ;!.;.. .. Fimnyer, Stflf'r, p. 400 Fitzm:yc:r', l$$Crdon (lb.) chSI r~ b no nKtcnc:eti: -t;.: ..clsnfherc in Aramalc fot • ~ inC.... ith • (cm. encIing nuds lO be sli.bd,.~~~...... :)DOduatcd in tODe io"n cl ~·t.i:Jll'··ohbeUnlle incanutioo tU>t.nd 8la J.19l:: •. ~?' ROIUlthal's vie- thtt the Isttft' is t rarm wRh the dctctmincd It.tlt mding Is

...;; , .00,," unliltdy. Thc .-iew thll this is • fcminine (orm il hdd by BaIJC1'fLe-al'Kler-:. (CIV•.• p. 'IGt) a.od Sqert, AAC, i 1.7.'.J.1.

,.;::~: • U1 Pac:l: ~~•• Wl; H.rd: '.11, MI!I, Wl. Por rclermco. s« Ocgen, AAC,_ :- ~ 'S§ n, 61. No rc1c.,.ot cxamplc il to be round in Simalim\.

so' • III Dìoo, y.'",p, p.•,..w Oion il appatultly 1It1,Wln: that tJw: U-.IM cbeùs wu puc iorw.ta:I by

c.lk<>ckdmann in hia C""",", Jtr "'11, C.... Jtr "';,. S_/n I (Ilcdin, ''''~

114 -~ ~~Sct liso P, RusenthQI• .-1 (;Tilll', ti! 8;W. ,,1,....... (Wiabadc:n. 191$1), SIJ'

"an Ar.maic de.doptMnt whic.h, io 'AH Iikclihuod, W25 ul1dcr w.y in the 5iltcb -', '"'century B.C." f'utschcr sccms lO ::aC~: sce Ho Y. Io::utxbcr. ··Aram~ic:". p. J14 ~

Un heanng IIn orl.I pl'OC:n~:uìnn nE th;., piper un lO Aug. 191" a cutleaguc of mine:Dr A. Mul'tnnt'Tl, hp klOdly drawn my altcntion tu his Itud,. "Thc Sentiti!:SihilnlS".jSX Il (1lj66), "'-fo,esP' 14if.

" .-1.·IG. SlO (p. 40)." J4111': lIItJ r.r.rnlJJn Ju ivpt'-Kkn.i;Kbt" (GiKcborg. 1911), SJ p." Cf. Kuudu:r, "l\f'lIlm.k", pp. 314(,; td., "Humopolis", p. 106; id., 1fMt'OIb

pp. 11,71. Scc also ~. Rtau, O. Pklllf4~ft(ti4wJiII S,_ Sr.ilir '411f,*X" Ucrusalan:1970), pp. l16-d; ~au(mln.INIJklKts.pp. 1-l0(.; Sq.,ocn• .rI.-'(;, pp. tU-14.

IID 1'hc: unly et.rtlJn CQC is IIIM'.:n against thricr .ttested M'''. Sa:: Kutsd'ltt"H«mop<Jlis", p. 1004. '

Il Ib.. p. 106. es. _ha my dÌKUSSlotl or. mixtd pitture in thls rq;.rd lI$ Prcsc:nttdbl' olle Qum... tarzwn ol Job, pp. .,6L olln Inicie "Tbc AllltrlIi< ol tbc (lldTTm al Job ~.q~raaC.n .XI",]JS IJ (114). pp. 41'''',

The ~IM Y1tW ~ IndatM by KJufman (/.J.-u, p. 1al, n. IJ) U. pos.Iibilit}.Il MC'r'trioncd by Kut:schcr. HAram_ic", p, 111.

.. Rartb, P~""" SII b. I """,Id wbmit. inddem.uy, th"t tbcdeuchrnmt of rhe: obpea pronoun ..thcm" ftom the wrb io diaJecb 5Uth u BibtiaJ

• ~n.m.iç ~d S,riae. repracnh _ MlC'ODd.ary dcvdopmmt. rhe dirca anachmcnr »m Tarawnte A.......ic (Onli:dot/Jonarhan), Mandak .00 8.b,1on.ian TalmudicA,..m.~ having pracTVcd tbt ~riginal arate., a.nd (hlt tbc. dctachmaK hu JOfl\ahina.ti) ~o witb che "'et (hM .the tlnrd~ plural morphcmc: is the: anly eattgory iowhich ooc can uau.mc Ja mao)' SanltlC lanau'~ tbc: idcmu)' bccwccn t~ f'ftmorphanc .nei bound morphemc.

Il l>cg<n••1.·IG, SlI with n. 46.hm.• Far a penetf'lltin,g diacuWon o( Arsbk dcmoostrati\IC m."phcu~ Itt

H. AciK:h, L'"" tl#ss": E.stftUsa ; .. SfrWtIllY IÌIf&1IIÌnÌf"t (Bc)'rour~ ;961),pp.I,,.J1.

: J. Buth. 0." P_",i..l1IiJJMot. ... (n. ,,). S41 d. . .On d'lls pOtnt I« De&eA, A.-1G, p. l'' n.• anel me lutlture mcd thcte.

• Under thit aDl.lmprion U&r, tll, ESA i', .od. a, Art». ;il. ca.nnut' be eue:tparafldsofour t'I and Heb. -{."JT, .. (W, u the auumcd conIOflAntai l'I tlconcemcd.Mark howe.ver tbat the Atabic: pronouo il not apdJed with I " • ..ni(4.

tO Dian. Y.'Mii, pp. l,.t with a, J. J mUJt tdmil my lOtti faihuc tO c:omprehendhk whale argu.D'\Cf\1 lO che c6ccI thac: me Ihl hetc: ts '1nc:opated.nei thc..derivC$ (rom~"'. The sufiz I oi c:he Sab,lonisn TaJmud a.nd Mandale (aau'lU, Ilf) il tOtIU,mdcvanl, f'or tbcre tbe morphcmc wlth a. lingulsr noun has rq>Iactd that tO be usc:dwith I m.p!. 000",

" For aamp1e, Kl.ltsehc:r, "ArtmaiC», p. HO; Gree.ntidd, '·-[)(alea. Trlin",p. ,61.

ft Y,"'.i, pp, t n-,'... 1lfJ' (Ein Gcv, 9'b C<rlL) and ~tb{IIT' (D.....,.tI <a".~.. NttdJc::sa lO M', .,.' C'biI. 16) ios not in 1M Jt.cmph.tl ABN: (p. '7) ue imptttise in "1ina: that: an 1M.xcd l-eoo;ucarkm hacl alrud,

btcn.~wn io Sdire.. for cxc:qxins • c:uc al the wel)..lmowtl metathcsls l>fI/~), themnauuoi examplcs a"est lO prc:fiudon u in Jlh•. Nor do i (ollow dteifprac::ntationofOion'a allllymof"'.,.. ....un Clthpe'alltnperfutifou iu,.if.~....Clt~.. (ib.)

.. et Moscad. 1.ttwJ.tiwt, S16.tl,Ip fu il cmphutud by Dion., Y.'IItIi, pp. t'.I'.• Samalian k.oows al ..be shon

lmpcnoct 001" wblcb ÌI aUo uS<d wbett GOC CllpC<U lhc ioni imp<dca.

§J:6JB... A aimila, puine wu malie by thc praml \Vriter. tnd4:PCf'Idt"ndy ofDion, inhis paper l''C'ld in 1910 t.t the stennd inltrnational conference or Aramaic INdies,.papa ro be pubU.hed in 1M proceallnga o( me conferemc.

l~ S« our diKUI&'on .buv.:, SI ,.1.I..... I wuu~ add here that TI'1umlc Aramaic:: in I t..-dltintl prescrnd with che!

l\.lpDline., vlXllbuhm .)'srcrn hu. dininC't Pcallnfini1J"t'c panem, II/tIflil. 'J'1Ie f"CIchac il I. IIWId)' -' (or sn cxcqniun. SC'e Tra Jon. l.. <$G.ll "';Lfill~iIl.- emploJedwhc:n: tbc: Hebl"t'w tt:'llt hu che: inr••ba. ahould noc l'1C'CId.Saril, .ignl(y (hac Ihis Is anani6ci.1 cruliun. Sce G. Dalmln, CM•. M~jitljfdt.Jl#litlitfbt1NlI..,rtllIti;UJJ(I...ripai,;.2'901), p. J1', NolI: ,hai Sabylnnian ANimaic in the "lcmenitc uadltlon hu prescrveddle lamc di, ncclon quite indcpc:ndcnc1y or BibJkaJ Hd>rcw grammi'. Il .ho.....n bySh. MUf.g; fCC PHtitlittt 7 (1961.), S1.lIU. Syritc. whkh aku hp. limitar uslgt.,tbuu«h not mcehlnklUy cnslavC'd tu tbc Hebre..... lltnlCCurc. UKS thc form Mf"IM'IIIlth••hort la/. althougb • clnse.r looll. al mtn\lSCtiplJ mlght add more c:x.mples thtn cheOI1ly onc wÌlh • long 11/ mentioned by NìlWc:lce. .'fl. Cr••., p. 104. Q. t.

la, ScSClt (.·I.'IC, § 1.6.9.1.') secs • m.tl&: of sccoad.'1 future or thcM:IUfI'ormativcs In their v.riay. but DO t.hc buiJ or tM .....lI.bIe. evidcncc: in BibltnlAnmaic, .Ibeh mngre. lbC'fC Ilc:C:mS lO be: tbc fUllowint:; ft.irly ncal morphosyntacdc:dimibutìoa: luI) whh ptoOomil\tl objCCla aod 'atl ..ith nomlnaJ obj«tl. In E.zr 7.16X!'p ~]1 1m indincd ro see an inftnhivc compktc:ly sub5tlndval ~ charaae:r.Sa:: UUr cnmmc:nt un tbe unge: in IIQtgJub in JJj' '1 (l91.), S7....6.1 .nel on thac inIQGeaAp ifl tttMt *QII""';II, nn. a9 (1971.), § l'. See .Iso aur p.per mentloncdlbave (n. II.J). "On thc: MorphoJ,ntu o( rhc Infini(Ìvc: in TIl'Jumic Anm.iè" Indun tbe infinhivc in Targumic Anmaie In galcral. A. TaJ, "Thc inlinicivc anel irsmorphol~'8k:.1 VlrtctiCll in Pa)Qlinian jc:wtth Aramaic" lin He:brrwJ. an c:llp.ndc:dvenm or a fI'per IlIO prcs.cntcd at lbc nrne con(c:fUl« ln. I&J abevel••00 nO\v inM. &r-A,hc:r et al. (~,). Fsc.hr. Z. Bcn-Hlyyim. Alt9g" J.lM. UCTUulcm. 191).pp. aOI-t'.

ll7 It would then be: pouiblc IU consldcr tbc lbove-mmtioned II) o( Sc6rc al •

Vcttise: or dM: more primirive: Paci infiniUve:, Ibnugh DO( UICd .blSoJurtly.ut Sec Oe:gcn••'1."1(; §61. Kau(man', v~ thar lo Sdire 111 7 r: J:J _IAg' V J/w!)

".u the: kings ot my vicinit," thc p.niclc: Nnaions Il I relativc nceds lO~lracc.. il ptqJ01Jrionat in (orCC" tikc: 5yr. U1r Ind Hcb. ~ÌII. Degen's aecond e:xamp1cinvolvlna 1Utorltlon ofthc: te:llt hu bcen r1ahl1y tc;ceced by ABN (p. 11).

12't Cf. M.Z. Kaddlri, "CoonNCf Stlte Ind DI·Phr'5cs In 1mpc.ri.1 fUlmlllic:",Pnnw/iJlzl ./ Ibll"urw/;'NI C.fimKr _ S,.iIM $11IIlitt HtIJ i" jtrJlUk_. '''~J J~

IIIJo{Jcrosak:m, 1969), pp. 10"-".UIl Sce r«c:nrly, Kutscher, 7....,•• pp. lo.c-.6; Klu(mln, /1f}IItMU, pp. 'IG-}.I.Hl No..., far whkb tbe Au,ria.o veflion b.. • '/1." bi/~. No. t ha notNng in

thc Auyri.n to COfTQpond lO.UI Kaddarì (Irt. cit,. p. 1011op) ucribcs lO BabylonJan iDAue:nc:c cUCi .....hcrc the

serond component is de:lcnnin.red. Bul (rom poim (,) belo..... il i5 clcu that Akkldiancanno[ be held di'«19 responsible for aJl thc ';vc cxample:" in ol.lr inscription.

t.u M~I 'lr (1); "Ilt r) "1II1fJ (a); ,UII JJlt 11''4'" (}) .'dII.' J:/JIt (4);,.11. JI::1I (h 16).In ali these euCl. includios .MII.;itht h!Jrili (6) witb 11 "hanging vowd /II". thf:ASSY'llln p.niciplc is in the construet state rollowed by a genitive or ooliquc case:.

1,)01 l1lJl' 'II:,. ""i} (.I); lWl' dr (4); ",/J.: lWt" (6, 7. I l); Il, JSI'/IIry (6); '."I,III/J (IO,

14h ,/-lMI.Js) (u);.,· /Jb." (16); bi 1JJJ (17).I~ "Aramaic", p. J6a.; ToItJJJflJ, pp. IISC.U, Ser, rcr cxample. KuuchCf', lne. cit.• Dion, Y.'thi. p. dI; Dcg.cn. SIt.tJ' In Idditino to the intrinsM: Iikclihood o( Auch ISsumption arAing (rom

historical coIlJidcntions. note also thu che: Akkadian tcxt ls engravcd on rhe frontaod tbat "1h<: Akkldiao was e:xe:cutcd fim, leavios insuffieienr space: for thc Aramaic

116 T. MURAC~A

f~•!•'."

!­ì·

•,

ft·"

,,

t..·.''.,[: .

Ttil,I ..FHlrnBKY6 JNSC8IPTIUN AND U"J:I.Y AIlAMAIC 111

wcc wbich thcn un aver DO lO tbc hcm ofthe eatmenc" (GrceoficldjSh.Wcr, "Nou:s",p. '''9). '

u, To ...y merely "U f:nn lussi 11grWef dan, ICI phl'UC5 longua. le ";cr d\l vClbe:c:n fin de: phnsc: dans 5equd on poumUl voir Ur)f: influCDtt au)'ricnncto (OICommtlllia_t.ion." p. 6S l) d &hiing unl'i part o,f rhc picture. Sec .lln a rc:m.rk by A. C:.quot in asimUI' vcin: "Comml.lnicadnn·" pp. ~S~ (.

u, Meno: nne should nOl, U KUC1~ does. regard rhmc futun:s ~":uet.l by him., inAucnccd by Pl:nian u .cli as Altkadi.n: ace l{utJChc:t, ItAramaic". p. )Gl. It"uf coursc cclOoeiv.b1c lhat in Ihc Achleme:oid pcriod the Pc:ftian lanBuale teinfnrccdsum a dcydupmcnt. Kaufrnln _bn spe:aks o( "Iraniln urigi"" o( cbe ch.ractc:tU:lieWClrdo()t~ In St:ancbrd Imperia] A",m_ic (1N/lIHNtl, p. IGo).l. Mr MiU.rd tdts mc.(Privlte: communic:lflnn or ... Sqn. 19'a) thlt somecpigraphisca: Aredi~ te. SUUelt I fare.flier d:l1c: CI! tM ll:Ic:vcnth callury B.C. Sc:c:alto j. N.veh, &r!1 HiJf,? -.J,IN "1/pJNflrl Qerusalcm. 19h), p. '9, n. 1&·

l<tl Sec. e:.g" CrOMfPrcedman. W-IO, p. 64:" ... Ihc Itng\llse oFPaoamnul t and 11is arch.ixing Anmaic''. in conlndistinclinn to thc (lOIftion hcld by GCnsbe:rg, wbul11&inUli.... thtt thc I.nsu.se of thc inKripti()nl ....as lbc: loc.l spoken dlalca o( Sunll(n_ &-. thete). Dionll summuy presenlltion of hli thetti ti tIfO cntltW "~

LanguIgc 5pok.cn in Ancictlt Sam'aJ'" ]NES )1 (197')' Il,·ll.l'l H.I.. Ginsbe:rg, ~rJSL '0 (19U)•• ; kl. "Nmthwetl 5cmitlc tanguIga", Jn

B. Mn (cd.). T. W"M UiJ"".J et 1M ],.iJb P"pk, II/z. P.ni.rchs (l970),pp. 101·a t aomc ume in thl: third quancr of the: 8th c:mlury B.C..e. t~ 1oc:alYemaeullr, S.mlli.n..... (u • "'pwvincial" dl.1C'Ct) supcnedoJ, (or purposes ornS'll c:pi8'n1phs, hy Common Aramaic" <1'. "9): KutKher. "Ar:alDllIle". pp. )tol.;G=nr.dd, JNill17 ('91"). 94; Dian. JNl!S 11 ('9,1), "',

IU KtltaCoo ("Araauùc", p. )Jo) fc.1t it ncttSUf)' co invoke Pnxo-Scmidc. Dionri&h.tJy COIUkkrs tbc: 1m1 eX tbc nunldon u innovlrinn: JNFS J7 (1911). 111·

,... Sc:e Fittmye::r, St/l". p. "g.MS Sce Kut5f;hcr. "Aramaic". ~ H'.l" Dian il ......te o( thc diffic:uhy: "J.c rOls~ dtj" crcutl: par ccruiNi d&aceurds

impanama .., ne pouvait quc .·aal'Jir ~vcc le tempt.ll communicltion ye:rb.alc ~.ntdéwnn•• plus dilf;cile lbut whylJ. L'iJolement roa"phique qui multi det'installlùon dffinitiye del hommcs de Gabbar i Zendrli dut c:onNa'C:r l'autonomie:de Ieu' dlJ1eclé' (l'bJi, pp. 111 f.),

141 Gre:en6ckl is opm.aùndcd on this questlon, mendoalrts the ponibilhy o("an carly Canatnite- Ot some ot:h.cr- lubn",(um" UN6S n ll,,8). ,..).

l'' Cf. W.P. A1bri&ht io t.as. Edwarda et: al (w.). C.III6,y ~1M1vd Hh1I1t:J'11/1 (Cambridge. .1 15m), pp. Ja9-J6; J. A. Brinltmln, A PoIi,k.1 HÙ.JH;J '.IPUI-1WJirrs.~ "".,,, B.C. (R~ '96'), pp. -n-l,-

149 See A.R. Mm.rd, "Auyrilns and Aramelns'" 1,.. 41 (l'')). 101-01.H. Tadmor, "Tbc. An.cnaiution of ANy,ia: Aspttts of WQtt:m lmplet". inH.-). Nis.scn / J. Rcnge:r (eels.), MmpMurrit. ttNIuiN N«IJb",. .. P"iliu~·It1ItIItJt/IIIft/lt

WKlm!lHtùbM.!.'. i", A/n. V,rdtus;rlf "M ,. bis I. )ahrIHmld.l1. Cbr. IXXV.kencontrf: Auyriolosique InlerRluionale Bedin, J. b~ 7, juli 1971), Teil 2.

(Berlin. 1981.). pp. 449-Jo., j.C. Grttn6cld. "Babyloniln-Au.m.ak Rdationships",ib., pp. 47'·1&.

ISO "Dialecc TraitS". p. }~.

ISI Il cscapes me on Wh2t groundJ Groc:oficld can mainlain thlt Fekheryan "isclou: (.C) Samt.lian from tbc morphological point of vie...... ; sce J.A. Emenon (ed.),C~nli VIJ/,,/fft: VitfWl' 191tJ (SVT }Z' (tcidcn., 19'1)' p. 1Il.