Munoz Gielen 2012 - Capturing Value Increase - eBook

7/31/2019 Munoz Gielen 2012 - Capturing Value Increase - eBook

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Enpturabl vncug abergnsgab urdnb rghgvgc`pkgbt

Hgkgtra` Kuþ`z

n stuhy `j f`w tfg ge`b`kae vncug abergnsg ab urdnb rghgvgc`pkgbt enb

dg usgh t` jabnbeg tfg bgegssnry pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh tfgr jneacatags



Uahgst`bg Yrgss N bgw lgbgrnta`b `j Yudcasfabl

Qù nrg rgnhabl n jucc vgrsa`b `j tfas d``m, j`r jrgg!

Xfas d``m as pnrt `j tfg Uahgst`bg g-cadrnry wfgrg k`st `j ùr

pudcaenta`bs nrg juccy neegssadcg j`r jrgg. J`r neegss t` k`rg

jrgg d``ms vasat? www.sahgst`bg.e`k/cadrnry

H`wbc`nh Jucc YHJ

Zasat tfg Uahgst`bg g-cadrnry t` dr`wsg ùr g-d``ms. J`r n kabaknc

jgg yù enb purefnsg n juccy jubeta`bnc YHJ nbh dy hàbl s`, yù

fgcp t` mggp ùr cadrnry rubbabl.

www.sahgst`bg.e`k/cadrnry



Enpturabl vncug abergnsg

ab urdnb rghgvgc`pkgbt

N stuhy `j f`w tfg ge`b`kae vncug abergnsg ab urdnb rghgvgc`pkgbtenb dg usgh t` bnbeg tfg bgegssnry pudcae abjrnstrueturg

nbh `tfgr jneacatags



Enpturabl vncug abergnsg

ab urdnb rghgvgc`pkgbt

N stuhy `j f`w tfg ge`b`kae vncug abergnsg ab urdnb rghgvgc`pkgbtenb dg usgh t` bnbeg tfg bgegssnry pudcae abjrnstrueturg

nbh `tfgr jneacatags

Nb Nenhgkae gssny ab Knbnlgkgbt Ueagbegs

Hèt`rnc Xfgsas

t` `dtnab tfg hglrgg `j hèt`rjr`k Tnhdùh Wbavgrsaty Baokglgb`b tfg nutf`raty `j tfg Tget`r Knlbaeus pr`j. hr. U.E.O.O. M`rtknbb,

nee`rhabl t` tfg hgeasa`b `j tfg eùbeac `j hgnbst` dg hgjgbhgh ab pudcae `b K`bhny B`vgkdgr 44, 49>9

nt >5.59 fùrs

dy

Hgkgtra` Kuþ`z Lagcgb

D`rb `b Kny 49, >1<9ab Kîcnln (Upnab)



Uupgrvas`r?Yr`j. hr. D. Bgghfnk

Hèt`rnc Xfgsas E`kkattgg?Yr`j. hr. ar. L.T.\. hg MnkYr`j. hr. O. Tèn (Y`catgebae Wbavgrsaty `j Entnc`ban, Dnregc`bn)Yr`j. hr. K. @xcgy (Hg K`btj`rt Wbavgrsaty, Cgaegstgr)

N w`rh `j tfnbms as lavgb fgrg t` tfg @XD Tgsgnref Abstatutg j`r tfg Duact Gbvar`b-kgbt (Hgcjt Wbavgrsaty `j Xgefb`c`ly), wfaef abvgstgh kuef ab knmabl p`ssadcg tfasHèt`rnc Xfgsas. Ncs`, tfnbms nrg hug j`r bnbeanc nssastnbeg lavgb dy tfg Hutefl`vgrbkgbt (Fndaj`ruk Yr`lrnk Abb`vntavg Cnbh Wsg), nbh dy tfg Hgcjt Egbtrg j`rUustnabndcg Wrdnb Nrgns (Hgcjt Wbavgrsaty `j Xgefb`c`ly).



Fgt vgrfncgb vnb wnnrhgstaolabl ab

stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl

Ggb stuhag `vgr hg knbagr wnnr`p hg ge`b`kasefg wnnrhgstaolabl abstghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl lgdruamt mnb w`rhgb `k hg dgb`halhg

`pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg dgtncgb

Ggb wgtgbsefnppgcaomg pr`gvg p fgt lgdagh vnb hgKnbnlgkgbtwgtgbsefnppgb

Yr`gjsefrajt

tgr vgrmraolabl vnb hg lrnnh vnb h`et`rnnb hg Tnhd`uh Wbavgrsatgat Baokglgb`p lgznl vnb hg rget`r knlbaeus pr`j. kr. U.E.O.O. M`rtknbb,

v`clgbs dgscuat vnb fgt e`ccglg vnb hgenbgbab fgt `pgbdnnr tg vgrhghalgb `p knnbhnl 44 b`vgkdgr 49>9,

`k >5.59 uur prgeags

h``r

Hgkgtra` Kuþ`z Lagcgb

lgd`rgb `p 49 kga >1<9tg Kîcnln, Upnbog



Yr`k`t`r? Yr`j. hr. D. Bgghfnk

Knbuserapte`kkassag?Yr`j. hr. ar. L.T.\. hg MnkYr`j. hr. O. T`en (Y`catgefbasefg Wbavgrsatgat vnb Entnc`ban, Dnregc`bn)Yr`j. hr. K. @xcgy (Hg K`btj`rt Wbavgrsatgat, Cgaegstgr)

Hnbmw``rh? fgt @bhgrz`gmsabstatuut @XD (Xgefbasefg Wbavgrsatgat Hgcjt) w`rhtdghnbmt v``r hg kntgragcg gb kgbsgcaomg abzgt hag hat pr`gjsefrajt k`lgcaom fgddgblgknnmt. Xgvgbs w`rhgb hg Bghgrcnbhsg `vgrfgah (Fndaj`ruk-pr`lrnkkn Zgr-baguwgbh Tuaktglgdruam) gb fgt Hgcjt Egbtrg j`r Uustnabndcg Wrdnb Nrgns (Xgef-basefg Wbavgrsatgat Hgcjt) dghnbmt v``r fub bnbeaícg stgub.



© 49>9 H. Kuþ`z Lagcgb

Yudcasfgh dy Uahgst`bg Yrgss, Cgahgb www.sahgst`bg.e`k Uahgst`bg rglastrnta`b bukdgr? UUY7:61999>

AUDB 1<6-19-6619-971-8

Yaeturgs? Hgkgtra` Kuþ`z Lagcgb nbh Enrcgs LnseõHgsalb? E`ragb Ukat, NkstgrhnkAccustrnta`bs? Jgcapg Jgrbîbhgz Eõrh`dn, Xfg FnlugE`vgr accustrnta`b? Xak Knrtab, Hrgnkstakg.e`k

E`vgr hgsalb? Mnrstgb \gbtabm, Uahgst`bg Yrgss



Xfgrg nrg b`t gb`ulf w`rhs t` tfnbm t` tf`sg tfnt fgcpgh kg t` lavg dartf t` tfas rg-

sgnref. Xfas d``m as hghaentgh t` ky jnkacy, t` ncc tf`sg tfnt wasgcy nhvasgh kg, nbh t`

tf`sg tfnt fnh tfg pntagbeg t` castgb. At as hghaentgh ncs` t` Jgcapg Jgrbîbhgz Eõrh`dn,

O``st _`bbgvgch,Enrcgs Lnseõ nbh Kacgs T`st`b j`r fnvabl kg fgcpgh t` ‖knmg‑ tfas d``m.

A tfnbm Onvagr Lnreën-Dgccah` († 499:) j`r ncc fas absparnta`b nbh jragbhsfap.

B` fny pncndrns sueagbtgs pnrn nlrnhgegr n nqugcc`s qug kg fnb nyuhnh` n hnr n cuz n

gstn abvgstalneaõb. Gstg cadr` gstî hghaenh` n ka jnkacan, n t`h`s nqugcc`s qug kg hagr`b

snda`s e`bsgo`s, y n nqugcc`s qug tuvagr`b cn pneagbean hg gseuefnrkg. Gstî hghaenh` tnk-daáb n Jgcapg Jgrbîbhgz Eõrh`dn, O``st _`bbgvgch, Enrcgs Lnseõ y Kacgs T`st`b p`r

fndgrkg nyuhnh` n ¸fnegr¸ gstg cadr`. N Onvagr Lnreën-Dgccah` († 499:) cg nlrnhgze` t`hn

su absparneaõb y nkastnh.



XXndcg `j E`btgbts

Efnptgr >? Abtr`hueta`b? pr`dcgks ab tfg bnbeabl `j pudcae l`ncs ab urdnbrglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs .............................................................>

>.> Tgegbt fast`ry ab Hutef cnbh & fùsabl p`caeags? t`wnrhs k`rgpravntg abv`cvgkgbt ................................................................................ 4

>.4 Yr`dcgks watf bnbeabl pudcae l`ncs ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ................... 7>.5 Eùch cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg rucgs fgcp t` akpr`vg tfg bnbeabl`j pudcae l`ncs0 ...................................................................................... :

>.8 Cglatakney `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg ................................................... <>.7 J`rkucnta`b `j tfg pr`dcgk .................................................................... 1>.: Tgsgnref ûgsta`bs .............................................................................. >>>.< Xfg strueturg `j tfas rgp`rt .................................................................... >4>.6 Xfg prnetaenc vncug j tfas rgsgnref ....................................................... >5

Efnptgr 4? Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm? enpturabl vncug abergnsg watfab p`caey

bgtw`rms ...............................................................................................>74.> Y`wgr nbh tfg r`cg `j pudcae d`hags ab p`caey bgtw`rms ........................ >:

4.>.> Xfg Y`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef t` p`wgr rgcnta`bsfaps .............. ><4.>.4 F`w t` abtgrvgbg ab p`caey bgtw`rms? Bgtw`rm knbnlgkgbt .. 45

4.4 Xfg j`rknc rucgs l`vgrbabl pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh ................................ 484.4.> Tgstraeta`bs b tfg gxgreasg j pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh ............. 484.4.4 Xfg bnta`bncaznta`b j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts ab Gblcnbh

nbh \ncgs ............................................................................... 4:4.4.5 Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs? tfg hgdntg ndùt spcattabl hgvgc`pkgbt

ralfts jr`k cnbh `wbgrsfap ..................................................... 4<

4.4.8 Xfg sgpnrnta`b j abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b jr`k pr`pgrtyralfts ab tfg Upnbasf rgla`b j Zncgbean ................................... 59



xaa Xndcg `j e`btgbts

4.5 Dabhabl rucgs wfaef abfflugbeg egrtnabty nbh fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl ....... 584.5.> Ycnb-cgh vgrsus hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh pcnbbabl systgks ................. 57

4.5.4 Xfg nrlukgbts j`r nbh nlnabst egrtnabty nbh fflgxadacaty abpcnbbabl ................................................................................. 564.5.5 U`kg bnbeanc nspgets `j egrtnabty ab pcnbbabl....................... 89

4.8 K`hgc `j tfg enusnc rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t`z`babl nbh enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b .................. 8>4.8.> Xfg netavatags nbh tfg net`rs ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ................. 844.8.4 Enusncatags `j tfg nkùbt `j vncug abergnsg bnccy enpturgh ... 884.8.5 Jabnbeanc nbncysas `j tfg ensgs ................................................ 78

4.7 Xfg fyp`tfgsgs .................................................................................... 714.7.> Xfg rst bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b kgnsurg? k`hajyabl tfg

e`btgbts `j pr`pgrty ralfts ...................................................... 714.7.4 Xfg sge`bh bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b kgnsurg? k`hajyabltfg cgvgc `j egrtnabty ndùt juturg hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks ............. :9

Efnptgr 5? Kgtf`h ..............................................................................................:5

5.> \fy ensg rgsgnref0 .............................................................................. :85.>.> Kuctapcg ensg hgsalb ............................................................... :75.>.4 Abtgrvagws ............................................................................... ::5.>.5 K`kgbt `j hntn lntfgrabl ....................................................... ::

5.4 Xfg vncahaty j tfg bhabls .................................................................... :<

5.4.> Abtgrbnc vncahaty ....................................................................... :<5.4.4 Gxtgrbnc vncahaty ...................................................................... <45.5 Nbswgrabl tfg Tgsgnref ûgsta`bs ....................................................... <:

5.5.> Nbswgrabl Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ugsta`b > ........................... <15.5.4 Nbswgrabl Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ugsta`b 4 ........................... 645.5.5 Nbswgrabl Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ugsta`b 5 ........................... 655.5.8 Nbswgrabl tfg Knab Tgsgnref ugsta`b.................................. 67

Efnptgr 8? uaem senb? j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab \gstgrbGur`pgnb eùbtrags ...............................................................................6<

8.> _`babl rglucnta`bs ab tfg bgl`tanta`b prègssgs .................................... 668.>.> Nrg z`babl rglucnta`bs (dabhabl nbh b`t-dabhabl) nppr`vgh

ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs0 ............................... 668.>.4 Nppr`vnc `j hgtnacgh dabhabl rucgs nt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt

k`kgbt .................................................................................. 618.>.5 E`becusa`bs rglnrhabl tfg pcneg `j dabhabl rucgs ab tfg

bgl`tanta`b prègss? Ycnb-cgh vgrsus Hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh ........... 198.4 E`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs ...................................................................... 14

8.4.> _`babl pcnbs vs. akpcgkgbtnta`b-`ragbtgh pcnbs,d`tf dabhabl ........................................................................... 14

8.4.4 Cakatgh vs. dr`nh e`btgbts dabhabl rucgs ................................. 15



xaaaXndcg `j e`btgbts

8.4.5 E`bhata`babl tfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl rucgs t` sgeurablakpcgkgbtnta`b ...................................................................... 15

8.5 Yrèghurg j`r tfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl rucgs .......................................... 188.8 Dabhabl rucgs ab rgcnta`b t` pr`pgrty ralfts ............................................ 178.8.> As abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b sgpnrntgh jr`k hgvgc`pkgbt

ralfts0 ..................................................................................... 1:8.8.4 E`btr`c `j trnbsneta`bs ab abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b ................... 1:

8.7 Ugcgeta`b j eùbtrags ........................................................................... 11

Efnptgr 7? Xfg Upnbasf rgla`b `j Zncgbean ........................................................>97

7.> Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean ...................................... >9<7.>.> Tgvatncaznta`b j fast`rae egbtgrs nbh hgtgra`rntgh

bgalfd`rf``hs...................................................................... >9<7.>.4 Tgz`babl `ch abhustranc nbh `jeg satgs abt` rgsahgbtanc ......... >9<7.4 Enpturabl vncug abergnsg tfrùlf tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b .... >>>

7.4.> Cnbh`wbgrs cgnh cnbh rgnhoustkgbt? >17:->118 .................. >>>7.4.4 Xfg urdnbazabl nlgbt cgnhs tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt?

>118 - `bwnrhs .................................................................... >>87.5 Xfg cglnc cakats j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab tfg rgla`b `j

Zncgbean ............................................................................................. >>17.5.> Yudcae sfnrg `j vncug abergnsg ............................................... >497.5.4 Zncug abergnsg ns e`kpgbsnta`b j`r tnmabl rgsp`bsadacaty

j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags .................................... >497.5.5 Uèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl...................................................... >4>7.8 Abtr`hueta`b t` tfg stuhagh ensgs ab tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean .................. >45

7.8.> Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn, Eaty `j Zncgbean .................................. >487.8.4 Ygra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn, Eaty `j Zncgbean ............................... >477.8.5 Enkab` F`bh` hgc Lrn`, Eaty `j Zncgbean ............................ >4:7.8.8 Dgbncÿn Uur, Eaty `j Ncaenbtg ................................................. >4<

7.7 F`w j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab Zncgbean enb dg usgh ............ >467.7.> Ergntabl egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl

p`ssadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs............................................... >41

7.7.4 Y`ssadcg e`btgbts `j tfg dabhabl rucgs ................................... >577.7.5 E`bhata`babl dabhabl rucgs `b sgeurabl enpturabl vncug

abergnsg ................................................................................ >887.7.8 K`hucntabl Yr`pgrty ralfts.................................................... >8<7.7.7 Yrèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc `j tfg

dabhabl rucgs......................................................................... >787.: Xfg netunc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg ab Zncgbean ................... >7:7.< Enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl nbh

enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab Zncgbean ................................................... >:57.<.> Xfg abjgrrgh enusncatags ......................................................... >:5

7.<.4 Y`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs ........................................................ >:7



xav Xndcg `j e`btgbts

Efnptgr :? Gblcnbh............................................................................................><>

:.> Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b ab Gblcnbh .......................................................... ><5

:.4 Xfg cglnc cakats t` enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab Gblcnbh ....................... ><::.4.> Xnxabl dgttgrkgbt ................................................................. ><::.4.4 Enpturabl vncug abergnsg tfrùlf sgeta`b >9:-nlrggkgbts .... ><<:.4.5 Uèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl...................................................... >69

:.5 Abtr`hueta`b t` tfg stuhagh ensgs ab Gblcnbh ....................................... >6>:.5.> Fnrdùrsahg (Enb`b‑s Knrsf), Eaty `j Drast`c ........................ >64:.5.4 Xgkpcg ûny B`rtf, Eaty `j Drast`c ....................................... >65:.5.5 Kglnd`wc, Eaty `j Drast`c ..................................................... >68

:.8 F`w j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab Gblcnbh enb dg usgh .............. >67:.8.> Ergntabl egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl

p`ssadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs............................................... >6::.8.4 Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j tfg dabhabl rucgs (tfg pcnbbablpgrkassa`b) ........................................................................... >18

:.8.5 E`bhata`babl dabhabl rucgs (tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b) bsgeurabl enpturabl vncug abergnsg ......................................... >16

:.8.8 K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts.................................................... >16:.8.7 Yrèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc `j tfg dabhabl

rucgs (tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b) ............................................. 494:.7 Xfg netunc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg ab Gblcnbh .................... 497:.: Enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl nbh

enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab Gblcnbh.................................................... 4>>:.:.> Xfg abjgrrgh enusncatags ......................................................... 4>>:.:.4 Y`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs ......................................................... 4>5

Efnptgr <? Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ..............................................................................4>1

<.> Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs .............................................. 449<.4 Enpturabl vncug abergnsg nbh ats cglnc cakats ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs .......... 448

<.4.> Dgttgrkgbt dgc`bls t` tfg cnbh`wbgr .................................... 44:<.4.4 Enpturabl vncug abergnsg tfrùlf pravntg cnw nlrggkgbts ..... 44<<.4.5 Xfg 4996‑s b`vgctags ............................................................. 446

<.5 Abtr`hueta`b t` tfg stuhagh ensgs ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ........................... 457<.5.> Hg Jubgb, Nkstgrhnk .......................................................... 45:<.5.4 Mruahgbduurt B``rh, Gabhf`vgb ........................................... 45<<.5.5 M`p vnb @`st, Lr`bablgb ..................................................... 45<<.5.8 Utnta`bsmwnrtagr, Drghn .......................................................... 456

<.8 F`w j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs enbdg usgh ............................................................................................... 451<.8.> Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags

nbh e`btraduta`bs.................................................................. 489<.8.4 Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs .............. 48:

<.8.5 Knmabl dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc b sgeurabl enpturablvncug abergnsg ...................................................................... 486



xvXndcg `j e`btgbts

<.8.8 K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts.................................................... 474<.8.7 Yrèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc `j dabhabl

rucgs ..................................................................................... 4:9<.7 Xfg netunc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ........ 4:7<.: Enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl nbh

enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ....................................... 4<><.:.> Xfg abjgrrgh enusncatags ......................................................... 4<4<.:.4 Y`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs ......................................................... 4<8

Efnptgr 6? E`becusa`bs .....................................................................................4<<

6.> Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags nbhe`btraduta`bs ...................................................................................... 4<1

6.4 Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j cglnccy dabhabl rucgs .................................... 4646.5 Knmabl dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl fase`btraduta`bs ...................................................................................... 465

6.8 K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts ................................................................. 467

Efnptgr 1? Tge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ...........................................59>

1.> Ergntabl egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatagsnbh e`btraduta`bs ............................................................................... 5971.>.> Uf`rt-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`bs? ergntg Egrtnabty ab

abhaentavg hèukgbts ............................................................ 59:

1.>.4 C`bl-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`bs? cglnc k`haenta`bs ................. 54>1.4 Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs ............................................... 5451.5 Knmabl dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl fas

e`btraduta`bs ...................................................................................... 54<1.5.> Uf`rt-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? nctgrbntavg wnys j

e`bhata`babl ......................................................................... 5411.5.4 C`bl-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? harget e`bhata`babl tfrùlf

cglnc k`haenta`b ................................................................. 5581.8 K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts ................................................................. 55:

1.8.> Uf`rt-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? nssgsskgbt j bnbeanc

jgnsadacaty .............................................................................. 5511.8.4 Uf`rt-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? cnbh rgnhoustkgbt tfrùlf

pravntg cnw nlrggkgbts, supp`rtgh dy gxpr`pranta`b nbhprg-gkpta`b .......................................................................... 589

1.8.5 C`bl-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b ... 58:1.7 Gpac`lug ............................................................................................. 586

Nbbgxgs ............................................................................................................575

Nbbgx >? Efgem casts ........................................................................... 575Nbbgx 4? Ycnbbabl cglascnta`b ............................................................. 57:

Nbbgx 5? Hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh rgturbs ab tfg Gblcasf ensgs ............. 576Nbbgx 8? Hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh rgturbs ab tfg Hutef ensgs .............. 5:9



xva Xndcg `j e`btgbts

Nbbgx 7? Uurvgy j K`b`jubeta`bnc rgsahgbtanc hastraets ...................... 5:5Nbbgx :? E`kpnras`b hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh rgturbs ab tfg

Zncgbeanb, Gblcasf nbh Hutef ensgs ...................................... 5:8Nbbgx <? Gxpgrakgbt ab _gvgbfuazgb, U`utf-F`ccnbh......................... 5::Cast j tgrks Gblcasf-Upnbasf ........................................................................ 5<4Cast `j tgrks Gblcasf-Hutef ........................................................................... 5<5Catgrnturg ..................................................................................................... 5<7Abtgrvagws .................................................................................................... 515

Upgeae abtgrvagws .............................................................................. 515Lgbgrae abtgrvagws ............................................................................. 518Ensgs .................................................................................................. 517

Uukknry ...........................................................................................................89>

Unkgbvnttabl ....................................................................................................847

Tgsukgb .......................................................................................................... 875

Eurraeucuk vatng ...............................................................................................86>

Nbb`ubegkgbt j tfg Kubaeapncaty j Yurkgrgbh (tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs)................ 865



E

F N Y X G

T

>Abtr`hueta`b? pr`dcgks ab

tfg bnbeabl `j pudcae l`ncs ab

urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab

tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Xfas rgsgnref pròget as k`tavntgh dy tfg gxpgragbeg b`wnhnys watf tfg rglgbgrnta`b`j urdnb nrgns ab knby Hutef eatags. @b tfg `bg fnbh, rglgbgrnta`b enb nbh `jtgbh`gs ergntg n salbaenbt vncug abergnsg `b s`kg `j tfg pc`ts `j cnbh? `b n pnrtaeu-cnr pc`t, n bgw jubeta`b e`kgs wfaef lavgs n kuef falfgr vncug t` tfg cnbh, nbhnctfùlf salbaenbt e`sts kalft fnvg t` dg knhg `b tfnt pc`t t` rgncazg tfnt bgw

jubeta`b, tfgrg as bgvgrtfgcgss n bgt vncug abergnsg. Xfas as tfg ensg j`r gxnkpcg wfgbhgvgc`pabl jrgg knrmgt fùsabl `r `jeg spneg. @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, tfgrg nrg `tfgrpc`ts `j cnbh `b wfaef k`bgy fns t` dg spgbt nbh wfaef gatfgr lavg b` rgturbs `rwfaef lavg n rgturb cgss tfnb tfg gxpgbhaturg? g.l. fast`rae duachabls kalft dg rgb`-vntgh nbh abtglrntgh abt` tfg bgw duachabls, abfndatnbts nbh rks kalft dg e`k-pgbsntgh dgenusg tfgy kust k`vg, s`kg pc`ts kalft fnvg t` mggp n pudcae jubeta`b,tfgrg kalft dg bggh j`r bgw r`nhs nbh pudcae spneg, hrnabnlg, pudcae duachabls nbhsèanc fùsabl, gte. Ab sf`rt, urdnb rglgbgrnta`b abv`cvgs b`t `bcy pr`tndcg pnrtsdut ncs` ubpr`tndcg pnrts tfnt nrg ab tfg pudcae abtgrgst gatfgr hargetcy (camg pnrms) `rabhargetcy dgenusg tfgy nrg bgegssnry j`r tfg pr`tndcg pnrts (camg sgwgrnlg). Jr`k

b`w b, ncc tfgsg ubpr`tndcg pnrts, abecuhabl ncc p`ssadcg e`kpgbsnta`bs, nrg enccgh‖pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags‑.

\fgb cnbh as ab pudcae `wbgrsfap, tfg pudcae wbgr enb ef``sg t` usg tfg bgt vncugabergnsg t` e`vgr (s`kg `j) tfg bgt e`sts `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. \fgbtfg cnbh as b`t ab pudcae fnbhs, pudcae d`hags enb bgvgrtfgcgss s`kgtakgs rgquarghgvgc`pgrs wf` `wb tfg cnbh nbh dgbgt jr`k tfg vncug abergnsg t` pny j`r tfg pud-cae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Hgvgc`pgrs kalft dg waccabl t` e`btradutg. F`wgvgr,tfgrg as jtgb hasnlrggkgbt ndùt tfg sazg nbh se`pg j tfgar e`btraduta`b. J`r gxnk-pcg, `jtgb hgvgc`pgrs nrg waccabl t` e`btradutg `bcy t` cènc pfysaenc abjrnstrueturg

satuntgh watfab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg, dut b`t t` `tfgr bgegssnry e`kpgbsnta`bs `rabjrnstrueturg, suef ns `jj-satg jneacatags (camg neegss r`nhs t` tfg satg, `r pudcae duach-



Abtr`hueta`b4

abls cèntgh s`kgwfgrg gcsg). N kno`r pr`dcgk e`kgs wfgb s`kg hgvgc`pgrs, tfg‖jrgg rahgrs‑, nrg b`t waccabl t` e`btradutg nt ncc.

Ab `rhgr t` ubhgrstnbh tfas satunta`b dgttgr, at as bgegssnry t` c``m rst nt tfg rgegbtefnblgs ab Hutef cnbh nbh fùsabl p`caey.

>.> Tgegbt fast`ry ab Hutef cnbh & fùsabl p`caeags?

t`wnrhs k`rg pravntg abv`cvgkgbt

Xfg wny urdnb rglgbgrnta`b as `rlnbazgh fns efnblgh ab tfg cnst hgegbban k`rg `rcgss pnrnccgc t` efnblgs ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt ab lgbgrnc. Uabeg tfg Uge`bh \`rch\nr, nbh k`rg `r cgss ubtac tfg >169s, Hutef kubaeapncatags nppcagh `b n fulg sencgwfnt wns enccgh nb ‖netavg cnbh p`caey‑ (Lrggj, >11<? 1-><). Nb netavg cnbh p`caeye`bsasts `j duyabl tfnt cnbh tfnt dge`kgs z`bgh j`r hgvgc`pkgbt, pr`vahabl tfgabjrnstrueturg, sgccabl tfg sgrvaegh pnregcs nbh dgnrabl tfg e`rrgsp`bhabl rasms nbhgvgbtunc pr`ts (Lr`gtgcngrs, 4998? 49-45). Xfas wns nppcagh t` hgvgc`pkgbt j`r ab-hustranc nrgns, `jegs, nbh fùsabl. J`r ndùt jùr hgegbban, Hutef kubaeapncatagswgrg tfg knab pnrtags ab tfg knrmgt j`r urdnb cnbh, wfaef lnvg tfgk n prgh`kabnbtp`sata`b ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfas netavg pudcae abtgrvgbta`b wns abstatuta`bncazgh

tfrùlf pudcae cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`kpnbags, nbh nck`st ncc kubaeapncatags fnh bg.Xndcg > sf`ws tfg gxtgbt t` wfaef kubaeapncatags wgrg tfg prgh`kabnbt suppcagrs `jsgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts, ab tfas ensg j`r rgsahgbtanc usg. Fùsabl nssèanta`bs nbh ku-baeapnc fùsabl e`kpnbags dùlft knby `j tfgsg pc`ts nbh hgvgc`pgh sèanc fùs-abl b tfgk. E`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs ncs` pcnygh nb akp`rtnbt r`cg, b`t bcy duyabls`kg j tfg pc`ts t` duach jrgg knrmgt fùsabl, dut ncs` t` duach s`kg sèanc fùsabl,k`stcy `wbgr-èeupagh. Xfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt pcnygh nb akp`rtnbt r`cg dy sudsa-hazabl nbh nssukabl tfg bnbeanc rasms `j d`tf tfg netavg cnbh p`caey `j tfg kubaea-pncatags nbh tfg duachabl j sèanc fùsabl (M`rtfncs Nctgs, 499<).

Xndcg >. Ugrvaegh duachabl pnregcs s`ch j`r rgsahgbtanc usg, d`tf ab lrggb gch nbh urdnbrglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs.

Tgsahgbtanc pnregcs s`chdy Kubaeapncatags (k´)

% Tgsahgbtanc pnregcs s chdy `tfgrs (k´)

% X tnc

>1:7 6.:87.999 :<% 8.4>8.999 55% >4.671.999

>1<1 >4.7:5.999 69% 5.><<.999 49% >7.<89.999

>169 >4.9>>.999 6>% 4.696.999 >1% >8.6>1.999

>16> >>.>:8.999 6>% 4.7:<.999 >1% >5.<5>.999

>164 >>.96:.999 69% 4.<:1.999 49% >5.677.999

>165 >>.715.999 <8% 8.>89.999 4:% >7.<55.999Uùreg? `wb gcnd`rnta`b, dnsgh `b EDU, Knnbhstntastagm Dùwbaovgrfgah (ab Bgghfnk, >115? 14).



Abtr`hueta`b 5

\fgb rglgbgrnta`b dgenkg nb akp`rtnbt p`caey l`nc ab tfg >1<9s, tfas t`` wns enr-ragh ùt ab tfg snkg wny, nctfùlf watf s`kg hgcny. Kubaeapncatags dgenkg netavg

b`t `bcy `b lrggb gch satgs, dut ncs` ab tfg gxastabl eaty, duyabl, gxpr`prantabl nbhrghgvgc`pabl cnrlg hgtgra`rntgh urdnb nrgns (Zgrfnlg & Ucuas, 4995? <-6). Xfas cght` n pudcae prgh`kabnbeg ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b abstgnh `j tfg prgvaùscy e`kk`bpudcae-pravntg pnrtbgrsfap j`rkucng (Mrgumgcs & Upat, >119? 566-561). Gspgeanccy abcnrlg eatags, kubaeapncatags dùlft kuef pr`pgrty, `jtgb hgtgra`rntgh fùsabl, nbhrgb`vntgh at. J`r gxnkpcg, tfg Kubaeapncaty `j T`ttgrhnk dùlft jr`k >1<8 t` tfgkahhcg `j >168 ndùt 89,999 hwgccabls, hrnstaenccy efnblabl tfg pr`pgrty satunta`bab egrtnab bgalfd`rf``hs jr`k prgh`kabnbtcy pravntg t` prgh`kabnbtcy pudcae `wb-grsfap (T`ttgrhnk, >167? >6, 4:).

Nt tfg gbh j tfg >169s tfas wny j w`rmabl efnblgh, d`tf j`r lrggbgch hgvgc`pkgbtnbh j`r urdnb rglgbgrnta`b. Znraùs efnblgs eàbeahgh nt tfnt takg. Jarst, tfg ge`b`kaergegssa`b ab tfg >169s cgh t` nb akp`rtnbt rasg ab pudcae gxpgbhaturgs b fùsabl. Xfasrasg cgh t` tfg bggh j`r duhlgtnry euts. Egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt sudsahags j`r pudcae cnbhhgvgc`pkgbt wgrg rghuegh nbh tf`sg j`r tfg hgvgc`pkgbt j sèanc fùsabl nd`casfgh(Znb hgr Uefnnr & Fgrgaolgrs, >11>? >65->61= Zgrfnlg & Ucuas, 4995? 1= Yragkus &Cùw, 4995? 5<>-5<4= Lr`gtgcngrs, 4998? 41, 54= Kuþ`z & F`gmstrn, 4996? 494-495).Uge`bh, akp`rtnbt efnblgs ab fùsabl p`caey t``m pcneg nt tfnt takg, wfgb tfg egbtrncl`vgrbkgbt abtr`huegh ab >161 tfg fùsabl p`caey enccgh Z`cmsfuasvgstabl ab hg onrgb‑19 ]Fùsabl p`caey ab tfg >119s[. K`vabl jr`k n p`caey vgry kuef `ragbtgh t` tfg

duachabl `j sèanc fùsabl, tfg bgw fùsabl p`caey lnvg knrmgt pnrtags n k`rg pr`ka-bgbt r`cg ab fùsg duachabl. Xfas trnbscntgh abt` n hakabasfabl sfnrg `j sèanc fùsablnbh n rasg j jrgg knrmgt fùsabl ab bgw urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Ab >115 fùsabl nssèan-ta`bs dgenkg bnbeanccy nut`b`kùs jr`k tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt, e`bs`cahntabl nk`rg lgbgrnc p`caey tfnt wns kgnbt t` satuntg pudcae d`hags ab n bgw r`cg `j ‖harget`rnt n hastnbeg‑. Jalurg > accustrntgs tfg efnblgs ab fùsg duachabl dy sf`wabl tfnt sabegtfg >169s sèanc rgbtgh fùsabl fns hakabasfgh salbaenbtcy ats sfnrg ab bgw duachabl.

Jalurg >. Bgw hwgccabls j`r jrgg knrmgt j`r sgcc nbh j`r rgbt, nbh j`r sèanc rgbtgh.



Abtr`hueta`b8

Ns n e`bsgqugbeg `j tfgsg efnblgs, tfg r`cg `j kubaeapncatags nbh knrmgt pnrtagsab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt efnblgh salbaenbtcy. Kubaeapncatags efnblgh tfg wny tfgy

`pgrntg `b tfg cnbh knrmgt, nbh b`w tfgy sggm t` sfnrg tfg rasms watf knrmgt pnrtagsab pudcae-pravntg pnrtbgrsfaps. Ncs`, knby kubaeapncatags b`w pcny n k`rg pnssavgr`cg, wfaef as enccgh n ‖jneacatntabl‑ cnbh p`caey nbh wfaef rgcags knabcy b pudcae cnwabstrukgbts suef ns tfg cnbh usg pcnb nbh duachabl pgrkats>. K`st `j tfg kubaeapnccnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`kpnbags fnvg hasnppgnrgh. Knrmgt pnrtags, `b tfg `tfgr fnbh,fnvg abergnsablcy tnmgb `vgr tfg j`rkgr r`cg `j kubaeapncatags `b tfg cnbh knrmgt.Uabeg tfg rasg j jrgg knrmgt fùsabl nbh tfg abergnsg ab fùsabl praegs ab tfg >119s,tfg pr`tndacaty `j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt fns abergnsgh salbaenbtcy. Xfg abergnsgh pr`j-at knrlabs, t`lgtfgr watf tfg str`bl p`sata`b tfnt tfg e`btr`c `j cnbh lavgs ab tfg hg-vgc`pkgbt `j n satg, fnvg nttrnetgh e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs t` duy cnbh (Lr`gtgcngrs,

4998? 5>-54= Yragkus & Cùw, 4995? 5<4). Xfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg Jùrtf Kgk`rnb-huk b Upntanc Ycnbbabl Gxtrn (Zabgx) nt tfg dglabbabl j tfg >119s rùlfcy abhaentghtfg cènta`bs j`r kno`r urdnb gxtgbsa`b. Xfas ergntgh tfg gxpgetnta`b j hgvgc`pkgbt`b knby lrggbgch cènta`bs, wfaef stakucntgh hgvgc`pgrs t` duy cnbh tfgrg. Abnhhata`b, pudcae d`hags st`ppgh nttgkptabl t` duy ncc tfg cnbh nbh knhg tfg wny`pgb j`r hgvgc`pgrs t` h` s`. B`t `bcy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs dgenkg abtgrgstgh abcnbh, tfg snkg eùch dg snah `j fùsabl nssèanta`bs. E`rp`rnta`bs trnhata`bnccy wbkuef cnbh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b satgs, gspgeanccy ab sèanc fùsabl hastraets, dut tfgydgenkg ncs` abtgrgstgh ab nequarabl cnbh `b lrggb-gch satgs (Bgghfnk & Hg Mnk,4998? 49:1-49<9). U`kg hgseradg tfg trnbsata`b ns n sfajt jr`k n pudcae k`b`p`cy

`b tfg cnbh knrmgt t`wnrhs pravntg k`b`p`cags (Yragkus & Cùw, 4995? 5:1-5<9).

Kubaeapncatags stacc pcny nb akp`rtnbt r`cg ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt, nbh tfgrg nrg knbygxnkpcgs `j tfgk nppcyabl nb ‖netavg‑ cnbh p`caey. \fnt as tfg satunta`b watf urdnbrglgbgrnta`b0 Yr`dndcy, netavg cnbh p`caey as b`wnhnys k`rg e`kk`b `b lrggbgchsatgs tfnb ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, dgenusg ab tfg cnttgr cnbh as k`rg gxpgbsavg nbhk`rg hajeuct t` duy. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, kubaeapncatags nrg cgss mggb t` duy cnbh `brglgbgrnta`b satgs tfnb `b lrggbgch satgs (Duatgcnnr gt nc., 4996? 64, >99), nctfùlftfgrg nrg stacc knby gxnkpcgs `j kubaeapncatags duyabl cnbh `b rglgbgrnta`b satgs.Ab nby ensg, netavg abtgrvgbta`b d`tf `b lrggbgch nbh `b rglgbgrnta`b satgs fns

efnblgh ab bnturg, ns kubaeapncatags sggm pravntg pnrtags watf wf`k t` sfnrg tfgrasms. Xfgrg as nb abergnsabl bukdgr j kubaeapncatags sggmabl bgw j`rkucng ab wfaefpravntg pnrtags nssukg tfg bnbeanc rasms nbh tfg rgsp`bsadacaty j`r tfg akpcgkgbtn-ta`b. Ns kubaeapncatags c`sg tfg p`wgrs tfgy fnh ns cnbh`wbgrs, `r nt cgnst kustsfnrg tfgar p`wgr watf tfg hgvgc`pgrs tfnt ncs` e`btr`c pnrt `j tfg cnbh, tfgy nrgabergnsablcy rgcyabl `b pudcae cnw abstrukgbts suef ns cnbh usg pcnbs nbh duachabl

> Xfgrg as n hastabeta`b ab Gur`pgnb e`btabgbtnc cnw systgks dgtwggb ‖pudcae cnw‑ `r ‖nhkabastrntavgcnw‑ nbh ‖pravntg cnw‑ `r ‖eavac cnw‑. Xfg rst `bgs rglucntg tfg neta`bs `j pudcae d`hags dy wfaeftfgy akp`sg tfgar neta`bs `b `tfgrs, g.l. gxpr`pranta`b cnw nbh pcnbbabl cglascnta`b. Yravntg cnwrucgs rglucntg `dcalnta`bs dgtwggb gqunc net`rs, b` knttgr wfgtfgr tfgy nrg pudcae `r pravntg, g.l.tfg Eavac E`hg, tfnt sgts tfg rucgs dy wfaef hasputgs dgtwggb tfg net`rs wacc dg rgs`cvgh (Zgrfnlg,4994? >:9->:>= Bgghfnk, 499:? 48-47).



Abtr`hueta`b 7

pgrkats, nctfùlf tfgy `jtgb e`kdabg tfgsg watf pravntg cnw nlrggkgbts watf tfgsghgvgc`pgrs. Ab tfas wny, kubaeapncatags nrg b`t abtgrvgbabl hargetcy ab tfg urdnb cnbh

knrmgts, ns tfgy hah ubtac tfg >169s. Xfnt as, tfgy nrg b`t nbyk`rg duyabl ncc tfg cnbh,pr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg nbh nssukabl ncc e`rrgsp`bhabl rasms (M`rtfncs Nctgs &Lr`gtgcngrs, 4999). Abergnsablcy, at as tfg knrmgt pnrtags tfnt duy tfg cnbh, `r k`st `jat, nbh hgvgc`p tfg satg.

>.4 Yr`dcgks watf bnbeabl pudcae l`ncs ab urdnb

rglgbgrnta`b

Hutef kubaeapncatags fnvg fnh falf nkdata`bs j`r tfgar pudcae rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs,nbh at wns `jtgb p`ssadcg t` rgncazg tf`sg wfgb tfgy `wbgh k`st `j tfg cnbh nbh fnhtfg bnbeanc supp`rt j tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt. Xfnt as b`w hajjgrgbt. Aj kubaeapncatagswnbt t` knabtnab tfgar nkdata`bs, tfgy gxpgragbeg b`wnhnys sgvgrnc pr`dcgks. Xfgsge`begrb n wahg rnblg `j nspgets? pr`pgrty ralfts, ge`b`kae abtgrgsts `j usgrs nbh`wbgrs, tfg gxpgrt mb`wcghlg nvnacndcg t` kubaeapncatags, prèghurgs, tfg e``pgrn-ta`b nk`bl kubaeapncatags, e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs nbh fùsabl nssèanta`bs, cnem `jn ecgnr cglnc jrnkgw`rm j`r bgl`tanta`bs, gte (M`cpr`b, 4999? 5>-75= Zgrfnlg & Ucuas,4995? >>= Zgrfnlg & Bgghfnk, 4995? 49-4>= Cùw, 4996? :1-<>= Znb hgr Yuttgb

gt nc., 4998= Zr`k gt nc., 4996? >1). Nk`bl tf`sg pr`dcgks, tfg bnbeabl `j pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, a.g. `j tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts, as nb akp`rtnbt `dstnecg t`l``h urdnb rglgbgrnta`b? tfas wns gkpfnsazgh ab n rgegbt rgp`rt `j nb nhvas`ry eùb-eac `j tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt (Zr`k-rnnh, 4991? 7). Dgenusg `j tfg trnbsata`b jr`ktfg trnhata`bnc pudcae h`kabnbey ab cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt t` k`rg pravntg abv`cvgkgbt,tfg bnbeabl `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags fns efnblgh. \fgb kubaeapnca-tags `wb tfg cnbh nbh pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg, pudcae l`ncs enb dg pnah ùt `j tfgpr`ts jr`k sgccabl tfg pc`ts, p`ssadcy e`kpcgkgbtgh watf pudcae sudsahags. F`wgvgr,wfgb cnbh as ab pravntg fnbhs, kubaeapncatags fnvg t` w`rm ùt `tfgr wnys `j bnbe-abl, aj tfgy h` b`t wnbt t` rgcy (`r wnbt t` rgcy ns cattcg ns p`ssadcg) b pudcae sudsahags.

Xfg prnetaeg sf`ws tfnt at as hajeuct, ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, t` nlrgg watf cnbh`wb-grs/hgvgc`pgrs tfg e`btraduta`bs, wfgtfgr ab k`bgy `r ab mabh, tfnt tfgy sfùch pny.

Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, n e`kk`b satunta`b ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b b pravntgcy wbgh cnbhas tfnt nlrggkgbts dgtwggb kubaeapncatags nbh tfg cnbh`wbgrs nrg nefagvgh `bcy watflrgnt hajeucty. C`bl bgl`tanta`bs fnkpgr hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs, s` tfnt tnrlgts j`rtfg rglgbgrnta`b `j hgtgra`rntgh Hutef bgalfd`rf``hs fnvg fnh t` dg c`wgrgh (Zgr-fnlg & Ucuas, 4995? >>). Nb`tfgr e`bsgqugbeg as tfnt pudcae d`hags, tfrùlf sudsahaz-abl nbh/`r harget rgncaznta`b, kust pny nb akp`rtnbt sfnrg `j tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts.J`r nb `vgrvagw `j tfg abv`cvgkgbt `j Hutef pudcae d`hags ab tfg bnbeabl `j pudcae

abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, sgg efnptgr <.7. Ab sf`rt, Hutefpudcae d`hags nrg abergnsablcy e`bjr`btgh watf tfg bggh j`r cnrlg pudcae sudsahags.



Abtr`hueta`b:

@b lrggbgch satgs ncs` tfg bnbeanc pr`dcgks wgrg abergnsabl (Bgpr`k, 499<=Duatgcnnr gt nc., 4996? >6->1= NDJ-rgsgnref, 4996= Tal`, 4996= Zr`k-rnnh, 4996?

>>->5). Xfas satunta`b fns cgh t` nb akp`rtnbt cglascntavg k`haenta`b. Ab 4996, nefnptgr hghaentgh t` cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt (jr`k b`w `b? Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net) wnsabtr`huegh abt` tfg bgw Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net watf tfg l`nc `j akpr`vabl d`tf tfgpudcae stggrabl `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs nbh tfg bnbeabl `j pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags (Zr`k gt nc., 4996? 49). Xfas rgsgnref stuhags f`w tfas rgegbt cglascntavgk`haenta`b eùch dg usgh t` akpr`vg tfg satunta`b.

>.5 Eùch cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg rucgs fgcp t`

akpr`vg tfg bnbeabl `j pudcae l`ncs0

Xfg Hutef Cnbh usg Ycnb (dgstgkkablspcnb), t`lgtfgr watf tfg hgpnrturg jr`k at( prògetdgscuat , j`rkgr vraostgccabl gx nrt. >1.> \T@) nbh tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btradu-ta`bs Ycnb (Gxpcàtntagpcnb) abtr`huegh ab 4996 knmg at p`ssadcg t` akp`sg n sgt `jcglnccy dabhabl rucgs tfnt rglucntg tfg usg j cnbh nbh rgnc gstntg (jr`k b`w b? dabh-abl rucgs). Xfg `wbgr `r usgr `j cnbh as dùbh t` usg fas cnbh `r pr`pgrty ab tfg wnyprgseradgh dy tfg dabhabl rucgs (ubcgss tfgrg nrg trnbsata`bnc pr`vasa`bs wfgb bgwrucgs e`kg abt` j`reg). Dabhabl rucgs hgcakat hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts `r usgr ralfts, juc-

ccabl n rglucnt`ry jubeta`b. Nt tfg snkg takg, dabhabl rucgs nccèntg nbh lunrnbtggegrtnab ralfts t` tfg pr`pgrty `wbgr.

Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, urdnb rglgbgrnta`b `jtgb abv`cvgs duachabl s`kgtfabl bgw `rrgjurdasfabl s`kgtfabl `ch `b n wahg vnragty `j satgs, g.l. egbtrnc nrgns ab eatags nbht`wbs, k`b`jubeta`bnc rgsahgbtanc hastraets, nbh dr`wbgch satgs. Xfas usunccy rg-quargs n k`haenta`b `j tfg dabhabl rucgs, wfgtfgr tfas as j`r abtgbsajyabl tfg netuncusg (g.l. k`rg duachabl v`cukg), efnblabl at j`r nb`tfgr usg (g.l. fùsabl abstgnh `jabhustry), knabtnababl tfg gxastabl usg (g.l. rgjurdasfabl fast`rae duachabls), r rgpcne-abl tfg gxastabl usg watf pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh vaeg vgrsn (g.l. n pnrm abstgnh `j

duachabls nbh vaeg vgrsn).

Uuef n k`haenta`b `j tfg dabhabl rucgs enb njjget tfg ge`b`kae vncug `j tfg pr`p-grty ralfts. J`r gxnkpcg, tfg vncug `j cnbh ab tfg jrgg knrmgt as c`wgr wfgb tfg satgenb dg usgh j`r abhustry, tfnb aj at enb dg usgh j`r `jegs. Nb`tfgr gxnkpcg, vgrye`kk`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, as tfg hajjgrgbeg ab knrmgt vncug `j cnbh wfgb at enbdg usgh j`r sèanc fùsabl, tfnb aj at enb dg usgh j`r jrgg knrmgt fùsabl. Xfg dnsaeahgn tfnt abspargs tfas rgsgnref, as tfnt tfg abergnsg ab pr`pgrty vncugs tfnt j`cc`wstfg k`haenta`b `j dabhabl rucgs eùch dg usgh t` bnbeg ncc `r nt cgnst pnrt `j tfgubpr`tndcg pnrts, n s`rt `j er`ss-sudsahazabl. Xfg bgegssnry k`haenta`b `j dabh-

abl rucgs eùch dg usgh ab nb `pgrnta`bnc wny t` nefagvg tfas. Ab sf`rt, tfas rgsgnrefjèusgs b f`w dabhabl rucgs eùch dg usgh ab n strntglae wny t` akpr`vg tfg bnbe-



Abtr`hueta`b <

abl `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags ab Hutef urdnb rglgbgrnta`b `b pravntgcy`wbgh cnbh.

Ab nhhata`b t` dabhabl rucgs ubhgr pudcae pcnbbabl cnw, wg fnvg t` e`bsahgr sgvgrncj`rknc rucgs tfnt rucg pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh. Jurtfgrk`rg, hurabl hntn lntfgrabl atdgenkg ecgnr tfnt ncs` b`t-cglnccy dabhabl z`babl pcnbs nbh tfgr p`caey hèukgbtsabtgrnet ec`sgcy watf dabhabl rucgs nbh nrg ncs` vgry rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncug ab-ergnsg. U` tfas rgsgnref e`bsahgrs ncc tf`sg j`rknc rucgs tfnt rucg d`tf dabhabl rucgs(abecuhgh tfg akpcaenta`bs j`r pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh) nbh b`t-cglnccy dabhabl p`caeyhèukgbts. \g encc ncc tf`sg j`rknc rucgs ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑.

>.8 Cglatakney `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg

Xfg e`begpt ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑ abecuhgs sgvgrnc sakacnr dut b`t ahgbtaenc e`b-egpts. Dgj`rg nbncysabl tfgk, at as akp`rtnbt t` hastabluasf nk`bl hajjgrgbt enusgs `jvncug abergnsg. Zncug abergnsg enb dg enusgh rst dy spgeae abvgstkgbts, g.l. ab ab-jrnstrueturg tfnt akpr`vgs tfg neegssadacaty `j n spgeae satg. Uge`bhcy, vncug abergnsgenb dg enusgh dy pudcae hgeasa`bs ndùt cnbh usg pcnbbabl rglucnta`bs tfnt h` b`tbgegssnracy e`st k`bgy, g.l. n k`haenta`b `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb tfnt ncc`ws k`rgcuerntavg duachabl. Nbh tfarh, vncug abergnsg enb dg enusgh, `bcy nbh abhgpgbhgbtcy

jr`k tfg rst nbh sge`bh enusgs, dy tfg lgbgrnc lr`wtf `j sèagty, a.g. dy tfg neeu-kucnta`b `j kuctapcg hgeasa`bs nbh efàegs `j n kuctatuhg `j nb`bykùs net`rs absèagty (Lg`rlg, >6<1? 61-18). J`r gxnkpcg tfg vncug `j n fùsg enb abergnsg vgryjnst oust dgenusg tfg nrgn dge`kgs jnsfa`bndcg.

Dut e`kabl dnem t` tfg kgnbabl `j ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑. Ab tfg catgrnturg tfgrgnrg kuctatuhg j tgrks, jtgb kgnbabl sakacnr e`begpts, jtgb `vgrcnppabl gnef tfgr(Nctgrknb, 4991). Fgrg wg hgbg tfrgg e`begpts tfnt nrg rgcgvnbt j`r tfas rgsgnref?‖e`st rge`vgry‑, ‖vncug enpturabl‑ nbh ‖ergnkabl jj pcus vncug‑. ‖E`st rge`vgry‑ rgjgrst` tfg rge`vgry, tfrùlf e`btraduta`bs jr`k pravntg hgvgc`pgrs, `j tf`sg e`sts tfnt nrg

hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg rgncaznta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnt dgbgttfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Hgvgc`pgrs kalft e`btradutg gatfgr dy pr`vahabl abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags hargetcy, `r dy pnyabl pudcae d`hags j`r hàbl s`. At as b`t rgcgvnbt wfgtfgr atas tfg hgvgc`pgr `r tfg kubaeapncaty tfnt rgncazgs tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneaca-tags, dut wfgtfgr tf`sg wf` dgbgt netunccy pny (ab mabh `r ab k`bgy) `r b`t. ‖Zncugenpturabl‑ `r ‖vncug enpturg‑ as tfg enpturabl dy pudcae d`hags tfnt fnvg abvgstgh ab,j`r abstnbeg, abjrnstrueturg, `j tfg abergnsgh pr`pgrty vncugs tfnt nrg n rgsuct `j tfntabvgstkgbt. Nctfùlf pravntg pnrtags ncs` kalft abvgst ab pudcae abjrnstrueturg, tfastgrk as lgbgrnccy kgnbt j`r pudcae abvgstkgbts. At as akp`rtnbt t` hastabluasf dgtwggbtfg e`sts `j tfg pudcae abvgstkgbts, nbh tfg abergnsg ab vncug tfnt rgsucts jr`k tfgk.

J`r tfg e`sts kalft dg lrgntgr, `r cgss, tfnb tfnt vncug abergnsg. Aj tfg e`sts nrg cgsstfnb tfg vncug abergnsg, jucc e`st rge`vgry enb tnmg pcneg, cgnvabl s`kg `j tfg vncug



Abtr`hueta`b6

abergnsg watf tfg pravntg hgvgc`pgrs. Aj tfg e`sts nrg lrgntgr tfnb tfg vncug abergnsg,tfgrg as b` p`ssadacaty `j rgeùpabl ncc tfg e`sts. Xfnt as, ‖vncug enpturabl‑ as cakatgh

t` rgeùpabl tfg vncug abergnsg tfnt as tfg rgsuct `bcy `j pudcae abvgstkgbts, nbh tfasvncug abergnsg kalft dg falfgr `r c`wgr tfnb tfg abvgstkgbts. ‖Zncug enpturabl‑ gx-ecuhgs tfus tfg rgeùpabl `j vncug abergnsg enusgh dy pudcae hgeasa`bs ndùt cnbhusg pcnbbabl rglucnta`bs `r dy tfg neeukucnta`b `j hgeasa`bs `j ncc tfg nb`bykùse`kkubaty kgkdgrs. ‖Ergnkabl `jj pcus vncug‑ rgjgrs t` n pudcae d`hy enpturabltfg abergnsg ab vncug tfnt as n rgsuct `j nby `j tfg tfrgg enusgs? abvgstkgbts ab abjrn-strueturg, hgeasa`bs `j pudcae d`hags, `r oust tfg lgbgrnc abergnsg ab tfg hgknbh j`rcnbh. ‖Ergnkabl `jj pcus vncug‑ gkdrnegs tfus tfg cnrlgst p`ssadcg enpturabl nbh asarrgspgetavg `j nby e`sts tfnt kalft fnvg dggb knhg (Nctgrknb, 4991? 7-:= Mrnddgb& Bgghfnk, 4996? 8= Bgghfnk, 499<? ><7-><6= Ukatf & Lafrabl, 499:? <74= Mruaot,

Bgghfnk, Upat, >119? 54-8= Mruaot & Bgghfnk, >169? >>4-5).

N jubhnkgbtnc qugsta`b as wf` sfùch rgegavg tfg vncug abergnsg tfnt neerugs jr`knby abvgstkgbt, pudcae hgeasa`b `r lgbgrnc ge`b`kae lr`wtf. Xfas rgcntgs t` tfgdr`nhgr haseussa`b ndùt tfg e`btgbts j tfg ralft j cnbh wbgrsfap. Xfgrg nrg b` s`-eanc systgks ab wfaef cnbh`wbgrs fnvg nb nds`cutg jrggh`k t` usg tfgar pr`pgrty, nsb`rks nbh rglucnta`bs cakat pr`pgrty ralfts. Dgenusg b`rks nbh rglucnta`bs nrg erg-ntgh dy sèagty, tfgy rgfflget tfg prgvnacabl p`wgrs nbh abtgrgsts (Nhnks gt nc., 499>=Cùw, 4996? <>). Xrnbscntgh t` tfg enpturabl qugsta`b, tw` e`bfflaetabl tfgsgs gxast.@b `bg sahg as tfg tfgsas `j jucc `r e`bsgrvntavg cadgrnc `wbgrsfap, wfgrg nby vncug

abergnsg, b` knttgr wf` `r wfnt enusgh at, dgc`bls t` tfg cnbh`wbgr. Nb nctgrbntavgtfgsas, t` dg jùbh ncs` ab cadgrnc tfabmgrs, nhvèntgs tfnt tfg vncug abergnsg dgc`blst` tfg e`kkubaty dgenusg at as tfg e`kkubaty njtgr ncc tfnt as rgsp`bsadcg j`r at. Xfgrgas n hastabeta`b, dnsgh `b nb nbncysas `j tfg fast`rae gv`cuta`b `j `wbgrsfap ralfts `bcnbh, dgtwggb tfg ‖usg vncug‑ nbh tfg ‖gxefnblg vncug‑ j cnbh. Jucc/e`bsgrvntavg cad-grnc `wbgrsfap e`bsahgrs tfnt `wbgrsfap abecuhgs d`tf tfg ralft t` usg nbh tfg ralftt` dgbgt jr`k pr`pgrty (sfùch at dg gxefnblgh), wfaef kust abecuhg tfg dgbgtjr`k tfg vncug abergnsg enusgh dy nby jnet`r. Xfas hgbata`b `j cnbh `wbgrsfap ralftskalft dg tfg rgsuct `j tfg rgabtgrprgtnta`b `j tfg `ch T`knb ûarabanb cnw e`begpt`j pr`pgrty ralfts, knhg dy tfg bgw cadgrnc rglakgs ab tfg >6tf nbh >1tf Egbturags

(ejr. Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115, >118). Xfg nctgrbntavg tfgsas e`bsahgrs tfnt tfg usg vncugenb dg abhggh e`bsahgrgh ns jubhnkgbtnc t` abhavahunc nbh sèanc wgcc-dgabl, duttfnt tfg gxefnblg vncug h`gs b`t (KneAbtyrg, >168? 47>= Efrastknb, >118= Mrugem-gdgrl, >117). Ns Mrugemgdgrl put at, tfg gxefnblg vncug `j cnbh, –…fns ncwnys dggbsudogetgh t` rgns`bndcg e`bstrnabts j`r tfg dgbgt `j tfg gbtarg e`kkubaty nbh tfgsèagty‛ (>117? 59<). Xfgsg e`bstrnabts kalft fnvg dggb abspargh dy tfg e`begpt `jtfg sèanc jubeta`b `j pr`pgrty (Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115, >118= sgg ncs` efnptgr 4.5.>).N e`kk`b t`pae ab tfg bg`-ecnssaenc tfg`ry j ge`b`kae rgbt as tfg ahgn j tnxabl tfgvncug abergnsg `j cnbh, wfaef as e`bsahgrgh ns b`t dgabl gnrbgh dy tfg cnbh`wbgrsdgenusg at nrasgs jr`k tfg lgbgrnc lr`wtf `j sèagty. Xfg vncug abergnsg as e`bsahgrgh

t` dg n surpcus wfaef, wfgb rgk`vgh, wacc b`t njjget ùtput `r tfg praeg `j tfg pr`h-uet. Xfgrg as n c`bl trnhata`b j ge`b`kasts pr`p`sabl suef n tnx j`r tfg dgbgt j tfg



Abtr`hueta`b 1

e`kkubaty. Znranbts `j tfas nrlukgbt fnvg dggb nhvnbegh dy Nhnk Ukatf, HnvahTaenrh`, O.U. Kacc, Ncjrgh Knrsfncc, N. Yalù nbh, spgeanccy, Fgbry Lg`rlg (Lg`rlg,

>6<1? 61-18, 4>1-48>= Yrgst, >16>? <-4>= @xcgy, 499:? >95= Nctgrknb, 4991? 8-7).

Ab sf`rt, tfgrg as kuef b`rkntavg haseussa`b ndùt wfaef s`rts `j enpturabl vncugabergnsg nrg cglatakntg, nbh tfas haseussa`b fns erystnccazgh hajjgrgbtcy ab tfg pcnbbablsystgk j hajjgrgbt eùbtrags. J`r gxnkpcg tfgsg b`rkntavg hajjgrgbegs fnvg cgh t` haj-jgrgbt rnta`bncgs dgfabh abstrukgbts j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Jarst tfgrg nrg tf`sgabstrukgbts tfnt nak j`r n harget r ‖purg‑ vncug enpturabl tfrùlf harget tnxnta`b. Xfgrnta`bncg `j tfas rst lrùp `j abstrukgbts as dnsgh `b tfg nrlukgbt tfnt cnbh`wbgrsh` b`t gnrb tfg vncug abergnsg, nbh tfnt at as tfg e`kkubaty tfnt hgsgrvgs at. Ab `tfgrw`rhs, tfas rnta`bncg nhvèntgs ergnkabl jj tfg pcus vncug. @tfgr abstrukgbts h` b`t

usg tfg ‖ubgnrbgh vncug abergnsg rnta`bncg‑ dut nrg dnsgh `b tfg bgegssaty `j abtgr-bncazabl tfg bglntavg akpnet `j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt, a.g. tfg bggh t` e`kpgbsntg tfge`sts tfnt tfg e`kkubaty kust knmg ab rhgr t` akpcgkgbt r akpr`vg tfg bgegssnrypudcae abjrnstrueturg. Xfas e`kgs k`rg ab tfg bgalfdùrf``h `j ‖e`st rge`vgry‑ nbh‖vncug enpturabl‑. Xfas sge`bh rnta`bncg kalft ef``sg j`r harget tnxnta`b j tfg vncugabergnsg (g.l. pr`pgrty tnxgs, t` dg tnxgh pgra`haenccy `r nt tfg k`kgbt `j hgvgc`p-kgbt) r j`r abharget abstrukgbts (g.l. cnbh dnbmabl, cnbh rgnhoustkgbt nbh hgvgc`pgr`dcalnta`bs, Nctgrknb, 4991? 5-7, 6->7, 45-48).

Xfas rgsgnref stuhags f`w tfg usg `j j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl abfflugbegs nby

`j tfg p`ssadcg j`rks `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg, a.g. b`t `bcy e`st rge`vgry, dut ncsèrgnkabl `jj pcus vncug. F`wgvgr, wfgb j`rkucntabl rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutefprnetaeg ab efnptgr 1, tfg cglnc cakats j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhsfnvg sgrvgh ns n hgpnrtabl pàbt. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, e`st rge`vgry bcy as pgrkattgh,gxecuhabl nby nhhata`bnc enpturabl j vncug abergnsg. Xfg rnta`bncg fgrg as tfg sge`bhkgbta`bgh? tfg bgegssaty j abtgrbncazabl tfg bglntavg akpnets j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt.At kust dg snah f`wgvgr tfnt at as b`t ncwnys gnsy t` ecgnrcy hgbg e`st rge`vgry dg-enusg at as b`t ncwnys ecgnr wfnt n bglntavg akpnet as. Hgpgbhabl b tfg eratgran usght` hgbg tfg bglntavg akpnets `j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt, e`st rge`vgry enb abecuhg nbnrr`w r n wahg sgt `j e`btraduta`bs. J`r tfg cglnc cakats t` enpturabl vncug abergnsg

ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs sgg efnptgr <.4, ab Gblcnbh sgg efnptgr :.4 nbh ab tfg Upnbasfrgla`b `j Zncgbean sgg efnptgr 7.5.

>.7 J`rkucnta`b `j tfg pr`dcgk

Xfg pr`dcgk t` wfaef tfas rgsgnref wnbts t` bh n s`cuta`b as j`rkucntgh ns j`cc`ws?

F`w eùch j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl dg usgh ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pfnsg `j

e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh ab tfgBgtfgrcnbhs ab `rhgr tfnt tfg pr`tndcg pnrts bnbeg tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts0



Abtr`hueta`b>9

F`w eùch j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl dg usgh … kgnbs tfnt tfas rgsgnref wnbtst` knmg rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r f`w Hutef pudcae d`hags, knabcy kubaeapncatags,

eùch usg tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs (tf`sg tfnt kalft dg rgcgvnbt j`r tfg purp`sg `jtfas rgsgnref, wfaef nrg ab Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfg Cnbh usg Ycnb, tfg hgpnrturgs jr`k atnbh tfg bgw Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs Ycnb, abecuhabl ats akpcaenta`bs j`r pr`pgrtyralfts ab cnbh) nbh `tfgr b`t-dabhabl hèukgbts. Xfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs nrg `j tw`s`rts? tfg rst ts watfab tfg gxastabl Hutef cglnc jrnkgw`rm, abecuhabl tfg bgw Yfysa-enc Ycnbbabl Net nbh Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net. Xfg sge`bh s`rt `j rge`kkgbhnta`bsakpcags n k`haenta`b `j tfg cglnc jrnkgw`rm.

… ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pfnsg j e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts b pravntgcy wbgh cnbh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs … kgnbs tfnt tfas rgsgnref c``ms j`r rge`k-

kgbhnta`bs vncah `bcy j`r tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pfnsg `j e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgb-grnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts tfnt nrg satuntgh `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh. Xfg ‖hgvgc`pkgbtpfnsg‑ stnrts jr`k tfg ralabnc satunta`b nbh gbhs nt tfg hgcavgry nbh tfg dglabbabl jtfg gxpcàtnta`b j tfg bnc rgnc gstntg pr`huets. ‖E`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`bhgvgc`pkgbts‑ kgnb pfysaenc abtgrvgbta`bs ab tfg gxastabl eaty watf hakgbsa`bs tfntenusg n b`tndcg vncug abergnsg. Xfgy ncwnys abv`cvg tfg e`bstrueta`b `r rgjurdasf-abl, b`t `bcy `j pr`tndcg duachabls dut ncs` `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.Xfas hgbata`b gxecuhgs tfgr s`rts j abtgrvgbta`b ab tfg gxastabl eaty tfnt kalft ncs`jncc ubhgr tfg entgl`ry ‖urdnb rglgbgrnta`b‑. J`r gxnkpcg, tf`sg abtgrvgbta`bs nrggxecuhgh tfnt nrg `bcy kgnbt j`r tfg rgjurdasfabl `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg, watfùt

abv`cvabl nt tfg snkg takg e`bstrueta`b `r rgjurdasfabl `j e`kkgreanc duachabls.‖Uatuntgh b pravntg wbgh cnbh‑ kgnbs tfnt tfg cnbh, ncc r n kno`raty j at, as wbghdy b`b-pudcae d`hags, g.l. e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs r fùsabl nssèanta`bs nbh tfgrb`b-pr`t hgvgc`pgrs. Xf`sg e`kprgfgbsavg hgvgc`pkgbts ab wfaef cnbh, ncc `r nkno`raty `j at, wns ncrgnhy ab pudcae fnbhs (a.g. nby pudcae hgvgc`pkgbt e`kpnby),dgj`rg hgvgc`pkgbt stnrtgh, nrg b`t abecuhgh ab tfas rgsgnref.

… ab `rhgr tfnt tfg pr`tndcg pnrts bnbeg tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts kgnbs tfnt tfas rg-sgnref jèusgs `b lgttabl tf`sg pnrtags tfnt dgbgt jr`k hgvgc`pkgbt t` bnbeg (ncc`r nt cgnst s`kg `j) tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts, a.g. tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.

N wahg rnblg `j ubpr`tndcg gcgkgbts jnccs ubhgr ‖pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneaca-tags‑? b`t `bcy wfnt Gbbas (4995? :-1) ubhgrstnbhs ns ‖pfysaenc abjrnstrueturg‑ (falf-wnys, j``tpntfs, wntgr, sgwgrnlg, gcgetraeaty, pnrmabl, pudcae trnbsp`rt abjrnstrueturg)nbh ‖gbvar`bkgbtnc abjrnstrueturg‑ (cnbhsenpabl, `pgb spneg, strggt jurbaturg, lrggbspneg). @tfgr pudcae jneacatags suef ns pudcae duachabls (sef``cs, fgnctf egbtrgs, p`-caeg, gte), sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl, gte. ncs` jncc ubhgr ‖pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags‑. Yudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags enb dg d`tf `b-satg (a.g. cèntgh watfabtfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg) nbh `jj-satg (cèntgh ùtsahg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg, `r cèntgh`b-satg dut ecgnrcy sgrvabl n kuef wahgr nrgn tfnt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg `bcy). Ncs`,nby j`rk `j e`kpgbsnta`b tfnt kalft fnvg t` dg pnah t` rgncazg tfg rglgbgrnta`b

jnccs ubhgr tfas tgrk. At as ecgnr tfnt watf tfas pr`dcgk hgbata`b, tfas rgsgnref nakst` akpr`vg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs `bcy n spgeae j`rk `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg? e`st



Abtr`hueta`b >>

rge`vgry. Xfas rgsgnref gxecuhgs tfus ab ats bnc rge`kkgbhnta`bs nby kgnsurg tfntkalft dg usgh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs j`r `tfgr j`rks `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg tfnt l`

dgy`bh e`st rge`vgry.

>.: Tgsgnref ûgsta`bs

Ab `rhgr t` bh nb nbswgr t` tfg pr`dcgk ns j`rkucntgh nd`vg, tfrgg prgpnrnt`ryrgsgnref qugsta`bs bggh rst t` dg nbswgrgh?

• Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b >? F`w enb tf`sg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl

dg usgh ab e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts b pravntgcy wbghcnbh0Xfas qugsta`b jèusgs `b tfg vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑? f`w enbtfgy dg usgh, j`cc`wabl pcnbbabl cnw nbh ab prnetaeg0 Fgrg wg h` b`t try t`knmg nby e`bbgeta`b watf enpturabl vncug abergnsg? tfnt as tfg sudoget `j prg-pnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5.

• Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 4? \fnt as tfg gxtgbt `j enpturabl vncug abergnsgab e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts b pravntgcy wbgh cnbh0Xfas qugsta`b jèusgs `b tfg vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑? wfaef pudcae

abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nrg pnah `r rgncazgh tfnbms t` tfg pr`tndcg pnrts `jtfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b0 Nbh, nrg tfg hgvgc`pkgbts akpcgkgbtgh b takg,watfùt hgcny nbh j`cc`wabl prgvaùscy gstndcasfgh hgnhcabgs0

• Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5? F`w h`gs tfg wny ab wfaef j`rknc rucgs rgc-gvnbt t` z`babl nrg usgh abfflugbegs enpturabl vncug abergnsg0Fgrg wg cabm tfg nbswgr t` qugsta`b > (usg j j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl) watftfg nbswgr t` qugsta`b 4 (hglrgg `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg). \g wnbt t` mb`waj egrtnab wnys `j usabl j`rknc rucgs rgsuct ab tfas `r tfnt hglrgg `j enpturabl vncugabergnsg. As tfgrg n wny `j usabl tfg j`rknc rucgs tfnt rgsucts ab knrmgt pnrtags

pnyabl ncc `r nt cgnst s`kg `j tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts0 Nbh t` h` s` watfùt hgcny0

Xfg knab rgsgnref qugsta`b usgs tfg bhabls j tfg prgpnrnt`ry qugsta`bs t` w`rm utrge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef satunta`b?• F`w eùch j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl dg usgh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ab `rhgr

tfnt tfg pr`tndcg pnrts bnbeg ns kuef ns p`ssadcg tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts0\g wnbt t` mb`w aj egrtnab wnys `j usabl j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl eùchfgcp ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs t` akpr`vg e`st rge`vgry ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b `b pra-vntgcy `wbgh cnbh. Xfas abecuhgs kgefnbasks j`r n k`rg gjeagbt pcnb prègsst` c`wgr hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh t` cgnvg n cnrlgr pnrt `j tfg abergnsgh pr`pgrty

vncugs j`r e`st rge`vgry. Nbh f`w eùch Hutef pudcae d`hags h` tfnt watfùt nttfg snkg takg hgcnyabl tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b0



Abtr`hueta`b>4

>.< Xfg strueturg `j tfas rgp`rt

Ab tfas Efnptgr > A fnvg abtr`huegh tfg k`tavg, e`btgxt, e`begpts nbh l`ncs j tfas rg-sgnref. Ab Efnptgr 4 A wacc abtr`hueg tfg rgcgvnbt hgdntgs nbh e`begptunc jrnkgw rmstfnt rucg tfas rgsgnref. Xfgy fgcpgh kg rst t` p`sata`b tfg l`nc j tfas rgsgnref ab tfgnenhgkae hgdntg ab suef n wny tfnt tfg bhabls wgrg rgcgvnbt b`t `bcy j`r tfg Hutefrglgbgrnta`b prnetaeg dut ncs` j`r seagbeg. Ab tfg sge`bh pcneg tfgy fgcpgh kg t`hgbg nbh `pgrnta`bncazg tfg rgsgnref qugsta`bs, j`r gxnkpcg, gcnd`rntabl n enusnck`hgc ab wfaef A p`sata`bgh ncc tfg vnrandcgs nbh tfg rgcnta`bs dgtwggb tfgk. Ab suk,efnptgr 4, t`lgtfgr watf efnptgr 5, sgts ùt wfaef hntn A wacc lntfgr, wfgrg A nk làblt` h` at nbh f`w A wacc nbncysg tfg bhabls. Ab Efnptgr 5 A bgghgh t` prgseradg f`wt` sueegssjuccy lntfgr tfg hntn nbh pr`hueg vncah bhabls. Xfgrgj`rg A rst gxpcnab tfg

lgbgrnc prabeapcgs `j f`w A wacc pr`hueg bhabls watf tfg bgegssnry hglrgg `j abtgr-bnc nbh gxtgrbnc vncahaty. Xfas fns cgh t` sgvgrnc efàegs? t` jèus `b ensg rgsgnref,t` e`kpnrg tfg pcnbbabl systgks j hajjgrgbt eùbtrags, t` n enrgjuc sgcgeta`b j ensgsnbh t` systgkntaenccy efgem tfg lgbgrncazndacaty `j tfg bhabls. Uge`bh A `pgrnta`b-ncazg tfg hntn lntfgrabl dy hgbabl tfg abhgpgbhgbt nbh hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs, dyhastabluasfabl hajjgrgbt, spgeae, sud-vnrandcgs nbh dy prgseradabl wfaef hntn as usght` nbswgr wfaef rgsgnref qugsta`b.

Efnptgrs 8-< prgsgbt tfg lntfgrgh hntn. Ab Efnptgr 8 A enrry ut nb gxpc`rnt`ry stuhy`j babg \gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags? dgsahgs tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, ncs` Gblcnbh, Upnab/

Zncgbean, Lgrknby, Jrnbeg, Atncy, Jcnbhgrs, Hgbknrm nbh Uwghgb. Xfg l`nc as t`sgcget tf`sg eùbtrags tfnt eùch pr`vahg tfg k`st abtgrgstabl bhabls j`r tfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs. X sgcget tfgk A rst jjgr absalft abt` hg usg j j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`bablab tfgsg eùbtrags, sge`bh A p`sata`b tfg Hutef rucgs abt` tfas abtgrbnta`bnc e`btgxt,nbh bnccy A sgcget tf`sg eùbtrags tfnt wacc dg tfg sudoget `j ab-hgptf rgsgnref. AbEfnptgrs 7 t` < A prgsgbt tfg lntfgrgh hntn jr`k tfg ab-hgptf rgsgnref ab tfg Upnbasfrgla`b j Zncgbean, Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Jarst A lavg nb abtr`hueta`b j tfgsgeùbtrags nbh tfgar pcnbbabl systgks, abecuhabl tfg vncug enpturabl cglnc kgefn-basks nbh tfgar cakats. Uge`bh A prgsgbt tfg stuhagh ensgs. Xfarh A nbswgr rgsgnrefqugsta`bs > t` 5, abecuhabl nb gvncunta`b `j f`w tfg cglnc kgefnbasks njjget tfg

enpturabl j vncug abergnsg. Xfgsg nbswgrs j`rk tfg dnsas j`r efnptgrs 6 nbh 1.

Ab Efnptgr 6 A hrnw e`becusa`bs j`r tfg nenhgkae hgdntg nbh tfg tfg`rgtaenc jrnkg-w`rm sgt ùt ab efnptgr 4. Fgrg A usg tfg nbswgrs t` rgsgnref qugsta`bs > t` 5 t` tgsttfg fyp`tfgsgs. A usg ncc tf`sg nbswgrs nbh tfg rgsucts `j tfg fyp`tfgsas tgstabl, dutabe`rp`rntabl ncs` spgeae mb`wcghlg `j tfg Hutef satunta`b (cglascnta`b, p`cataencnbh eucturnc e`bsahgrnta`bs), t` nbswgr ab Efnptgr 1 tfg knab rgsgnref qugsta`b? f`weùch tfg Hutef l`vgrbkgbt (egbtrnc nbh kubaeapnc pudcae d`hags) usg tfg j`rkncrucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg, dut nt tfg snkgtakg b`t hgcnyabl urdnb rglgbgrnta`b.



Abtr`hueta`b >5

>.6 Xfg prnetaenc vncug `j tfas rgsgnref

Hajjgrgbt net`rs abv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs enb usg tfg bh-abls `j tfas rgsgnref. Xfas as, ncc tf`sg pnrtags wf` kalft dgnr tfg rgsp`bsadacaty j`rrghgvgc`pabl urdnb nrgns, nbh tfgrgj`rg j`r bhabl bnbeanc sùregs t` e`vgr tfgubpr`tndcg pnrts. Xfgsg nrg knabcy tfg kubaeapncatags, dut ncs` pravntg pnrtags? fùs-abl nssèanta`bs nbh e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs, r nssèanta`bs j pr`pgrty wbgrs watfe`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs, wfaef nrg ab efnrlg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt.

Xfg bhabls nrg ncs` rgcgvnbt t` tfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg bgw Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Netnbh Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Xfas cnw (tfg sge`bh as netunccy n bgwefnptgr abecuhgh ab tfg rst) abtr`huegh ab 4996 tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb

nbh k`hagh sudstnbtanccy tfg cglnc jrnkgw`rm j`r e`st rge`vgry. Xfg bhabls ab-ecuhg rge`kkgbhnta`bs d`tf j`r f`w tfas bgw cglascnta`b eùch dg usgh t` akpr`vgtfg bnbeabl `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, nbh rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r jurtfgrcglascntavg k`haenta`bs.



E

F N Y X G

T

4Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm?

enpturabl vncug abergnsg watfab

p`caey bgtw`rms

Ab tfas efnptgr wg sgt ùt tfg tfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm tfnt wg usg j`r abvgstalntabl tfgprnetaenc p`ssadacatags j`r akpr`vabl tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg ab urdnb rglgb-grnta`b prògets. \g h` tfas ns j`cc`ws.

Jarst wg c``m nt tfg r`cg `j pudcae d`hags ab lgbgrnc, nbh sgg tfgk ns netabl ab p`caey

bgtw`rms. K`rg spgeaenccy, nb urdnb rglgbgrnta`b pròget enb dg nbncyzgh ns np`caey bgtw`rm ab wfaef pudcae d`hags try t` nefagvg tfgar l`ncs dy abtgrnetabl watf`tfgr pnrtags. Uge`bh, wg c``m nt `bg `j tfg k`st akp`rtnbt p`wgr rgsùregs tfntnrg hgpc`ygh ab tfg abtgrneta`bs ab tfg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b p`caey bgtw`rms, bnkgcypr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh. At as ab tfg bnturg `j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets tfnt tfasp`wgr rgsùreg as ncwnys prgsgbt nbh enbb`t dg alb`rgh. \g abvgstalntg tfg p`wgrtfnt `wbabl n pr`pgrty ralft ab cnbh enb lavg, nbh f`w j`rknc rucgs enb njjget tfnt.Xfarh, wg c``m nt bg nspget ab pnrtaeucnr j tfg j`rknc rucgs wfaef njjget f`w pg`pcgab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets gxgreasg tfgar pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh. Xfas as tfg hglrgg`j egrtnabty ndùt juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags tfnt as ergntgh dy dabhabl rucgs

nbh tfgr p`caey hèukgbts, nbh f`w tfas enb abfflugbeg tfg dgfnva r j tfg pr`pgrty`wbgr nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr.

Jabnccy, wg nppcy tf`sg tfrgg sgts `j absalfts t` tfg spgeae eareukstnbegs ubhgrwfaef urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets tnmg pcneg. Xfas gbndcgs us t` w`rm ùt n enusnck`hgc `j tfg jnet`rs (abecuhabl tfg usg `j tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl) tfntnjjget tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg. Xfg efnptgr e`becuhgs watf tw` fyp`tfgsgshgravgh jr`k tfas enusnc k`hgc. Xfgsg nrg ndùt tw` spgeae efnblgs t` tfg j`rkncrucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl wfaef, at as fyp`tfgsazgh, wacc akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncugabergnsg.



Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm >:

4.> Y`wgr nbh tfg r`cg `j pudcae d`hags ab p`caey

bgtw`rms

Enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab prnetaeg, ab nby `j ats j`rks (e`st rge`vgry, vncug enptur-abl `r ergnkabl `jj pcus vncug, sgg efnptgr >.8) enb dg e`bsahgrgh ns nb ùte`kg `jtfg abtgrneta`b, ab n bgtw`rm, j tf`sg pnrtags abv`cvgh ab tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b j pud-cae pcnbbabl p`caeags. Ncc `j tfgk èeupy n egrtnab p`sata`b watfab tfg bgtw`rm, nbhgnef `j tfgk pursugs ats `wb l`ncs nbh abtgrnets watf tfg `tfgrs ab `rhgr t` nefagvgtfgk. Xfas abtgrneta`b as hgtgrkabgh dy nspgets suef ns tfg p`wgr tfgy kalft fnvg tàkp`sg `b, `r t` stakucntg, `tfgrs, ab `rhgr t` pursug tfgar `wb l`ncs. Ab sf`rt, ab tfgbgtw`rms tfnt prgpnrg nbh akpcgkgbt pcnbbabl p`caeags, hajjgrgbt s`rts j abtgrneta`bs

kalft rgsuct ab hajjgrgbt ùte`kgs `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg. Xnmabl abt` neeùbt tfgl`nc `j tfas rgsgnref, tfg erueanc qugsta`b as f`w pudcae d`hags eùch usg tfg j`rkncrucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl t` k`hajy tfgsg abtgrneta`bs ab rhgr t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl`j vncug abergnsg.

Catgrnturg `b p`caey bgtw`rms pr`vahgs s`kg t``cs t` ubhgrstnbh f`w tfg pnrtagsabv`cvgh ab p`caey akpcgkgbtnta`b (pudcae d`hags, pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgrs nbh cnbh`wb-grs) abtgrnet watf gnef `tfgr (Uefnrpj, >1<6= Dgbs`b, >164= @str`k, >16:= Fgncgy,>114= Maemgrt gt nc., >11<= Mcaob, >11<= Mcaob nbh M`ppgbonb, 4999). Xfg abatanc nccèn-ta`b j rgsùregs abfflugbegs tfg p`sata`b `j pudcae d`hags watfab tfgsg bgtw`rms, nbh

pudcae d`hags fnvg hajjgrgbt tgefbaqugs j`r abtgrvgbabl tfnt kalft fgcp t` akpr`vgtfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsg.

Ab tfg cnst hgegbban j tfg 49tf Egbtury, tfg r`cg `j pudcae d`hags efnblgh salbaenbt-cy. Jr`k n satunta`b ab wfaef pudcae d`hags wgrg supp`sgh t` pcny n h`kabnbt r`cg abp`caey knmabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b, tfg prnetaeg nr`sg dy wfaef pravntg pnrtags dglnbt` lnab n k`rg pr`kabgbt r`cg. Ab tfg >1:9s nbh >1<9s, tfg cakats dgenkg ecgnr `jwfnt as enccgh tfg Tnta`bnc Egbtrnc Tucg K`hgc j`r p`caey knmabl nbh akpcgkgbtn-ta`b prègssgs, nee`rhabl t` wfaef tfg l`vgrbkgbt wns supp`sgh t` pcny n h`kabnbtr`cg nd`vg tfg rgst j abv`cvgh pnrtags. Nt tfg gbh `j tfg >1<9s, tfg nenhgkae hgdntg

ndùt l`vgrbkgbtnc stggrabl efnblgh ab Gur`pg nbh tfg Wbatgh Utntgs (Maemgrt gtnc., >11<? >-6). Xfg erataes nrlugh tfnt, ubhgr tfg wgcjnrg stntg, wfgrg tfg Tnta`bncEgbtrnc Tucg K`hgc rucgh tfg rgcnta`bsfaps `j tfg l`vgrbkgbt watf tfg knrmgt, ‖…nsudstnbtanc bukdgr j l`vgrbkgbtnc p`caeags (…) jnacgh t` kggt tfgar ralabnc tnrlgts.Hgspatg tfg jnet tfnt cnrlg-sencg p`caey pr`lrnkkgs e`bsukgh gb`rkùs suks `jk`bgy, tfgy `jtgb jnacgh t` kggt gxpgetnta`bs, nbh tfg rgsucts wgrg hasnppàbtabl.‑U`kgtakgs p`caeags wgrg t`` nkdataùs, `tfgr takgs ‖Xfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j p`caeysggkgh t` rge`lbazg ats `wb hybnkaes wfgrgup`b bukgrùs p`caey pcnbs dr`mgh`wb (…). Nt tfg gbh `j tfg >1<9s nbh ab tfg >169s tfas cgh t` n pgssakastae vagw `jtfg l`vgrbkgbt‑s ndacatags t` nefagvg ats l`ncs nbh t` abfflugbeg sèanc hgvgc`pkgbt‑

(`p. eat.? 8). Xfg hgecabg nbh e`ccnpsg `j tfg egbtrnccy stggrgh eùbtrags ab GnstgrbGur`pg nt tfg gbh `j tfg >169s rgabj`regh tfg pgregpta`bs `j tfg jnacurgs `j egbtrnc



Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm ><

l`vgrbkgbtnc stggrabl. Ab tfg rgsuctabl hgdntg ndùt tfg efnblabl rgcnta`bsfap dg-twggb pudcae d`hags nbh knrmgt pnrtags, s`kg erataes nhvèntgh n t`tnc watfhrnwnc j

l`vgrbkgbt stggrabl nbh n rgcanbeg `b tfg knrmgt.

4.>.> Xfg Y`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef t` p`wgr rgcnta`bsfaps

Xfg ‖p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef‑ enb dg sggb ns `bg `j tfg rgsucts `j tfnt hgdntg (Maem-grt gt nc., >11<? 5). Xfg nhvèntgs `j tfas nppr`nef p`sata`b at ns nb nctgrbntavg t`tfg Tnta`bnc Egbtrnc Tucg K`hgc nbh t` tfg knrmgt `ragbtnta`b nppr`nef, n s`rt `jtfarh wny dgtwggb d`tf (`p. eat? <-6). Ab tfgar vgrvagw j tfg jùbhnta`bs j tfg bgt-w`rm nppr`nef t` l`vgrbnbeg, Mcaob nbh M`ppgbonb (4999? >5:->51) jùbh tfg rst

salbs `j tfg usg `j tfg bgtw`rm e`begpt ab p`caey seagbeg ab tfg gnrcy >1<9s. Nt tfnttakg, tfgy nrlug, tfg bgtw`rm e`begpt wns usgh ab tfg d`tt`k-up nppr`nef (Fogrbnbh Y`rtgr, >16>) nbh tfg abtgrl`vgrbkgbtnc rgcnta`bs catgrnturg (Jragbh gt nc., >1<8=Uefnrpj gt nc., >1<6) ‖…t` knp rgcnta`b pnttgrbs dgtwggb rlnbasnta`bs nbh t` nssgsstfg abfflugbeg `j tfgsg pnttgrbs j`r p`caey prègssgs.‑ Xfgsg tw` gnrcy pr`t`-bgtw`rmnppr`nefgs wgrg abfflugbegh dy tfg abtgrnetavg p`caey nppr`nef (Nccas`b, >1<>= E`-fgb gt nc., >1<4= Cabhdc`k, >1:7= Cabhdc`k nbh E`fgb, >1<1) nbh tfg abtgr`rlnba-znta`bnc nppr`nef (Cgvabg nbh \fatg, >1:>= Bglnbhfa, >1<7= Nchraef, >1<1). Mgbasnbh Uefgbahgr (>11>? 4<-46) pcneg tfg rst salbs `j tfg usg `j tfg bgtw`rm e`begptab tfg :9s nbh <9s, sggabl knby nspgets `j tfg e`begpt ns nb abput jr`k pcurncast

tfg`rags `j p`caey knmabl (sgg g.l. Dgbtcgy, >1:<= nbh Xruknb, >1<>= d`tf qu`tghab Mgbas nbh Uefgabhgr, >11>? 4<). O`rhnb pcnegs tfg rst salbs gvgb gnrcagr, ab tfg>179s nbh >1:9s (>119= qu`tgh ab Tf`hgs & Knrsf, >114? 8-7). \g eùch e`bsahgrtfg p`caey bgtw`rm e`begpt ns kgs`-cgvgc, ab tfg sgbsg tfnt at pr`vahgs n cabm dgtwggbtfg nbncysas `j tfg rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb abtgrgst lrùps nbh l`vgrbkgbts rglnrhablspgeae p`caey hgeasa`bs (tfg kaer`-cgvgc `j nbncysas), nbh tfg nbncysas `j tfg hastra-duta`bs `j p`wgr watfab e`btgkp`rnry sèagty (tfg kner`-cgvgc `j nbncysas, Tf`hgs& Knrsf, `p. eat.? >). J`r nb `vgrvagw `j catgrnturg `b p`caey bgtw`rms ab tfg WbatghUtntgs nbh Gur`pg, sgg Mcaob nbh M`ppgbonb (`p. eat.? >5:->51) nbh Tf`hgs & Knrsf(`p. eat.? 7->9). J`r nb `vgrvagw `j catgrnturg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, sgg Upnnbs (4994?

58-5:). J`r nb gxtgbsavg rgvagw `j tfg catgrnturg nbh n haseussa`b `j tfg tfg`rgtaencr``ts sgg Mcaob (>11: nbh >11<). Dgsahgs dgabl n hajjgrgbt wny `j c``mabl nt l`vgrb-kgbt nbh knrmgts, tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef as ncs` n hajjgrgbt wny `j c``mabl ntpudcae knbnlgkgbt.

Ab tfg trnhata`bnc abtrn-`rlnbaznta`bnc nppr`nef ‖…knbnlgkgbt e`bsasts `j tfrggknab netavatags? sgttabl tfg l`ncs `j tfg `rlnbaznta`b (pcnbbabl), strueturabl nbh hg-salbabl tfg `rlnbaznta`b (`rlnbazabl) nbh –lgttabl tfg o`d h`bg‛ (cgnhabl). Knbnlg-kgbt as n t`p-h`wb netavaty dnsgh `b n ecgnr nutf`raty strueturg (…)‑ (Maemgrt gt nc.,>11<? >>). Xfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef nhvèntgs nb nctgrbntavg t` tfas fagrnrefy.

‖Ab n bgtw`rm satunta`b n sablcg egbtrnc nutf`raty, n fagrnrefaenc `rhgrabl nbh n sablcg`rlnbaznta`bnc l`nc h` b`t gxast‑ (adahgk). Xndcg 4 sf`ws tfg knab efnrnetgrastaes `j



Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm >6

tfg trnhata`bnc abtrn-`rlnbaznta`bnc nbh `j tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nefgs rglnrhabltfg stycg `j knbnlgkgbt.

Xndcg 4. Xw` pgrspgetavgs b knbnlgkgbt (`p. eat? >4).

Xrnhata`bnc abtrn- rlnbaznta`bnc nppr`nef Y caey bgtw rm nppr nef

@rlnbaznta`bnc sgttabl Uablcg nutf`raty strueturg Havahgh nutf`raty strueturg

L`nc strueturg Netavatags nrg luahgh dy ecgnr l`ncs nbhwgcc-hgbgh pr`dcgks

Znraùs nbh efnblabl hgbata`bs`j pr`dcgks nbh l`ncs

T`cg j knbnlgr Uystgk e`btr`ccgr Kghant`r, prègss knbnlgr,bgtw`rm duachgr

Knbnlgkgbt tnsms Ycnbbabl nbh luahabl rlnbaznta bncprègssgs

Luahabl abtgrneta`bs nbh pr`vah-abl `pp`rtubatags

Knbnlgkgbt netavatags Ycnbbabl, hgsalb nbh cgnhabl Ugcgetabl net`rs nbh rgsùregs,abfflugbeabl bgtw`rm e`bhata`bs,nbh fnbhcabl strntglae e`kpcgxaty

Ab tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef, tfg p`wgr rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg net`rs as rgcntght` tfgar abtgrneta`b ab tfg bgtw`rms. Xfg ahgn as tfnt tfgrg nrg s`kg jnet`rs tfnt enb gx-

pcnab tfg efnrnetgrastaes j tfas p`wgr rgcnta`bsfap. Uefnrpj (>1<6? 575, 5::) sullgstsn strueturncast nppr`nef ns n vandcg rgsgnref kgtf`h j`r stuhyabl abtgr-`rlnbaznta`bncp`caey knmabl nbh p`caey akpcgkgbtnta`b prègssgs. At e`bsasts `j jèussabl `b tfgk`rg stndcg (strueturnc) jnet`rs tfnt jneacatntg `r akpghg egrtnab typgs `j p`wgr rgcn-ta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh net`rs. @j eùrsg, tfgsg strueturnc jnet`rs h` b`t juccyhgtgrkabg tf`sg abtgrneta`bs, tfgrg nrg ncs` `tfgr b`b-strueturnc jnet`rs tfnt kny h`s` (g.l. e`bs`cahntgh lnkg pnttgrbs nbh tfg e`btablgbt dgfnvaùr `j abhavahunc ne-t`rs). Dut tfg strueturnc jnet`rs wacc nt cgnst gxpcnab tfg akp`ssadacaty `r akpr`dndacaty`j egrtnab j`rks `j p`wgr rgcnta`bsfaps, nbh tfg jgnsadacaty nbh pr`dndacaty `j `tfgrs.Xfg ‖strueturgs‑ jneacatntg r fnkpgr egrtnab typgs j p`wgr rgcnta`bsfaps. Xfas rgsgnref

j`cc`ws Uefnrpj‑s rge`kkgbhnta`b (>1<6? 578) t` jèus `b rgsùreg hgpgbhgbeg nsn kgtf`h t` hase`vgr tfg strueturnc jnet`rs. Jr`k tfas pàbt `j vagw, tfgrg nrg sgvgrncakp`rtnbt efnrnetgrastaes j p`caey bgtw`rms (Upnnbs, 4994? 5:= Mcaob, >11<? 59-55).

4.>.>.> Jarst efnrnetgrastae `j p`caey bgtw`rms? Net`rs pursug tfgar wb l`ncs

nbh nrg hgpgbhgbt `b gnef `tfgr j`r rgncasabl tf`sg l`ncs

Y`caey bgtw`rms e`bsast j hajjgrgbt net`rs gnef j tfgk pursuabl ats wb l`ncs, gnef`j tfgk j`cc`wabl ats `wb strntgly. Xfas enrrags tfg p`tgbtancaty `j n e`bfflaet, dgenusgtfgsg l`ncs nbh strntglags kalft havgrlg. Ab nhhata`b, net`rs ab n bgtw`rm nrg kutu-nccy hgpgbhgbt. Hgpgbhgbeg as tfg rgns`b j`r tfg gxastgbeg `j n bgtw`rm. At as vgry

ubcamgcy tfnt tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae p`caey `j nby salbaenbeg enb rgcy `bn sablcg net`r (Uefnrpj, >1<6? 58<, 579= Dgbs`b, >164? >8>, >86= Mcaob, >11<? 59=



Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm >1

Maemgrt gt ncaa , >11<? 4). Ns Mcaob stntgs, ‖Bgtw`rms hgvgc`p nbh gxast dgenusg `j tfgabtgrhgpgbhgbey dgtwggb net`rs‑ (`p. eat.? 5>).

Xfg e`begpts `j p`wgr, hgpgbhgbeg, rucgs nbh rgsùregs nrg egbtrnc fgrg. J`cc`wablLahhgbs (>168? >8->:, 476= sgg ncs` Zgrfnlg, 4994? >76), nb nlgbt gxgreasgs p`wgraj fg `r sfg enb ‖…knmg n hajjgrgbeg t` n prg-gxastabl stntg `j njjnars `r eùrsg `jgvgbts‑ (Lahhgbs, >168? >8). At as p`ssadcg t` entgl`rasg tfg j`cc`wabl s`rts `j p`wgr?ge`b`kae, p`catae, njjgetavg, nbh e`lbatavg (M`rtfncs Nctgs, >117? 47). Nck`st ncc s`rts`j p`wgr (gxegpt knydg njjgetavg p`wgr, tfg enpndacaty t` knmg `tfgrs gk`ta`bnccyhgpgbhgbt) nrg lgbgrntgh tfnbms t` wfnt Lahhgbs enccs ‖rgsùregs‑. Dy kgnbs `j tfge`btr`c j rgsùregs, nb net`r enb abfflugbeg tfg dgfnvaùr j tfgrs, nbh dy hàbl s`fg ‖knmgs n hajjgrgbeg t` n prg-gxastabl stntg `j njjnars `r eùrsg `j gvgbts‑, fg gxgr-

easgs p`wgr. Xfus, p`wgr gxasts tfnbms t` tfg e`btr`c `j rgsùregs. Gcans (>1<>? 68-67=sgg ncs` Zgrfnlg, 4994? >7<) hgseradgs hgpgbhgbeg rgcnta`bs dgtwggb pgrs`bs nstfg abvgrsg `j p`wgr rgcnta`bs. Net`r N enb gxgreasg p`wgr `b net`r D wfgb D bgghs`bg `r k`rg rgsùregs e`btr`ccgh dy N. Aj s`, N enb gxgreasg p`wgr `b D dgenusg Dhgpgbhs `b N. Uukknrazgh, tfg ubgqunc nccènta`b `j rgsùregs enb ergntg hgpgbh-gbeg, nbh hgpgbhgbeg ncc`ws tfg gxgreasabl `j p`wgr.

Xfg strgbltf `j tfas hgpgbhgbeg hgpgbhs `b tfg akp`rtnbeg `j tfg rgsùregs, nbh`b tfg ‖sudstatutndacaty‑ `j tfg rgsùreg, a.g. tfg gnsg watf wfaef tfg rgsùregs enbdg rgpcnegh dy `tfgr rgsùregs (Uefnrpj, >1<6? 578-577= sgg ncs` Mcaob, >11<? 5>=

Upnnbs, 4994? 5:). Uefnrpj hastabluasfgh hajjgrgbt hglrggs j hgpgbhgbeg, rgcntgh t`tfg akp`rtnbeg nbh sudstatutndacaty `j tfg rgsùregs (adahgk)?• Falf hgpgbhgbeg? falf akp`rtnbeg nbh c`w sudstatutndacaty j tfg rgsùregs=• C`w hgpgbhgbeg? c`w akp`rtnbeg nbh c`w sudstatutndacaty, `r falf akp`rtnbeg

nbh falf sudstatutndacaty=• Abhgpgbhgbeg? c`w akp`rtnbeg nbh falf sudstatutndacaty.

Jurtfgr, Uefnrpj hastabluasfgh tfrgg typgs `j hgpgbhgbeg (`p. eat.? 57:-576)?• Wbacntgrnc hgpgbhgbeg? tfg abtgrgst j N ab tfg knabtgbnbeg j tfg rgcnta`bsfap as

lrgntgr tfnt tfg abtgrgst `j D. N as tfg k`rg hgpgbhgbt pnrty, D tfg h`kabnbt `bg.

D kalft usg tfas nlnabst tfg wgnmgr pnrty, N, nbh `dcalg fak t` neegpt abtgrne-ta`bs tfnt nrg ubnttrnetavg j`r fak.

• Kutunc hgpgbhgbeg r abtgrhgpgbhgbey? d`tf N nbh D hgpgbh `b tfg rgsùregs`j tfg `tfgr, nbh tfgy h` b`t fnvg gnsacy nvnacndcg nctgrbntavg sùregs `j suppcy.

• Kutunc abhgpgbhgbeg? bgatfgr N b`r D hgpgbhs `b tfg rgsùregs `j tfg `tfgr.Xfgrg as b` hgpgbhgbey.

Lahhgbs (>168? 476) hastabluasfgh tw` mabhs `j rgsùregs? nccèntavg nbh nutf`ratn-tavg. Nccèntavg rgsùregs nrg tfg kntgranc jgnturgs `j tfg gbvar`bkgbt, tfg kgnbs `jkntgranc pr`hueta`b (tgefb`c`ly) nbh tfg pr`huegh l``hs. Nutf`ratntavg rgsùregs

rgjgr t` tfg nrrnblgkgbts tfnt ergntg tfg takg-spneg e`bsukabl pnttgrbs `j sèag-tags, tfg nrrnblgkgbts tfnt `rlnbazg tfg abtgrneta`b `j pg`pcg ab sèagtags, nbh tfg



Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm 49

nrrnblgkgbts tfnt ergntg pg`pcg‑s efnbegs `j sgcj-hgvgc`pkgbt nbh sgcj-gxprgssa`b,g.l. t` dg ndcg t` rgnh nbh wratg. Fgncgy (>114? 57= sgg ncs` Zgrfnlg, 4994? >71)

gcnd`rntgs jurtfgr `b tfas hastabeta`b. Ufg spgnms `j Lahhgbs‑ ‖nccèntavg rgsùregs‑nbh ‖nutf`ratntavg rgsùregs‑ ns ‖rgsùregs‑ rgspgetavgcy ‖rucgs‑, nbh abtr`huegs n bgws`rt `j rgsùreg, ‖ahgns‑. Wsabl tfgsg e`begpts Fgncgy hgvgc`ps n k`hgc t` nbncysgtfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfaps ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs.

@str`k (>16:? 8::-8:<= sgg ncs` Zgrfnlg, 4994? >:9) knhg n hastabeta`b dgtwggb‖w`rmabl rucgs‑ nbh ‖j`rknc rucgs‑. \`rmabl rucgs nrg k`rg tfnb j`rknc rucgs? tfgy nrgpnrtcy dnsgh `b tfg j`rknc rucgs dut ncs` `b eucturnc `r sèanc wnys `j dgfnvaùr. Gx-nkpcgs j w`rmabl rucgs nrg p`caey pnrnhalks, tfg ubwrattgb rucgs ndùt f`w pg`pcgfnbhcg satunta`bs, gte. Xfgsg abj`rknc rucgs enb dg pnrtcy dnsgh `b j`rknc rucgs dut,

ns Zgrfnlg stntgs, ‖(…) tfg rucgs tfnt l`vgrb dgfnvaùr `j net`rs nrg dr`nhgr tfnb `bcytfg cglnc rglucnta`b.‑ (`p. eat.? >:9). J`rknc rucgs nrg j`rkncasgh ab cnws nbh nhkabas-trntavg nrrnblgkgbts, nbh rglucntg tfg abtgrneta`bs dgtwggb net`rs dy hgbabl ralftsnbh `dcalnta`bs nbh stntabl t` wf`k tfgy dgc`bl. J`r gxnkpcg, tfg Hutef Eavac E`hghgbgs tfg se`pg `j pr`pgrty ralfts (f`w tfg cnbh`wbgr kny usg fas cnbh) nbh tfgYfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net nbh tfg Fùsabl Net cakat tfgsg ralfts (fg enb bcy duach aj tfgCnbh usg Ycnb ncc`ws at, nbh pr`vahgh fg dtnabs n duachabl pgrkat). J`rknc rucgs ncsèrgntg ‖bgw‑ rgsùregs tfnt dge`kg bgegssnry, nbh nccèntg tfgk t` egrtnab net`rs.J`cc`wabl tfg gxnkpcg nd`vg, tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net nbh tfg Fùsabl Net ergntgtfg bgw rgsùregs ‖cnbh usg pcnb‑ nbh ‖duachabl pgrkats‑, wfaef enb gxecusavgcy dg

nppr`vgh dy tfg kubaeapncaty.

Jalurg 4. Tgcnta`b dgtwggb rucgs, rgsùregs, hgpgbhgbeg nbh p`wgr ab p`caey bgtw`rms.

Xfus, tfg rgcnta`b dgtwggb rucgs, rgsùregs, hgpgbhgbey nbh p`wgr as ecgnr? rucgs

rglucntg tfg dgfnvaùr `j net`rs nbh tfg rgsùreg hastraduta`b ab tfg bgtw`rm, nbh tfassfnpgs hgpgbhgbeg nk`bl tfg net`rs. Nbh bnccy, hgpgbhgbeg sfnpgs tfg p`wgr ab-

`tfgr nspgetsrucgs ABXGTNEXA@BU

rgsùreg hastraduta`b

dgfnvaùr net`rs



Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm 4>

tgrneta`bs dgtwggb net`rs. F`wgvgr, tfas prègss as k`rg e`kpcgx, ns tfg abtgrneta`bswatfab tfg jrnkgw`rm jtgb sfnpg, e`bs`cahntabl r nctgrabl, tfg rucgs (Mcaob & M`ppgb-

onb, 4999? >51= Mcaob >11<? 55= Dgbs`b, >164? >79->7>). Uukknrazgh, rucgs sfnpg tfgp`wgr abtgrneta`bs, dut p`wgr abtgrneta`bs ncs` sfnpg tfg rucgs. Ugg Jalurg 4.

4.>.>.4 Uge`bh efnrnetgrastae `j p`caey bgtw`rms? Xfgrg as b` h`kabnbt net`r,

nbh l`vgrbkgbts nrg prakus abtgr pnrgs

Lahhgbs snah ncs` tfnt ‖…ncc j`rks `j hgpgbhgbeg `jjgr s`kg rgsùregs wfgrgdytf`sg wf` nrg sud`rhabntg enb abfflugbeg tfg netavatags j tfgar supgra`rs.‑ Fg enccs tfastfg ‖hancgetae j e`btr`c‑ ab sèanc systgks (>168? >:). Xfas kgnbs tfnt gnef net`r fnsnt fas hasp`snc s`kg rgsùregs/rucgs bgghgh dy `tfgr net`rs t` nefagvg tfgar l`ncs,s` tfnt fg enb abfflugbeg tfgar dgfnvaùr (Zgrfnlg, 4994? >76). Aj gnef net`r fns rg-

sùregs/rucgs bgghgh dy tfgrs, tfgrg as b` net`r wf` fns ncc tfg rgsùregs/rucgs nt fashasp`snc. Xfgrg as b` net`r wf` enb gxgreasg p`wgr vgr ncc tfg tfgr net`rs, dgenusgtfgrg as ncwnys nt cgnst `bg `tfgr net`r wf` fns s`kg bgegssnry rgsùregs/rucgs. Xfntas, tfgrg as b` net`r wf` enb gxgreasg nb nds`cutg p`wgr `vgr ncc tfg `tfgr net`rs. Abjnet, tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef nppcags t` tfg p`caey gch tfg prabeapcgs `j Lah-hgbs‑ ‖hancgetae `j e`btr`c‑, wfgb at nssukgs tfnt vnraùs net`rs fnvg n vgt` p`wgr.Xfg bggh t` e``pgrntg as egbtrnc ab tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef= p`caeags enb `bcyhgvgc`p `r dg akpcgkgbtgh wfgb gnef net`r knmgs fas rgsùregs nvnacndcg (Uefnrpj,>1<6? 58<, 579= Dgbs`b, >164? >8>, >86= Mcaob nbh M`ppgbonb, 4999? >84->88).Maemgrt gt nc. gkpfnsazg tfas? ‖Abtgrhgpgbhgbey as tfg mgy w`rh ab tfg bgtw`rm np-

pr`nef. Net rs ab bgtw`rms nrg abtgrhgpgbhgbt dgenusg tfgy enbb`t nttnab tfgar l`ncsdy tfgksgcvgs, dut bggh tfg rgsùregs `j `tfgr net`rs t` h` s`‑ (>11<? :).

Yudcae net`rs èeupy n spgeanc p`sata`b, n p`sata`b tfnt as dnsgh `b tfg ubaqug rg-sùregs tfnt tfgy fnvg nbh `b tfg hgkèrntae cglatakaznta`b tfgy gbo`y. Dut n ecgnrstnrtabl pàbt ab tfas nppr`nef as tfnt ‖…pudcae net`rs h` b`t pcny tfg h`kabnbt r`cgtfgy `jtgb nrg nseradgh ab `tfgr pudcae nhkabastrnta`b pgrspgetavgs.‑ (Mcaob & M`ppgb-onb, 4999? >7>). ‖At as (…) ecgnr tfnt l`vgrbkgbt enbb`t rgecnak ats p`st-wnr wgcjnrgstntg p`sata`b ns tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbabl nutf`raty ab sèagty. Xfg gxpgragbegs `j tfg>1:9s nbh >1<9s fnvg sf`wb tfnt tfg stggrabl p`tgbtancs `j l`vgrbkgbt nrg cakatgh

nbh tfnt at kust hgnc watf knby `tfgr akp`rtnbt net`rs ab tfg p`caey gchs ab wfaefat `pgrntgs.‑ (Maemgrt gt ncaa , >11<? >). Mcaob nbh M`ppgbonb spgnm `j nb ‖… nppnrgbtcydr`nh e`bsgbsus tfnt fns hgvgc`pgh nrùbh tfg ahgn tfnt l`vgrbkgbt as netunccy b`ttfg eèmpat jr`k wfaef sèagty as l`vgrbgh nbh tfnt p`caey knmabl prègssgs rntfgrnrg lgbgrnccy nb abtgrpcny nk`bl vnraùs net`rs…‑ (`p. eat.? >5:). Ab sf`rt, tfùlf tfgp`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef rge`lbazgs tfnt tfg l`vgrbkgbt as n spgeanc pnrty, n mabh `j

prakus abtgr pnrgs, tfg l`vgrbkgbt as b`t nby k`rg tfg egbtrnc net`r tfnt efnrnetgrazgstfg Tnta`bnc Egbtrnc Tucg K`hgc, typaenc ab tfg wgcjnrg stntg `j tfg >1:9s nbh >1<9s.

4.>.>.5 Erataeasks `j tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef

Xfgrg nrg erataeasks `j tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef, bnkgcy tfnt at as snah t` hgvncugtfg stntus `j tfg pudcae sget`r (Hg Druaob nbh Tablgcabl, >11<? >7>->7<= Tf`hgs




>11<, qu`tgh ab Mcaob & M`ppgbonb 4999? >7>->78= Maemgrt gt nc., >11<? ><9-><>=Knrsf & Tf`hgs, >114? 4:5-4:6= C`wa, >1:1? 67-1<, 46<-41<? qu`tgh ab Knrsf

& Tf`hgs, `p. eat.? 4:7= Tapcgy nbh Jrnbmcab >16<, Knrab nbh Knybtz >11> nbhBgcassgb >115? qu`tgh ab Maemgrt gt nc., adahgk). E`kpnrgh t` tfg h`kabnbt r`cgtfnt l`vgrbkgbt fns ab `tfgr pudcae nhkabastrnta`b pgrspgetavgs, tfg p`caey bgtw`rmnppr`nef hgseradgs tfg pudcae sget`r ns dgabl oust nb`tfgr `j tfg net`rs ab tfg bgt-w`rm, puttabl at b tfg snkg cgvgc ns tfg b`b-l`vgrbkgbtnc net`rs nbh hgbyabl at tfgp`ssadacaty `j pcnyabl nb `ch jnsfa`bgh h`kabnbt r`cg. Xfus, tfg bgtw`rm nppr`nefpr`p`sgs tfnt l`vgrbkgbt d`hags gblnlg ab tfg bgtw`rms ns tfg bcy wny j sueegss-juccy gcnd`rntabl nbh akpcgkgbtabl p`caeags. Xfg erataeasks jèus `b tfg pr`dcgks jhgkèrntae cglatakney `r neeùbtndacaty tfnt nrasg wfgb l`vgrbkgbts enbb`t pcny nh`kabnbt r`cg nbh fnvg t` gblnlg ab bgtw`rms. Xfgy sfùch b`t gbtgr abt` abtgrne-

ta`bs nbh pnrtbgrsfaps watf tfgr pnrtags ab sèagty dgenusg tfas fabhgrs tfg jucckgbt`j tfg e`kk`b abtgrgst. N l`vgrbkgbt lgttabl abv`cvgh ab bgtw`rms as b`t ndcg t`jucc tfg e`kk`b abtgrgst at sfùch pursug, dgenusg tfg hgeasa`b knmabl ab bgtw`rmsas b`b-trnbspnrgbt nbh ube`btr`ccgh.

Ab n rgneta`b t` tfas erataeask, Mcaob nbh M`ppgbonb wnrb –…nlnabst kaxabl up tfg rgncw`rch nbh tfg tfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm tfnt as usgh t` nbncysg, gvncuntg nbh akpr`vgat.‛ (4999? >7>). Xfgy nrlug tfnt at as n jnet tfnt tfg l`vgrbkgbt hgpgbhs up`b `tfgrnet`rs, nbh tfnt tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef oust trags t` hgvgc`p abstrukgbts, wfaef- lavgb tfnt jnet - gbndcg tfg pudcae sget`r t` hgjgbh ab tfg netunc bgtw`rm e`btgxt

tfg pudcae abtgrgst nbh tfg prakney j p`cataes. Ns sgeta`bs 4.>.>.> nbh 4.>.>.4 sf`w,tfg ahgn `j abtgrhgpgbhgbeg ab tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef as dnsgh `b nb nbncysas`j tfg hastraduta`b `j rgsùregs. At as ecgnr tfnt tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef tnmgstfg stnrtabl pàbt tfnt tfgrg as ncwnys k`rg tfnt `bg net`r wf` fns n ‖vgt` p`wgr‑,dgenusg tfg bgghgh rgsùregs nrg hastradutgh dgtwggb sgvgrnc net`rs nbh tfgrg asb` net`r wf` e`btr`cs ncc tfgk. L`vgrbkgbts hgpgbh `b `tfgr net`rs dgenusg tfgyh` b`t fnvg ncc tfg bgghgh rgsùregs, tfg kassabl rgsùregs dgc`bl t` `tfgr net`rs,nbh tfgsg kassabl rgsùregs nrg b`t rgpcnegndcg `r aj rgpcnegndcg, tfas as t`` e`stcynbh takg e`bsukabl. Xfgrgj`rg, tfg e`ccnd`rnta`b `j ncc tfg net`rs wf` e`btr`c tfgbgghgh rgsùregs as abhaspgbsndcg j`r p`caey-akpcgkgbtnta`b.

Xfg ahgn tfnt l`vgrbkgbts nrg abgvatndcy hgpgbhgbt enb dg tfg sudoget `j erataeask,ns g.l. M`jodgrl hah ab n rgegbt stuhy b fùsabl p`caey bgtw`rms ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs.Fg nrlugh t` fnvg hase`vgrgh gjjgetavg wnys j`r pudcae d`hags t` pcny n h`kabnbtr`cg (4997? 544-545). J`cc`wabl tfas cabg, ky rgsgnref enb dg sggb ns n jubhnkgbtncerataeask `j tfg dnsae nssukpta`b ab tfg Y`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef, tfnt pudcae d`hagsncwnys fnvg t` dg fgnvacy hgpgbhgbt `b `tfgr d`hags ab cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt prògets.Xfg e`becusa`bs ab efnptgr 6 pr`vahg abstrukgbts j`r knmabl pudcae d`hags cgss hg-pgbhgbt nbh ncc`wabl tfgk t` pcny n k`rg h`kabnbt r`cg, prgeasgcy ab `rhgr t` ak-pr`vg tfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsg.




4.>.4 F`w t` abtgrvgbg ab p`caey bgtw`rms? Bgtw`rm

knbnlgkgbt

Utggrabl tfg abtgrneta`bs dgtwggb tfg net`rs ab p`caey bgtw`rms kny dg bgegssnry.@bg j tfg rgns`bs as tfnt tfgsg abtgrneta`bs nrg e`kpcgx nbh tfgrg as ncwnys n p`tgb-tanc e`bfflaet, sabeg gnef net`r pursugs fas `wb l`ncs. Jurtfgrk`rg, dgenusg tfgrg nrgusunccy net`rs wf` fnvg s`kg vgt` p`wgr, tfg e`ccnd`rnta`b `j ncc tfg bgegssnry ne-t`rs as bgegssnry t` dtnab ute`kgs tfnt sntasjy ncc tfg net`rs. Ns Mcaob nbh M`ppgbonbput at? ‖Uabeg e`-`pgrnta`b nbh e`ccnd`rnta`b `j l`ncs nbh abtgrgsts h`gs b`t fnppgb`j ats `wb nee`rh, stggrabl `j e`kpcgx lnkgs ab bgtw`rms as bgegssnry.‑ (Mcaob & M`p-pgbonb, 4999? >89). Xfg spgeanc p`sata`b `j pudcae d`hags knmgs tfgk vgry suatndcgj`r tfg r`cg `j bgtw`rm knbnlgr. Xfgy enb dg n jneacatnt`r.

@dvaùscy, tfg rgns`b wfy n pudcae d`hy kalft wnbt t` abtgrvgbg ab p`caey bgtw`rmsas b`t bcy t` lunrnbtgg tfnt tfg ute`kg j p`caey prègssgs sntasjy tfgr net`rs, dutncs` t` rgncasg ats `wb l`ncs dgttgr. Ab tfas rgsgnref wg abvgstalntg wfgtfgr tfg j`rkncrucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl eùch dg usgh ab nb `pgrnta`bnc wny t` akpr`vg e`st rge`v-gry, a.g. t` bnbeg tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts watf tfg vncug abergnsg `j cnbh. Xrnbscntghabt` p`caey bgtw`rm tgrks, wg abvgstalntg tfg p`ssadacaty j abfflugbeabl, tfrùlf Bgt-w`rm knbnlgkgbt kgnsurgs, tfg abtgrneta`bs watfab tfg bgtw`rms nbh tfgrgdy tfgùte`kgs ab enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

At as p`ssadcg t` hastabluasf tw` typgs j bgtw`rm knbnlgkgbt? ‖prègss knbnlgkgbt‑`r ‖lnkg knbnlgkgbt‑, nbh ‖bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b‑ `r ‖bgtw`rm strueturabl‑ (Mcaob& M`ppgbonb, 4999? >89->84= Mcaob >11<? 8:-75= @‑X``cg, >166? 84:-855). Yrè-gss knbnlgkgbt trags t` abfflugbeg tfg abtgrneta`bs dgtwggb net`rs, watf tfg gxastablrucgs nbh rgsùreg hastraduta`b ns tfg stnrtabl pàbt. Xfas knbnlgkgbt kgtf`h as np-pr`prantg j`r abfflugbeabl abtgrneta`bs tfnt nrg ncrgnhy ubhgrwny. Xfg sge`bh bgtw`rmknbnlgkgbt kgtf`h, Bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b, sggms abstatuta`bnc efnblg. Bgtw`rme`bstatuta`b as jèusgh `b knmabl strueturnc efnblgs, nbh `bg `j tfg wnys `j hàbltfas as dy efnblabl tfg rucgs. Xfas as dnsgh `b tfg prabeapcg tfnt rucgs enb k`hajy tfghastraduta`b `j rgsùregs nbh tfg dgfnvaùr `j tfg net`rs.

Ab tfg rgst `j tfas efnptgr, tw` spgeae kgtf`hs `j Bgtw`rm knbnlgkgbt wacc dgw`rmgh ùt, d`tf `j tfgk abv`cvabl tfg rucgs tfnt pudcae d`hags kalft dg ndcg t`k`hajy. D`tf kgtf`hs nrg abspargh dy tw` `blàbl hgdntgs ab tfg pcnbbabl nenhgkaenbh pr`jgssa`bnc w`rch. Xfg rst kgnsurg (sgeta`b 4.4) as abspargh dy tfg hgdntg abtfg WM, dut spgeanccy ab Upnab nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, e`begrbabl tfg stggrabl p`wgrs`j pudcae d`hags ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt, rgcntgh t` tfg e`btgbts `j pr`pgrty ralfts abcnbh. At as n ecgnr Bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b kgnsurg? k`hajyabl tfg e`btgbts `j pr`pgrtyralfts tfnt l`vgrb tfg trnbsneta`bs ab abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Xfg sge`bh kgnsurg(sgeta`b 4.5) as abspargh dy tfg nenhgkae hgdntg ndùt tfg hgsargh cgvgc `j fflgxadacaty

ab pcnbbabl. At ncs` e`bsasts j n Bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b kgnsurg tfnt rgquargs f`wgvgrnck`st b` k`haenta`b `j j`rknc rucgs nbh as tfus jgnsadcg ab n sf`rtgr tgrk? at e`b-




egrbs tfg k`kgbt ab tfg eùrsg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss nt wfaef pudcae d`hagsnppr`vg cnbh usg prgserapta`bs. D`tf kgnsurgs fnvg dggb nbncysgh ab n k`hgc tfnt

abecuhgs ncs` ncc tfgr jnet`rs tfnt abfflugbeg tfg enpturabl j abergnsgh vncug (sgeta`b4.8). Jabnccy, d`tf kgnsurgs fnvg dggb trnbscntgh abt` tw` fyp`tfgtaenc nssukpta`bs(sgeta`b 4.7).

4.4 Xfg j`rknc rucgs l`vgrbabl pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh

Abtr`hueta`b

Xfg `wbgrs `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh> fnvg n vgry p`wgrjuc p`sata`b ab urdnb rg-

lgbgrnta`b prògets, nbh tfgy enb ― nbh h` ― usg tfnt p`wgr ab tfg pursuat `j tfgar`wb l`ncs ab suef prògets. F`wgvgr, tfg e`btgbts `j tf`sg p`wgrs nrg hgtgrkabghdy j`rknc rucgs, ubhgr d`tf pudcae nbh pravntg cnw. Ab sgeta`b 4.4.> wg rst haseusstf`sg rucgs ab lgbgrnc tgrks. Xfgb ab sgeta`bs 4.4.4-8 wg accustrntg tfas watf nb gx-p`sata`b `j tfg prnetaeg nbh p`cataenc hgdntg ab tfrgg eùbtrags ― Gblcnbh nbh \ncgs,tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, nbh Upnab ― wfaef e`begrb tfg rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb j`rknc rucgsl`vgrbabl pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh nbh tfg p`ssadacatags j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg.Xfg Dratasf bnta`bncaznta`b `j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts ab >18< j`rks n ecgnr rgjgrgbegpàbt ab tfg hgdntg. Xfg haseussa`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Upnab as egrtnabcy rgcgvnbtt` cènc nenhgkae nbh pr`jgssa`bnc hgdntg, nbh tfg sakacnratags dgtwggb tfg hgdntg ab

d`tf eùbtrags nrg `dvaùs, g.l. ab d`tf eùbtrags e`btr`vgrsanc pr`p`sncs fnvg dggbknhg t` sgpnrntg hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts. Ab >118 tfg Upnbasf rgla`b`j Zncgbean hgvasgh nb nctgrbntavg t` sgpnrnta`b tfnt ab jnet sgpnrntgh abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts. X`hny, tfas abb`vnta`b fns dggb abtr`huegh ab nck`stncc `j tfg rgknababl >< Upnbasf rgla`bs.

4.4.> Tgstraeta`bs `b tfg gxgreasg `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh

@bg kalft tfabm, nbh netunccy tfgrg nrg knby watf n cadgrtnranb pgrspgetavg wf` h`,

tfnt pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh lavg tfg `wbgr t`tnc jrggh`k t` hgeahg f`w t` usg fascnbh. Xfg T`knb Cnw e`begpt `j ‖h`kabauk‑ kalft dgst hgbg wfnt nrg tfg e`b-tgbts `j suef nb nds`cutg e`begpt `j pr`pgrty. ‖H`kabauk‑ abecuhgs ncc tfg p`ssadcgralfts `vgr n tfabl (tfus ncs` cnbh) tfnt `bg pgrs`b enb `wb? tfg ralft t` usg at (usus),tfg ralft t` tfg jruats (jruetus) nbh tfg ralft t` hasp`snc (ndusus). F`wgvgr, tfg rgnc-aty as tfnt ncc eùbtrags, nbh egrtnabcy nby eùbtry watf n knturg cglnc systgk, fnvgassugh ab tfg eùrsg `j fast`ry, nbh stacc assug, j`rknc rucgs tfnt rgstraet tfg gxgreasg`j pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh (Bgghfnk, 499:? >-5, 5:-56, 51). Dgj`rg gbtgrabl abt` tfg

> @j tfg vnragty `j p`ssadcg pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh, at as tfg ralft `j `wbgrsfap tfnt as nt tfg egbtrg`j nttgbta`b ab tfas rgsgnref. Xfgrg nrg `tfgr p`ssadcg ralfts, j`r gxnkpcg tfnt nb`tfgr pgrs`b asnutf`razgh t` wncm `b tfg cnbh, gvgb aj fg as b`t tfg `wbgr `j tfg cnbh, `r tfnt nb`tfgr pgrs`b enbns n tgbnbt usg tfg pr`pgrty t` cavg `r w`rm ab/`b at (ejr. Bgghfnk, 499:? 58-5:).




hgdntg ab Gblcnbh nbh \ncgs, tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Upnab, cgt us sgg rst f`w pravntgnbh pudcae cnw enb rgstraet tfg gxgreasg `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh nbh f`w tfas fns

gv`cvgh ab tfg fast`ry.

Xfg rgstraeta`bs b tfg gxgreasg j ralfts ab cnbh enb e`kg d`tf jr`k pravntg nbh jr`kpudcae cnw. Yravntg cnw rucgs nrg bgegssnry t` rglucntg f`w pgrs`bs hgnc watf gnef`tfgr watf tfgar pr`pgrty ralfts, a.g. f`w nbh wfnt tfgy enb sgcc `r duy `r cakat tfgarralfts. J`r gxnkpcg, aj cnw (g.l. buasnbeg cnw ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Wbatgh Utntgs) snyss`, `bg `wbgr enbb`t usg fas pr`pgrty ab suef n wny tfnt fg eùch fnrk n bgalfdùr-abl `wbgr. Nb`tfgr gxnkpcg as tfnt pravntg cnw rucgs wfgtfgr nb `wbgr enb `r enbb`tspcat `jj jr`k fas jrggf`ch pr`pgrty ralft tfg ralft `j n duachabl cgnsg nbh trnbsjgr at t`nb`tfgr pgrs`b. Ab nhhata`b, tfg `wbgr `j tfg jrggf`ch kny b`t gbtgr `bt` tfg cnbh

watfùt pgrkassa`b j tfg `wbgr j tfg duachabl cgnsg. Xfus, rgstraeta`bs ubhgr pravntgcnw rglucntg tfg b`rknc trnje dgtwggb pgrs`bs (Bgghfnk, 499:? 85-87).

Tgstraeta`bs ubhgr pudcae cnw ncc`w stntg nlgbeags t` akp`sg `bg-sahgcy rgstraeta`bs t`tfg gxgreasg `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh. Jarst, n stntg nlgbey enb akp`sg rgstraeta`bs `btfg usg j tfg ralft, g.l. aj yù wnbt t` duach b yùr cnbh, yù kust j`cc`w tfg duachablrglucnta`bs. Xfas rst s`rt `j rgstraeta`b nttgbuntgs tfg gxgreasg `j ralfts, dut h`gs b`ttnmg tfgk nwny, nctfùlf aj at as pgrknbgbt tfnt nkùbts ab jnet t` hgstr`yabl pnrt `jtfg ralft. Uge`bh, n stntg nlgbey kny e`kpucs`racy tnmg nwny ralfts, g.l. gxpr`prant-abl jrggf`ch ralfts `j cnbh, `r tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p at. Ab tfas sge`bh s`rt `j rgstraeta`b,

tfg ralft as trnbsjgrrgh t` s`kg`bg gcsg, usunccy n stntg nlgbey (Bgghfnk, 499:? 8:).

Lgbgrnccy spgnmabl, sabeg tfg cadgrnc rgv`cuta`bs `j tfg >6tf nbh >1tf Egbturags wgeùch sukknrasg tfg gv`cuta`b `j tfg rgstraeta`bs ubhgr pudcae cnw ns j`cc`ws. Nttfnt takg, tfg vaet`raùs dùrlgàsag `j tfg bgw cadgrnc rglakgs rgfndacatntgh (nbhrgabtgrprgtgh) tfg `ch T`knb ûarabanb cnw‑s e`begpt `j pr`pgrty ralfts. Xfg l`ncwns t` lunrnbtgg tfg ge`b`kae p`sata`b j tfg bgw h`kabnbt sèanc ecnss. Wp t` tfnttakg, tfg nds`cutg e`btr`c `j cnbh dy tfg dùrlgàsag wns fabhgrgh dy kghagvnc nt-tnefkgbts nbh rucgs. Ab tfg cadgrnc rgabtgrprgtnta`b, pr`pgrty ralfts abecuhgh, ns pnrt`j tfgar gssgbtanc e`btgbts, tfg jneucty `j hàbl wfntgvgr tfg `wbgr wnbts `b, ubhgr

`r nd`vg fas cnbh. Gssgbtanc e`btgbt kgnbs tfnt at dgc`bls t` tfg strueturnc `r lgbu-abg gcgkgbts `j tfg pr`pgrty ralft4. Aj tfg gssgbtanc e`btgbts dge`kg f`cc`wgh ùt,pr`pgrty dge`kgs sgraùscy fnrkgh. \fntgvgr kgnbs tfnt tfg wbgr enb hgeahg, j`rtfg `wbgh `doget, tfg nb (wfgtfgr t` h` `r b`t t` h`), tfg qu`k`h` (f`w, ab wfaefwny, wfnt j`r), tfg qunbtuk (f`w kuef) nbh tfg qunbh` (wfgb). @b, ubhgr `r nd`vgkgnbs tfnt tfg `wbgr enb h` wfntgvgr fg wnbts watf tfg spneg satuntgh nd`vg faspc`t (up t` tfg smy), hargetcy `b fas pc`t, nbh ubhgr fas pc`t (h`wb t` tfg fgcc). Xfg

4 Xfg ‖gssgbtanc e`btgbts‑ `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh eùch dg ahgbtagh, lr`ss` k`h , watf wfnt ab tfg

Nblc`-Unx`b cglnc trnhata`b as enccgh tfg kabaknc ‖dubhcg j ralfts‑ tfnt s`kg`bg fns t` wb ab `rhgrt` dg rglnrhgh ns tfg `wbgr (ejr. Bgghfnk, 499:= 58-57, 56-89).



Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm 4:

e`begpt gv`cvgh watf takg sf`wabl s`kg pnrnccgcs watf tfg fast`rae trnbsata`b `j tfgCadgrnc Utntg t` tfg Uèanc nbh Hgkèrntae Utntg. Jarst, tfg spneg nd`vg nbh ubhgr tfg

cnbh dgenkg pudcae h`knab. Ab n sge`bh stgp, ravgrs, sgns, e`nstnc nrgns, gte. dgenkgncs` pnrt `j tfg pudcae h`knab. Xfg `wbgr stacc e`btr`ccgh tfg spneg satuntgh akkg-hantgcy nd`vg nbh ubhgr fas pc`t, dut b`t j`r c`bl. \atf tfg trnbsata`b t` tfg 49tfEgbtury tfg sèanc jubeta`b j pr`pgrty nppgnrgh. Unbatnry (rg nbh duachabl fylagbg)nbh sèanc e`bsahgrnta`bs jurtfgr cakatgh tfg e`btgbts `j pr`pgrty ralfts. Xfg dr`nhe`kpgtgbegs `j tfg `wbgr dgenkg lrnhunccy cakatgh nbh tfg gxgreasabl `j fas ralftssudogetgh t` `dcalnta`bs. Xfgsg cakats nbh `dcalnta`bs, wfaef hgravg jr`k tfg abtgr-gsts `j `tfgr abhavahuncs, nbh jr`k pudcae nbh e`ccgetavg abtgrgsts, b`w prgvnac `vgrtfg abtgrgsts `j tfg `wbgr nbh fnvg dge`kg pnrt `j tfg gssgbtanc e`btgbt `j pr`pgrtyralfts. Xfg `wbgr enb gbo`y fas pr`pgrty `bcy aj fg/sfg h`gs s` watfab tfg cglnc rucgs

nbh prgserapta`bs, nbh njtgr rgegavabl n pudcae nutf`raznta`b `r e`begssa`b. Ab `tfgrw`rhs, tfg pudcae nhkabastrnta`b xgs b`w tfg nb, tfg qunbtuk nbh tfg qu`k`h`(ejr. Lnreën-Dgccah`, >11>d? §>= >115? ><:, ><1->69, >64= >118? >59 nbh j`cc`wabl=Knzz`ba, >119? 54, 58, 11->9>, >98->4>, 475-47<, qu`tgh ab Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115?><1= >118? >5:= Dnss`cs, >167n? >>>->48= nbh >167d? >>-48, >>7->>:? cnst ghata`bqu`tgh ab Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115? ><1->69).

4.4.4 Xfg bnta`bncaznta`b `j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts ab Gblcnbh nbh

\ncgs

Ncrgnhy ab >191 nbh >154, Dratasf pcnbbabl cnw abtr`huegh tfg rnta`bncg j enpturabltfg ubgnrbgh vncug abergnsg `j cnbh, watfùt f`wgvgr gjjgetavgcy `pgrnta`bncazablat. Cntgr `b, tfg >18< X`wb nbh Eùbtry Ycnbbabl Net, j`cc`wabl tfg e`becusa`bs `jtfg >184 Wtfwntt Tgp`rt, abtr`huegh wfnt as enccgh tfg ‖bnta`bncaznta`b `j tfg hg-vgc`pkgbt ralfts‑ (D``tf, 4995? 61-14, >99->9>, >97, >91= Euccablw`rtf & Bnhab,499:? >17->1<= Nctgrknb, 4991? 8-7, <, >7-><). Xfg ralft `j wbgrsfap wns strappgh`j `bg `j ats pnrtanc ralfts ― tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p, `r tfg ralft t` efnblg tfg usg `j tfgcnbh ― nbh tfas pnrtanc ralft wns e`kpucs`racy nequargh dy tfg stntg. Xfas kgnbt tfnthgvgc`pkgbt ralfts wgrg vgstgh ab tfg stntg, b`t ab tfg cnbh`wbgr. B` hgvgc`pkgbt

eùch tnmg pcneg watfùt pgrkassa`b `j tfg cènc pcnbbabl nutf`raty, nbh tfgb `bcy`b pnykgbt j n dgttgrkgbt efnrlg t` tfg Egbtrnc Cnbh D`nrh (j`r tfg ralft t` hgvgc`pwns `wbgh dy tfg stntg, nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr fnh t` pny t` usg tfnt ralft). Jr`k tfas atj`cc`wgh tfnt, aj pgrkassa`b wns rgjusgh, cnbh`wbgrs fnh b` ralft t` e`kpgbsnta`b,nbh tfnt aj pgrkassa`b wns lrnbtgh, dgttgrkgbt (nby abergnsg ab tfg vncug `j cnbh)wns sudoget t` n dgttgrkgbt efnrlg. Cnbh`wbgrs `wbgh `bcy tfg gxastabl usg ralfts`j tfgar cnbh. Ab ensg `j e`kpucs`ry nequasata`b `j cnbh, tfg praeg t` dg pnah ns e`k-pgbsnta`b wùch dg gqunc t` tfg gxastabl usg vncug, tfnt as, ats vncug gxecuhabl nbyncc`wnbeg j`r juturg hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfg net abtr`huegh n sefgkg `j £599 kacca`b jubhj`r pnykgbts (abtgbta`bnccy enccgh ‖pnykgbts‑, nbh b`t ‖e`kpgbsnta`bs‑) t` cnbh`wb-

grs wf` eùch sueegssjuc ecnak tfnt tfgar cnbh fnh s`kg hgvgc`pkgbt vncug dgj`rgtfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg >18<‑s pr`vasa`bs. U`kg hgenhgs cntgr, ab >1<8 nbh >1<7, tfg



Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm 4<

Cndùr l`vgrbkgbt `j tfg takg pr`p`sgh nb abatantavg t` bnta`bncasg cnbh `wbgrsfap(a.g. làbl n stgp jurtfgr nbh bnta`bncasabl ncc ralfts ab cnbh)= f`wgvgr, tfas kgnsurg

jnacgh t` kntgrancasg (Ecusn & Kur, 499<? >44->5:).

Xfg >18< Net fnh salbaenbt e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, ns dgttgr-kgbt (nby abergnsg ab tfg vncug `j cnbh) dgenkg tfg sudoget `j n dgttgrkgbt efnrlg.Jr`k tfnt takg `bwnrhs, cnbh vncug tnxnta`b fns dggb sf`rt-cavgh nbh at wns bnccysernppgh ab >167 (sgg efnptgr :.4.>). Nb`tfgr akp`rtnbt e`bsgqugbeg `j tfg >18<pr`vasa`b as tfnt hgvgc`pkgbt pcnbs nrg b`t cglnccy dabhabl? s`kg`bg wf` wnbts t`hgvgc`p h`gs b`t fnvg tfg ralft t` h` tfnt sakpcy dgenusg tfg nppcaenta`b e`bj`rkswatf tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pcnb. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfg stntg enb akp`sg e`bhata`bs `b tfgralft t` hgvgc`p, arrgspgetavg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pcnb. F`wgvgr, tfg >18< Net hah

b`t nctgr tfg prabeapcg tfnt cnbh`wbgrs nrg tfg bcy bgs wf` enb hgvgc`p tfgar cnbh.Cnbh`wbgrs rgknab, ab ensg pcnbbabl nutf`ratags lrnbt pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b, tfg gx-ecusavg wbgr j tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p tfgar cnbh. Xfgy enb gxecuhg tfgrs jr`k hàbls`. Dgj`rg dgabl gbtatcgh t` hgvgc`p, hgvgc`pgrs wacc fnvg t` nequarg tfg cnbh `r t`nlrgg tfg nvnacndacaty `j cnbh watf ats `wbgr.

4.4.5 Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs? tfg hgdntg ndùt spcattabl hgvgc`pkgbt

ralfts jr`k cnbh `wbgrsfap

Ns kgbta`bgh ab sgeta`b >.>, akp`rtnbt efnblgs t``m pcneg ab Hutef cnbh nbh fùs-abl p`caeags nt tfg gbh `j tfg >169s nbh dglabbabl `j tfg >119s. Xfg gjjgets `j tfgsgefnblgs fnvg dggb ncrgnhy haseussgh tfgrg? pravntg pnrtags fnvg nssukgh n k`rgakp`rtnbt r`cg ab cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt nbh ab fùsabl pr`hueta`b, nbh n sfajt t``m pcnegjr`k prgh`kabnbtcy sèanc fùsabl t` prgh`kabnbtcy jrgg knrmgt fùsabl. Nb`tfgrefnblg wns tfg abtgrgst `j pravntg pnrtags ab duyabl cnbh c`bl dgj`rg hgvgc`pkgbttnmgs pcneg, wfaef wns rgcntavgcy bgw ab tfg rgegbt fast`ry `r Hutef urdnb hgvgc`p-kgbt. Xfgsg efnblgs fnvg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg ab urdnbrglgbgrnta`b? tfg bnbeabl `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags fns e`kg ubhgrprgssurg nbh hgvgc`pkgbt fns dggb hgcnygh salbaenbtcy.

Xfgsg efnblgs, nbh tfgar e`bsgqugbegs, fnvg dggb tfg sudoget `j e`btr`vgrsy nbhhgdntg. Xfg qugsta`b fns dggb haseussgh wfgtfgr pcnbbabl cnw nbh pr`pgrty ralfts`jjgr gbùlf abstrukgbts t` pudcae d`hags t` nefagvg tfgar pudcae l`ncs. @jtgb kgb-ta`bgh pudcae l`ncs e`begrb tfg hgcavgry j sgrvaegh cnbh nbh tfg sudsgqugbt rgncasn-ta`b j duachabl qu`tns, nbh tfg bnbeabl j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. @tfgrhgdntgh assugs, hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfas haseussa`b, e`begrb tfg k`st hgsarndcg rgcn-ta`bsfap dgtwggb pudcae nbh pravntg net`rs, nbh wfgtfgr kubaeapncatags bggh bgwstntut`ry p`wgrs t` rglucntg cnbh knrmgts. Yr`dndcy, tfg k`st e`btr`vgrsanc assug fnsdggb tfg pr`p`snc j`r n sgpnrnta`b `j cnbh `wbgrsfap jr`k hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts (EYD

>111= DET, >111= Enb`y nbh Znb Gwaom, >111= @vgrwntgr, >111= Yragkus & Cùw,4999, 4995= Zr`k-Tnnh, 4999= M`rtfncs Nctgs nbh Lr`gtgcngrs, 4999).




4.4.5.> Xfg hgdntg

Xfgrg as n egrtnab e`bsgbsus ndùt tfg nbncysas tfnt as dragffly sgt ùt ab sgeta`bs >.>

nbh >.4. At as ecgnr tfnt tfg rgegbt efnblgs ab cnbh nbh fùsabl p`caeags h` b`t ncc`wkubaeapncatags t` stggr urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt ab tfg wny tfgy usgh t` h`. Xfg haseus-sa`b f`wgvgr jèusgs b tfg qugsta`b wfgtfgr r b`t pcnbbabl cnw jjgrs, ab tfg bgwe`btgxt, gbùlf abstrukgbts j`r kubaeapncatags t` sntasjnet`racy e`btr`c urdnb hgvgc-`pkgbt nbh ats ùte`kgs. Enb kubaeapncatags sujeagbtcy kggt tfgar pudcae l`ncswatfùt pgrj`rkabl nb `ch-jnsfa`bgh netavg cnbh p`caey nbh h`kabntabl tfg cnbhknrmgts0 Ab `tfgr w`rhs, watfùt duyabl tfg cnbh, pr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg nbhnssukabl ncc tfg e`rrgsp`bhabl rasms0

Yragkus nbh Cùw (4995) nrg segptaenc ndùt tfg gjjgetavgbgss `j pudcae cnw abstru-

kgbts. J`r gxnkpcg, tfgy nrlug tfnt prg-gkpta`b p`wgrs enbb`t ncwnys prgvgbt hg-vgc`pgrs jr`k duyabl tfg cnbh. Ncs`, gxpr`pranta`b as b`t nb gnsy abstrukgbt t` usg, j`rat as gxpgbsavg, p`cataenccy sgbsatavg, nbh b`t ncwnys nppcaendcg aj tfg cnbh`wbgrs nrgwaccabl t` hgvgc`p. Xfg nutf`rs enrragh ùt n stuhy `j tfg jubeta`babl `j Hutef cnbhknrmgts, nbh jùbh tfnt kubaeapncatags e`kpcnabgh tfnt tfg rgegbt efnblgs knmg athajeuct t` akpcgkgbt pudcae pcnbbabl p`caeags. Xfg k`st akp`rtnbt d`ttcgbgems kgb-ta`bgh dy tfg kubaeapncatags nrg tfg nssgkdcabl `j cnbh, tfg `vgrrub `j pudcae cglncprèghurgs, nbh tfg rge`vgry `j e`sts. Kubaeapncatags snah tfnt tfgy gxpgragbegh abprnetaeg hajeuctags ab nefagvabl n e`kprgfgbsavg nbh abtglrnc hgvgc`pkgbt (Yragkusnbh Cùw, 4999? :->9). Xfg nutf`rs nrlug tfnt, dgenusg cnbh gbsurgs n str`bl p`sa-

ta`b ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt, tfg efnbegs j`r hgvgc`pgrs `j survavabl ab tfg duachablknrmgt nrg dnsgh b`t `b tfgar ndacatags t` `jjgr n dgttgr nbh efgnpgr pr`huet, dut `btfgar p`sata`b ab tfg cnbh knrmgt. Cnbh as n bgegssnry e`bhata`b j`r urdnb rglgbgrn-ta`b, nbh tfg `bg wf` e`btr`cs at fns n k`b`p`cy `b tfg suppcy `j duachabls ab tfntpnrtaeucnr cènta`b. Ns tfgrg nrg ncwnys ab n pnrtaeucnr urdnb knrmgt n cakatgh bukdgr`j suatndcg satgs j`r duachabl, netunccy wg eùch tncm j nb `cal`p`castae knrmgt? ab bgurdnb knrmgt, tfg hastraduta`b nbh usg `j suatndcg duachabl satgs as e`btr`ccgh dy ncakatgh bukdgr `j pr`vahgrs, tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Dgenusg `j tfg akp`rtnbeg `j cnbh nstfg ‖mgy‑ t` urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt, hgvgc`pgrs tgbh t` pny falf praegs j`r nequarabl tfgcnbh. Xfas cgnhs t` falf cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, e`sts tfnt fnvg t` dg rge`vgrgh ab tfg

pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh tfg e`bstruetgh duachabls. Xfg e`bsgqugbeg as n hakabasf-abl nbh akp`vgrasfkgbt `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh sèanc fùsabl, nbh `j tfgquncaty `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt (Yragkus nbh Cùw, 4995). Ab n rgegbt stuhy `j urdnbrglgbgrnta`b, Duatgcnnr gt nc. e`becuhg tfnt falf hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nhvgrsgcy njjgettfg quncaty j pudcae abjrnstrueturg. Ab nhhata`b, tfgy e`becuhg tfnt falf hgvgc`pkgbte`sts stakucntg knxakasnta`b `j tfg duachabl v`cukg, wfaef uctakntgcy cgnhs t` kns-savg duachabls nbh senreg pudcae spneg (4996? ><->6, 49).

N stuhy e`bhuetgh dy M`rtfncs Nctgs nbh Lr`gtgcngrs (4999) put abt` pgrspgetavg tfgecnak tfnt kubaeapncatags fnvg c`st tfgar stggrabl p`wgrs. Ab k`st `j tfg <4 sefgkgs

tfgy stuhagh, tfg kubaeapncaty gxgreasgh abfflugbeg tfrùlf duyabl cnbh nbh/`r tfrùlfrgnefabl e`btrnetunc nlrggkgbts watf tfg hgvgc`pgrs. Jr`k tfas at as ecgnr tfnt tfg




kubaeapncatags stacc rgtnab, tfrùlf duyabl cnbh nbh/`r e`btrnetunc nlrggkgbts, wnys`j abfflugbeabl urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt nbh ats ùte`kgs. F`wgvgr, tfg qugsta`b rgknabs

ubrgs`cvgh wfgtfgr tfas as gbùlf t` sujeagbtcy kggt tfg pudcae pcnbbabl l`ncs.M`rtfncs Nctgs nbh Lr`gtgcngrs tnmg n stgp jurtfgr dy nrluabl tfnt tfg nvnacndcg abstru-kgbts nrg abhggh sujeagbt kgnbs j`r prgsgrvabl tfg pudcae abtgrgst nbh abfflugbeablurdnb hgvgc`pkgbt (`p. eat.? 85-87). F`wgvgr, Yragkus nbh Cùw hasnlrgg nbh nrgk`rg pgssakastae ndùt tfg gjjgetavgbgss j pudcae stggrabl p`wgrs (4995? 5<5-5<7).

4.4.5.4 Xfg pr`p`snc j`r sgpnrntabl hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts

U`kg nutf`rs nrlug tfg bggh t` abtr`hueg k`rg e`kpgtata`b ab tfg duachabl knrmgt(Yragkus nbh Cùw 4999, 4995= EYD, >111? >>, 4>, 51-89= DET, >111= Enb`y nbhZnb Gwaom, >111). Ab tfg eurrgbt satunta`b, tfgy nrlug, tfg efnbegs `j pravntg net`rs

nrg dnsgh b tfgar p`sata`b ab tfg cnbh knrmgt, b`t `b tfgar ergntavaty nbh gjeagbey abpr`hueabl l``h nbh efgnp rgnc stntg pr`huets. Abergnsablcy, pravntg net`rs nrg nequar-abl cnbh ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs. Xfg nutf`rs nrlug tfnt tfas cakatstfg e`kpgtata`b dgtwggb pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgrs nbh fnrks tfg pudcae abtgrgst ab urdnbhgvgc`pkgbt, abecuhabl tfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsg.

X` abtr`hueg k`rg e`kpgtata`b dgtwggb hgvgc`pgrs, tfg nutf`rs nrlug tfnt tfg e`b-tgbts `j pr`pgrty ralfts sfùch dg k`hagh. Eurrgbtcy, pr`pgrty lavgs t` tfg `wbgrtfg ralft t` hgvgc`p tfg duachabl prgseradgh ab tfg dabhabl rucgs, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhsk`st `j tfg takg n cnbh-usg pcnb. Aj tfg cnbh`wbgr as ndcg nbh waccabl t` akpcgkgbt

tfg cnbh-usg pcnb, gxpr`pranta`b kalft dg hajeuct. Xfas as enccgh tfg ‖sgcj-rgncasnta`bralft‑? tfg `wbgr `j tfg cnbh fns tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p at ab nee`rhnbeg watf tfg cnbh-usg pcnb. Xfas hgvgc`pkgbt ralft spnbs tfg wf`cg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss, jr`k abjrn-strueturg pr`vasa`b t` tfg duachabl. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, pr`pgrty lavgs t` tfg `wbgr tfggxecusavg ralft t` hgvgc`p nbh duach `b tfg rgspgetavg pc`t. Xfg nutf`rs nrlug tfntsgpnrntabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nbh duachabl ralfts jr`k tfg ralft `j cnbh `wbgrsfapwùch stakucntg jrgg e`kpgtata`b.

Ugvgrnc, sakacnr pr`p`sncs fnvg dggb knhg j`r sgpnrntabl cnbh`wbgrsfap jr`k hgvgc-`pkgbt nbh duachabl ralfts. Enb`y nbh Znb Gwaom (>111? 47) pr`p`sg nb `dcalnt`ry

pudcae tgbhgr j`r tfg hgvgc`pkgbt `j n satg. Ab tfgar pr`p`snc, tfg cnbh`wbgr kusttgbhgr tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nbh duachabl ralfts b fas cnbh. Uakacnrcy, Yragkus (>11:? 54)nbh Yragkus nbh Cùw (4995? 5<:-5<<) pr`p`sg n k`haenta`b j tfg Gxpr`pranta`bNet (@btgalgbablswgt ) t` ncc`w gxpr`pranta`b wfgb tfg cnbh`wbgr h`gs b`t hgvgc`pnbh duach fas pc`t ab n ‖e`kpgtatavg knbbgr‑. Cnbh`wbgrs sfùch dg `dcalgh t` `r-lnbazg n pudcae tgbhgr, nbh aj tfgy h` b`t h` s`, tfg kubaeapncaty wùch fnvg tfgralft t` gxpr`prantg tfg pc`t nbh `rlnbazg tfg pudcae tgbhgr. Jr`k tfnt takg `bwnrhs,`tfgr rgp`rts fnvg abecuhgh ab `bg `r `tfgr wny tfg t`pae `j sgpnrntabl hgvgc`pkgbtralfts jr`k cnbh`wbgrsfap, j`r gxnkpcg dy nbncyzabl tfg gjjgets `j n p`ssadcg sgpn-rnta`b nbh gxpr`pranta`b `j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts (Bgghfnk & Lgutabl, 499:? >6->1=

Zr`k, 499:? 8-7). Xfg t`pae rgknabs ab tfg sp`tcalfts, ns sf`wb dy tfg jnet tfnt nl`vgrbkgbtnc nhvas`ry e`kkassa`b fns rgegbtcy pr`p`sgh cakatabl ab s`kg strntglae




nrgns tfg sgcj-rgncaznta`b ralft `j cnbh`wbgrs dy g.l. jneacatntabl gxpr`pranta`b `r ab-tr`hueabl bgw j`rks `j e`kpucs`ry purefnsg `j tfg cnbh (Zr`k-rnnh, 4991? 8>-84).

4.4.8 Xfg sgpnrnta`b `j abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b jr`k pr`pgrty

ralfts ab tfg Upnbasf rgla`b `j Zncgbean

Ab Upnab, tfg eùrsg `j tfg haseussa`b as rùlfcy ns j`cc`ws (Dnss`cs E`kn, >11:n,>11:d= Dahnl`r Cnsnrtg, >11:= Lnreën-Dgccah`, >11>n, >11:= Kgbábhgz Tgxnef,>11:= Ynrgo` Ncj`bs`, >11:= Ygrncgs Knhugþ`, >11:= abtgrvagw watf Lnreën-Dgccahàb 4997= Kuþ`z & M`rtfncs Nctgs, 499<). Uabeg tfg >1tf Egbtury, tfg hajeuctags jneghdy pudcae d`hags ab bnbeabl pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags abspargh pr`p`sncs

nbh kgnsurgs tfnt njjgetgh tfg se`pg `j tfg e`btgbts `j pr`pgrty ralfts. Yudcae d`h-ags fnh bgatfgr nb gjeagbt cglascntavg jrnkgw`rm (gxpr`pranta`b, tnxgs), b`r gbùlfbnbeanc rgsùregs j`r tfg rgncaznta`b j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ns n e`b-sgqugbeg, duyabl tfg cnbh nbh pr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg dgenkg n e`bsahgrndcgefnccgblg j`r pudcae d`hags.

Achgj`bs` Egrhî (>6>7->6<:) wns n e`bsastgbt eratae `j tfg cglascntavg jrnkgw`rm j`rurdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Ns nb nctgrbntavg, fg pr`p`sgh n j`rkucn j`r hastradutabl dg-twggb ncc tfg abv`cvgh `wbgrs tfg e`sts tfnt nrasg jr`k urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Cnbh-`wbgrs sfùch sfnrg tfg e`sts tfrùlf n j`rk `j cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Ab >6:> n pr`-

p`snc j`r n t`wb pcnbbabl net wfaef abecuhgh Egrhn‑s nppr`nef wns sudkattgh dgj`rgYnrcankgbt ab Knhrah. F`wgvgr, tfas pr`p`snc hah b`t sueeggh, nbh tfg >6:8 X`wbGxtgbsa`b Net, wfaef rgcagh `b tfg gxastabl abgjeagbt gxpr`pranta`b cglascnta`b, wnspnssgh abstgnh. Egrhn‑s rgv`cuta`bnry ahgns fnh t` wnat n egbtury j`r nb`tfgr efnbeg.At as b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr Egrhn‑s ahgns nbh pr`p`sncs abfflugbegh hargetcy tfg >17: Net,dut nbywny tfas net abecuhgh n sakacnr nppr`nef. Jr`k >17: `bwnrhs, sudsgqugbtpcnbbabl nets bg-tubgh tfg >17:‑s nppr`nef ab `rhgr t` jneacatntg n pravntg bnbeablnbh akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Jr`k tfg <9‑s `bwnrhs,k`rg jubhnkgbtnc erataeask cgh t` k`rg rnhaenc pr`p`sncs nbh t` k`rg nuhneaùsgxpgrakgbts ab tfg hgpc`ykgbt `j nvnacndcg abstrukgbts nbh ab hgvgc`pabl bgw ab-

strukgbts. Xfg Zncgbeanb >118 Net eùch dg e`bsahgrgh ns `bg `j tfg k`st rgcgvnbt`j tfgsg gxpgrakgbts.

Ab >17:, tfg Cnbh nbh Wrdnb Ycnbbabl Tglucnt`ry Net nbh ab >1<: ats k`haenta`bsueegghgh ab abtr`hueabl n t`tnccy bgw nppr`nef? n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`blgnrgh nt efnblabl pr`pgrty ralfts. Xfg rglucnta`b knmgs pr`tabl jr`k dgttgrkgbte`bhata`bnc `b tnmabl rgsp`bsadacaty j`r abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Cnbh`wbgrs wgrg,sabeg tfgb, `dcalgh t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg, `rlnbazgh ab oàbt hgvgc`pkgbt`rlnbaznta`bs nbh sfnrabl tfg e`sts. Ns e`kpgbsnta`b, tfgy eùch ncs` sfnrg tfgsgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts, a.g. tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pr`ts. X` ergntg egrtnabty ndùt tfg

hgvgc`pkgbt pr`ts, kubaeapncatags wgrg `dcalgh t` nppr`vg n cglnccy dabhabl Lgb-grnc Cnbh usg Ycnb j`r tfg wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry. Xfas pcnb hgcakatntgh tfg juturg




hgvgc`pndcg satgs, nbh tf`sg t` dg rghgvgc`pgh. Xfg hgtnacgh efnrnetgr j tfas lgbgrnccnbh usg pcnb, nbh ats str`bl cglnc dabhabl stntus fns knhg Upnab n sablucnr ensg

ab tfg abtgrbnta`bnc e`btgxt (sgg efnptgr 8). Xfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b wnsab prabeapcg dnsgh `b v`cubtnry pnrtaeapnta`b, dut at ncs` abecuhgh tfg p`ssadacaty `je`kpucs`ry rgnhoustkgbt nbh gxpr`pranta`b. F`wgvgr, tfg rglucnta`b jnacgh t` nssurgl``h nbh gbùlf pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Uabeg tfg >169s, erataes suefns Lnreën-Dgccah` (>161= >11>d= >115, >118) nbh Ynrgo` Ncj`bs` (>115) nhvèntghrgj`rk, nrluabl tfnt cnbh`wbgrs usunccy fnh b` dnemlrùbh ns hgvgc`pgrs nbh wgrgb`t wgcc gquappgh t` `rlnbazg hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs. J`r k`rg hgtnacs ndùt tfgw`rmabl `j tfg >17:‑s cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, sgg sgeta`b 7.4.>.

4.4.8.> Xfg pr p`snc j`r sgpnrntabl hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts jr`k cnbh-`wbgrsfap

Ab Lnreën-Dgccah`‑s vagw, tfg sf`rte`kabls `j tfg >17:‑s systgk wgrg hug t` n cnem`j rgnc nbh gjjgetavg cadgrncaznta`b ab tfg pr`hueta`b `j urdnb cnbh. Fg knhg n pr`-p`snc j`r rg-sfnpabl tfg systgk, lavabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts t` tfg pudcae d`hagsnbh nakabl nt akpr`vabl tfg jubeta`bncaty j tfg cnbh knrmgts. Lnreën-Dgccah`‑s ahgnswgrg dnsgh `b n erataeask `j tfg fast`rae jubhnkgbts `j tfg e`btgkp`rnry e`begpt`j pr`pgrty ralfts (>161= >115= >118). Xfg Dratasf >18< Net, nbh cglnc rgj`rks `j tfgCndùr l`vgrbkgbt ab >1<8 nbh >1<7, wfaef rgabtr`huegh tfg tnxnta`b `j cnbh vnc-ugs nbh pr`p`sgh tfg bnta`bncaznta`b `j cnbh, abfflugbegh Lnreën-Dgccah`¸s pr`p`sncs(Ecusn & Kur, 499<? >44->5:).

Abe`kpcgtg gv`cuta`b `j tfg e`begpt `j pr`pgrty ralfts\g fnvg sggb nd`vg ab sgeta`b 4.4.> tfnt tfnbms t` tfg sèanc jubeta`b `j pr`p-grty, nbh t` snbatnry e`bsahgrnta`bs, tfg dr`nh e`kpgtgbegs `j tfg `wbgr fnvg dggblrnhunccy rgstraetgh, nbh tfnt tfg pudcae nhkabastrnta`b b`wnhnys xgs tfg nb, tfgqunbtuk nbh tfg qu`k`h`. F`wgvgr, Lnreën-Dgccah` nrlugs tfnt tfg pr`dcgk as tfnttfg qunbh` (wfgb t` usg `r duach up`b tfg pr`pgrty) rgknabgh ubhgr tfg e`btr`c `jtfg cnbh`wbgr. Xfg rgncaznta`b `j tfg pudcae l`ncs as stacc hgpgbhgbt `b tfg hgeasa`b `jtfg `wbgr t` hgvgc`p fas cnbh. E`bsgqugbtcy, ubhgsargh pfgb`kgbn, suef ns spgeu-cntavg rgtgbta`b `j cnbh, enbb`t dg nvàhgh. Ns n rgneta`b t` tfas, sabeg tfg >17: Net,ab Upnbasf pcnbbabl cnw tfg sèanc jubeta`b fns abe`rp`rntgh n bgw hakgbsa`b, j nb

ge`b`kae efnrnetgr? `wbgrs fnvg ncs` t` e`kpcy watf tfg `dcalnta`b t` akpcgkgbttfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags watfab prgseradgh hgnhcabgs. Aj tfgy h` b`t juc-cc tfgar hutags pr`pgrcy, tfg kubaeapncaty enb nppcy e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt`r gxpr`prantg tfg cnbh. F`wgvgr, ab prnetaeg at wns ubhgr tfg >17:‑s cglascnta`b vgryhajeuct j`r pudcae d`hags t` gjjgetavgcy e`btr`c tfg qunbh`. Yudcae e`btr`c abstru-kgbts wgrg b`t ncwnys gjjgetavg? j`r gxnkpcg, gxpr`pranta`b as n vgry e`btr`vgrsancnbh p`cataenccy trùdcgs`kg abstrukgbt. Wsunccy, cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs enb wnat,wfacg tfg pudcae nhkabastrnta`bs fnvg tfg l`nc `j hgcavgrabl cnrlg duachabl qu`tns.E`bjr`btgh watf tfg efàeg dgtwggb (>) knabtnababl tfg rgquargkgbts dut tfgb b`t`dtnababl tfg e`ccnd`rnta`b `j tfg pravntg net`rs, nbh (4) c`wgrabl tfg rgquargkgbts

ab rhgr t` nefagvg nb nlrggkgbt, knby pudcae d`hags ef``sg tfg sge`bh nctgrbntavg(ejr. Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115 nbh >118).




Xfg enptavg knrmgt

X lgtfgr watf tfas nbncysas tfnt tfg fast`rae gv`cuta`b j tfg e`begpt `j pr`pgrty ralfts

wns abe`kpcgtg, tfg ahgn `j n enptavg knrmgt as egbtrnc t` Lnreën-Dgccah`‑s tfùlft.Hug t` rgstraetavg z`babl nbh tfg bnturnc jgnturgs `j cnbh (gnef cènta`b as ubaqug nscnbh as b`t rgpr`hueadcg), cnbh as b`t n b`rknc pr`hueta`b jnet`r `r kgrefnbhasg. Atsrgpr`hueta`b, hastraduta`b nbh usg nrg b`t sudogetgh t` jrgg e`kpgtata`b. Yr`pgrtyralfts lavg p`wgrs t` tfg `wbgr t` usg fas cnbh nbh gxecuhg `tfgrs jr`k hàbl s`.@tfgrs enbb`t bh nb nctgrbntavg pr`vahgr `j tfg cnbh, gxegpt `j eùrsg aj tfgy k`vgt` nb`tfgr cènta`b, wfgrg tfgy wacc kggt tfg snkg satunta`b (nlnab nb `wbgr wfènb gxecuhg tfgk jr`k neegss t` cnbh). Ab `tfgr w`rhs, cnbh`wbgrs h` b`t bggh tè`kpgtg watf `tfgrs, dgenusg tfgy e`btr`c tfg k`st akp`rtnbt pr`hueta`b jnet`r?cnbh. Xfgy j`rk n k`b`p`cy (tfgrg as `bcy `bg suppcagr) `r nb `cal`p`cy (tfgrg nrg

`bcy jgw suppcagrs) ab tfg cnbh knrmgt, tfg vartunc pcneg wfgrg tfg pr`huegrs j urdnbcnbh nrg supp`sgh t` nequarg ubhgvgc`pgh cnbh. E`kpgtata`b nrasgs t` nequarg cnbh,b`t t` hgvgc`p at. Xfg strgbltf nbh survavnc efnbegs `j tfg suppcagr ab tfg urdnb knr-mgts nrg dnsgh `b fas k`b`p`castae `r `cal`p`castae pravacglgs, b`t `b tfg quncaty `r`tfgr nhvnbtnlgs `j fas duachabls. Fg enb wnat, watfùt bgghabl t` knmg nby abvgst-kgbt r gjj`rt, nbh nsm tfg knxaknc praeg j`r fas cnbh, nds`rdabl ncc tfg rgsahunc pr`tknrlabs jr`k tfg duachabl. Xfg cglnc egrtnabty ndùt juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags,pr`vahgh dy tfg `dcalnt`ry Lgbgrnc Cnbh usg Ycnb abtr`huegh watf tfg >17: Net,rgabj`regs tfg p`sata`b `j cnbh`wbgrs. Uuppcagrs ab fùsabl nbh cnbh knrmgts sf`wn e`kk`b strntglae dgfnva`r? tfgy wnat ubtac tfg vnraùs sglkgbts `j tfg hgknbhgrs

(praeg/quncaty rnta`) nrg waccabl t` pny tfg knxakuk praeg p`ssadcg. Gvgb wfgb praegsrasg, nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j tfg p`tgbtanc suppcy wnats ubtac praegs rgnef gvgb falfgrcgvgcs (Lnreën-Dgccah`, >118? >>8->>7/7<6-7<1= Knblnhn, >119? ><1->69= KnrtëbKntg`, >169? >5->6= Tèn Ecnhgrn, >114? >5? qu`tgh ab Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115? >1>).

Yr`p`snc j`r n rgnc cadgrncaznta`b

Lnreën-Dgccah` pr`p`sgh nb nctgrbntavg t` tfg nd`vg-kgbta`bgh cadgrnc abtgrprgtnta`b`j pr`pgrty ralfts (Tèn, 499<). Fg pr`p`sgh tfg ‖hgsnllrglntgh‑ r ‖sgpnrntgh pr`p-grty‑ (>115, >118). X` akpr`vg tfg jubeta`bncaty `j tfg cnbh knrmgts, at as bgegssnrytfnt nt tfg snkg sgccabl pàbt nt cgnst tw` suppcagrs e`kpgtg watf gnef `tfgr, tfus

c`wgrabl tfg praeg nbh/`r dgttgrabl tfg quncaty ab `rhgr t` sgcc k`rg l``hs. Uuppca-grs enb k`vg t` `tfgr sgccabl pàbts wfgrg k`rg senreaty eùch pr`vahg falfgr pr`trntgs, pr`vahgh tfnt tfgrg ncs` nt cgnst n sge`bh suppcagr enb e`kpgtg watf tfgk.@bcy tfg net`r wf` `jjgrs tfg dgst quncaty j`r tfg c`wgst praeg sfùch hgvgc`p gnefcènta`b. Xfg e`kkubaty sfùch e`btr`c tfg quncaty `j tfg hajjgrgbt pr`p`sncs nbhhgeahg wf` gnrbs tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p.

X` j`rkucntg fas nctgrbntavg pnrnhalk, Lnreën-Dgccah` usgs tfg ‖huncastae tfg`ry‑,wfaef havahgs pr`pgrty ralfts ab tw`, sgpnrntgh ralfts (Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115? >6:->6<)?

n) Xfg ralft t` tfg b`b-urdnb usg j cnbh, wfaef dgc`bls t` tfg cnbh`wbgr nbh nc-c`ws fak/fgr t` usg tfg cnbh j`r tfg b`b-urdnb jubeta`bs, g.l. nlraeucturg. Ab ensg




tfg cnbh dge`kgs rgz`bgh abt` urdnb cnbh, tfg cnbh`wbgr fns tfg `dcalnta`b t`lavg jrggh`k t` tfg `wbgr `j …

d) Xfg ralft t` tfg urdnb usg `j cnbh. Xfas ralft enb dgc`bl t` n hajjgrgbt pgrs`b nbhlavgs tfas abhavahunc tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts, a.g. tfg ralft t` pr`vahg tfg abjrn-strueturg, t` duach `b tfg sgrvaegh pnregcs nbh t` usg tfg duachabls.

Lnreën-Dgccah` p`sata`bs fas pr`p`snc ns n c`laenc nbh abgvatndcg e`btabunta`b `j tfgnd`vg kgbta`bgh fast`rae prègss j cakatnta`b j pr`pgrty ralfts. Fg pcnegs tfg hunc-astae tfg`ry ns n e`btabunta`b `j tfg tfgsas `j aus pudcaeastn, wfaef as `pp`sgh t` tfnt`j aus pravntastn. Ab tfg tfgsas `j aus pudcaeastn, (d) dgc`bls t` tfg pudcae h`knab, nbhb`t t` tfg cnbh`wbgr (Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115? >64= Ynrgo`, >11>? >1-49). D`tf s`rts jpr`pgrty, (n) nbh (d), dge`kg e`kpcgtgcy sgpnrntgh. Xfg rst dgc`bls t` tfg `wbgr

nbh fas sueegss`rs= tfg sge`bh dgc`bls t` tfg pudcae d`hags, wfaef kny usg at `rtrnbsjgr at t` n knrmgt pnrty. Njtgr tfg duachabl as basfgh, d`tf ralfts e`kg t`lgtfgrnlnab nbh nrg trnbskattgh t`lgtfgr t` tfg sueegss`rs `j tfg `wbgrs. Cntgr, sfùch tfgduachabl dg hgk`casfgh nbh rgnhy j`r rghgvgc`pkgbt, d`tf pr`pgrty ralfts nrg nlnabsgpnrntgh, nbh tfg ralft t` tfg urdnb usg e`kgs nlnab ab pudcae fnbhs, wfaef enbhgeahg wfgtfgr r b`t t` rgduach at, nbh wf` enb h` at. Xfg ge`b`kae rgbt lgbgrntghab gnef rghgvgc`pkgbt gbhs tfus ab pudcae fnbhs (Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115? >6:->66). Atas ecgnr tfnt tfas pr`p`snc as vgry sakacnr t` tfg bnta`bncaznta`b j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts,abtr`huegh ab Gblcnbh nbh \ncgs ab >18<.

4.4.8.4 Xfg Zncgbeanb k`hgc? sgpnrnta`b `j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts jr kcnbh`wbgrsfap0

Ab tfg gnrcy >119s, tfg Kabastry j Ycnbbabl j tfg sèanc-hgkèrntae rgla`bnc l`vgrb-kgbt `j Zncgbean ― `bg `j tfg >< Upnbasf rgla`bs ― wns waccabl t` tnemcg stnlbnta`bnbh spgeucnta`b ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs, nbh t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncugabergnsg. Xfg nj`rgkgbta`bgh erataeasks abfflugbegh tfas nak, nbh Lnreën-Dgccah` dg-enkg hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg prgpnrnta`bs j`r n bgw pcnbbabl net. Gnef Upnbasfrgla`b (`r ‖nut`b`kùs e`kkubaty‑) fns ats `wb pcnbbabl cglascnta`b (Tèn Ecnhgrnnbh Durbs, 4999). Xfg >1<6 Upnbasf E`bstatuta`b f`wgvgr rgsgrvgs t` tfg bnta`bncl`vgrbkgbt tfg e`kpgtgbeg `j lunrnbtggabl ncc Upnbanrhs, rglnrhcgss `j tfg rgla`b

ab wfaef tfgy cavg, nb gqunc cgvgc `j pr`tgeta`b `j tfgar pr`pgrty ralfts. Xfnbms t` tfase`bstatuta`bnc prabeapcg, tfg gssgbtanc e`btgbts `j pr`pgrty ralfts dgenkg n egbtrncl`vgrbkgbt e`kpgtgbeg. Nee`rhabl t` tfg egbtrnc pcnbbabl cnw, duachabl ralfts dg-c`bl t` tfgsg gssgbtanc e`btgbts j pr`pgrty ralfts. Tgla`bnc cglascnta`b as tfgrgj`rg ub-ndcg t` rgk`vg duachabl ralfts jr`k tfg cnbh`wbgr, ns Lnreën-Dgccah`‑s rst pr`p`sncnakgh t` h`. Xfg knmgrs `j tfg >118 Zncgbeanb Ycnbbabl Net (Cgy Tglucnh`rn hg cn

Netavahnh Wrdnbëstaen, CTNW), tfgrgj`rg, hah b`t efnblg tfg `wbgrsfap `j duachablralfts, dut hgvasgh nb nctgrbntavg. Xfg nctgrbntavg e`bsastgh `j abtr`hueabl akp`rtnbtefnblgs ab tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b. Xfg k`st akp`rtnbt efnblg wns tfgrgvavnc `j tfg lurg `j urdnbazabl nlgbt , ncrgnhy abtr`huegh ab tfg >1<7-: Ycnbbabl

Net. Yudcae d`hags eùch ef``sg n hgvgc`pgr t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg, watfùttfas hgvgc`pgr bgegssnracy `wbabl tfg cnbh. F`wgvgr, tfg >1<7-:‑s b`vgcty hah b`t




w`rm, dgenusg tfas nlgbt fnh b` sgeuraty, gatfgr ndùt tfg nequasata`b `j cnbh j`r tfgpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, `r ndùt tfg bnbeabl `j at. Xfg Zncgbeanb >118

Net abtr`huegh s`kg efnblgs tfnt knhg tfas wny `j hgvgc`pkgbt jgnsadcg (j`r k`rghgtnacs ndùt tfg >1<7-<:‑s nbh >118‑s abb`vnta`bs, sgg sgeta`b 7.4.4).

Nb akp`rtnbt qugsta`b kust dg nbswgrgh? h`gs tfg Zncgbean systgk sgpnrntg hgvgc-`pkgbt ralfts jr`k cnbh`wbgrsfap0 Abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b as n pudcae tnsm ab Upnab.Wbtac tfg pnssnlg j tfg >17: Cnbh Net, pudcae d`hags wgrg netavg ab tfg akpcgkgbtn-ta`b `j tfas pudcae tnsm, duyabl tfg cnbh nbh e`bstruetabl tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg. Abnb nttgkpt t` knmg akpcgkgbtnta`b jgnsadcg, tfg >17: Cnbh Net nssalbgh tfg huty jabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b t` cnbh`wbgrs, watf cglnc egrtnabty ndùt duachabl ralfts nse`kpgbsnta`b, dut watfùt nctgrabl tfg rucg tfnt tfg uctakntg rgsp`bsadacaty as pudcae.

E`bsgqugbtcy, aj cnbh`wbgrs h` b`t juccc tfgar hutags pr`pgrcy, tfg kubaeapncaty enbrge`vgr ats `ralabnc p`wgr `j akpcgkgbtabl hargetcy, tfrùlf e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnh-oustkgbt `r tfrùlf gxpr`pranta`b. Nee`rhabl t` tfg >17: cglascnta`b, tfgrgj`rg, jnac-abl t` juccc tfg huty t` pr`vahg abjrnstrueturg eùch gvgbtunccy cgnh t` c`ss `j pr`p-grty ralfts. Xfg Zncgbeanb k`hgc hah b`t abtr`hueg tfas p`ssadacaty= at kgrgcy knhgat prnetaenccy jgnsadcg. Xfg k`hgc knhg e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt tfg hgjnuctprèghurg j`r urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt nbh rgabj`regh tfg p`ssadacaty, wfaef fnh dggb ab-tr`huegh ab tfg >1<7-: Net, j nppàbtabl nb urdnbasabl nlgbt ― n tfarh pnrty, dgsahgstfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfg cnbh`wbgrs ― ns tfg gxgeut`r.

4.5 Dabhabl rucgs wfaef abfflugbeg egrtnabty nbh

fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl

Abtr`hueta`b

\fgb tfabmabl ndùt tfg usg `j dabhabl rucgs ab p`caey prgpnrnta`b nbh akpcgkgbtn-ta`b, `bg fns t` tfabm ndùt tw` akp`rtnbt jubeta`bs. Jarst, dabhabl rucgs e`kkat tfgpudcae d`hy tfnt nppr`vgs tfgk. Xfas pudcae d`hy kalft dge`kg e`kkattgh t` tfg

akpcgkgbtnta`b, g.l. pr`kasabl tfg bgghgh abvgstkgbts ab pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags `r e`kkattabl atsgcj t` jucc tfg bgghgh prèghurgs. Uge`bh, dabhabl rucgsfnvg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg gxpgetnta`bs j tfgrs ndùt tfg juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`s-sadacatags `j cnbh. Njtgr ncc, dabhabl rucgs rglucntg tfg usg `j cnbh nbh rgnc gstntg. Xfg`wbgr r usgr j cnbh as dùbh t` usg tfg pr`pgrty ab tfg wny prgseradgh dy tfg dabh-abl rucgs. Dabhabl rucgs hgcakat hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts `r usg ralfts, nbh `beg nppr`vghtfgy ncs` lunrnbtgg tfgsg ralfts.

Nhhata`bnccy t` tf`sg tw` jubeta`bs, wg bggh t` hastabluasf dgtwggb tfrgg efnrne-tgrastaes `j dabhabl rucgs tfnt njjget tfg egrtnabty tfnt tfgsg rucgs ergntg ndùt urdnb

hgvgc`pkgbt. Jarst, tfg e`btgbts j dabhabl rucgs, a.g. wfaef e`kkatkgbts nbh wfaefusg p`ssadacatags nbh `dcalnta`bs h` tfgy gxnetcy prgseradg. Uge`bh, tfg k`kgbt `j




nppr`vnc j tfg dabhabl rucgs, a.g. nt wfnt k`kgbt ab n hgvgc`pkgbt prègss h` tfgyergntg egrtnabty ndùt tfg e`kkatkgbts nbh tfg juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags nbh

`dcalnta`bs. Xfg tfarh efnrnetgrastae as tfg p`ssadacaty `j k`hajyabl tfg dabhabl rucgs,a.g. wfgtfgr nbh f`w tfg e`btgbts j dabhabl rucgs enb dg k`hagh. Ncc tfrgg efnrne-tgrastaes (e`btgbts, k`kgbt j nppr`vnc nbh p`ssadacatags j k`haenta`b) nrg k`rg rcgss rglucntgh ab pcnbbabl cnw. Ab s`kg eùbtrags dabhabl rucgs enb abecuhg n wahgrrnblg `j `dcalnta`bs tfnb ab `tfgrs, prgseradg nb gnrcagr nppr`vnc tfnb ab `tfgrs, nbhab tfg eùrsg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss pudcae d`hags nrg ncc`wgh t` k`hajy tfgdabhabl rucgs (`r tfg abtgrprgtnta`b `j tfgk) k`rg gnsacy tfnb ab `tfgrs. \fgb dabh-abl rucgs abecuhg kuef e`btgbt nbh nrg nppr`vgh gnrcy ab tfg prègss nbh enbb`t dggnsacy k`hagh, tfg egrtnabty as falfgr tfnb aj dabhabl rucgs abecuhg cattcg e`btgbt nbhnrg nppr`vgh cntg ab tfg prègss nbh enb dg gnsacy k`hagh.

B`t ncc tfg pnrtags wnbt egrtnabty nt ncc stnlgs ab tfg pròget. Xfg pudcae d`hy kalftwnbt t` lunrnbtgg dgj`rgfnbh s`kg pudcae l`ncs, dut at as ncs` rgns`bndcg tfnt npudcae d`hy kalft wnbt t` mggp s`kg fflgxadacaty ndùt f`w at wacc e`kkat atsgcj, nbhncs` ndùt f`w at wacc fnbhcg n pcnbbabl nppcaenta`b. Nbh e`kkgreanc net`rs kalftprgjgr tfnt hgvgc`pkgbt rgquargkgbts nrg mb`wb watf egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh, dut tfgykalft ncs` wnbt t` dg ndcg t` abfflugbeg tfg e`btgbt j n pcnb hurabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbtprègss, nbh t` rgnet t` efnblgs tfnt nrasg ab tfg eùrsg `j takg. Xfgrg nrg s` knbyubegrtnabtags ab tfg eareukstnbegs surrùbhabl n hgvgc`pkgbt prègss tfnt pnrtagskalft wnbt t` dg ndcg t` rgnet t` tfgk fflgxadcy.

\g knmg fgrg n cabm watf n cavgcy hgdntg ab pcnbbabl pr`jgssa`b ndùt tfg bgghghhglrgg `j fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl? kust pcnbbabl ergntg egrtnabty nt gnrcy stnlgs `jhgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs (x tfg juturg) `r dg fflgxadcg (nhnpt t` eareukstnbegs)0 Fgrgwg hgbg fflgxadacaty ns tfg r``k j`r efnblgs nbh nctgrnta`bs ab tfg dabhabl rucgs hur-abl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss. Jcgxadacaty wns sggb ns n bglntavg jgnturg ab tfg >1:9spcnbbabl prnetaeg, wfgrgns tfg pcnbbabl pr`jgssa`b, nt cgnst ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbhtfg WM t`hny, pgregavgs fflgxadacaty ns n p`satavg wny `j e`pabl watf tfg efnccgblgs `jlr`wabl e`kpcgxaty, `pp`rtubask, nbh havgrsaty ab eatags. Xfg haseussa`b ndùt fflgx-adacaty e`btrnsts tw` nppr`nefgs. @b tfg `bg fnbh, pcnbbabl sfùch dg fflgxadcg t`

jneacatntg n b`b-cabgnr nbh kucta-cnygrgh hgeasa`b knmabl systgk. @b tfg tfgr fnbh,wfgb akpcgkgbtnta`b as t`` fflgxadcg, tfg pudcae sget`r c`sgs tfg e`btr`ccabl p`wgrnbh tfg pravntg sget`r abfflugbegs tfg urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt ab nb abergkgbtnc (a.g. b`tpcnbbgh) wny. Dut dgj`rg gbtgrabl abt` tfas haseussa`b, wg rst gxpcnab tfg hajjgrgbegsab pcnbbabl trnhata`bs rglnrhabl fflgxadacaty.

4.5.> Ycnb-cgh vgrsus hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh pcnbbabl systgks

Xfgrg nrg hajjgrgbt trnhata`bs ab pcnbbabl rgcntgh t` tfg k`kgbt nt wfaef, ab hgvgc`p-

kgbt prègssgs, dabhabl rucgs e`kg cglnccy abt` j`reg. Xfas hajjgrgbeg enusgs hajjgr-gbt hglrggs `j egrtnabty. Lr`ss` k`h` tfgrg as n hastabeta`b dgtwggb tfg ‖pcnb-cgh‑




trnhata`b, wfgrg cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg pcnbs nrg knhg dgj`rg tfgrg as e`btnet dg-twggb pudcae d`hags, hgvgc`pgrs nbh cnbh `wbgrs, nbh tfg ‖hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh‑ trnha-

ta`b, ab wfaef tfg bgl`tanta`bs watf hgvgc`pgrs nbh cnbh wbgrs prgeghg tfg knmabl`j cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg rucgs. Aj wg hgbg fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl ns tfg r``k j`refnblgs nbh nctgrnta`bs ab tfg dabhabl rucgs hurabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss, tfgbtfg j`rkgr trnhata`b lavgs cgss fflgxadacaty tfnb tfg cnttgr.

Xfg pcnbbabl catgrnturg knmgs vnraùs entgl`raznta`bs `j pcnbbabl systgks. Fgrg wgusg n entgl`raznta`b dnsgh b tfg cglnc nbh nhkabastrntavg systgks ab wfaef pcnbbablsystgks pgrntg, j`r tfg hastabeta`b dgtwggb pcnb-cgh nbh hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh pcnbbablsystgks as rgcntgh t` tfg hastabeta`b dgtwggb tfg e`btabgbtnc nbh tfg Dratasf systgk5

(Bnhab & Utgnh, 4996? 56-89). \g e`kpcgkgbt tfas watf Jncuha‑s nbncytaenc hastabe-

ta`b dgtwggb tfg`ry N nbh D (>16<), dgenusg tfas hastabeta`b e`bbgets dgttgr t` tfghntn lntfgrabl p`ssadacatags.

‖Ycnb-cgh‑ systgks nrg sakacnr t` wfnt Jncuha hgbgs ns pr`t`-pcnbbabl tfg`ry D. ‖Hg-vgc`pkgbt-cgh‑ systgks, `b tfg `tfgr fnbh, enb dg e`kpnrgh watf Jncuha‑s pr`t`-pcnbbabl tfg`ry N (>16<? >67->14= sgg Jalurg 5). Hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh systgks efnrne-tgrazg tfg Dratasf satunta`b, nbh pcnb-cgh, supp`sghcy, pcnbbabl ab k`st `j tfg `tfgreùbtrags. Ab hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh systgks, tfg pudcae nutf`raty hgeahgs ensgs `b tfgarkgrats. Xfg cnbh usg pcnb kgrgcy lavgs nb ahgn `j tfg abtgbta`bs j tfg cènc nutf`raty.Ns Jncuha gxprgssgs at j`r tfg`ry N, ‖_`babl tfgb kgrgcy gxprgssgs luahgcabgs wfaef

tfg gbvar`bkgbtnc nutf`raty lavgs t` atsgcj ― j`r ats wb e`bvgbagbeg s` t` spgnm - nbhjr`k wfaef at as nt cadgrty t` hgpnrt‑ (p. >6:). Jncuha enccs tfas tfg abhaentavg tfg`ry `jz`babl . Ab pcnb-cgh systgks, tfg cnbh usg pcnb as k`rg akp`rtnbt. Xfg cènc nutf`r-aty xgs tfg hgsargh gbvar`bkgbtnc ùte`kgs ab tfg cnbh-usg pcnb, wfaef dge`kgscglnccy dabhabl. Xfas stntut`ry xnta`b j tfg cnbh-usgs eeurs nt tfg pcnb pr`hueta`bk`kgbt (tfas as tfg k`kgbt ab wfaef tfg rst prògeta`bs nrg knhg j`r hgvgc`pkgbt,nbh at as abhaentgh watf tfg stnr b tfg cgjt ab Jalurg 5), wfacg ab hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh sys-tgks tfas èeurs nt, `r sf`rtcy dgj`rg, tfg hgvgc`pkgbt k`kgbt (tfas as tfg k`kgbtab wfaef cènc nutf`ratags nbh hgvgc`pgrs jneg n spgeae pr`p`snc j`r hgvgc`pkgbt,tfg stnr `b tfg ralft ab Jalurg 5). Ab `tfgr w`rhs, ab pcnb-cgh systgks tfg rglucnta`bs

ndùt tfg juturg usg p`ssadacatags nrg supp`sgh t` dge`kg cglnccy dabhabl dgj`rgabtgbhabl hgvgc`pgrs bh ùt wfgtfgr tfgar abtgbta`bs e`bj`rk t` tfg e`bhata`bsakp`sgh. @beg tfg hgvgc`pgr sudkats n duachabl nppcaenta`b, tfg cènc nutf`ratagsefgem wfgtfgr at ts abt` tfg cglnccy dabhabl cnbh-usg pcnb. Aj at h`gs b`t, tfg nppcaen-ta`b sfùch dg rgogetgh. Jncuha enccs tfas tfg akpgrntavg tfg`ry `j z`babl .

Uukknrazabl, pcnb-cgh systgks hajjgr jr`k hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh systgks ab tw` nspgets?(>) tfgrg as ab pcnb-cgh systgks ncwnys n cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg pcnb, nbh (4) tfaspcnb nequargs cglnc stntus nt nb gnrcy stnlg, nt tfg pcnb pr`hueta`b k`kgbt.

5 Ab nb`tfgr nppr`nef, pcnbbabl systgks nrg ecnssagh usabl n wahg sgt j eratgran, suef ns tfg hastraduta`b`j p`wgrs rgcgvnbt t` pcnbbabl nk`bl cgvgcs `j l`vgrbkgbt, `r tfg knturaty `j tfg systgk.




Jalurg 5. Entgl`raznta`b dgtwggb Hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh nbh Ycnb-cgh pcnbbabl systgks.

Xfgsg hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb tfg Dratasf (hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh) nbh tfg pcnb-cgh systgksggk t` dg tfg e`bsgqugbeg `j fast`rae hajjgrgbegs ab tfg ourahaenc systgks. Xw` c`bl-stnbhabl cglascntavg trnhata`bs nrg akp`rtnbt j`r ubhgrstnbhabl tfas Dratasf pgeucanraty(D``tf, 4995? 8). Xfg rst as tfg fgnvy rgcanbeg b ouhlg-knhg cnw ab tfg e`kk`b cnwsystgk, wfgrg tfg WM dgc`bls. Ab e`kk`b cnw systgks, tfg ouhlgkgbts `j tfg eùrts`b abhavahunc ensgs fnvg n k`rg egbtrnc r`cg tfnb ab `tfgr cnw systgks (\nchr`b,>119? qu`tgh ab D``tf, 4995? 8). Xfg sge`bh cglascntavg trnhata`b tfnt ubhgrcags tfghasergta`bnry p`wgrs `j pudcae d`hags ab Dratasf pcnbbabl as tfnt `j prèghurnc jnarbgss.

Ns D``tf stntgs at, ‖Xfg p`wgr t` hgeahg as cglatakntgh, b`t dy rgjgrgbeg t` rglucnta`benrryabl tfg j`reg `j cnw, dut dy tfg wny ab wfaef tfg hgeasa`b as tnmgb‑ (`p. eat.? 8).

abhaentavg pcnb

pcnb pr`hueta`b k`kgbt hgvgc`pkgbt k`kgbt

pcnb pr`hueta`b k`kgbt hgvgc`pkgbt k`kgbt

bglèanta`bs

dabhabl rucgs

duachabl pgrkat

pnssnlg `j takg

ABHAENXAZG XFG@TQ @J _@BABL / HGZGC@YKGBX-CGH YCNBBABL UQUXGK

dabhabl cnbh usg pcnb

bglèanta`bs

p`ssadcg k`hajaenta`b dabhabl pcnb

duachabl pgrkat

AKYGTNXAZG XFG@TQ @J _@BABL / YCNB-CGH YCNBBABL UQUXGK

pnssnlg `j takg




Xfg rucg `j cnw, egbtrnc ab tfg pcnb-cgh pcnbbabl systgk, as fgch ab falf rglnrh dycadgrnc tfabmgrs. Ats `ralabs enb dg jùbh ab tfg strullcg `j tfg dùrlgàsag nlnabst

tfg nrdatrnry p`wgrs `j tfg mabl nbh tfg nhkabastrnta b. Ab tfg Kahhcg Nlgs, cnw wnsjùbh, b`t knhg, nbh nutf`raty wns jrnlkgbtgh. Xfgrg wns b` egbtrnc cglascnt`r tfnteùch lunrnbtgg sgeuraty nbh egrtnabty. Njtgr tfg Kahhcg Nlgs, bgw stntgs watf n egb-trncazgh nbh pr`jgssa`bncazgh nhkabastrnta`b w`rmgh lrnhunccy t`wnrhs ubaenta`bnbh strgnkcababl `j tfg jrnlkgbtgh cnw. Ab tfg >1 tf Egbtury, tfg pr`p`bgbts `j tfgTgeftstnnt (catgrnccy n ‖stntg `j ralfts‑, dut `jtgb cabmgh t` ‖rucg `j cnw‑) pcgnhgh j`rn stntg watf n e`bstatuta`b, sgpnrnta`b `j p`wgrs, nbh watf abhavahunc dnsae fuknbralfts. Xfg b`ta`b j ‖vgrtaenc cglnc egrtnabty‑ enkg t` ats jucc hgvgc`pkgbt. Ab tfas b`-ta`b, egrtnabty enb dg jùbh praknracy `r gxecusavgcy ab tfg tgxt `j tfg gbnetgh cnw.Xfas cgh t` n egbtrnc r`cg j`r cglascnta`b, nhkabastrntavg nutf`raty dnsgh gxecusavgcy

`b gbnetgh cnw, nbh ouhaeanc rgvagw `j nhkabastrntavg neta`b dy abhgpgbhgbt eùrts.Xfg trnbscnta`b abt` tfg pcnbbabl systgk `j tfg prabeapcgs `j tfg Tgeftstnnt fnh kn-o`r e`bsgqugbegs. Xfg cnbh-usg pcnbs nequargh n stntut`ry efnrnetgr, ns n pageg `jcglascnta`b tfnt rglucntgs tfg cnbh-usgs nt tfg cènc cgvgc. \fgb e`bsahgrabl duachablnppcaenta`bs, tfg pudcae nhkabastrnta`b sfùch oust efgem wfgtfgr `r b`t tfg nppca-enta`b e`bj`rks t` tfg z`babl knp. Xfgrg sfùch b`t dg nby r``k j`r hasergta`bnce`bsahgrnta`bs (ejr. Znb Lubstgrgb, >1<:? 6>-65= Jncuha, >16<? >6<).

Ab sf`rt, pcnb-cgh systgks (camg tfg Hutef bg) nrg supp`sgh t` pr`vahg nt gnrcy stnlgsegrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags. @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, hgvgc`p-

kgbt-cgh systgks (camg tfg Dratasf pcnbbabl systgk), nctfùlf tfgrg kalft dg s`kgabhaentavg z`babl pcnbs ab gnrcy stnlgs, nrg supp`sgh t` lavg cgss egrtnabty ndùt tfghgbatg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags.

4.5.4 Xfg nrlukgbts j`r nbh nlnabst egrtnabty nbh fflgxadacaty ab

pcnbbabl

Xfgrg nrg vnraùs rgns`bs wfy pcnbbabl prnetaegs k`vg dgtwggb k`rg `r cgss fflgxadac-aty (Xnsnb-M`m, 4996). Xfg pcnbbabl pr`jgssa`b fns efnblgh, ab cabg watf tfg efnblgs

ncrgnhy kgbta`bgh ab sgeta`b 4.> ndùt tfg r`cg `j pudcae d`hags ab p`caey bgtw`rms,jr`k n h`kabnbt r`cg t` tfnt `j prakus abtgr pnrgs. Ncrgnhy ab tfg >1<9s, O`fb Jragh-knbb hrgw tfg nttgbta`b `j sef`cnrs dy snyabl tfnt harget e`btr`c enbb`t dg tfg r`cg`j tfg pcnbbgr. F`wgvgr, nctfùlf fg gkpfnsazgh tfnt pcnbbabl abtgrvgbta`b sfùchdg ctgrgh tfrùlf n sgrags `j e`kpcgx strueturgs nbh prègssgs (Jraghknbb, >1<5),fg stacc hgbgh tfg r`cg `j tfg pcnbbgr ns n luahabl/e`btr`ccabl `bg. Yrgeasgcy 59ygnrs cntgr, fg gkpfnsazgh tfg sfajt ab pcnbbabl jr`k nb abstrukgbt `j e`btr`c t` nbabstrukgbt j abb`vnta`b nbh neta`b (Jraghknbb, 4995). Xfas accustrntgs tfg sfajt ab tfgpcnbbabl catgrnturg, wfaef fns akpcaenta`bs j`r fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl prnetaeg ns wgcc.\fnt kalft fnvg fnppgbgh hurabl tf`sg 59 ygnrs as tfnt pcnbbabl prnetaeg abe`rp`-

rntgh lrgntgr fflgxadacaty nbh tfg c``sgbabl j ralah rucgs (Fgncgy nbh \accanks, >115).Xfas rgquargs f`wgvgr s`kg bunbeg? tfg trgbh ab pr`jgssa`bnc nbh nenhgkae hgdntg




fns b`t bgegssnracy rgsuctgh ab prnetaeg ab k`rg eùbtrags gxtgbhabl hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh prnetaegs, nbh at sggks t` eàbeahg watf n e`btrnhaet`ry trgbh ab wfaef s`kg

hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh eùbtrags nssukg s`kg pcnb-cgh prnetaegs8

.

Xfgrg nrg vnraùs nrlukgbts j`r nbh nlnabst k`rg r cgss fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl prne-taeg. K`r`ba (499<? >8:-<, >75), dgabl erataenc `j tfg eurrgbt supp`rt j`r fflgxadacaty,ecnaks tfnt e`btabgbtnc Gur`pgnb pcnbbabl systgks nrg usunccy ndcg t` lunrnbtgg tfgegrtnabty j tfg cnw hug t` tfg straet bnturg j knstgr pcnb nbh z`babl rhabnbegs, nbhfg sullgsts tfnt fflgxadcg pcnbbabl systgks (suef ns tfg Dratasf hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh sys-tgk) nrg ubprghaetndcg nbh ubstndcg ns gnef ensg as ouhlgh `b ats kgrats nbh enbb`tdg prghaetgh ab nhvnbeg. Ab tfg snkg pudcaenta`b f`wgvgr fg nhvèntgs tfnt k`rgfflgxadcg (ndstrnet, lgbgrnc nbh gbh-abhgpgbhgbt) rucgs nbh neta`bs nrg bgghgh t` hgnc

watf tfg e`kpcgxaty `j tfg e`btgkp`rnry urdnb systgks (`p. eat.? >7:). Bgghfnk(499:? qu`tgh ab K`r`ba, 499<) ncs` lavgs tfg Dratasf systgk ns n ensg `j dgabl t```pgb t` tfg stntg nhkabastrnta`b‑s hasergta`b nbh b`t kggtabl tfg Tucg `j Cnw. @b tfg`tfgr fnbh, fg puts egrtnabty ab tfg jrnkgw`rm j prghaetndacaty wfgb fg gkpfnsazgstfnt pudcae nutf`ratags h` b`t wnbt t` dg dùbh t` tfg prabeapcg `j prghaetndacaty. Ab-stgnh tfgy wnbt t` dg ndcg t` gxnkabg pcnbs abj`rknccy nbh aj bgegssnry efnblg cnbh-usg pcnbs t` nee`kk`hntg t` ubprghaetndcg pcnbbabl nppcaenta`bs. Ab suef eareuk-stnbegs, egrtnabty enb dg pr`vahgh t` eatazgbs `bcy aj straet rucgs nrg j`cc`wgh wfgbtfg pcnb as dgabl efnblgh (Bgghfnk, 499<d? >6:). Xfus, pcnb-knmgrs, gspgeanccy c`-enc l`vgrbkgbts usabl pudcae-pravntg pnrtbgrsfap abstrukgbts, h` b`t wnbt t` pr`vahg

tfas mabh `j straet egrtnabty, j`r tfgy wnbt t` cgnvg s`kg r``k j`r bgl`tanta`b `r j`re`btablgbeags tfnt kalft eeur hurabl tfg prègss j akpcgkgbtnta`b (Duatgcnnr gt nc,499<). Jncuha (>16:? >67->14) nrlugs tfnt tfg nssukpta`bs ubhgrcyabl tfg pcnb-cghsystgk (a.g. pcnbbgrs enb prghaet tfg bnturg nbh qunbtatags `j n e`kkubaty‑s bgghsnbh e`bvgrt tfas qunbtaenta`b abt` nb nccènta`b nbh hgsalbnta`b `j cnbh usgs) nrgabvncah. K`rg`vgr, tfg ahgn tfnt ge`b`kae nbh p`cataenc j`regs ab n e`kkubaty waccrgsp`bh e`kpcanbtcy watf tfgsg hgsalbnta`bs nbh j`r prgseradgh usgs kalft dg abe`r-rget. Nt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt k`kgbt, tfg hgvgc`pgr kny pr`p`sg s`kgtfabl dgttgr tfnbwfnt as ncrgnhy ab tfg cnbh-usg pcnb. @r fg/sfg kny `jjgr s`kgtfabl tfnt tfg cèncnutf`raty rgnccy wnbts, `b e`bhata`b tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty efnblg tfg cnbh-usg pcnb.

Hgpnrturgs jr`k pcnbs nrg abgvatndcg, ncc-ùt e`kkatkgbt t` gbvar`bkgbtnc pcnbs(cglnccy dabhabl cnbh-usg pcnbs) as ubrgns`bndcg, nbh ns n e`bsgqugbeg, hgpnrturgsjr`k tfg cnbh-usg pcnb ab rhgr t` nhnpt at t` tfg eareukstnbegs j gnef hgvgc`pkgbtpròget nrg tfg rucg, nbh b`t tfg gxegpta`b.

8 Ab n e`kpnrntavg stuhy, tfg Gur`pgnb E`kkassa`b jùbh n hùdcg trgbh ab pcnbbabl prnetaeg?eùbtrags `pgrntabl ab ralah pcnb-cgh systgks tgbh abhggh t` abe`rp`rntg fflgxadacaty, dut tf`sg`pgrntabl ab hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh systgks sggm t` pr`vahg lrgntgr egrtnabty (>11<? 87).




4.5.5 U`kg bnbeanc nspgets `j egrtnabty ab pcnbbabl

Hurabl tfg hntn lntfgrabl, s`kg nhhata`bnc nspgets `j tfg nrlukgbts j`r nbh nlnabstegrtnabty dgenkg nppnrgbt.

Xfg rst nspget hgravgs jr`k tfg Taenrhanb rgbt tfg`ry, ab wfaef cnbh praeg as n rgsuct`j tfg hasp`snc praeg `j tfg bnc rgnc gstntg pr`huets (Taenrh`, >64>). Yr`vahgh tfnt nkabakuk hgvgc`pgr‑s pr`t nbh tfg hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nrg e`vgrgh, nby rgsahunc hg-tgrkabgs tfg knxakuk knrmgt vncug j tfg cnbh. Ab tfgr w`rhs, tfg praeg j cnbh ab njrgg knrmgt as tfg rgsahunc vncug. Jr`k tfas at j`cc`ws? (>) tfnt egrtnabty ndùt duachablp`ssadacatags (a.g. tfg str`bl gxpgetnta`b tfnt at as p`ssadcg t` duach) njjgets tfg rgsahuncpraeg `j cnbh= nbh (4) tfnt vnranta`bs ab enpturabl vncug abergnsg (a.g. tfg nkùbt `j

`dcalnta`bs t` dg pnah ab mabh `r ab k`bgy t` tfg pudcae d`hags) ncs` njjget tfg rg-sahunc praeg `j tfg cnbh, dut b`t tfg bnc praeg `j tfg rgnc gstntg7. N sge`bh nspget astfnt egrtnabty r ubegrtnabty kalft njjget tfg bgl`tantabl p`sata`b j tfg kubaeapncaty.Aj tfgrg as kuef egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, kubaeapncatags fnvg cgsshasergta`b nbh tfgrgj`rg cgss r``k t` bgl`tantg. @b tfg e`btrnry, aj tfgrg as kuefubegrtnabty ndùt wfnt kny dg hgvgc`pgh, tfg kubaeapncaty kalft dg ndcg t` nsm j`rk`rg e`btraduta`bs ab gxefnblg j`r ergntabl egrtnabty ndùt duachabl p`ssadacatags.

Xfgsg e`bsahgrnta`bs cgnh us t` tfg nssukpta`b tfnt, wfgb hgvgc`pgrs fnvg b` gx-pgetnta`b, `r n c`w gxpgetnta`b, `j dgabl ndcg t` duach, cnbh praegs wacc b`t rasgi

nd`vg tfg cgvgc `j gxastabl usg vncug. Xfg d``m vncug wacc rgknab c`w, nbh gvgb ajtfg cnbh as trnbsnetgh tfas wacc dg nt tfnt c`w praeg. \fgb abatantabl n pròget, tfghgvgc`pgr wacc drabl ab tfg cnbh nt n vncug bgnr tfg knrmgt praeg ab tfg gxastabl usg.@r, aj tfg hgvgc`pgr kust duy tfg cnbh, fg wacc `jjgr t` tfg cnbh`wbgr n praeg bgnr t`tfg knrmgt praeg ab tfg gxastabl usg. @b tfg e`btrnry, aj tfgrg as n str`bl gxpgetnta`b`j hgvgc`pkgbt, tfg hgvgc`pgr wacc drabl fas cnbh ab nt n falfgr d``m vncug, `r waccpny n praeg j`r tfg cnbh tfnt rgfflgets tfg gxpgetgh pr`ts. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, egrtnabtytfnt duachabl wacc dg p`ssadcg wacc fnvg nb abfflnta`bnry gjjget `b tfg praeg `j cnbh.Xfas as rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, dgenusg falf abatanc cnbh praegs bnrr`wtfg bnbeanc r``k `j tfg hgvgc`pgr wfgb nsmgh t` e`btradutg t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg

nbh jneacatags. Ncs`, egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags lavgs tfg kubaeapnc-aty n wgnmgr p`sata`b ab bgl`tanta`bs, wfaef kalft ncs` dg bglntavg j`r enpturablvncug abergnsg. Xfg kubaeapncaty enbb`t bgl`tantg dy ncc`wabl duachabl p`ssadacatags(a.g. k`hajyabl tfg dabhabl rucgs t` ncc`w k`rg pr`tndcg duachabl p`ssadacatags) abgxefnblg j`r e`btraduta`bs.

Xfg nbncysas `j tfg bnbeanc nspgets `j egrtnabty cgnhs us t` n sge`bh nssukpta`b.Bnkgcy tfnt wfgb hgvgc`pgrs nrg nwnrg ab gnrcy stnlgs tfnt tfgy nrg camgcy t` jneg d-calnta`bs, tfgy wacc abe`rp`rntg tfgk abt` tfg bnbegs j tfg pgrnta`b. J`r gxnkpcg,

7 Xfas tfg ry `j cnbh rgbt e`btrnvgbgs tfg nrlukgbt tfnt pcnbbabl rgquargkgbts `j pudcae d`hags kalftdg rgsp`bsadcg j`r tfg rnasabl `j tfg praeg `j cnbh (Dncc, >165= qu`tgh ab \fatg, >16:? >98->9<).




aj tfg hgvgc`pgr ncrgnhy `wbs tfg cnbh, fg wacc - wfgb hgtgrkababl tfg d``m vncug `jcnbh, `tfgr hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh fas pr`t knrlab - e`bsahgr tfg `dcalnta`bs t` dg

pnah. Aj tfg hgvgc`pgr fns b`t ygt dùlft tfg cnbh, fg enb nlrgg watf tfg cnbh`wbgrtfnt tfg nlrggh praeg wacc dg sudogetgh t` n hghueta`b j`r tfg dcalnta`bs t` dg pnah. Ajtfgrg as (nt tfg k`kgbt nt wfaef hgvgc`pgrs enceucntg d``m praeg, hgvgc`pkgbt e`stsnbh pr`t knrlabs, nbh nt tfg k`kgbt wfgb hgvgc`pgrs nlrgg tfg praeg watf tfgcnbh`wbgrs) b` egrtnabty ndùt tfg `dcalnta`bs t` dg pnah, hgvgc`pgrs kalft knmgbnbeanc enceucnta`bs tfnt nssukg knxaknc pr`t knrlabs nbh c`w `dcalnta`bs. Ab`tfgr w`rhs, aj cènc nutf`ratags abtr`hueg bgw `dcalnta`bs t`` cntg ab tfg prègss,tfgrg kalft dg b` bnbeanc r``k nbyk`rg ab tfg hgvgc`pgr‑s duhlgt (e`bjgr` T`wnb-T`dabs`b & Cc`yh, >166? >46->59= Enkpdgcc gt nc., 4999? <:1-<<>).

Dnsgh `b tfgsg tw` nssukpta`bs, knhg hurabl hntn lntfgrabl, wg hajjgrgbtantg dg-twggb tw` s`rts j egrtnabty? egrtnabty ndùt tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags (f`w kuef nbhwfnt tfg cnbh`wbgr wacc dg ndcg t` duach), nbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs(f`w kuef tfg cnbh`wbgr wacc fnvg t` e`btradutg, ab mabh `r ab k`bgy).

4.8 K`hgc `j tfg enusnc rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb j`rknc

rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl nbh enpturabl vncug

abergnsg ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b

Abtr`hueta`b

Ab sgeta`b 4.> wg haseussgh urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets nbh tfg ùte`kgs e`b-egrbabl tfg hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg ns dgabl tfg rgsuct `j tfg abtgrneta`bdgtwggb hajjgrgbt net`rs, gnef `j tfgk watf hajjgrgbt l`ncs nbh hajjgrgbt kgnbs t`nefagvg tfgk. \g ncs` haseussgh tfg dnsae jubeta`babl `j tfgsg p`caey bgtw`rms nbhtfg wnys `j p`ssadcy k`hajyabl tfas jubeta`babl ab `rhgr t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `jvncug abergnsg. Ab Ugeta`bs 4.4 nbh 4.5 wg prgsgbtgh tw` t`paenc haseussa`bs ab Gbl-cnbh nbh \ncgs, tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Upnab ndùt tfg p`ssadcy r`cg j j`rknc rucgs ab

akpr`vabl tfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsg.

Dnsgh `b tfgsg haseussa`bs at as p`ssadcg t` hgvgc`p n k`hgc `j tfg abjgrrgh enusncrgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb egrtnab wnys `j usabl tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl nbhtfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets. Xfg k`hgc b`t `bcyabecuhgs tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ns enusncaty `j tfg hglrgg `j enpturghvncug abergnsg, dut nbncysgs ncs` tfg wahgr e`kpcgx `j enusncatags. At as tfg abtgbta`btfnt tfas k`hgc dg nppcaendcg b`t oust t` urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab Gblcnbh, Upnab nbhtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, dut ncs` t` `tfgr eùbtrags t``. Cgt us sgg rst wfaef netavatags nbhwfaef net`rs nrg abv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b.




4.8.> Xfg netavatags nbh tfg net`rs ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b

4.8.>.> Xfg netavatagsNs ncrgnhy gxpcnabgh ab sgeta`b >.7, tfas rgsgnref jèusgs `b e`kprgfgbsavg urdnbrglgbgrnta`b prògets cèntgh `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh. \g kgnb fgrg pfysaenc abtgr-vgbta`bs ab tfg gxastabl eaty tfnt fnvg tfg j`cc`wabl efnrnetgrastaes?• Xfgy pr`hueg n b`tndcg vncug abergnsg hug t` tfg rgz`babl j tfg cnbh nbh t` tfg

hakgbsa`bs `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nrgn. Xfg vncug abergnsg hgravgs jr`k tfg rgturbstfnt wacc neerug jr`k sgccabl tfg bnc rgnc gstntg.

• Xfgy rgquarg tfg knmabl `j akp`rtnbt e`sts j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneaca-tags, e`sts tfnt enbb`t dg rge`vgrgh dy sgccabl `r knbnlabl tfnt abjrnstrueturg `rtf`sg jneacatags.

• \g stuhy `bcy tf`sg e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets tfnt nrg satu-ntgh `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh.

\atfab tfgsg prògets, wg jèus `b tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pfnsg. Xfg ‖hgvgc`pkgbt pfnsg‑stnrts jr`k tfg `ralabnc satunta`b nbh gbhs nt tfg hgcavgry nbh tfg dglabbabl `j tfggxpcàtnta`b `j tfg bnc rgnc gstntg pr`huets. \atfab tfas pfnsg, tfas rgsgnref jèusgs`b n spgeae pfgb`kgb`b? tfg abtgrneta`b dgtwggb pudcae d`hags knmabl usg `jtfgar e`kpgtgbegs rglnrhabl tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl, nbh tfg hgvgc`p-grs/cnbh`wbgrs wf` rghgvgc`p tfg satg. Xfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg as `bg `j tfgrgsucts `j tfas abtgrneta`b.

4.8.>.4 Xfg net`rs

X` ahgbtajy tfg abv`cvgh net`rs, wg usg n e`kdabnta`b `j tw` tgefbaqugs. Jarst as tfg‖akpgrntavg‑ nppr`nef, wfaef nsms wf` fns nb abtgrgst ab `r jggcs tfg e`bsgqugbegs `jtfg pr`dcgk. Xfg sge`bh as tfg ‖p`sata`bnc‑ nppr`nef, wfaef ahgbtags tf`sg net`rs wf`fnvg n j`rknc p`sata`b ab netunc p`caey knmabl (Katr`jj, >165? 55-58). Xndcg 5 sukkn-razgs tfg abtgrgsts nbh j`rknc p`sata`b j tfg abv`cvgh net`rs. Xfas rgsgnref nssukgs tfntnet`rs pursug tfgar abtgrgsts rnta`bnccy watfab tfg e`btgxt `j tfgar abtgrneta`bs.

Utnrtabl watf tfg akpgrntavg nppr`nef, wg ahgbtajy rst tfg pr`dcgk-`wbgr (tfg ne-

t`r tfnt fns n harget abtgrgst nbh tfnt sgrvgs ns stnrtabl pàbt `j tfas rgsgnref). Xfgpr`dcgk-`wbgr as tfnt pudcae d`hy (p`ssadcy k`rg tfnb bg) tfnt wnbts t` akpcgkgbtats pcnbbabl p`caeags (sgg sgeta`b >.4). Ab `rhgr t` h` tfnt, at kalft fnvg t` sudsahazgurdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab `rhgr t` nefagvg tfg hgsargh quncaty `j tfg rglgbgrntgh nrgns.Nctfùlf b`t n pr`dcgk-`wbgr ab tfnt sgbsg, pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgrs nbh cnbh`wbgrsncs` fnvg n harget abtgrgst? tfgy fnvg n bnbeanc abtgrgst ab tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfgsatg, bnkgcy pr`t knxakaznta`b ab tfg sf`rt `r c`bl tgrk. F`wgvgr, wfgb e`bsahgr-abl tfnt pr`t knxakaznta`b as ncs` rgcntgh t` tfg quncaty `j tfg rglgbgrntgh nrgns,tfgy eùch ncs` dg e`bsahgrgh ns pr`dcgk-`wbgrs sakacnr t` tfg pudcae d`hy dgenusgpr`dcgks watf tfg bnbeabl j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags enb njjget tfg qunc-

aty ab n bglntavg wny. @tfgr hargetcy abtgrgstgh net`rs nrg tfg netunc usgrs nbh abfnd-atnbts `j tfg hgtgra`rntgh nrgns tfnt nrg tfg sudoget `j rglgbgrnta`b? tfgy nrg k`stcy




abtgrgstgh ab rgegavabl falf e`kpgbsnta`b j`r nby c`ss sujjgrgh. Xfg juturg abfndat-nbts, a.g. pg`pcg wf` stny ab tfg rglgbgrntgh nrgn, `r bgw `bgs, ncs` fnvg n harget

abtgrgst dgenusg tfgy wacc usg tfg rglgbgrntgh urdnb nrgns. Xfg abtgrgst `j tfg juturgabfndatnbts as sakacnr t` tfnt `j eavae rlnbaznta`bs, wf` nrg knabcy e`kkattgh t` tfgpfysaenc, sèanc nbh/`r gbvar`bkgbtnc quncaty j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b.

\atfab tfg pudcae d`hags at as p`ssadcg t` hastabluasf kubaeapncatags `b tfg `bg sahgnbh tfg kabastry `j pcnbbabl `j tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt `b tfg `tfgr. Ab Upnab nbhtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgrg nrg ab nhhata`b rgla`bnc, rgspgetavgcy pr`vabeanc, pudcae d`h-ags tfnt pcny n rgcgvnbt r`cg. Dgsahgs fnvabl n harget abtgrgst (ncwnys rgcntgh t` tfgakpcgkgbtnta`b j tfgar pcnbbabl p`caeags, nbh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ncs` dgenusg jtgbtfgy sudsahazg), tfgsg pudcae d`hags fnvg ncs` n rglucnt`ry r`cg (tfgy nrg gkp`wgrgh

t` gcnd`rntg tfg j`rknc rglucnta`bs tfnt rucg tfg rglgbgrnta`b). Xfgrg kalft dg `tfgrbnta`bnc pudcae d`hags watf s`kg bnbeanc r p`cataenc abv`cvgkgbt, j`r gxnkpcg tfgkabastrags `j Abjrnstrueturg, Jabnbeg nbh Ge`b`kae Njjnars, dut usunccy tfgy fnvg jgw`r b` rglucnt`ry rgsp`bsadacatags.

Xndcg 5. Abv`cvgh net`rs, tfgar abtgrgsts nbh stntus ab hgeasa`b-knmabl ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b

Net`r Abtgrgst

Yudcae d`hags

- Kubaeapncatags Jgwgr sudsahags= Falf quncaty rglgbgrntgh nrgns(gbùlf pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags)

- Y`ssadcy Yr`vabeanc/Tgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt

- Kabastry `j Ycnbbabl

- @tfgr kabastrags, g.l. Abjrnstrueturg, Jabnbeg nbhGe`b`kae Njjnars

ahgk

Eavae sèagty

- Eurrgbt usgrs/abfndatnbts Falf e`kpgbsnta`bs

- Juturg usgrs/abfndatnbts Falf quncaty rglgbgrntgh nrgns

- Eavae rlnbaznta`bs Falf quncaty rglgbgrntgh nrgns

Hgvgc`pgrs

- \atfùt cnbh Yr`t knxakazabl

- \atf cnbh Yr`t knxakazabl

Cnbh`wbgrs

- Cnrlg e`kpnbags (sgg ncs` hgvgc`pgrs watf cnbh) Yr`t knxakazabl

- Ukncc wbgrs Yr`t knxakazabl

Fntefgh? net`rs tfnt fnvg n bnc j`rknc rgsp`bsadacatyXrnbspnrgbt? net`rs watfùt n bnc j`rknc rgsp`bsadacaty.




\atfab tfg hgvgc`pgrs at as p`ssadcg t` hastabluasf dgtwggb tf`sg tfnt fnvg b`t ygtdùlft cnbh watfab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg nbh tf`sg tfnt fnvg ncrgnhy dùlft pnrt

`r ncc tfg cnbh. \atfab tfg `ralabnc cnbh`wbgrs tfgrg nrg tw` s`rts? cnrlg e`kpnbags`wbabl cnbh ab rglgbgrnta`b satgs (g.l. `ch rks, gbgrly nbh rnacwny e`kpnbags), nbhabhavahunc `wbgrs-usgrs. Cnrlg e`kpnbags watf cnbh enb s`kgtakgs dg rglnrhgh nshgvgc`pgrs watf cnbh, dgenusg suef e`kpnbags `jtgb fnvg n hgvgc`pkgbt hgpnrt-kgbt (g.l. pudcae utacaty e`kpnbags suef ns gcgetraeaty nbh rnacwny e`kpnbags `jtgbfnvg suef n hgpnrtkgbt). Fùsabl nssèanta`bs nbh `tfgr sèanc fùsabl cnbhc`rhsnrg `jtgb abv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b dgenusg tfgy `jtgb `wb cnbh ab tf`sg cèn-ta`bs? tfgy enb ncs` dg e`bsahgrgh ns hgvgc`pgrs aj tfgy fnvg n hgvgc`pkgbt hgpnrt-kgbt.

@j ncc tfgsg net`rs, tfg `bcy `bgs watf n bnc j`rknc rgsp`bsadacaty (tfg p`sata`bncnppr`nef) nrg?― Yudcae d`hags nt tfg egbtrnc cgvgc? tfg kabastry `r hgpnrtkgbt `j pcnbbabl (rg-

sp`bsadcg j`r p`caey, pcnbbabl cnw nbh j`r eareucnrs nbh hargetavgs)=― Yudcae d`hags nt tfg rgla`bnc cgvgc? tfg Hutef pr vabegs (rgsp`bsadcg j r rgla`bnc

p`caey nbh tfg nppcaenta`b j pcnbbabl cnw), nbh ab Upnab tfg rgla`bnc kabastry jpcnbbabl (rgsp`bsadcg j`r p`caey, pcnbbabl cnw nbh j`r eareucnrs nbh hargetavgs)=

― Yudcae d`hags nt tfg cènc cgvgc? tfg kubaeapncatags r ‖cènc pcnbbabl nutf ratags‑ab Gblcnbh (rgsp`bsadcg j`r tfg cènc p`caey nbh tfg nppcaenta`b j pcnbbabl cnw)=

― Xfg pr pgrty hgvgc`pgrs (tfgy fnvg mb`wcghlg nbh bnbeanc kgnbs)=

― Xfg cnbh`wbgrs (tfgy e`btr`c tfg cnbh).Xfg `tfgr pnrtags fnvg nb nhvas`ry r`cg (sgg tndcg 5).

4.8.4 Enusncatags `j tfg nkùbt `j vncug abergnsg bnccy

enpturgh

At as n bgegssnry e`bhata`b `j dgabl ndcg t` enpturg vncug abergnsg tfnt tfgrg as s`kgvncug t` dg enpturgh, tfnt as, tfnt tfgrg as nb abatanc pr`t (`r tfg p`tgbtanc pr`t) jr`ktfg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b pròget. ‖Abatanc pr`t‑ kgnbs tfnt tfg ge`b`kae vncug `j tfg

satg ecgnrcy abergnsgs hug t` tfg rglgbgrnta`b. Aj tfgrg as, tfgb s`kg `j tfas enb ― abprabeapcg ― dg enpturgh dy pudcae d`hags. F`wgvgr, wfgtfgr tfas abatanc pr`t trnbs-cntgs abt` n ‖bnc pr`t‑ j`r tfg hgvgc`pgr tfnt ncc`ws fak t` e`btradutg hgpgbhs `btfg abtgrneta`b `j sgvgrnc vnrandcgs. \g bggh tfus t` knmg n hastabeta`b dgtwggb tfgvnrandcgs tfnt abfflugbeg tfg sazg `j tfg abatanc pr`t, nbh vnrandcgs tfnt abfflugbeg tfghastraduta`b `j tfnt abatanc pr`t nbh rgsuct ab tfg bnc pr`t. Aj j`r gxnkpcg nb abatancp`satavg pr`t bnccy gbhs ab gxegssavg falf praegs pnah j`r tfg hgvgc`pkgbt cnbh,`r gbhs ab abfflntgh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, tfg bnc pr`t j`r tfg hgvgc`pgr kalft dgbglntavg. J`r d`tf s`rt `j vnrandcgs, s`kg `j tfgk nrg hgtgrkabgh ùtsahg tfg urdnbrglgbgrnta`b pròget (tfgy nrg e`btgxt vnrandcgs) nbh s`kg nrg hgtgrkabgh absahg tfg

pròget, gatfgr dy tfg pfysaenc e`bhata`bs watfab tfg satg `r dy tfg neta`bs `j tfg vnra-ùs net`rs ab abtgrneta`b watf gnef `tfgr.




N4) Ycnb nbh satg jgnturgs

Nb`tfgr rgcgvnbt vnrandcg as tfg typg, quncaty nbh qunbtaty `j tfg cnbh nbh tfg prgva-

ùs pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh duachabls tfnt kust dg rgk`vgh `r rgjurdasfgh ab tfgrglgbgrnta`b satg. Xfas wacc fnvg n harget gjjget `b e`sts `j tfg pròget (tfg kabakuke`sts j nequasata`b j tfg pr`pgrtags, hgk`cata`b j tfg prgvaùs duachabls). Xfg prgs-gbeg nbh typg j sàc e`btnkabnta`b fns n harget gjjget t`` b tfg e`sts j tfg pròget.Xfg cènta`b `j tfg satg watfab tfg urdnb jndrae wacc njjget tfg hgvgc`pkgbt p`tgbtanc`j tfg satg (g.l. `jegs watf n falf `r c`w rgbtnc vncug) nbh tfus tfg p`ssadcg rgturbsjr`k tfg hgvgc`pkgbt.

N5) Knrmgts j w`rmj`reg nbh duachabl kntgrancs, nbh senc rglakgs

Xfg praeg j farabl smaccgh pg`pcg t` hrnjt pcnbs, stuhags, duachabls nbh abjrnstrueturg,

nbh t` duach tfgk, as jubhnkgbtnc j`r tfg e`sts. Cndùr e`sts enb hajjgr jr`k ygnrt` ygnr, jr`k rgla`b t` rgla`b, jr`k eùbtry t` eùbtry. Ncs`, tfg praeg `j duachablkntgrancs kalft efnblg watf takg nbh hajjgr dgtwggb rgla`bs nbh eùbtrags. Jabnccy,hajjgrgbegs ab senc rglakgs enb nulkgbt `r hakabasf tfgsg e`sts, `r tfg nkùbt `jtnxgs t` dg pnah, g.l. pr`t tnx, cnbh trnbsjgr tnx, gte.

4.8.4.4 E`btgxt vnrandcgs tfnt abfflugbeg tfg hastraduta`b `j tfg abatanc pr`t,

a.g. tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl (vnrandcgs D)

Xfgsg nrg tfg k`rg stndcg (strueturnc) jnet`rs tfnt jneacatntg r akpghg egrtnab typgs jp`wgr rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh net`rs nbh tfus tfgar ndacaty t` tnmg p`s-

sgssa`b `j n sfnrg `j tfg abatanc pr`t. Xfgy j`rk tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rkncrucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑, `b wfaef tfas rgsgnref jèusgs (sgg efnptgr 5). Ab sgeta`b4.>.> nbh Jalurg 4 wg ncrgnhy abtr`huegh tfgsg strueturnc jnet`rs? tfgy nrg tfg rucgstfnt abfflugbeg tfg rgsùreg hastraduta`b nbh tfg dgfnvaùr `j tfg net`rs abv`cvgh aburdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfgsg strueturnc jnet`rs, t`lgtfgr watftfg e`btgxt vnrandcgs N, abfflugbeg tfg neta`bs j tf`sg hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg pròget(vnrandcgs E nbh H).

D>) J`rknc rucgs ndùt pr`pgrty ralfts

\g fnvg sggb gnrcagr ab sgeta`b 4.4 f`w pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh fnvg dge`kg wgnmgr,

jr`k tfg nck`st ubrgstrnabgh abtgrprgtnta`b j tfg bgw cadgrnc rglakgs ab tfg >6tf nbhtfg >1tf Egbturags t` tfg abergnsabl cakatnta`bs dnsgh `b tfg e`begpt `j tfg sèancjubeta`b `j pr`pgrty nbh `tfgr (g.l. snbatnry) e`bsahgrnta`bs. F`wgvgr, tfg cnbh`wbgrstacc rgtnabs tfg e`btr`c `vgr tfg qunbh`, a.g. wfgb t` usg `r duach `b fas pr`pgrty.Uabeg tfg cnbh`wbgr enb gxecuhg tfgrs b`t bcy jr`k hgeahabl wfgb t` usg r duach`b fas pr`pgrty, dut ncs` jr`k netunccy usabl r duachabl b at, fg nequargs n pravacglghp`sata`b ab tfg urdnb knrmgts? fg as tfg bcy bg wf` enb pr`vahg cnbh, nbh tfg bcy`bg wf` hgeahgs wfgb. Xfas p`wgr fns kno`r e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg enpturabl `jvncug abergnsg dgenusg at abfflugbegs hgeasavgcy tfg dgfnvaùr `j tfg abv`cvgh net`rs(sgg vnrandcg H4). Xfas vnrandcg ‖pr`pgrty ralfts‑ gkdrnegs j`rknc rucgs ubhgr pudcae

cnw tfnt kalft cakat pr`pgrty ralfts, ns g.l. tfg p`ssadacaty `j gxpr`prantabl cnbh `r `j`dcalabl cnbh`wbgrs t` pnrtaeapntg ab cnbh rgnhoustkgbt.




D4) J`rknc rucgs ndùt egrtnabty nbh fflgxadacaty ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks

\g fnvg sggb gnrcagr ab sgeta`b 4.5 tfnt egrtnabty `r tfg cnem `j egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh

ndùt tfg hgbatavg hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks enb fnvg kno`r e`bsgqugbegs j`r enptur-abl vncug abergnsg. Xfas as dgenusg egrtnabty abfflugbegs lrgntcy tfg dgfnvaùr `j tfgabv`cvgh net`rs (sgg vnrandcg H>). Xfg vnrandcg ‖egrtnabty‑ gkdrnegs g.l. tf`sg rglucn-ta`bs ubhgr pudcae cnw tfnt cakat tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg rge`vgrgh jr`k tfg pr`pgrty hg-vgc`pgrs nbh cnbh`wbgrs, dgenusg tfgsg cglnc cakats hgtgrkabg tfg p`ssadcg e`btgbts`j dabhabl rucgs nbh `tfgr pcnb hèukgbts. Ncs` abecuhgh ab tfas vnrandcg as wfgtfgrcènc pudcae d`hags enb prgseradg b`t `bcy tfg pfysaenc z`babl, dut ncs` nspgets rg-cntgh t` tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. H`dabhabl rucgs rglucntg `bcy n hgsargh bnc paeturg watfùt stntabl wf` as rgsp`bsadcgj`r ats akpcgkgbtnta`b, r ncs` tfg dcalnta`bs tfnt kust dg jucccgh dy tfg hgvgc`pgr0

F`w jnr enb dabhabl rucgs l` ab gbukgrntabl `dcalnta`bs0 Enb tfgy abecuhg `jj-satgabjrnstrueturg0 Uèanc fùsabl0 Ncs`, tfg vnrandcg ‖egrtnabty‑ gkdrnegs tf`sg rglucn-ta`bs ubhgr pudcae cnw e`begrbabl wfgtfgr pudcae d`hags enb e`bhata`b tfg nppr`vnc`j cglnccy dabhabl pcnbs t` tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl fas e`btraduta`bs t` tfg pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl rucgs e`btnababl bnbeabl nbhakpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs ndùt hgvgc`pgrs‑ e`btraduta`bs h`gs b`t nut`kntaenccykgnb tfnt hgvgc`pgrs nrg e`kkattgh t` akpcgkgbt tfgk. Nhhata`bnccy, tfgrg as tfgbggh `j n e`btrnetunc e`kkatkgbt `j tfg hgvgc`pgr.

D5) J`rknc rucgs ndùt tfg prèghurg `j knmabl cnbh-usg pcnbs nbh lrnbtabl

pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bsYcnbbabl cnw kalft abecuhg s`kg lunrnbtggs j`r tfg fnbhcabl `j hgvgc`pkgbt np-pcaenta`bs, nbh tfgrg nrg hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb eùbtrags ab tfg s`rt `j lunrnbtggs nbhf`w fnrh tfgy kalft dg ab prnetaeg. Ncs`, tfgrg nrg hajjgrgbegs ab f`w c`bl nbh gnsytfg prèghurgs nrg j`r k`hajyabl dabhabl rucgs. Nbh bnccy, tfgrg nrg ncs` hajjgrgbegsab tfg p`ssadacaty `j nppr`vabl dabhabl rucgs lrnhunccy, pc`t dy pc`t. \g abecuhg tfgsgvnrandcgs dgenusg tfgy kalft abfflugbeg tfg dgfnvaùr j tfg abv`cvgh net`rs (sgg vnra-ndcg H5) nbh tfus dg `j akp`rtnbeg j`r tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg.

4.8.4.5 Neta`bs `j tf`sg hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg pròget, abecuhabl tf`sg watf

j`rknc p`wgrs, wfaef abfflugbeg tfg sazg j tfg abatanc pr`t(vnrandcg E)

E>) Hgbata`b `j tfg e`btgbts nbh lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg `j tfg pcnb

Nt tfg stnrt `j n pròget, tfg abv`cvgh net`rs kust hgbg tfg e`btgbts `j tfg pcnb nbhtfg dùbhnrags `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg. Xfg e`btgbts `j tfg pcnb enb dg rgcgvnbt j`rtfg p`ssadacaty `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg. J`r gxnkpcg, hgpgbhabl `b f`w knbyduachabls tfg pcnb abecuhgs, tfg rgturbs enb dg falfgr r c`wgr. Ncs`, at as rgcgvnbt j`rtfg e`sts f`w kuef quncaty nbh qunbtaty pudcae d`hags pursug j`r tfg pudcae abjrn-strueturg nbh jneacatags, `r j`r tfg nrefatgeturg gte., nbh f`w falf nrg tfg e`btradu-

ta`bs tfnt pudcae d`hags gxpget jr`k cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs. K`rg qunbtaty nbhquncaty kalft akpcy falfgr e`sts. Xfg ensgs sf`w n strullcg fgrg dgtwggb nt bg sahg




tfg pudcae d`hags, wfaef pursug n cnrlg e`btraduta`b jr`k cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`p-grs, nbh nt tfg `tfgr sahg tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs, wfaef pursug cnrlg pudcae

sudsahaznta`b. Cnrlg e`btraduta`bs kalft c`wgr tfg neeùbtgh praeg `j tfg cnbh nbh/ `r bnrr`w tfg bnc pr`t `j tfg hgvgc`pgr. Dut nt tfg snkg takg cnrlg e`btraduta`bsrgcagvg tfg kubaeapncaty‑s duhlgt nbh/`r ncc`w k`rg quncaty nbh qunbtaty `j pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Nbh vaeg vgrsn. Ncs`, tfg dùbhnry ef`sgb j`r tfg pcnbnrgn (`r lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg) `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg kalft dg rgcgvnbt, j`r gxnkpcgwfgtfgr at gxecuhgs `r abecuhgs tfg k`st pr`tndcg `r ubpr`tndcg pnrts. Xfg hgba-ta`b `j tfg pcnb e`btgbts nbh lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg as tfus `bg `j tfg k`st akp`rtnbtstgps ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt dgenusg at abfflugbegs d`tf tfg rgturbs nbh tfg e`sts.

4.8.4.8 Neta`bs dy tf`sg hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg pròget, abecuhabl tf`sg watf

j`rknc p`wgrs, wfaef abfflugbeg tfg hastraduta`b `j tfg abatanc pr`t(vnrandcgs H)

H>) F`w tfg cènc pudcae d`hags usg tfgar j`rknc p`wgrs ndùt egrtnabty ab tfg

hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks

Xfg neta`bs j cènc pudcae d`hags knmabl usg `j tfgar j`rknc p`wgrs ndùt egrtnabty`b hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks enb abfflugbeg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg. Xfgsg neta`bsh` b`t abfflugbeg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg ab n harget wny, dut tfrùlf `tfgrvnrandcgs, `r ‖abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs‑. Xfnt as, tfg usg `j tfgsg j`rknc p`wgrs abfflu-gbegs abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs, wfaef ab turb abfflugbeg tfg bnc hglrgg `j enpturgh

vncug abergnsg.

H>.>) Neeùbtgh praeg `j cnbh nbh rglucnr pr`t knrlabs

@b tfg `bg fnbh, aj tfg cènc pudcae d`hy ergntgs egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturgduachabl p`ssadacatags, tfas fns nb abfflugbeg `b tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts dgenusg tfgcnbh`wbgr, tfnbms t` fas k`b`p`castae-`cal`p`castae p`sata`b, as ndcg t` sueegssjuccynsm n praeg j`r fas cnbh tfnt abtgrbncazgs tfg knxaknc p`ssadcg praeg ab tfg juturg.Xfus fg nbtaeapntgs tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags dy nsmabl tfg praeg tfnt wùch dgge`b`kaenccy rgns`bndcg ab tfnt juturg. @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, aj tfg cènc pudcae d`hyergntgs egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt wfaef e`btraduta`bs tfg hgvgc`pgr fns t` hgcavgr ,

tfas enb ncs` abfflugbeg tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, dut abvgrsgcy. \fgb tfg hgvgc`pgrmb`ws f`w kuef tfgsg e`btraduta`bs wacc e`st fak, fg wacc abtgrbncazg tfgk abt` tfgpraeg `j cnbh ab hajjgrgbt wnys. Ab ensg tfg hgvgc`pgr fns b`t ygt dùlft tfg cnbh, fgwacc abtgrbncazg tfg e`btraduta`bs abt` tfg praeg t` dg pnah t` tfg cnbh`wbgr. Ab ensgtfg hgvgc`pgr fns ncrgnhy dùlft tfg cnbh, fg wacc abtgrbncazg tfg e`btraduta`bs abt`tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`st `r abt` tfg rglucnr pr`t knrlab: fg wacc nak j`r ab tfg `p-grnta`b. Neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh rglucnr pr`t knrlabs nrg `jtgb b`t hgbgh nt tfgstnrt `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs. Nt tfnt takg, hgvgc`pgrs enb `jtgb sgt tfgk falfgr

: \g nrg tncmabl fgrg ndùt tfg ‖b`rknc‑ `r rglucnr pr`t knrlab, a.g. tfg pr`t knrlab tfnt tfghgvgc`pgr efnrlgs ns n mabh `j b`rknc jgg t` gnef `pgrnta`b. Xfas as hajjgrgbt tfnb tfg ‖bnc pr`t‑,wfaef as nhhata`bnc t` tfas rglucnr pr`t knrlab.




`r c`wgr. J`r gxnkpcg, hgvgc`pgrs `jtgb gbtgr ncc tfg cnbh j`r hajjgrgbt hgvgc`pkgbtsatgs ab n e`kk`b neeùbt. C`ssgs nbh pr`ts nrg e`kpgbsntgh watf gnef `tfgr. N

hgvgc`pgr e`bjr`btgh watf n falf e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg wacc tgbh t` neeùbt tfgcnbh j`r n c`wgr praeg nbh neegpt tfnt tfas hgvgc`pkgbt satg wacc b`t e`btradutg kueft` tfg c`ssgs ab `tfgr satgs. E`bvgrsgcy, n hgvgc`pgr e`bjr`btgh watf n c`w e`btradu-ta`bs pnemnlg wacc tgbh t` neeùbt tfg cnbh j`r n falfgr praeg. Tglnrhabl rglucnrpr`t knrlabs, hgvgc`pgrs enb e`bsahgr nt tfg dglabbabl `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgstfg sazg j tfg pr`t, wfaef kny vnry<. @beg tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh tfg rglucnrpr`t knrlab fnvg dggb gstndcasfgh, c`wgrabl tfgk as usunccy e`kpcaentgh. D`tf nrgakp`rtnbt ‖efnbbgcs‑ tfrùlf wfaef tfg abatanc pr`t enb cgnm ut, cgnvabl cgss k`bgy`vgr t` e`btradutg t` tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.

H>.4) Bgl`tanta`b p`sata`bAj dgj`rg tfg stnrt `j tfg bgl`tanta`bs tfg cènc pudcae d`hy fns ncrgnhy ergntgh egr-tnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, tfas pudcae d`hy fns c`st n p`wgrjuc bgl`-tanta`b t``c. At enbb`t `jjgr nbyk`rg tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags (a.g. t` nppr`vg bgwdabhabl rucgs `r k`hajy tfg gxastabl `bgs t` ncc`w k`rg duachabl p`ssadacatags) ns nkghauk `j gxefnblg. @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, aj tfg cènc pudcae d`hy fns ncrgnhy erg-ntgh egrtnabty ndùt wfaef e`btraduta`bs tfg hgvgc`pgr fns t` hgcavgr, fas bgl`tanta`bp`sata`b wacc dg dgttgr ns tfgsg rgquargkgbts dge`kg tfg stnrtabl pàbt j haseussa`b.Jabnccy, aj tfg pudcae d`hy `pgbcy knmgs tfg nppr`vnc `j cglnccy dabhabl pcnbs e`b-hata`bnc `b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl fas e`btraduta`bs t` tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh

jneacatags, ats p`sata`b wacc dg str`blgr tfnb aj at h`gs b`t.

H4) F`w `wbgrs usg tfgar pr`pgrty ralfts

Xfg neta`bs `j pravntg d`hags usabl tfgar pr`pgrty ralfts enb abfflugbeg tfg enpturabl`j vncug abergnsg. Xfas abfflugbeg tnmgs pcneg tfrùlf tfgr vnrandcgs, r ‖abtgrkghanryvnrandcgs‑. Yr`pgrty ralfts abfflugbeg tfgsg abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs, wfaef ab turb abfflu-gbeg tfg bnc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg.

H4.>) Neeùbtgh praeg `j cnbh nbh abfflntgh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts

Uabeg tfg e`btr`c `j cnbh lavgs n k`b`p`castae-`cal`p`castae p`sata`b, tfgrg nrasgs

e`kpgtata`b t` nequarg tfg ralft t` e`btr`c tfg cnbh. Xfg stakucnbt j`r net`rs t` e`k-pgtg j`r tfg cnbh as tfnt `beg nequargh, tfgrg as b` k`rg bggh t` e`kpgtg. Xfg abatanccnbh`wbgrs knmg n pr`tndcg usg `j tfas satunta`b. Xfgy nrg ab n pravacglgh p`sa-ta`b e`kpnrgh watf tfg pr`vahgrs j tfg tfgr pr`hueta`b jnet`rs (enpatnc, w`rmj`reg,duachabl kntgrancs nbh mb`wcghlg), tfus tfgy nrg ab nb ahgnc bgl`tantabl p`sata`b tfntncc`ws tfgk t` nsm tfg knxakuk p`ssadcg praeg j`r tfgar ralft t` e`btr`c tfg cnbh. Xfge`bsgqugbeg as tfnt tfg praeg `j cnbh ab n jrgg knrmgt tgbhs t` nds`rd ncc tfg pr`t? attgbhs t` dg tfg rgsahunc vncug j tfg cnbh njtgr rghgvgc`pkgbt, wfaef as tfg bnc vncug`j tfg rgnc gstntg kabus tfg e`sts j enpatnc, w`rmj`reg, duachabl kntgrancs nbh mb`wc-ghlg. Ab suk, tfg pravacglgh p`sata`b `j cnbh`wbgrs stakucntgs tfg abfflnta`b `j cnbh

< G.l. ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfg rglucnr pr`t knrlab enb hajjgr jr`k rùlfcy 49% t` 7%.




praegs jr`k tfgar kabakuk t` tfgar knxakuk vncug. Xfas enusgs falf neeùbtgh cnbhe`sts (a.g. tfg praeg nt wfaef tfg cnbh as ‖dùlft ab‑ t` tfg neeùbts `j tfg pròget),

wfaef rghueg tfg abatanc pr`t.

Xf`sg `wbabl cnbh enb ncs` usg tfgar pr`pgrty ralfts t` hgcny rglgbgrnta`b, wfaefab turb enb fnvg nb abfflnta`bnry gjjget `b hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts. Hgcny kalft dg cnrlgrwfgb `wbgrsfap as vgry haspgrsgh dgenusg at kalft dg k`rg hajeuct t` nssgkdcg ncctfg bgghgh cnbh. F`wgvgr, at enb ncs` dg tfnt cnbh as ab fnbhs `j oust `bg p`wgrjucnet`r, wf` enb njj`rh t` hgcny k`rg tfnb n kuctatuhg `j skncc cnbh`wbgrs enb. Uggdgc`w j`r f`w `wbgrs usabl tfgar pr`pgrty ralfts enb enusg hgcny. Hgcny abfflntgshgvgc`pkgbt e`sts ab hajjgrgbt wnys? rst dgenusg hgcny kalft akpcy k`rg stuhags,bgl`tanta`bs, rgp`rts, kggtabls, `j pudcae `jegrs dut ncs` `j hgvgc`pgrs= sge`bh dg-

enusg hgcny akpcags ubegrtnabtags nbh rasms, wfaef enb trnbscntg abt` falfgr rgsgrvgsj`r ubj`rgsggb gxpgbsgs= tfarh, hgcny kalft akpcy falfgr e`sts t` bnbeg abvgstkgbtstfnt enbb`t dg hgcnygh, wfacg tfg sgccabl `j tfg bnc rgnc gstntg pr`huets kalft cnstc`blgr. Falf hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, t`lgtfgr watf falf neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, og`pnrhazgtfg abatanc pr`t nbh cgnvg cgss k`bgy vgr t` pny tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneaca-tags. Xfas cgnhs t` falfgr pudcae sudsahazabl nbh/`r t` c`wgr quncaty nbh qunbtaty `jtfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.

H4.4) Bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b nbh hgcny

Uabeg cnbh`wbgrs h` b`t jggc tfrgntgbgh dy tfgr pr`vahgrs j cnbh, tfgy fnvg n p`w-

grjuc bgl`tanta`b t``c. Xfgy enb wnat, watfùt tfas bgegssnracy hnknlabl tfgar juturgbgl`tanta`b p`sata`b, ns tfgy wacc rgtnab tfgar k`b`p`castae-`cal`p`castae p`sata`b. Xfge`bsgqugbeg as tfnt hgcnyabl hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs dge`kgs n rgnc nctgrbntavg abtfg bgl`tanta`b strntgly `j cnbh`wbgrs. Dut wfy wùch cnbh`wbgrs hgcny0 Dgenusgwnatabl t` hgvgc`p enb dg k`rg pr`tndcg, ns cnbh ncs` fns nb `pta`b vncug (Xurbducc,4997). Aj tfg cnbh`wbgr gxpgets tfnt tfg praeg `j cnbh eùch abergnsg ab tfg juturg,nbh fg as b`t ab n furry, at as ge`b`kaenccy rnta`bnc t` wnat. J`r gxnkpcg, fg kalftgxpget tfnt tfg cènc pudcae d`hy wacc bnccy c`wgr tfg rgquargkgbts, `r tfnt watftakg tfg praeg `j cnbh wacc abergnsg. At as vgry e`kk`b tfnt cnbh`wbgrs pr`t jr`khgcny, ns cnbh praegs jtgb abergnsg (nt cgnst hurabl tfg pgra`h j hntn lntfgrabl ab tfas

rgsgnref). \natabl kalft dg tfgrgj`rg n jnvùrndcg `pta`b (ûall, >115= Enp`zznnbh Ca, 4994= Dncc, 4995? 191).

B`tg tfnt ab tfas haseussa`b ndùt f`w cnbh`wbgrs kalft usg tfgar pr`pgrty ralftsab n pnrtaeucnr rglgbgrnta`b pròget, wg nrg nssukabl tfnt at as pravntg d`hags tfnt`wb tfg cnbh, `r nt cgnst tfnt tfg cnbh`wbgrs sggm ge`b`kae pr`t wfgb usabl tfgarpr`pgrty ralfts. Yudcae d`hags `wbabl cnbh kalft ef``sg t` net ab tfg snkg wnyns pravntg cnbh`wbgrs h`, `r b`t. \g nrg alb`rabl tfg p`ssadacaty `j n pudcae d`hy`wbabl cnbh, s` tfg p`ssadacaty tfnt n pudcae d`hy nets ns pravntg cnbh`wbgrs as b`trgcgvnbt fgrg.




H5) F`w tfg cènc pudcae d`hags usg tfgar j`rknc p`wgrs j`r tfg prèghurg `j

nppr`vnc `j cnbh usg pcnbs nbh pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs

\g kalft gxpget tfnt hajjgrgbegs ab tfg fflgxadacaty `j tfg prèghurgs enb fnvg nbgjjget `b rglgbgrnta`b prògets. J`r gxnkpcg, aj tfg cènc pudcae d`hy enb nppr`vgtfg dabhabl rucgs lrnhunccy, ab ensg bgl`tanta`bs watf tfg hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs `jn pcnb nrgn h` b`t basf ncc nt tfg snkg takg nbh tfgrg nrg stacc hasnlrggkgbts watfs`kg `j tfgk, tfg cènc pudcae d`hy wùch dg ndcg t` nppr`vg rst tfg dabhabl rucgsj`r tfg pc`ts wfgrg tfg nlrggkgbts wgrg ncrgnhy e`becuhgh, nbh wnat ubtac tfg `tfgr`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs nlrgg. F`wgvgr, tfg rgcnta`b dgtwggb tfas vnrandcg watf tfg bnchglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg as b`t ecgnr.

H8) F`w cènc pudcae nbh pravntg d`hags abtgrnet abj`rknccy

Abj`rknc rucgs, `r wfnt @str`k enccgh ‖w`rmabl rucgs‑ (>16:? 8::-8:<= sgg ncs` Zgr-fnlg, 4994? >:9), kalft l`vgrb tfg dgfnvaùr `j net`rs, nbh tfus abfflugbeg knby `jtfg vnrandcgs, nbh tfgrgdy abfflugbeg ab n harget wny tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg.J`r gxnkpcg, tfg spgeanc rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb fùsabl nssèanta`bs nbh kubaeapnca-tags ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs cnrlgcy abfflugbegs tfg waccablbgss `j tfg nssèanta`bs t` ns-sukg tfg e`sts `j pudcae jneacatags. Xfg snkg eùch dg snah ndùt n p`ssadcy spgeancrgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb n spgeae hgvgc`pgr nbh n spgeae kubaeapncaty. Nb`tfgr gx-nkpcg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs as tfnt cènc pudcae d`hags prgjgr t` rgnef e`bsgbsus ndùturdnb hgvgc`pkgbt watf ncc tfg rgcgvnbt abv`cvgh pnrtags. Xfas kalft dg pnrtanccy neucturnc jnet`r, a.g. tfg akp`rtnbeg `j e`bsgbsus ab Hutef cènc hgeasa`b-knmabl.

F`wgvgr, tfas kalft dg ncs` tfg e`bsgqugbeg `j tfg nd`vg-kgbta`bgh cakatgh p`s-sadacatags `j cènc pudcae d`hags t` `dcalg cnbh`wbgrs t` e``pgrntg. Ab `tfgr w`rhs,tfg prgjgrgbeg j cènc pudcae t` nefagvg nb nlrggkgbt watf tfg cnbh`wbgrs kalft dgtfg e`bsgqugbeg `j f`w cnbh`wbgrs usg tfgar pr`pgrty ralfts, nbh b`t (`r b`t gxecu-savgcy) nb ahg`c`laenc prgjgrgbeg.

H7) Upgeae eareukstnbegs

Xfgrg kalft dg spgeae eareukstnbegs `j tfg pgrs`bs abv`cvgh, `r `j nby `tfgr mabh,tfnt enb hargetcy abfflugbeg tfg bnc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg. J`r gxnkpcgtfg bgl`tanta`b ndacatags `j tfg abv`cvgh pudcae `jegrs `r hgvgc`pgrs, `r spgeae ub-

j`rgsggb tgefbaenc pr`dcgks. Nb`tfgr gxnkpcg, p`ssadcy rgcgvnbt j`r tfg tgkp` `jakpcgkgbtnta`b j rgncasabl tfg pudcae l`ncs, as wfgtfgr r b`t pudcae d`hags usg tfgarp`wgrs t` j`reg hgvgc`pgrs t` pr`vahg b takg tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.B`tfabl enb dg snah ab lgbgrnc ndùt tfgsg spgeae eareukstnbegs, dut wfgb nbncys-abl n spgeae ensg wg sfùch dg nwnrg tfnt tfgy kalft dg prgsgbt.

4.8.4.8 F`w tfg abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs abfflugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg

Xfg haseussa`b nd`vg fns dggb sukknrasgh ab Jalurg 8. \g fnvg hastabluasfgh dg-twggb jùr sgts `j vnrandcgs (N, D, E, H) wfaef ab `bg wny `r nb`tfgr enb njjget tfgenpturabl `j vncug abergnsg. F`wgvgr, tfgy h` b`t usunccy h` tfnt hargetcy dut dy

abfflugbeabl egrtnab abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs.




Znrandcgs rgnc gstntg knrmgts (N>), pcnb nbh satg jgnturgs (N4), knrmgts `j w`rmj`regnbh duachabl kntgrancs, nbh senc rglakgs (N5) nbh hgbata`b e`btgbts nbh lg`lrnpfa-

enc se`pg pcnb (E>) sfnpg t`lgtfgr tfg abtgrkghanry vnrandcg abatanc pr`t . Znrandcgs pudcae d`hags usabl p`wgr egrtnabty (H>) nbh `wbgrs usabl pr`pgrty ralfts (H4)sfnpg t`lgtfgr abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, rglucnr pr`t knrlabs,abfflntgh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b nbh hgcny . Xfg abtgrkghanry vnrandcgabatanc pr`t , t`lgtfgr watf abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, rglucnr pr`tknrlabs nbh abfflntgh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (wfaef ab tfgar turb nrg abfflugbegh dy abtgr-kghanry vnrandcg hgcny ) sfnpg t`lgtfgr tfg abtgrkghanry vnrandcg bnc pr`t . Xfg bncpr`t as erueanc j`r tfg bnc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg dgenusg at hgtgrkabgstfg bnbeanc r``k tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr fns j`r e`btradutabl t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags. J`r gxnkpcg, aj tfg hgvgc`pgr wf` as bgl`tantabl watf tfg kubaeapncaty fns

pnah t`` kuef j`r tfg cnbh nbh gxastabl pr`pgrtags, r fns ncrgnhy abtgrbncazgh n falfcnbh praeg `r rglucnr pr`t knrlab abt` tfg neeùbts `j tfg `pgrnta`b, `r fns ncrgnhyknhg t`` falf hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, wfgrgdy tfg rgturbs nrg b`t cnrlg gbùlf, fg waccb`t dg ndcg nbh/`r waccabl t` e`btradutg kuef, nbh vaeg vgrsn.

Tglnrhabl tfg abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b nbh hgcny , tf`sg nrg rgc-gvnbt j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh rglucnr pr`t knrlabs. Ajcnbh`wbgrs h` b`t jneg hasnhvnbtnlgs jr`k wnatabl, tfgy kalft usg tfas ns n bgl`tan-ta`b t``c nbh wnat ubtac tfg kubaeapncaty c`wgrs tfg rgquargkgbts. Aj kubaeapncatagsprgseradg tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags dgj`rg bgl`tanta`bs stnrt, cnbh`wbgrs nrg ncrgnhy

surg ndùt tfg p`tgbtanc rgsahunc vncug `j cnbh nbh hgvgc`pgrs ndùt tfg p`tgbtancpr`t knrlabs. Nssukabl tfnt tfg rgsahunc vncug as abhggh falfgr tfnb tfg prgvaùsvncug, cnbh`wbgrs enb tfus sgcc tfgar cnbh j`r n praeg falfgr tfnb ats kabakuk vncug,nbh/`r hgvgc`pgrs enb gbcnrlg tfgar rglucnr pr`t knrlab, watfùt bgegssnracy fnv-abl t` nlrgg watf tfg kubaeapncaty. Ab sf`rt, tfg kubaeapncaty fns cgss t` `jjgr t` tfgcnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs, nbh as tfus ab n wgnm p`sata`b t` rgquarg e`btraduta`bs.Tglnrhabl tfg abtgrkghanry vnrandcg hgcny , tfas as ncs` rgcgvnbt j`r abtgrkghanry vnra-ndcg abfflntgh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, ns hgcny enb fnvg nb abfflnta`bnry gjjget `b tfg e`sts`j hgvgc`pabl tfg satg. Ab nhhata`b, hgcny as abhargetcy bglntavg j`r enpturabl vncugabergnsg dgenusg at akpcags hgcny ab tfg rgncasnta`b `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh

jneacatags. Xfnt as tfg rgns`b tfnt ab tfg j`rkucnta`b `j tfg rgsgnref qugsta`bs `j tfasrgsgnref (sgg sgeta`b >.7) at wns hgeahgh t` abecuhg hgcny ns `bg `j tfg nspgets t` dgtnmgb abt` neeùbt wfgb kgnsurabl hg hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg.

Ab suk, tfgrg nrg hajjgrgbt wnys tfnt enb cgnh t` tfg sazg `j tfg abatanc pr`t, t` s`kg`r ncc `j tfas pr`t cgnmabl nwny, nbh tfus t` tfg sazg `j tfg bnc pr`t. Xfg e`bsg-qugbeg j tfg abatanc pr`t cgnmabl nwny as tfnt pudcae d`hags kalft dg j`regh t` sud-sahasg k`rg, `r t` neegpt jgwgr nbh w`rsg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.




J a l u r g 8 . A c c u s t r n t a ` b ` j t f g k ` h g c c g h e n u s n c a t a g s t f n t g x p c n a b t f g a b ffl u g b e g ` j t f a r h v n r a n d c g s n b h j ` r k n c r u c g s r g c g v n b t t ` z ` b a b l ` b e n p t u r a b l

v n c u g a b e r g n s g h a r g e t c y d u t k ` s t c y t f r ` u l f s g v g r n c a b t g r k g h a n r y v n r a n d c g s .

A b a t a n c p r ` j a t

J a b n c p r ` j a t

B g l ` e a n t a ` b p ` s a t a ` b

H g c n y

N e e ` u b t g h c n b h e ` s t s

T g l u c n r p r ` j a t k n r l a b s

A b j c n t g h h g v g c ` p k g b t e ` s t s

A B X G T N E X A @ B N K @ B L Y W D C A E N B H Y T A Z N X G N E X @ T U A B E @ K Y T G F G U A Z G W T D N B T G L G B G T N X A @ B H G Z G C @ Y K G B X U E

N Y X W T A B L Z N C W G A B E T G N U G

E ` b t g x t v n r a n d c g s a b j c u g b e a b l s a z g a b a t a n c p r ` j a t ( N ) ?

> . T g n c G s t n t g k n r m g t s

4 . Y c n b n b h s a t g j g n t u r g s

5 . \ ` r m j ` r e g n b h d u a c h a b l k

n t g r a n c s

E ` b t g x t v n r a n d c g s a b j c u g b e a b l h a s t r a d u t a ` b a b a t a n c

p r ` j a t , ` r j ` r k n c r u c g s r g c g v n b t t ` z ` b a b l ( D ) ?

> . Y r ` p g r t y r a l f t s

4 . E g r t n a b t y h g v g c ` p k g b t t g r k s

5 . Y r ` e g h u r g

N e t a ` b s a b j c u g b e a b l s a z g a b a t a n c

p r ` j a t ( E ) ?

> . H g j a b a t a ` b e ` b t g b t s n b h s e ` p g p c n b

N e t a ` b s a b j c u g b e a b l h a s t r a d u t a `

b a b a t a n c p r ` j a t ( H ) ?

> . Y u d c a e d ` h a g s u s a b l p ` w g

r s e g r t n a b c y

4 . @ w b g r s u s a b l p r ` p g r t y r a l

f t s

5 . Y u d c a e d ` h a g s u s a b l p ` w g

r s p r ` e g h u r g

8 . A b j ` r k n c a b t g r n e t a ` b p u d c a e - p r a v n t g

7 . U p g e a j a e e a r e u k s t n b e g s

3 A b h g p g b

h g b

t v n

r a n d c g 2

3 A b t g r k g

h a n r y v n r a n d

c g 2

3 H g p g b

h g b

t v n r a n d

c g 2

3 Y f g b ` k g b ` b 2




4.8.5 Jabnbeanc nbncysas `j tfg ensgs

Ab tfg prgvaùs sgeta`b 4.8.4 at fns dggb knhg ecgnr tfnt nctfùlf tfgrg kalft dg nbabatanc pr`t tfnt wùch ncc`w e`btradutabl t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, abtfg eùrsg `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs tfas abatanc pr`t kalft dg hastradutgh ab suefn wny tfnt bnccy tfgrg as b` k`bgy cgjt. Xfg k`bgy kalft fnvg ‖cgnmgh ùt‑ t` ab-fflntgh cnbh praegs `r oust t` falf rglucnr nbh/`r bnc pr`t knrlabs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr. Atkalft ncs` dg tfnt tfg abatanc pr`t hasnppgnrgh dgj`rg tfg hgvgc`pgr eùch lnab jr`kat, s` fg enbb`t e`btradutg. Ns Hg Lrggj put at, ab tfas wny tfg wf`cg hgvgc`pkgbtprègss enb dg rglnrhgh ns n strullcg dgtwggb tfg vnraùs net`rs t` lnab k`rg `j tfgabergnsgh vncug (>11<). Ab nhhata`b, wg fnvg ncs` sggb tfnt ns n rgsuct `j tfas strul-lcg, cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts kalft abergnsg k`rg tfnb as bgegssnry, hakabasfabl gvgb

k`rg tfg abatanc pr`t jr`k wfaef pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags enb dg pnah.

Ab sgeta`bs 7.7, :.8 nbh <.8 at as gxpcnabgh, j`r rgspgetavgcy tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean,Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, f`w ncc tfg kgbta`bgh vnrandcgs sfnpg tfg bnc hglrgg`j enpturgh vncug abergnsg. Xfg bnbeanc abj`rknta`b ndùt tfg stuhagh ensgs, nsjnr ns nvnacndcg, fns dggb nbncyzgh. Xfas bnbeanc nbncysas usgs pnrtanccy tfg k`hgchgvgc`pgh dy Zgrfnlg & Bgghfnk (4995? 47-46). Xfg j`cc`wabl sgeta`bs lavg nb gx-nkpcg `j n bnbeanc nbncysas `j f`w tfg abatanc pr`t fns cgnmgh nwny t` tfg abv`cvghnet`rs ab tfg Hutef ensg M`p vnb @`st 6. J`r n bnbeanc nbncysas `j tfg `tfgr ensgs,sgg Nbbgxgs 5, 8 nbh <.

4.8.5.> Hgbata`b `j e`sts nbh rgturbs

Jarst wg hastabluasf tfg j`cc`wabl e`sts nbh rgturbs?

CNBH E@UXU>. >n. Kabakuk cnbh e`sts? tfg knrmgt vncug `j tfg cnbh ab ats eurrgbt usg=

>d. Neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts? tfg cnbh praeg tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr abecuhgs abt` tfgenceucnta`bs1.

HGZGC@YKGBX E@UXU

4. @b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts? tfas abecuhgs b`t `bcy tfg `b-satg abjrn-strueturg pr`vasa`b w`rms, dut ncs` rgsgrvgh nkùbts j`r ubgxpgetgh gxpgbsgs,tfg `vgrfgnh e`sts, p`ssadcg ‖fahhgb‑ pr`t knrlabs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr, gte. Ab tfg

6 Xfg satg ab tfg Hutef ensg ‖M`p vnb @`st‑ (7 fn, Lr`bablgb) wns b` c`blgr ab usg, nbh :9% `j tfgcnbh wns `wbgh dy tfg j`rkgr usgr, n w``h-prègssabl e`kpnby. Ab 4999 abtgrkghanry F`ccgstgccgdùlft tfg cnbh. Njtgr lgbgrnc hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks watf tfg kubaeapncaty fnh dggb bgl`tantgh, tfgcnbh fns dggb rg-s`ch twaeg t` e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs? ab 499> t` ADE nbh ab 4994 t` Fgaoknbs.Bgl`tanta`bs watf Fgaoknbs erystnccasgh ab 4997 ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. Xfg pcnb wnshgbatavgcy nppr`vgh ab 499:, abecuhabl 859 hwgccabls, k`st `j tfgk npnrtkgbts, nbh ndùt 8,999k´ e`kkgreanc spneg. Ab @et`dgr 499< abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b wns `blàbl. J`r k`rg hgtnacgh

abj`rknta`b sgg sgeta`bs <.5.5 nbh <.8.1 Xfas as sakacnr t` tfg neeùbtabl tgrk ‖d``m vncug‑.




Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgy e`kprasg? Uc`pgb, dùw gb w``braop knmgb, rasae` gb `bv``r-zagb. At sfùch ncs` abecuhg tfg bnbeabl e`sts (abtgrgst pnykgbts gte.).

5. Ycnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts? tfg e`sts j tfg prgpnrnta`b j pcnbs, stuhags, gte (Ycnbm`-stgb, `r Z``rdgrgahabl, t`gzaeft gb pcnb`btwammgcabl ).8. Uàc hge`btnkabnta`b e`sts.7. E`kpgbsnta`b e`sts? tfas abecuhgs e`kpgbsnta`b t` gxastabl `wbgrs nbh abfnd-

atnbts, j`r rgk`vnc `j netavatags nbh rgsahgbeg, hgk`cata`b `j e`bstrueta`bs nbhduachabls, gte.

:. Nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr? e`btraduta`bs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr, abensf (pnykgbts) `r ab mabh (e`bstrueta`b `r duachabl `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags) t` pudcae l`ncs nhhata`bnc t` fas e`btraduta`bs t` tfg `b-satg abjrnstrue-turg pr`vasa`b e`sts (gvgb aj tfgsg kalft sgrvg n wahgr nrgn tfnb tfg hgvgc`pkgbt

ab qugsta`b), wfaef nrg ncrgnhy abecuhgh ab (4).<. Tgnc Gstntg hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts? tfas abecuhgs tfg wf`cg hgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg rgncgstntg, tfus b`t `bcy tfg duachabl e`sts, dut ncs` tfg prgpnrnta`b `j pcnbs (b`t j`rpr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg dut j`r tfg duachabl), `vgrfgnh e`sts, p`ssadcg ‖fah-hgb‑ pr`t knrlabs j tfg hgvgc`pgr, gte.

HGZGC@YKGBX TGXWTBU6. X tnc rgturbs? tfg t`tnc rgturbs neeruabl jr`k tfg sgccabl j tfg rgnc gstntg (`jegs,

hwgccabls, gte).

4.8.5.4 Hgbata`b `j tfg Abatanc nbh tfg Jabnc pr`ts

ABAXANC YT@JAXXfg vncug abergnsg tfnt neerugh jr`k tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg satg nbh eùch fnvgdggb abatanccy nvnacndcg t` pny pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags?6 ― ] (>n + 4 + 5 + 8 + 7 + : + <)b`t-abfflntgh ― (tf`sg e`sts `j 4-< sudsahasgh dy pudcaed`hags) [

Fgrg wg nssukg e`sts > tacc < nrg b`t abfflntgh.

JABNC YT@JAXXfg pr`ts j tfg bnc hgvgc`pgr?6 ― ] (>d + 4 + 5 + 8 + 7 + : + <) ― (tf`sg e`sts `j 4-< sudsahasgh dy pudcae d`hags) [

X` tfas bnc pr`t kust dg nhhgh tfg rglucnr pr`t knrlab ab ensg tfg bnc hgvgc`pgrfnh abecuhgh suef ab p`stabl <.

4.8.5.5 Jabnbeanc nbncysas ab ensg M p vnb @`st

Cgt us rst sgg ab Xndcg 8 tfg e`sts nbh rgturbs ab tfas ensg?




Xndcg 8. E`sts nbh rgturbs `j Hutef ensg M`p vnb @`st>9

CNBH E@UXU

>) Cnbh e`sts >n. Kabakuk cnbh e`sts? ₣ 5.:kNt tfg takg `j hntn lntfgrabl (4996), tfg knrmgt praeg j`r tfg netunc cnbh usgdgj`rg rglgbgrnta`b (abhustranc cnbh) ab tfas pnrt `j tfg eaty wns ndùt ₣ :9-<9/ k´, nbh tfg dgst cènta`bs fnh n praeg `j ndùt ₣ 69-19/k´. Xfg hgvgc`pgr fnht` duy ndùt 8 fn. Xfus, tfg knrmgt vncug `j tfas abhustranc cnbh ab eurrgbt usg,a.g. tfg kabakuk cnbh e`st, eùch b`t dg k`rg tfnb? 89,999 k´ V ₣ 19 ; ₣5,:99,999.>d. Neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts? nt cgnst ₣ >4k₣ >4k as tfg praeg pnah dy hgvgc`pgr ADE t` abtgrkghanry F`ccgstgccg ab 499>.Dgenusg tfg cnst hgvgc`pgr Fgaoknbs dùlft tfg cnbh ab 4994 (ns pnrt `j ADE),tfg praeg pnah dy Fgaoknbs wns pr`dndcy falfgr.

HGZGC@YKGBX E@UXU

4) Abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b e`sts

En. ₣ <k (₣ >.1 k aj b`t abfflntgh, pnah dy tfg hgvgc`pgr) + pudcae sudsahagsj`r abjrnstrueturg surrùbhabl tfg bgw duachabl (nb ubmb`wb nkùbt t` us)Xfas ₣ <k as ₣5:6/k´ bgw pudcae spneg>9 (>1,999 k´, 48% t`tnc pcnb nrgn`j tfg Cnbh usg Ycnb)= `r ₣>86/k´ t`tnc rghgvgc`pgh cnbh (8<,499 k´, 71%t`tnc pcnb nrgn `j tfg Cnbh usg Ycnb). K`st pr`dndcy, tfgsg e`sts abecuhg tfgbnbeanc e`sts `j tfg abvgstkgbts. ₣ <k as kuef cnrlgr tfnb tfg gquavncgbte`sts ab tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean, wfaef nrg `j ndùt ₣>99/k´ bgw pudcae spnegnbh wùch fnvg rgsuctgh ab ₣ >.1 kacca`b aj trnbscntgh t` M`p vnb @`st , tfnt as₣ 7.> kacca`b c`wgr.Xfg e`btrnst watf tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean as gvgb cnrlgr tnmabl abt` neeùbt tfnttfg lurgs ab Zncgbean abecuhg tfg e`sts `j tfg abjrnstrueturg dgtwggb nbh abtfg wahg surrùbhabls `j tfg bgw duachabls. @b tfg e`btrnry, ab M`p vnb @`st tfas ₣ <k abecuhgs nck`st `bcy tfnt pudcae abjrnstrueturg satuntgh dgtwggb tfgbgw duachabls, `r ab tfg abkghantg surrùbhabl (tfg j``tpntfs). Xfg kubaeapnc-aty fnh t` sudsahasg fgnvacy tfg wahgr abjrnstrueturg surrùbhabl tfg bgw duach-abls, tfnt as tfg rgjurdasfabl `j tfg U`btwgl nbh tfg Gur`pnwgl, tfg rgpnrnta`b`j tfg quny nc`bl tfg enbnc (ndùt ₣ 9.:k), nbh ndùt 8,999 k´ `j bgw pudcaespneg. K`st `j tfgsg w`rms (gxegpt tfg U`btwgl) dgbgt gxecusavgcy, `r k`stcy,tfg bgw duachabls. Xfg w`rms `b tfg U`btwgl ncs` dgbgt `tfgr nrgns.

5) Ycnb prgpnrnta`be`sts

8) Uàc hge`btnkabnta`be`sts

₣ 9.5<7 k pnah dy tfg hgvgc`pgr, nbh ₣ 9.>47 k pudcae sudsahy `j tfg egbtrncHutef l`vgrbkgbt.

7) E`kpgbsnta b e`sts ₣ >:4,799,- pnah dy tfg hgvgc`pgrTgk`vnc pgtr`c stnta`b.

:) Nhhata`bnc e`btradu-ta`bs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr

B`bg

<) Tgnc gstntg hgvgc`p-kgbt e`sts

En. ₣ 19k, pnah dy tfg hgvgc`pgr₣19k as nb gstaknta`b lavgb dy tfg bnc hgvgc`pgr, Fgaoknbs.

HGZGC@YKGBX TGXWTBU

6) X tnc rgturbs En. ₣ >>4k r en. ₣ >51kXfg hgvgc`pgr Fgaoknbs gstakntgh tfg t`tnc rgvgbugs j`r tfg sgccabl `j tfg rgncgstntg t` dg ₣ >>4k, abecusavg ZNX. @wb gstaknta`bs, dnsgh `b tfg netunc sgcc-abl praegs `j rgnc gstntg, pr`hueg falfgr lurgs, dgtwggb ₣ >51k nbh ₣ >61k.E`bsuctgh ndùt tfas, gxpgrts nssgssgh tfg rst gstaknta`b (₣ >51k) ns k`rgrgncastae (Utnuttgbgr & Znb Dcnhgc, abtgrvagw 4996).

>9 Bgw pudcae spneg as tfg surjneg tfnt dge`kgs rghgvgc`pgh nbh wacc dg usgh j`r pudcae usgs. K`st`j cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts rgcntg t` tfg e`bstrueta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nd`vg `rubhgr tfas surjneg.




F`w cnrlg wns tfg Abatanc pr`t0

Xfg abatanc pr`t ab M`p vnb @`st wns, nee`rhabl t` tfg nd`vg j`rkucn 6 ― ] (>n + 4 +

5 + 8 + 7 + : + <)b`t-abfflntgh

― (tf`sg e`sts `j 4-< sudsahasgh dy pudcae d`hags) [?• \atf tfg kabakuk rgturbs (₣ >>4k) nbh nssukabl tfnt e`sts > t` 7 nrg b`t ab-fflntgh nbh j`cc`w tfg nvgrnlg e`sts ab Zncgbean, tfas as >>4 ― ] (5,: + >.1 + sud-sahags kubaeapncaty j`r abjrnstrueturg surrùbhabl bgw duachabls nbh j egbtrnc +9.7 + 9.>:47 + 9 + 19) ― (sudsahags kubaeapncaty + 9.>47) [ ; >>4 ― ] (1:.>:47 +sudsahags kubaeapncaty) ― (sudsahags kubaeapncaty + 9.>47) [ ; ₣ >7.1:47 kacca`b.

• \atf tfg knxakuk rgturbs (₣ >51) nbh nssukabl tfnt e`sts > t` 7 nrg b`t ab-fflntgh nbh j`cc`w tfg nvgrnlg ab Zncgbean, tfas as >51 ― ] (5,: + >.1 + sudsahagskubaeapncaty j`r abjrnstrueturg surrùbhabl bgw duachabls + 9.7 + 9.>:47 + 9 +19) ―(sudsahags kubaeapncaty + 9.>47) [ ; >51 ― ] (1:.>:47 + sudsahags kubaea-

pncaty) ― (sudsahags kubaeapncaty + 9.>47) [ ; ₣ 84.1:47 kacca`b.

Ab tfas enceucnta`b, tfg Abatanc pr`t gxecuhgs tf`sg bgegssnry abvgstkgbts knhgdy tfg hgvgc`pgr ab pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfas wns k`st `j e`sts 4-5(₣ >.1k), `j e`st 8 (₣ 9.5<7k) nbh `j e`st 7 (₣ >:4,799,-), ab t`tnc ₣ 4.85<7k. K`st`j tfgsg ₣ 4.85<7k eùch dg e`bsahgrgh ns bgegssnry j`r tfg rgncasnta`b `j wfnt tfasrgsgnref hgbgs ns pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags (sgg sgeta`b >). Aj tfg enceucn-ta`bs wgrg t` abecuhg tfgsg abvgstkgbts ab pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, tfgAbatanc pr`t wùch fnvg dggb?• ₣ >7.1:47k + ₣ 4.85<7k ; ₣ >6.7 kacca`b=

• ₣ 84.1:47k + ₣ 4.85<7k ; ₣ 87.8 kacca`b.

Ab tfgr w`rhs, j tfas cnrlgr Abatanc pr`t, tfg hgvgc`pgr fns spgbt (nssukabl tfnt e`sts> t` 7 nrg b`t abfflntgh) ₣ 4.85<7k ab bgegssnry abvgstkgbts ab pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags. Xfg rgst `j tfg Abatanc Yr`t fns b`t dggb spgbt `b pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags, nt cgnst b`t `b bgegssnry abvgstkgbts.

\fnt fns cgnmgh ùt `j tfg Abatanc pr`t0

\g e`becuhg tfnt ab ensg M`p vnb @`st tfg Abatanc pr`t wns cnrlg dut k`st `j at fnscgnmgh nwny. Xfas cgnmgh k`bgy (a.g. ₣ >7.1:47 t` ₣ 84.1:47 kacca`b) fns b`t dggb

spgbt `b abvgstkgbts bgegssnry j`r tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ecgnrcy,tfg sudsahags j tfg kubaeapncaty (nb ubmb`wb nkùbt j`r us) nbh tfg egbtrnc l`vgrb-kgbt (₣ 9.>47 kacca`b) wùch fnvg b`t dggb bgegssnry aj n cnrlgr pnrt `j tfg Abatancpr`t fnh b`t cgnmgh nwny.

\fgrg fns tfg cgnmgh Abatanc pr`t l`bg0

Xfg cgnmgh Abatanc pr`t fns dggb e`bsgeutavgcy dggb e`ccgetgh dy tfg j`cc`wabl pra-vntg pnrtags?

• Abfflntgh cnbh e sts? Neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts ― Kabakuk cnbh e sts ; ₣ 6.8 kacca`b

+ gxtrn pnah dy Fgaoknbs t` ADE j`r cnbh (praeg cnst cnbh trnbsneta`b - ₣ >4 k).Xfg cnbh wns sudogetgh t` sgvgrnc rgsgccabls j`r n kuef falfgr praeg tfnb tfg




praeg `j tfg usg p`ssadacatags dgj`rg rglgbgrnta`b, s` tfg rst `wbgr, tfg abtgr-kghanry F`ccgstgccg nbh rst hgvgc`pgr ADE fnvg e`ccgetgh gnef n sfnrg `j tfas

cgnmgh Abatanc pr`t. Cgt us sgg tfas k`rg ab hgtnac? Xfg w``h-prègssabl e`kpnby wf` abatanccy `wbgh tfg cnbh? at nppr`pra-

ntgh n suk gqunc t` tfg nkùbt pnah dy abtgrkghanry F`ccgstgccg (ubmb`wbt` us) kabus tfg kabakuk cnbh e`sts (₣ 5.:k), kabus ats hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts(ats enpatnc e`sts, pr`dndcy b`t gxastabl, ns tfg e`kpnby `wbgh tfg cnbh j`rn wfacg, pcus tfg e`sts `j sgccabl tfg cnbh)=

Abtgrkghanry F`ccgstgccg wf` dùlft tfg cnbh ab 4999? fg nppr`prantgh nsuk gqunc t` tfg nkùbt pnah t` fak ab 499> dy hgvgc`pgr ADE (₣ >4k),kabus tfg praeg fg pnah t` tfg w``h-prègssabl e`kpnby (ubmb`wb t` us),kabus fas hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (fas enpatnc e`sts, pr`dndcy skncc ns fg fnh

nb `pta`b t` duy tfg cnbh tfnt ncc`wgh fak t` hgcny tfg pnykgbt `j nt cgnstk`st `j tfg praeg, pcus tfg e`sts `j bgl`tantabl watf tfg kubaeapncaty, pcustfg e`sts `j sgccabl tfg cnbh)=

Hgvgc`pgr ADE, wf` dùlft tfg cnbh ab 499>? at nppr`prantgh n suk gqunct` tfg nkùbt pnah ab 4994 dy hgvgc`pgr Fgaoknbs (ubmb`wb t` us), kabustfg praeg at pnah t` F`ccgstgccg (₣ >4k), kabus ats hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (atsenpatnc e`sts, pcus tfg e`sts at eùch fnvg knhg ab prgpnrabl pcnbs nbh bg-l`tantabl watf tfg kubaeapncaty, pcus tfg e`sts `j sgccabl tfg cnbh)=

• Abfflntgh cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts? ₣ 7.> kacca`b

Hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts 4 nbh 5 kalft dg abfflntgh dgenusg `j tfg hgcny ab tfg hgvgc-`pkgbt prègss nbh tfg rasms abv`cvgh. Xfas k`bgy fns l`bg t` ncc tf`sg jùrpravntg pnrtags abv`cvgh ab tfg rglgbgrnta`b prègss. Xfas k`bgy wgbt t` e`ststfnt kalft fnvg dggb nvàhgh ab tfg Upnbasf rgla`b `j Zncgbean. At eùch ncs` dgtfnt hgvgc`pgr Fgaoknbs fns fahhgb fgrg falf rglucnr pr`t knrlabs.

• Jabnc pr`t `j tfg cnst hgvgc`pgr?Xfg Jabnc pr`t `j tfg cnst hgvgc`pgr (Fgaoknbs) as, nee`rhabl t` tfg nd`vgj`rkucn 6 ― ] (>d + 4 + 5 + 8 + 7 + : + <) ― (tf`sg e`sts `j 4-< sudsahasghdy pudcae d`hags) [?

\atf tfg kabakuk rgturbs (₣ >>4k) nbh nssukabl tfnt e`sts > t` 7 nrg ab-fflntgh, tfas as?>>4 ― ] (>4 + gxtrn + < + sudsahags kubaeapncaty + 9.7 + 9.>:47 + 9 + 19) ―(sudsahags kubaeapncaty + 9.>47)[; >>4 - ](>91.::47 + gxtrn + sudsahags kubaeapncaty) ― (sudsahags kubaeapnc-aty + 9.>47)[; ₣ 4.8:47 kacca`b ― gxtrn pnah t` ADE j`r cnbh (praeg cnst cnbh trnbsneta`b- ₣ >4 k).

\atf tfg knxakuk rgturbs (₣ >51) nbh nssukabl tfnt e`sts > t` 7 nrg ab-fflntgh, tfas as?

>51 ― ] (>4 + gxtrn + < + sudsahags kubaeapncaty + 9.7 + 9.>:47 + 9 + 19) ―(sudsahags kubaeapncaty + 9.>47)[




; >51 - ](>91.::47 + gxtrn + sudsahags kubaeapncaty) ― (sudsahags kubaeapnc-aty + 9.>47)[

; ₣ 41.8:47 kacca`b ― gxtrn pnah t` ADE j`r cnbh (praeg cnst cnbh trnbsneta`b- ₣ >4 k)

4.7 Xfg fyp`tfgsgs

Ab sgeta`b 4.> wg e`bsahgrgh tfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb pudcae nbh pravntg d`h-ags ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, nbh snah tfnt pudcae d`hags bggh t` w`rm watf pravntgd`hags ab p`caey bgtw`rms ab `rhgr t` nefagvg tfgar l`ncs (abecuhabl enpturabl vncug

abergnsg). \g snw ncs` tfnt pudcae d`hags kalft dg ndcg t` lnab n k`rg p`wgrjuc r`cgab tfgsg p`caey bgtw`rms ab `rhgr t` abfflugbeg tfg `tfgr net`rs ab tfg bgtw`rm nbh s`t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg. Xfas enb fnppgb tfrùlf tw` bgtw`rme`bstatuta`bs kgnsurgs, wfaef nrg j`rkucntgh ab tfas rgsgnref ns tw` fyp`tfgsgs (ab-j`rkgh spgeucnta`bs= Dryknb, 4998? 789) ndùt f`w pudcae d`hags enb usg tfgarj`rknc p`wgrs `b rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl j`r dgttgr enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg.\fgtfgr tfgsg fyp`tfgsasgh enusncatags nrg jùbh ab prnetaeg hgpgbhs, f`wgvgr, b`t`bcy `b tfg e`rrgetbgss `r `tfgrwasg `j tfg fyp`tfgsgs dut ncs` `b tfg strgbltf `j ncctfg tfgr vnrandcgs tfnt njjget tfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsg nbh wfaef nrg abecuhghab tfg k`hgc sgt ùt nd`vg.

4.7.> Xfg rst bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b kgnsurg? k`hajyabl tfg

e`btgbts `j pr`pgrty ralfts

Xfg absparnta b j`r tfg rst bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b kgnsurg as gxpcnabgh ab sgeta`b 4.4nbh e`begrbs tfg j`rknc e`btgbts `j tfg ralft `j pr`pgrty `wbgrsfap. Upcattabl hg-vgc`pkgbt ralfts jr`k cnbh `wbgrsfap as nssukgh t` dg rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncugabergnsg. Ab nb gxpc`rnt`ry stuhy ab efnptgr 8 `j babg \gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags(dgsahgs tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, ncs` Gblcnbh, Upnab/Zncgbean, Lgrknby, Jrnbeg, Atncy, Jcnb-

hgrs, Hgbknrm nbh Uwghgb), b` eùbtry sf`wgh n jucc spcattabl, s` at wns b`t p`ssadcgt` h` gkparaenc rgsgnref `b suef n spcattabl. F`wgvgr, tfg stuhy ncs` sf`wgh tfgsablucnraty `j tfg k`haenta`bs ab >118 ab tfg Zncgbeanb cnbh rgnhoustkgbt, wfaefeùch dg e`bsahgrgh ns n calft r abharget j`rk j spcattabl? ab Zncgbean, abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b as ab prnetaeg sgpnrntgh jr`k tfg pr`pgrty ralfts. Xfg lgbgrncazgh nppcaen-ta`b j tfg k`hgc knhg at p`ssadcg t` e`ccget ndubhnbt gkparaenc hntn ndùt tfg prne-taenc e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

Xfg spgeucnta b as tfnt n k`haenta`b j j`rknc rucgs rglnrhabl cnbh wbgrsfap eùchk`hajy tfg hastraduta`b `j rgsùregs nbh tfg dgfnvaùr `j net`rs watfab p`caey bgt-

w`rms, ab suef n wny tfnt tfas eùch sfnpg tfg s`rt `j hgpgbhgbeg, nbh fgbeg tfgp`wgr abtgrneta`bs dgtwggb net`rs. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tgkp`rnracy tnmabl `vgr s`kg



Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm :9

pr`pgrty ralfts hurabl n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt prèghurg eùch akpr`vg enpturabl vncugabergnsg. \atfab tfg k`hgc sgt ut nd`vg, tfg fyp`tfgsas as tfnt n k`haenta`b j bg

`j tfg e`btgxt vnrandcgs (j`rknc rucgs `b pr`pgrty ralfts, vnrandcg D>) eùch k`hajytfg neta`bs `j tfg abv`cvgh net`rs (f`w pravntg pnrtags usg tfgar pr`pgrty ralfts, vnra-ndcg H4). Xfg rst fyp`tfgsas spgeucntgs tfgrgj`rg tfnt?

N spgeae j`rk j spcattabl tfg pr`pgrty ralfts `b cnbh (sgpnrntabl abjrnstrueturg pr`va-sa`b jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts) enb k`hajy tfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfaps ab tfg bgtw`rm j net`rsabv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, nbh tfas enb akpr`vg enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

4.7.4 Xfg sge`bh bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b kgnsurg? k`hajyabl tfg

cgvgc `j egrtnabty ndùt juturg hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks

Xfg absparnta`b j`r tfg sge`bh bgtw`rm e`bstatuta`b kgnsurg as gxpcnabgh nd`vg absgeta`b 4.5 nbh e`begrbs wfgtfgr pudcae d`hags ergntg egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturghgvgc`pkgbt tgrks dgj`rg tfg rglgbgrnta`b pròget stnrts. Ufùch egrtnabty dg erg-ntgh dgj`rg `r njtgr bgl`tanta`bs tnmg pcneg0 Xfg hglrgg `j egrtnabty hgpgbhs `b tfgk`kgbt nt wfaef at as ergntgh, dut ncs` `b tfg e`btgbts `j tfg pcnb hèukgbts tfntergntg egrtnabty. Nrg tfgy cglnccy dabhabl r `bcy abhaentavg0 H` tfgy rglucntg bcy tfgpfysaenc z`babl, r ncs` tfgr sèa`-ge`b`kae rgquargkgbts ns j`r gxnkpcg wfgtfgrfùsabl fns t` dg sèanc `r jrgg knrmgt0 Hurabl hntn lntfgrabl nb nhhata`bnc nspget

dgenkg nppnrgbt? h` dabhabl rucgs rglucntg `bcy n hgsargh bnc pfysaenc paeturgwatfùt stntabl wf` as rgsp`bsadcg j`r ats akpcgkgbtnta`b, r ncs` tfg dcalnta`bs nbhe`btraduta`bs tfnt kust dg jucccgh dy tfg hgvgc`pgr0

\atfab tfg k`hgc sgt ùt nd`vg, tfg fyp`tfgsas as tfnt n k`haenta`b `j `bg `j tfge`btgxt vnrandcgs (j`rknc rucgs ndùt egrtnabty `b hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks, vnrandcg D4)eùch k`hajy tfg neta`bs `j tfg abv`cvgh net`rs (f`w tfg cènc pudcae d`hags usgtfgar j`rknc p`wgrs ndùt egrtnabty b hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks, vnrandcg H>). Xfg sge`bhfyp`tfgsas spgeucntgs tfgrgj`rg tfnt?

Ergntabl ubegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, nbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs, enb abfflugbeg enpturabl vncugabergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.



E

F N Y X G

T

5Kgtf`h

Xfas rgsgnref stuhags n ‖pfgb`kgb`b‑? tfg abtgrneta`b dgtwggb kubaeapncatags knm-abl usg `j tfgar e`kpgtgbegs rglnrhabl j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl> nbh tfg hg-vgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs rglgbgrntabl n satg. Xfas as tfg snkg pfgb`kgb`b ab ncc tfgstuhagh eùbtrags, nctfùlf tfgrg nrg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg jgnturgs `j tfg pfgb`kgb`bab gnef `j tfg eùbtrags, nbh gvgb ab gnef ensg4.

\g jèus `b sgvgrnc vnrandcgs `j ùr pfgb`kgb`b, kgnbabl dy ‖vnrandcg‑ nb nttradutg`b wfaef ùr pfgb`kgb`b vnrags (Dryknb, 4998? 41). @ur l`nc as t` mb`w wfgtfgrtfg nppcaenta`b j pnrtaeucnr s`rts j j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl (tfg abhgpgbhgbtvnrandcg, wfaef abecuhgs tfg vnrandcgs D `j tfg enusnc k`hgc ab sgeta`b 4.8.4) eùche`btradutg t` k`rg gjjgetavg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg (tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg).\g ncs` tnmg neeùbt `j sahg gjjgets (`r sahg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs), t` `bg `j wfaefspgeanc nttgbta`b fns dggb pnah? tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b. Xfg rgns`b j`r tfas astfnt tfgrg kalft dg n e`bfflaet dgtwggb `b tfg `bg fnbh akpr`vabl tfg enpturabl `jvncug abergnsg, nbh `b tfg `tfgr n hgcny ab tfg pròget (g.l. hgvgc`pgrs kalft b`t dg

waccabl t` nlrgg t` k`rg e`btraduta`bs). Xfg l`nc as tfus t` bh ùt wfaef kgnsurgskalft dg p`satavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg watfùt nt tfg snkg takg hgcnyabl tfgakpcgkgbtnta`b. Xfg bnc l`nc as t` pr`hueg mb`wcghlg tfnt supp`rts tfg j`rkucn-ta`b j rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r f`w Hutef prnetaeg eùch akpr`vg tfg rge`vgry j e`stsknhg j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.

> ‖J`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ nrg ncc tf`sg j`rknc rucgs tfnt rucg d`tf dabhabl rucgs (abecuhgh tfgakpcaenta`bs j`r pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh) nbh b`t-cglnccy dabhabl p`caey hèukgbts (sgg sgeta`b >.5).

4 Uwnbd`rb knmgs n hastabeta`b dgtwggb tfg ‖pfgb`kgb`b‑ nbh tfg ‖enrragr‑ wf` enrrags tfgpfgb`kgb`b. Ab tfas rgsgnref wg usg tfg tgrk ‖ensg‑ kgnbabl wfnt Uwnbd`rb netunccy bnkgs‖enrragr‑ j tfg pfgb`kgb`b. Xfus, tfg enrragr r ensg ab tfas rgsgnref as n spgeae bgtw`rm j pg`pcgnbh abstatuta`bs tfnt abtgrnet watf gnef `tfgr ab n spgeae satg, nbh hàbl s` pr`hueg `r dgnr tfgpfgb`kgb`b (>11:? ><, 46-41).



Kgtf`h:8

Xnmabl abt` neeùbt tfgsg l`ncs, nbh ncs` tfg cakatnta`bs `j hntn lntfgrabl, wg knhgsgvgrnc efàegs?

>. Jarst, tfas rgsgnref as knabcy dnsgh `b sgvgrnc ensgs, ns at wns b`t p`ssadcg t`lntfgr hntn jr`k n cnrlg gbùlf snkpcg `j ensgs tfnt wùch ncc`w n stntastaencnbncysas tfnt wùch as`cntg tfg rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbt nbh tfghgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs (sgg sgeta`b 5.>).

4. Uge`bh, tfas rgsgnref bgghs t` pr`hueg bhabls watf n falf vncahaty nbh t` nvàhtfg rasm, abfgrgbt t` ensg-dnsgh rgsgnref, `j pr`hueabl mb`wcghlg, s` spgeaetfnt at eùch b`t cgnh t` lgbgrnc e`becusa`bs nbh rge`kkgbhnta`bs (sgg sgeta`b5.4). Xfas kgnbt abtr`hueabl tfrgg lrùps `j kgnsurgs t` abergnsg d`tf tfg abtgr-bnc nbh tfg gxtgrbnc vncahaty `j tfg bhabls?n) Wsabl tfg fyp`tfgtaenc-hghuetavg kgtf`h t` gkparaenccy tgst tfg fyp`tfgsgs

abtr`huegh ab efnptgr 4 ab suef n wny tfnt, aj tfgy nrg jùbh t` dg vncah, tfgyenb dg nppcagh t` tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (sgg sgeta`b 5.4.>.>)=d) Wsabl vnranbts `j tfg ‖kgtf`h `j hajjgrgbeg‑ t` tnemcg tfg rasm `j tfarh vnra-

ndcgs, n rasm tfnt, j`cc`wabl tfg k`hgc ab sgeta`b 4.8, as vgry falf? tfas kgnbtj`r gxnkpcg ef``sabl nb abtgrbnta`bnc e`kpnras`b j pcnbbabl systgks nbhsgcgetabl ensgs vgry enrgjuccy (sgg sgeta`b 5.4.>.4)=

e) Wsabl s`kg tgefbaqugs spgeaenccy t` strgbltfgb tfg gxtgrbnc vncahaty j tfgbhabls, j`r gxnkpcg usabl hntn sùregs nhhata`bnc t` tfg ensgs (sgg sgeta`b5.4.4).

@beg tfg kgtf`h nbh hntn lntfgrabl fnvg dggb gxpcnabgh, sgeta`b 5.5 wacc jèus `bf`w gnef rgsgnref qugsta`b fns dggb nbswgrgh.

5.> \fy ensg rgsgnref0

Xfg bhabls ab tfas rgsgnref nrg dnsgh `b tfg j`cc`wabl sùregs `j hntn? nvnacndcgcatgrnturg, gcgvgb pròget ensgs (tfrgg/jùr ab gnef eùbtry) nbh knby abtgrvagws watfabv`cvgh pgrs`bs nbh rgcgvnbt gxpgrts. As wns f`wgvgr b`t p`ssadcg t` stuhy sujeagbt

ensgs j`r n stntastaenc nbncysas `j tfg enusnc rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbtvnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ nbh tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncugabergnsg‑. Xfgrg nrg tw` knab rgns`bs j`r tfas?>. Wrdnb (rg)hgvgc`pkgbt prògets nrg b`t s` gnsy t` rgpr`hueg ab n cnd`rnt`ry ns

j`r gxnkpcg pfysaenc, da`c`laenc `r gvgb psyef`c`laenc pfgb`kgbn. @ur pfg-b`kgb`b as nb `pgb sèanc systgk nbh tfus t`` e`kpcgx t` dg ¸k`hucntgh¸ abnb gxpgrakgbt (Uwnbd`rb, >11:? 44-48, 56-87)=

4. Xfg bgghgh hntn nrg usunccy b`t juccy nvnacndcg b`r `pgrnta`bnc? tfgrg as b`t n cast`j ncc tfg urdnb (rg)hgvgc`pkgbt prògets ab tfg eùbtry (t`tnc p`pucnta`b) wfaefwùch knmg p`ssadcg n rnbh`k sgcgeta`b `j rgprgsgbtntavg prògets (snkpcg). Nbh

gvgb aj tfas rnbh`k sgcgeta`b wns p`ssadcg, tfgrg nrg b`t gbùlf hntn nvnacndcgj`r ncc tfgsg prògets nbh/`r tfg hntn nrg b`t nvnacndcg ab tfg bgghgh j`rk, dg-



Kgtf`h :7

enusg tfg hntn nrg b`t qunbtandcg, dgenusg tfg prògets nrg t`` `ch, `r dgenusgvgry rgcgvnbt abj`rknta`b as b`t nvnacndcg t` tfg pudcae (tfas as spgeanccy tfg ensg

ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, nbh t` n cgssgr gxtgbt, ab Gblcnbh5

), `r dgenusg tfgrg nrg b`l``h nrefavgs, gtegtgrn. Dut gvgb aj tfnt abj`rknta`b fnh dggb nvnacndcg, wg hahb`t fnvg tfg takg t` stuhy n rgprgsgbtntavg snkpcg (Uwnbd`rb >11:, p. 71).

5.>.> Kuctapcg ensg hgsalb

Xfgrgj`rg, nctfùlf nvnacndcg catgrnturg fns dggb gxtgbsavgcy usgh, tfas rgsgnref enbdg e`bsahgrgh ns n ensg-dnsgh `bg. \g nppcagh wfnt tfg catgrnturg enccs n ‖kuctapcgensg hgsalb‑ (B 2 >), ab Hutef ‖kggrvùhalg ensg-stuhy‑s‑ (Qab, >161= Znb F`gsgc,

>167? 451= d`tf qu`tgh ab Uwnbd`rb, >11:? 45), `r n ‖er`ss ensg haspcny‑ hgsalb(Kacgs gb Fudgrknb, >118? ><4-><<). Uuef n rgsgnref hgsalb e`bsasts `j stuhyablsgvgrnc ensgs (jùr ab Zncgbean, tfrgg ab Gblcnbh nbh jùr ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs) nbhe`kpnrabl tfgk watf gnef `tfgr.

\g ef`sg ensg rgsgnref b`t `bcy dgenusg `j tfg hntn lntfgrabl cakatnta`bs. Ncs`, tfgensg-stuhy kgtf`h wns nb nppr`prantg e`kpcgkgbt t` tfg nvnacndcg catgrnturg, wfaef`jtgb h`gs b`t abecuhg up-t`-hntg abj`rknta`b ndùt tfg stuhagh pfgb`kgb`b. Ab pnr-taeucnr, tfg nbswgr t` Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b 4 ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs fns rgstghfgnvacy b ensgs, ns tfgrg as b`t kuef nvnacndcg hntn ndùt tfg hglrgg j enpturgh vnc-

ug abergnsg ab Hutef prnetaeg. Ncs`, tfg ensg-stuhy kgtf`h wns bgegssnry t` lgt tfghgtnacgh abj`rknta`b ndùt tfg stuhagh pfgb`kgb`b, j`r tfas rgquargh usabl hajjgrgbtsùregs, pnyabl nttgbta`b t` knby nspgets nbh kgnsurabl tfgk nt hajjgrgbt k`kgbts.Xfas as b`t p`ssadcg watf n `bg k`kgbt-survgy, tfgrg wns bggh t` dg abv`cvgh k`rghggpcy ab tfg pfgb`kgb`b dy stuhyabl s`kg ‖enrragrs‑ `j at, a.g. s`kg ensgs. \g stuh-agh tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pfnsg, wfaef stnrts jr`k tfg ralabnc satunta`b nbh gbhs nt tfg hg-cavgry nbh tfg dglabbabl `j tfg gxpcàtnta`b `j tfg bnc rgnc gstntg pr`huets. Xfas wgbtjr`k tfg rst pcnb hèukgbts up t` nt cgnst tfg salbabl `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt,usabl n vnragty `j hntn sùregs (hèukgbts, abtgrvagws, vasats t` tfg satg, gte). Jabnccy,tfg ensg-stuhy kgtf`h wns bgegssnry dgenusg tfgrg wns bggh t` stuhy tfg ensgs ab

tfgar systgk, ab tfgar bnturnc gbvar`bkgbt . At as b`t `bcy tfnt, ns ncrgnhy kgbta`bgh,at as b`t p`ssadcg t` as`cntg tfg pfgb`kgb`b jr`k tfg e`btgxt nbh rgpr`hueg at ab tfgcnd`rnt`ry gxpgrakgbt. Ab nhhata`b, at as b`t hgsarndcg t` h` s` j`r tfgb wg wùch fnvgkassgh tfg abtgrneta`bs watf tfg e`btgxt (Uwnbd`rb, >11:? 44-48, 56-87).

F`wgvgr, ensgs fnvg b`t dggb stuhagh ab n ‖f`castae‑ wny. Xfas rgsgnref wns b`tabtgrgstgh ab tfg wf`cg pfgb`kgb`b, a.g. ab n hgserapta`b `j ncc tfg efnrnetgrastaes

5 Nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j hntn lntfgrabl wns e ccgetgh jr`k tfg nlrggkgbts dgtwggb tfg abv cvgh pudcaenbh pravntg pnrtags. \facg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgsg nlrggkgbts nrg b`t juccy nvnacndcg j`r tfg pudcae,ab Gblcnbh nbh Upnab tfgy nrg. Ab Gblcnbh tfg nvnacndcg nlrggkgbts rglnrh tfg e`btraduta`bs knhgdy tfg hgvgc`pgrs t` tfg pudcae. Ab Upnab tfg nvnacndcg nlrggkgbts fnvg dr`nhgr e`btgbts? dgsahgstfg e`btraduta`bs, tfgy ncs` abecuhg n hgtnacgh enceucnta`b `j ncc cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts.



Kgtf`h::

`j tfg pfgb`kgb`b, dut rntfgr ab as`cntabl tfg rgcgvnbt vnrandcgs `j tfg pfgb`k-gb`b jr`k tfg rgst `j tfg abbatg `tfgr nspgets `r vnrandcgs tfnt eùch efnrnetgrazg

tfg pfgb`kgb`b (Uwnbd`rb, >11:? >>->6, 44-48, 4:-46). Xfg rgcgvnbt vnrandcgs nrgtfg nd`vg-kgbta`bgh abhgpgbhgbt nbh hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs, wfaef nrg sudhavahghabt` sgvgrnc sud-vnrandcgs ab sgeta`bs 5.5.> nbh 5.5.4. Gxegpt j`r tfg Hutef ensg HgJubgb, ncc tfg ensgs fnvg dggb stuhagh j`cc`wabl tfg snkg efgem casts tfnt wgrg usghab tfg catgrnturg rgsgnref (sgg Nbbgx >). U` d`tf catgrnturg rgsgnref nbh ensg rgsgnreffnvg jèussgh `b tfg snkg vnrandcgs nbh sud-vnrandcgs, e`kpcgkgbtabl gnef `tfgr.Hg Jubgb havgrlgs s`kgwfnt dgenusg at sgrvgh ns pac`t stuhy. Xfg hgbatavg nppr`nefnbh efgem-casts nrg dnsgh `b tfg rgsucts `j tfas pac`t stuhy (Uwnbd`rb, >11:? >99).

Ensgs fnvg dggb sgcgetgh ns t` strgbltfgb tfg vncahaty `j tfg bhabls (sgg sgeta`bs

5.4.>.4 nbh 5.4.4.4). Ab nhhata`b, s`kg `tfgr, k`rg prnetaenc sgcgeta`b eratgran fnvgdggb usgh? tf`sg prògets fnvg dggb sgcgetgh tfnt wgrg nvnacndcg ab tgrks `j nvnacndacaty`j nrefavgs, waccablbgss `j tfg abv`cvgh pgrs`bs t` e`ccnd`rntg, vasadacaty `j tfg rgsucts,gte. Xfg Nkgraenb catgrnturg spgnms fgrg j ‖e`bvgbagbeg snkpcg‑ (Uwnbd`rb, >11:? 71).

5.>.4 Abtgrvagws

Abtgrvagws fnvg dggb nb akp`rtnbt hntn sùreg. Xfgrg wgrg `j tw` hajjgrgbt s`rts?(>) Upgeae abtgrvagws, gnef `bg dgabl hajjgrgbt jr`k tfg `tfgrs, kgnbt j`r bhabl

spgeae mb`wcghlg t` cc ab tfg f`cgs ab catgrnturg nbh ensgs= (4) Lgbgrae abtgrvagws,kgnbt j`r `dtnababl mb`wcghlg ndùt tfg p`ssadcg enusnc rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfgabhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg nbh tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg? tfas s`rt `j abtgrvagw wns usgh j`rnbswgrabl Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5. Xfg e`bstrueta`b j tfg qugsta`bbnarg j`rtfg lgbgrae abtgrvagws fns j`cc`wgh n kgtaeucùs kgtf`h (Gknbs, 4994? >>8->:9).Ncc tf`sg abtgrvagws fnvg tfg snkg sgka-strueturgh j`rk? ncc tfg rgcgvnbt sud-vnran-dcgs `j ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ wgrg castgh tfnt kalft abfflugbeg nby `j tfgsud-vnrandcgs j ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑.

5.>.5 K`kgbt `j hntn lntfgrabl

Xfg hntn lntfgrabl t``m pcneg dgj`rg tfg abtgrbnta`bnc bnbeanc nbh ge`b`kae erasas,wfaef stnrtgh ab Uukkgr/Nutukb `j 4996. J`r Upnab, tfg hntn lntfgrabl t``m pcnegdgj`rg tfg stnrt nt tfg gbh `j 499< `j tfg erasas ab tfg Upnbasf rgnc gstntg knrmgt. Xfaskgnbs tfnt `bg `j tfg e`btgxt vnrandcgs tfnt abfflugbeg tfg sazg `j tfg abatanc pr`t aburdnb rglgbgrnta`bs prògets (rgnc gstntg knrmgts, vnrandcg N> ab tfg enusnc k`hgc,sgg sgeta`b 4.8.4.>) kalft dg hajjgrgbt b`wnhnys (prògets nrg b`wnhnys e`bjr`btghwatf sudstnbtanccy c`wgr rgturbs). J`r gnef eùbtry, hntn lntfgrabl t``m pcneg nt tfgj`cc`wabl takgs (sgg, j`r k`rg hgtnacs, sgeta`b ‖Uùregs‑)?

• Gxpc`rnt`ry stuhy `j tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, Gblcnbh, Upnab, Lgrknby, Jrnbeg, Atncy,Jcnbhgrs, Hgbknrm nbh Uwghgb? hgsm rgsgnref nbh k`st j tfg abtgrvagws ab tfg



Kgtf`h :<

Uprabl `j 499:, rgst `j abtgrvagws hurabl 499:, 499< nbh dglabbabl 4996.• Tgla`b `j Zncgbean? hgsm rgsgnref ab Uukkgr nbh Nutukb 499:, ab satu rgsgnref

(tfg ensgs nbh k`st `j tfg abtgrvagws) ab B`vgkdgr nbh Hgegkdgr 499:, nbhsgvgrnc abtgrvagws hurabl 499< nbh 4996=• Gblcnbh? hgsm rgsgnref ab \abtgr nbh Uprabl 499<, ab satu rgsgnref (tfg ensgs nbh

s`kg abtgrvagws) ab Oubg 499<, nbh k`st j tfg abtgrvagws hurabl 499: nbh 499<=• Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs? hgsm rgsgnref ab 4997, ab Uukkgr nbh Nutukb 499<, nbh

k`st rgegbt catgrnturg ab Nutukb 4991 nbh wabtgr 4991-49>9= ab satu rgsgnrefdglabbabl `j 4997 j`r ensg nbh abtgrvagws Hg Jubgb, nbh \abtgr `j 499<-4996j`r tfg rgst `j ensgs abecuhabl tfg abtgrvagws. U`kg nhhata`bnc abtgrvagws fnvgdggb knhg ab Nutukb 499< nbh tfg Uprabl nbh Uukkgr `j 4996.

• Cnst upt`hntg? j`r akp`rtnbt hntn wg fnvg knhg n cnst rùbh j hntn lntfgrabl nt

tfg gbh `j 4991 nbh hurabl 49>9.

5.4 Xfg vncahaty `j tfg bhabls

N jubhnkgbtnc qugsta`b ab ensg-dnsgh rgsgnref as wfgtfgr tfg bhabls nrg vncah.F`w trustw`rtfy nrg tfgy0 Egbtrnc t` tfas qugsta`b nrg tfg e`begpts `j ‖abtgrbnc vn-cahaty‑, a.g. enb tfg bhabls gxpcnab tfg stuhagh ensgs0= nbh `j ‖gxtgrbnc vncahaty‑, a.g.nrg tfg bhabls lgbgrncazndcg t` `tfgr ensgs0 (Kacgs & Fudgrknb, >118? 4<6= Cgõb

y K`btgr`, >11<? <>-<7, >44->48, >5:->56= Y`cat gt nc., 499>? >14->17= Enkpdgcc& Utnbcgy >1:5? qu`tgh ab Cgõb & K`btgr`? >44 nbh ab Y`cat gt ncan? >15). Xfgrg asbgatfgr n ubnbakùs paba`b ndùt f`w t` rgnef tfas trustw`rtfabgss, b`r wfgtfgr atas bgegssnry `r b`t t` nefagvg at, nbh t` wfaef hglrgg (Kacgs nbh Fudgrknb, >118=Kygrs, 4999= Cgõb & K`btgr`, >11<= Uwnbd`rb, >16<? 64-65).

At fns ncrgnhy dggb kgbta`bgh tfnt tfg cakatnta`bs `j hntn lntfgrabl knhg at akp`s-sadcg t` pr`hueg bhabls watf tfg vncahaty tfnt efnrnetgrazgs gxpgrakgbtnc nbh stn-tastaenc rgsgnref, a.g. tfnt mabh `j rgsgnref tfnt fns tfg p`ssadacaty `j t`tnccy as`cntabl,tfrùlf gxpgrakgbts r tfrùlf stntastaenc nbncysas, tfg stuhagh vnrandcgs (Uwnbd`rb,

>11:? 71). Ab spatg `j tfgsg cakatnta`bs, tfas rgsgnref bgghs t` nefagvg n egrtnab cgvgc`j vncahaty ab `rhgr t` pr`hueg l``h rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef prnetaeg, a.g. t`nvàh rge`kkgbhnta`bs tfnt nrg t`` ensg spgeae. Ab tfas wg nlrgg watf Kacgs nbhFudgrknb wfgb tfgy sny, rgjgrrabl t` tfas hacgkkn, tfnt –Nctfùlf wg kny nemb`wc-ghlg tfnt ‖lgttabl at ncc ralft‑ as nb ubw`rmndcg nak, wg sfùch (…) try t` ‖b`t lgt atncc wr`bl‑‛ (>118? 4<<).

5.4.> Abtgrbnc vncahaty

Abtgrbnc vncahaty kgnbs tfnt tfg bhabls enb gxpcnab tfg ensg prògets stuhagh ab tfasrgsgnref. \g bggh n rgns`bndcg cgvgc j abtgrbnc vncahaty ab rhgr t` dg ndcg t` ecnak,



Kgtf`h:6

wfgb nbswgrabl Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b 5 (sgg sgeta`b 5.5.5), tfnt wg enbabjgr ab tfg stuhagh ensgs tfg enusnc bnturg `j tfg rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg vnrandcg

‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ nbh tfg vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑. @bcy dy`dtnababl trug mb`wcghlg ndùt f`w tfg j`rkgr h`gs netunccy abfflugbeg (`r b`t) tfgcnttgr ab tfg stuhagh ensgs as at p`ssadcg t` ecnak tfnt tfg bhabls nrg abtgrbnccy vncah.Ab rhgr t` abergnsg tfg abtgrbnc vncahaty j tfg bhabls, tw` kgtf`h`c`laenc strntglagsfnvg dggb nppcagh tfnt rgabj`reg gnef `tfgr? tfg fyp`tfgsgs-hghuetavg kgtf`h nbhtfg kgtf`h `j hajjgrgbeg.

5.4.>.> Xfg fyp`tfgtaenc-hghuetavg kgtf`h

Xfg rst kgtf`h`c`laenc strntgly as tfg fyp`tfgtaenc-hghuetavg kgtf`h (Cgõb &K`btgr`, >11<? 6-4>). D`tf tfg enusnc k`hgc sgt ùt ab sgeta`b 4.8 nbh tfg tw` fy-

p`tfgsgs abecuhgh ab sgeta`b 4.7 spgeucntg ndùt tfg p`ssadcg rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggbvnrandcgs ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ nbh ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑. \g efgemghgkparaenccy wfgtfgr tfgsg spgeucnta`bs kntef tfg rgnc w`rch `r b`t. Xfnt as, tfas rg-sgnref as nb gkparaenc tgstabl j tfg spgeucnta`bs. Ugg efnptgr 6 j`r tfg e`bjr`btnta`bdgtwggb spgeucnta`bs nbh bhabls.

5.4.>.4 Xfg kgtf`h `j hajjgrgbeg

Xfg sge`bh kgtf`h`c`laenc strntgly as n k`rg ecnssaenc kgtf`h? sgg aj hajjgrgbegs abtfg vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ e`rrgsp`bh r b`t watf hajjgrgbegs ab tfgvnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑ (Cgõb & K`btgr`, >11<? >9:->><). Xfas as netunccy

dnsgh `b wfnt Kacc enccgh ab tfg VAV Egbtury tfg ‖kgtf`h `j hajjgrgbeg‑? aj n spgeaevncug `j n rst vnrandcg fnppgbs ab `bg satunta`b, dut b`t ab tfg `tfgr, nbh d`tf satu-nta`bs nrg gxnetcy tfg snkg gxegpt j`r n sge`bh vnrandcg, tfnb tfg sge`bh vnrandcg astfg enusg r tfg e`bsgqugbeg j tfg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg vncug j tfg rst vnrandcg (Kacc,>68:? qu`tgh ab Uwnbd`rb, >118? 451= >11:? >54).

n) Xfg rasm `j tfarh vnrandcgs

Xfg knab pr`dcgk t` dg hgnct watf wfgb nppcyabl tfg kgtf`h `j hajjgrgbeg as tfgp`ssadacaty `j tfarh vnrandcgs, ncs` enccgh ‖nctgrbntavg abhgpgbhgbt‑, ‖e`bjùbhabl‑ `r‖gxtrnbgùs‑ vnrandcgs. Xfg kgtf`h`c`laenc rasm as tfnt tfg efnblgs ab tfg vnrandcg

‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑ nrg b`t enusgh dy efnblgs ab tfg vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgsrgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑, dut dy nb`tfgr vnrandcg, j`r gxnkpcg nby spgeaeaty `j tfg e`b-tgxt j tfg ensgs (vnrandcgs N ab enusnc k`hgc, sgg sgeta`b 4.8.4), r dy tfg e`btablgbtdgfnva`r `j tf`sg abv`cvgh ab tfg ensgs (vnrandcgs E nbh H). At kalft c``m ns aj efnblgsab tfg vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ enusg efnblgs ab tfg vnrandcg ‖enptur-abl vncug abergnsg‑, dut netunccy d`tf efnblgs nrg enusgh dy tfnt tfarh vnrandcg. Ab`tfgr w`rhs, tfg e`rrgcnta`b dgtwggb tfg vnrandcgs ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑nbh ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑ as spuraùs, nbh tfg bhabls kalft b`t dg rgcgvnbt j`rgcnd`rntabl rge`kkgbhnta`bs.

d) Kgnsurg t` nssgss tfg r`cg `j tfarh vnrandcgs? cast `j p`ssadcy tfarh vnrandcgsX` nvàh tfg pr`dcgk `j n ‖spuraùs‑ e`rrgcnta`b, tfas rgsgnref sfùch efgem gvgry



Kgtf`h :1

p`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcg, nbh nssgss aj tfnt enb gxpcnab ncc tfg e`rrgcnta`b dgtwggb ùrvnrandcgs. Xfas pròget fns pursugh tfas dy gcnd`rntabl n cast `j p`ssadcg tfarh vnra-

ndcgs nbh nssgssabl tfgar r`cg ab gnef eùbtry nbh ensg. Xfgsg p`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgswgrg? pgrs`bnc eareukstnbegs `j tfg abv`cvgh pgrs`bs nbh p`cataenc eareukstnbegs(vnrandcgs H8 nbh H7), knrmgt praeg j fùsabl (vnrandcg N>), nbh nby tfgr p`ssadcgtfarh vnrandcg bnkgh (nt ur abvatnta`b) dy tfg abtgrvagwgh pgrs`bs (H7). Xfas fns cght` sudstnbtanc gxpnbsa`b j tfg abatanc e`becusa`bs ndùt tfg abjgrrgh enusnc rgcnta`bs.J`r gxnkpcg, tfg ensgs ab Gblcnbh nbh gspgeanccy ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs sf`wgh tfnt ntfarh vnrandcg, tfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty `j tfg prògets, abfflugbegs vgry kuef tfg enp-turabl j vncug abergnsg, wfaef k`hagh sudstnbtanccy ur enusnc nbncysas. Ab nhhata`btfas cgh us t` rgsgnref k`rg hggpcy abt` tfg rgturbs nbh e`sts `j ncc tfg ensgs, nbhtfus t` abecuhg ab tfg nbncysas tfg jgnturgs `j tfg satg nbh tfg pcnb (vnrandcg N4), tfg

satunta`b ab tfg knrmgts j`r w`rmj`reg nbh duachabl kntgrancs, tfg senc rglakgs (N5),nbh tfg hgbata`b `j tfg e`btgbts nbh dùbhnrags `j tfg pcnb (E>).

e) Kgnsurgs t` e`btr`c tfarh vnrandcgs? cakatabl tfg t`tnc p`pucnta`b `j ensgs nbh

nppcyabl er`ss-eùbtry e`kpnrntavg kgtf`h

@tfgr kgnsurgs fnvg dggb abtr`huegh t` ‖e`btr`c‑ ncc `r nt cgnst ns knby ns p`ssa-dcg nctgrbntavg tfarh vnrandcgs (Cgõb & K`btgr`, >11<? >>9->><= Y`cat gt ncan, 499>?>66->14). Xfg lgbgrnc prabeapcg ubhgrcyabl tfgsg kgnsurgs as t` f`ch tfg e`btgxt nse`bstnbt ns p`ssadcg, abtr`hueabl efnblgs `bcy ab tfg vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbtt` z`babl‑, nbh sggabl wfnt fnppgbs watf tfg vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑. U`

sgvgrnc kgnsurgs fnvg dggb abtr`huegh t` as`cntg d`tf vnrandcgs jr`k p`ssadcg tfarhvnrandcgs. Xfgsg kgnsurgs nrg `j tw` s`rts? n rst lrùp naks nt f`chabl tfg e`btgxtns sakacnr ns p`ssadcg, nbh n sge`bh lrùp naks nt sgcgetabl eùbtrags tfnt sf`w tfgdr`nhgst vnranbeg ab tfg vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑. Xfas e`kdabnta`bas n kgtf`h`c`laenc strntgly rgjgrrgh t` ns ‖k`st sakacnr systgks hgsalb‑ nbh as nppr`-prantg t` ube`vgr enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb tw` vnrandcgs (Yagrrg, 4997? 878-877).

a) Knabtnababl tfg e`btgxt ns sakacnr ns p`ssadcg

- Cakatabl tfg t`tnc p`pucnta`b `j ensgs? t` kabakazg tfg p`tgbtanc vnranbeg `j tfarhvnrandcgs, tfg t`tnc p`pucnta`b `j p`ssadcy ensgs as cakatgh t` tf`sg tfnt t watfab tfg

j`rkucnta`b j tfg pr`dcgk j tfas rgsgnref (sgg sgeta`b >.7). Dgsahgs fgcpabl t` mggptfg e`btgxt e`bstnbt, tfas nssurgs ncs` tfnt tfg ensgs dgnr gbùlf abj`rknta`b. Xfas aswfnt Uwnbd`rb enccs ‖abj`rknta`b-raef‑ ensgs (>11:? :>), nbh Kacgs nbh Fudgrknbtfg ‖abtgbsaty‑ `j ensgs (>118? 46). \g fnvg stuhagh tf`sg ensgs tfnt t tfg j`cc`wableratgran? Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs= Cnbh as k`stcy ab pravntg fnbhs, a.g. k`stcy b`t `wbgh dy pudcae d`hags= Xfgrg nrg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnt e`st k`bgy= E`kprgfgbsavg hgvgc`pkgbt nrgns `j n egrtnab sazg tfnt abv`cvg n b`tndcg vncug

abergnsg= Yrògets nrg basfgh `r quatg nhvnbegh (nt cgnst, tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt as

ncrgnhy sgncgh), nbh rgsucts b enpturgh vncug abergnsg enb ncrgnhy dg kgnsurgh.



Kgtf`h<9

- Er`ss-eùbtry e`kpnrntavg kgtf`h nk`bl rgcntavgcy sakacnr eùbtrags? t` jurtfgrkabakazg tfg p`tgbtanc vnranbeg j tfarh vnrandcgs, tf`sg eùbtrags fnvg dggb stuhagh

ab wfaef tfg lgbgrnc p`cataenc, ge`b`kaenc nbh sèanc e`btgxt wns s`kgwfnt sakacnr.Xfas cgh rst t` nb gxpc`rntavg rgsgnref `j sgvgrnc eùbtrags tfnt nrg camgcy t` fnvg nsakacnr e`btgxt t` tfg Hutef. Xfgy nrg, dgsahgs tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, galft tfgr \gst Gu-r`pgnb eùbtrags, ncc `j tfgk GW-kgkdgrs? Gblcnbh, Upnab, Lgrknby, Jrnbeg, Atncy,Jcnbhgrs, Hgbknrm nbh Uwghgb. \g nrg nwnrg `j tfg cnrlg hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb tfgsgeùbtrags, dut wg nrg nt tfg snkg takg e`bvabegh tfnt tfgsg hajjgrgbegs nrg cgss tfnbaj fnvabl ef`sgb eùbtrags ab `tfgr rgla`bs `r e`btabgbts.

aa) Er`ss-eùbtry e`kpnrntavg kgtf`h nk`bl eùbtrags watf dr`nhgst vnranbeg ab abhgpgbhgbt

vnrandcg

@j ncc tfgsg galft eùbtrags, tf`sg wgrg sgcgetgh j`r ab-hgptf rgsgnref tfnt sf`w tfgdr`nhgst vnranta`b ab tfg vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑? tfgsg nrg Gblcnbhnbh tfg Upnbasf rgla`b `j Zncgbean. D`tf eùbtrags eùch dg e`bsahgrgh ab s`kgrgcgvnbt nspgets ns gxnkpcgs `j `pp`satg k`hgcs (sgg efnptgr 8). Xfas efàeg e`r-rgsp`bhs watf tfg strntgly ‖fgtgr`lgbgaty ab tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg‑ (Uwnbd`rb,>11:? :4-:8), wfaef e`bsasts j knxakazabl tfg vnranta`b ab tfg vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgsrgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑. Xfas abergnsgh tfg efnbegs tfnt n p`ssadcg enusnc rgcnta`bsfapwatf tfg vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑ dge`kgs vasadcg. Xfas knmgs tfas rgsgnrefnb abtgrbnta`bnc, e`kpnrntavg stuhy tfnt sggms absparnta`b ab `tfgr eùbtrags ab `rhgrt` gcnd`rntg rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef l`vgrbkgbt.

h) Kgnsurgs t` e`btr`c tfg tfarh vnrandcgs? sgcgetabl abb`vntavg ensgs

Xfg strntgly `j ‖fgtgr`lgbgaty ab tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg‑, wfaef cgh t` n er`ss-eùbtry e`kpnrntavg kgtf`h (sgg nd`vg), fns dggb e`btabugh dy sgcgetabl ensgs tfntkalft abecuhg abb`vntavg prnetaegs ab tfg wny kubaeapncatags usgh tfg j`rknc rucgsrgcgvnbt t` z`babl. X` bh ùt wfaef tfgsg ensgs wgrg, cènc gxpgrts nbh hargetcyabv`cvgh pgrs`bs fnvg dggb nsmgh. Xfg abb`vntavg prnetaegs fnvg dggb lrùpgh j`c-c`wabl tfg snkg lrùpabl `j sud-vnrandcgs ns ab Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b 5(sgg sgeta`b 5.5.5).

a) Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs(sud-abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs \fgrg & \fgb)

Ensgs wgrg sgcgetgh ab wfaef kubaeapncatags fnvg usgh tfas nspget, wfgtfgr at wnsergntabl fflgxadacaty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags (Zncgbean? Ygra`hastn, Enka-b` nbh, t` n cgssgr gxtgbt, Dgbncÿn= Gblcnbh? Kglnd`wc nbh pnrt `j Xgkpcg ûny =Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs? ncc ensgs)= `r ergntabl egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg e`btraduta`bs (Zn-cgbean? ncc ensgs= Gblcnbh? Kglnd`wc , Fnrdùrsahg nbh pnrt `j Xgkpcg ûny = XfgBgtfgrcnbhs? Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ).

aa) Y`ssadcy e`btgbts `j tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs (sud-abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg \fnt)

Xfgrg nrg tw` p`ssadacatags? a) Ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, dabhabl rucgs enb abecuhgnjj`rhndcg fùsabl, nbh tfas netunccy fnppgbgh ab tfg Zncgbeanb ensgs Luaccgk nbh



Kgtf`h <>

Ygra`hastn nbh ab ncc tfg tfrgg Gblcasf ensgs. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, ab prabeapcg, dabhablrucgs, ubhgr tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net dgj`rg > Oucy 4996, enbb`t rgquarg njj`rhndcg

fùsabl. F`wgvgr, ab prnetaeg kubaeapncatags kalft try t` bh n wny `j hàbl tfas.Ab ensg Hg Jubgb tfg kubaeapncaty abecuhgh njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbtNlrggkgbt, nbh ab Mruahgbduurt njj`rhndcg fùsabl wns abecuhgh b`t `bcy ab tfgnlrggkgbt, dut ncs` ab tfg Gxpcnbnta`b (X`gcaeftabl ) j tfg Cnbh usg Ycnb. aa) Ab Zncgb-ean nbh Gblcnbh, dabhabl rucgs kny abecuhg n wahg rnblg j e`btraduta`bs, abecuhablpnykgbts, akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae jneacatags, gte., nbh tfas as wfnt fnppgbgh ab nccstuhagh ensgs. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfg p`ssadacatags t` abecuhg e`btraduta`bs ab tfgrgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs wgrg cakatgh ubhgr tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net ab j`reg tacc > Oucy4996. Xw` ensgs fnvg dggb sgcgetgh ab wfaef tfg kubaeapncaty tragh t` abecuhg n wahgrnblg `j e`btraduta`bs ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt? Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bsm-

wnrtagr . Xfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs Ycnb, bgw sabeg > Oucy 4996, fns abtr`hueghtfg p`ssadacaty j abecuhabl e`btraduta`bs ab tfg dabhabl rucgs (tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`b-traduta`bs Ycnb) ncs`, dut tfas enkg t`` cntg j`r tfg hntn lntfgrabl.

aaa) Knmabl tfg Cnbh usg Ycnb e`bhata`bnc `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg (sud-abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs

\fgb nbh \fnt)

Ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, kubaeapncatags enb knmg tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg dabhabl rucgse`bhata`bnc `b n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgs tfg enpturabl `j vncug ab-ergnsg, wfaef as wfnt netunccy fnppgbgh ab ncc tfg stuhagh ensgs. J`rknccy, Hutefkubaeapncatags enbb`t e`bhata`b tfg Cnbh usg pcnbs t` n e`btrnetunc e`kkatkgbt ab

n harget nbh `pgb wny. F`wgvgr, ab prnetaeg tfas fnppgbs `jtgb, ns wns tfg ensg abncc tfg jùr stuhagh ensgs.

av) Wsabl tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b t` `dcalg hgvgc`pgrs t` e`kpgtg watf `tfgr

hgvgc`pgrs (sud-abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg \f`)

@j tfg tfrgg eùbtrags, `bcy ab Zncgbean as tfgrg n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b. Nc-k`st ncc urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt tfgrg j`cc`ws tfas rglucnta`b, nbh tfas wns s` ab ncc jùrensgs. Xfg rglucnta`b knmgs at p`ssadcg j`r hgvgc`pgrs b`t wbabl cnbh t` dg sgcgetghns urdnbazabl nlgbt. Kubaeapncatags enb rlnbazg n pudcae tgbhgr ab wfaef k`rg tfnb`bg pr`p`snc as gvncuntgh. Ab ncc tfg ensgs tfgrg wns suef n tgbhgr, nbh ab Luaccgk,

Enkab` nbh Dgbncÿn, k`rg tfnb `bg hgvgc`pgr e`kpgtgh t` dg sgcgetgh ns urdnb-azabl nlgbt.

v) Yrèghurnc lunrnbtggs j`r tfg abatantavg-f`chgrs (sud-abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg F`w)

Xfgsg nrg `j tfrgg s`rts? a) Xf`sg ensgs fnvg dggb sgcgetgh ab wfaef hgvgc`pgrs usghcglnc lunrnbtggs t` j`reg tfg prèghurg `j nppr`vnc (Zncgbean? Ygra`hastn) `r tfgy hahb`t dut tfgsg lunrnbtggs kalft fnvg dggb abhargetcy rgcgvnbt dy cakatabl tfg jrgg-h`k `j neta`b `j kubaeapncatags (Zncgbean? ncc tfg ensgs= Gblcnbh? Xgkpcg ûny nbhFnrdùrsahg). aa) Dabhabl rucgs ab ncc tfrgg eùbtrags enb abecuhg lc`dnc cnbh usgrglucnta`bs tfnt enb dg hgtnacgh njtgrwnrhs. Xfas eùch ncc`w nb `pgrnta`bnc usg ab

tfg bgl`tanta`bs watf cnbh`wbgrs. Ensgs fnvg dggb sgcgetgh tfnt abecuhgh tfas pr`va-sa`b (Zncgbean? ncc ensgs= Gblcnbh? Xgkpcg ûny nbh Fnrdùrsahg= tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs?



Kgtf`h<4

Mruahgbduurt nbh pnrt `j Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ). aaa) Gnsg `j k`hajyabl tfg dabhabl rucgs?dabhabl rucgs ab ncc tfg tfrgg eùbtrags enb dg k`hagh. Ensgs fnvg dggb sgcgetgh

wfgrg tfg dabhabl rucgs wgrg k`hagh (Zncgbean? Ygra`hastn, Enkab` nbh Dgbncÿn=Gblcnbh? Xgkpcg ûny nbh Fnrdùrsahg= tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs? Mruahgbduurt , M`p vnb@`st nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ).

g) Kgnsurgs t` e`btr`c tfarh vnrandcgs? rgpgntgh kgnsurgkgbt

Nb`tfgr tgefbaqug t` e`btr`c p`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs as t` stuhy tfg pfgb`kgb`bdgj`rg nbh njtgr n k`haenta`b `j `bcy tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgc-gvnbt t` z`babl‑, nbh sgg wfnt fnppgbs watf tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncugabergnsg‑. Xfg pfgb`kgb`b as tfus kgnsurgh nt tw` hajjgrgbt k`kgbts? dgj`rg nbhnjtgr tfg k`haenta`b `j tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg, wfacg tfg rgst `j tfg e`btgxt (tfg

p`tgbtanc tfarh vnrandcgs) rgknab tfg snkg, `r nck`st tfg snkg. Ab tfg Upnbasf rgla`b`j Zncgbean at wns p`ssadcg t` nppcy tfas tgefbaqug? fgrg, ab >118 n bgw cnw abtr`-huegh vgry akp`rtnbt efnblgs ab tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`bs (sud-abhgpgbhgbtvnrandcg \f`), wfacg p`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs camg eucturg, pudcae p`caeags, bnbeancsatunta`b `j tfg kubaeapncatags (vnrandcgs H8 nbh H7 ab enusnc k`hgc) nbh hgvgc`p-kgbts ab tfg rgnc gstntg knrmgts (vnrandcg N>) rgknabgh tfg snkg. Dgenusg tfgrgwgrg b` h`ssagrs nvnacndcg `j suatndcg ensgs ab tfg pgra`h dgj`rg >117, tfas rgsgnreffnh t` cakat tfg hntn lntfgrabl j`r Upnab j`r tfnt pgra`h t` catgrnturg nbh abtgrvagws.J`r tfg pgra`h njtgr >117, ensg-rgsgnref ncs` wns usgh. Ab Gblcnbh ncs` at fns dggbp`ssadcg t` nppcy tfas tgefbaqug? ab ensgs Kglnd`wc nbh pnrt `j Xgkpcg ûny , tfg

Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt wns bgl`tantgh njtgr tfg Drast`c Cènc Eùbeac nppr`vgh ab4997 tfg p`caey hèukgbt UYH8. Xfas hèukgbt ergntgh egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturge`btraduta`bs (sud-abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs \fgrg nbh \fgb). Xfg abtr`hueta`b ab tfgBgtfgrcnbhs `j n bgw Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net ab 4996 `jjgrs ab prabeapcg sakacnr `p-p`rtubatags, dut enkg t`` cntg, ns tfg hntn lntfgrabl basfgh dgj`rg tfg bgw Net fnsfnh e`bsgqugbegs ab prnetaeg.

j) Abjgrrabl enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps

Xfnbms t` ncc kgbta`bgh kgnsurgs at wns p`ssadcg j`r us t` nefagvg vncah mb`wcghlgndùt tfg stuhagh ensgs. \fgb j`rkucntabl ùr e`becusa`bs ndùt tfg enusnc rgcn-

ta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbt nbh tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs f`wgvgr, wg nrgf`wgvgr enutaùs. Abstgnh `j ecnakabl tfnt wg pr`vg n enusnc rgcnta`bsfap, wg ecnaktfnt wg abjgr tfg p`ssadcy enusnc bnturg j tfg rgcnta`bsfap, a.g. wg nrlug wfy at sggksrgns`bndcg t` us tfnt tfgrg kalft dg enusncaty ab n egrtnab hargeta`b (Dryknb, 4998?<:, 459->).

5.4.4 Gxtgrbnc vncahaty

Xfg `tfgr akp`rtnbt nspget `j tfg vncahaty `j tfg bhabls as tfg gxtgrbnc vncahaty. Xfas

rgjgrs t` tfg lgbgrncazndacaty `j tfg rgsgnref bhabls t` `tfgr ensgs.



Kgtf`h <5

5.4.4.> F`w kuef gxtgrbnc vncahaty h` wg bggh ab ensg-rgsgnref0

Xfgrg as kuef haseussa`b ndùt tfg kabakuk bgghgh cgvgc `j gxtgrbnc vncahaty ab

ensg-rgsgnref. As abtgrbnc vncahaty nc`bg gbùlf t` ubhgrstnbh f`w tfg rgnc w`rchw`rms0 U`kg nutf`rs e`bsahgr tfnt abtgrbnc vncahaty as l``h gbùlf dgenusg at pr`vgstfnt s`kgtfabl enb fnppgb (Cgõb & K`btgr`, >11<? >45->48). Kacgs nbh Fudgr-knb tncm fgrg ndùt ‖nbncytae abhueta`b‑ (>118? >8:), nbh Qab ndùt ‖nbncytae‑ `r‖tfg`rgtaenc lgbgrncaznta b‑ (>161? 4>, 88)? abstgnh `j lgbgrncazabl t` p`pucnta`bs `rubavgrsgs, at as p`ssadcg t` lgbgrncazg t` tfg`rgtaenc pr`p`sata`bs, a.g. cgbhabl lrgntgre`bhgbeg t` tfg fyp`tfgsas dy tgstabl at nlnabst tfg bhabls ab tfg ensgs. Xfgrgj`rg,tfg l`nc as b`t t` hgk`bstrntg tfg vncahaty `j n bhabl j`r tfg snkpcgs b`t stuhagh,dut t` hgk`bstrntg tfnt tfg tfg`rgtaenc nssukpta`bs/fyp`tfgsgs netunccy w`rm ab tfgstuhagh ensgs nbh nrg tfus rgns`bndcy lgbgrncazndcg t` tfg rgst `j tfg p`pucnta`b `j

sakacnr ensgs. @r, ns Baghgrm`fflgr stntgh at?

¸Xfg ensg-stuhy abvgstalnt`r‑s l`nc as b`t t` hgk`bstrntg tfg vncahaty `j nbnrlukgbt j`r stntastaenc p`pucnta`bs `r ubavgrsgs. Tntfgr, fg naks t` erg-ntg nbh gxpnbh raef tfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rms tfnt sfùch dg usgjuc ab nbn-cysabl sakacnr ensgs‑ (Baghgrm`fflgr, >11>? qu`tgh ab Uwnbd`rb, >11:? :<).

Netunccy, ns Uwnbd`rb dsgrvgs (adahgk), wfnt Qab h`gs as e`bsahgr tfg stuhagh ensgt` dg tfg snkg ns n enusnc gxpgrakgbt ab n cnd`rnt`ry. Ab gxpgrakgbts, tfg e`btgxt`j tfg stuhagh vnrandcgs (ncc p`ssadcy tfarh vnrandcgs) as pgrjgetcy e`btr`ccgh, s` tfnt

tfgrg as b` hùdt tfnt tfg bhabls nrg nds`cutgcy abtgrbnccy vncah. Uuef bhabls nc-c`w tfg`rgtaenc stntgkgbts? tfg tfg`ry as trug `r b`t trug dgenusg tfg rgsucts `j tfggxpgrakgbt e`brk `r hgby at, gvgb aj `bcy `bg `r sgvgrnc ensgs wgrg abv`cvgh. Ab`tfgr w`rhs, ab gxpgrakgbts at as p`ssadcg t` e`btr`c ncc tfg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg e`b-tgxt `j ncc tfg ensgs `j tfg t`tnc p`pucnta`b, nbh tfgrgj`rg at as p`ssadcg t` rgoget nbyp`ssadcy nctgrbntavg gxpcnbnta`b t` tfg bhabls. Xfgrg as tfus b` bggh j`r nby ‖rgp-rgsgbtntavg‑ snkpcg `j ensgs dgenusg tfg stuhagh ensgs nrg rgprgsgbtntavg gbùlf.Xfg bhabls nrg tfus gxtgrbnccy vncah, nbh nrg ncs` trnbsjgrndcg t` ncc tfg ensgs ab tfgt`tnc p`pucnta`b.

\g sfnrg tfg `paba`b `j Uwnbd`rb (>11:? :<) tfnt ensgs ab sèanc seagbeg rgsgnrefab lgbgrnc, nbh tfus ncs` ab tfas rgsgnref, nrg b`t juccy e`kpnrndcg t` n cnd`rnt`rygxpgrakgbt ns Qab akpcaeatcy p`stucntgs. Xfg nppcaenta`b `j tfg nd`vg-kgbta`bgh fy-p`tfgtaenc-hghuetavg kgtf`h nbh tfg kgnsurgs j`r e`btr`ccabl ncc p`ssadcg nctgrbntavgtfarh vnrandcgs kalft `jjgr s`kg gxtgrbnc vncahaty? wg enb rgns`bndcy gxpget tfnt`tfgr sakacnr ensgs ncs` wùch pr`hueg tfg snkg `r sakacnr rgsucts. F`wgvgr, tfasas b`t gbùlf, ns wg stacc kust jneg tfg rasm `j dnsabl tfg bhabls up`b t`` spgeaeensgs. \fnt aj tfg stuhagh ensgs nrg rnratags, gxtrgkgs watfab tfg t`tnc p`pucnta`b `jensgs0 X`` spgeae bhabls akpghg n egtgradus pnradus rgns`babl, dgenusg tfgrgnrg b`t `tfgr sakacnr ensgs, a.g. ensgs watf e`kpnrndcg eareukstnbegs ab wfaef tfg

e`becusa`bs wùch dg vncah. Xfg bhabls wùch dg abtgrgstabl `bcy j`r tfg stuhaghensgs, dut bgatfgr j`r tfg rgst `j tfg p`pucnta`b b`r j`r tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg



Kgtf`h<8

Hutef prnetaeg. Ab ur paba`b tfas rgsgnref kust dg ndcg t` ecnak tfnt wfnt fnppgbsab tfg stuhagh ensgs as b`t gxegpta`bnc nbh as vncah j`r tfgr ensgs. @r, aj ur ensgs nrg

gxegpta`bnc, nt cgnst wg bggh t` ahgbtajy tfg spgeae jgnturgs tfnt knmg tfgk gxegp-ta`bnc. Nbywny, wfgtfgr `r b`t wg wnbt ùr bhabls t` stnbh j`r `tfgr ensgs, `r ntcgnst t` gxpcnab wfy tfgy nrg nb gxegpta`b, wg bggh s`kg mb`wcghlg ndùt tfg tfgrensgs ab tfg p`pucnta`b, a.g. s`kg mb`wcghlg `j tfg e`btgxt. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfgrg asbggh t` strgbltfgb tfg vncahaty j tfg bhabls dy kgnbs nhhata`bnc t` tf`sg gxpcnabghup t` b`w. Xfg l`nc as t` dg ndcg t` ecnak tfnt at as rgns`bndcg t` gxpget, `r pcnusadcg,tfnt tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs wùch dg nppcaendcg ab `tfgr ensgs.

Xndcg 7. Ugcgeta`b `j ensgs nee`rhabl t` tfg knab s`rts `j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets.

Zncgbean Gblcnbh Xfg BgtfgrcnbhsKuctajubeta`bnc egbtrncnrgns

Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn nbhYgra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn

Xgkpcg uny Utnta`bsmwnrtagr

K`b`jubeta`bnc rgsahgbtancnrgns

Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn nbhpnrt `j Dgbncÿn Uur

(*) Mruahgbduurt

@ch Dr`wbgch satgs Ygra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn,Enkab` F`bh` nbh pnrt `jDgbncÿn Uur

Kglnd`wc nbh Fnr-dùrsahg

Hg Jubgb nbhM`p vnb @`st

• Kuctajubeta`bnc egbtrnc nrgns e`bsast `j eaty/t`wb egbtrnc nrgns nbh satgs nr ubh rnacwny stnta`bs.• K`b`jubeta`bnc rgsahgbtanc nrgns e`bsast `j hastraets watf n prgh`kabnbt rgsahgbtanc usg.• @ch dr`wbgch satgs nrg hgrgcaet satgs? dusabgss nbh `tfgr s`rts `j ge`b`kae-abhustranc netavatags= lns nbh

gcgetraeaty jnet`rags= fnrd`r nrgns= rnacwny abjrnstrueturg= nbh f`spatncs, l`vgrbkgbt duachabls nbh kacatnrysatgs.

(*) At wns b`t p`ssadcg t` bh n ensg ab Gblcnbh tfnt wùch t watfab tfas entgl`ry.

5.4.4.4 F`w t` strgbltfgb tfg gxtgrbnc vncahaty `j tfg bhabls

n) Tgprgsgbtntavg ensgsN rst nttgkpt fns dggb knhg t` nefagvg s`kg lgbgrnc mb`wcghlg dy sgcgetabl ensgstfnt s`kgf`w stnbh j`r tfg knab s`rts j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets ab tfnt eùbtry.Xfas cgnhs t` n sgcgeta`b `j ensgs tfnt spnb tfg rnblg `j s`rts `j urdnb rglgbgrnta`bprògets tfnt nrg e`kk`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (M`cpr`b, 4999? 6-5>). Ugg efnptgr <.>j`r nb gxtgbsavg gxpcnbnta`b `j tfas entgl`raznta`b, nbh tndcg 7 j`r f`w tfg stuhaghensgs t watfab tfg entgl`raznta`b. Hàbl s` wg nvàhgh tfg rasm `j jèusabl `bcy `bn spgeae s`rt `j ensgs nbh alb`rabl `tfgr rgcgvnbt s`rts `j rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs.

d) Uuppcgkgbtnry sùregs

X jurtfgr abergnsg tfg gxtgrbnc vncahaty `j tfg bhabls, `tfgr sùregs `j k`rg `r cgsslgbgrnc mb`wcghlg fnvg dggb nbncyzgh?



Kgtf`h <7

• Hntn fns dggb sùlft ndùt `tfgr ensgs. U`kgtakgs tfgrg wns quatg lgbgrncaz-ndcg hntn nvnacndcg, spgeanccy ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh=

• Abtgrvagws watf gxpgrts, wf` lnvg abj`rknta`b ndùt `tfgr ensgs tfgy mb`w.

Xfg ensg-dnsgh bhabls fnvg dggb p`sata`bgh watfab tfas k`rg lgbgrnc mb`wcghlg.Xfas fns ncc`wgh nssgssabl tfg gxtgrbnc vncahaty `j tfg bhabls jr`k tfg ensgs. Xfaswns pnrtaeucnrcy rgcgvnbt j`r tfg bhabls ndùt tfg tfarh vnrandcg ‖hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts‑(abatanccy n tfarh vnrandcg tfnt dgenkg pnrt `j tfg jèus `j tfas rgsgnref nbh fns dggbrgbnkgh nb ‖abtgrkghanry vnrandcg‑, sgg lurg 8 ab sgeta`b 4.8.4.8). Xfg rst bhablsj`r tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (tfnt sullgstgh tfnt hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nrg kuef falfgr tfgrgtfnb ab Gblcnbh nbh, spgeanccy, ab Zncgbean) wgrg dnsgh `b oust tfrgg ensgs, ns tfgrgwgrg b` `tfgr nvnacndcg rgcgvnbt sùregs. Ab `rhgr t` efgem tfg vncahaty `j tfgsg bh-

abls, wg nppr`nefgh tw` Hutef gxpgrts. Xfgy vncahntgh ùr abatanc bhabls dy knmabln stuhy `j tfg gquavncgbt hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts ab tfrgg eurrgbt Hutef ensgs nbh e`k-pnrabl tfgar bhabls watf tfg bhabls `j ùr tfrgg ensgs.

5.4.4.5 U`kg gxnkpcgs

Dy nppcyabl tfgsg kgnsurgs, at wns p`ssadcg t` nssgss tfg spgeaeaty `j tfg bhabls,nbh wfgtfgr tfgy eùch sgrvg `r b`t j`r tfg bnc e`becusa`bs. Fgrg nrg sgvgrnc gx-nkpcgs?― Ab tfg Zncgbeanb ensgs Luaccgk nbh Ygra`hastn, tfg kubaeapncaty fnh abtr`huegh

sèanc fùsabl ab tfg dabhabl z`babl pcnb, nbh wg e`becuhgh tfnt tfas wns nb

akp`rtnbt enusg `j tfg hgvgc`pgr bnccy rgncazabl sèanc fùsgs. F`wgvgr, nj-tgr stuhyabl stntastaes ndùt sèanc fùsabl pr`hueta`b nbh abtgrvagwabl sgvgrncgxpgrts, at dgenkg ecgnr tfnt tfgsg ensgs nrg k`rg nb gxegpta`b tfnb tfg rucg(sgg sgeta`b 7.7.4.4). Zncgbeanb kubaeapncatags sggk, ubtac rgegbtcy, b`t fnvg ab-ecuhgh kuef sèanc fùsabl ab tfg dabhabl z`babl pcnbs. H`gs tfas kgnb tfnttfg bhabl (abecuhabl s eanc fùsabl ab dabhabl z`babl pcnbs cgnhs t` k`rg rgnc-azgh sèanc fùsabl) wns b`t usgjuc0 B`t nt ncc, ns tfg bhabls wgrg ecgnr tfnt aj kubaeapncatags abecuhg sèanc fùsabl ab dabhabl z`babl pcnb (wfnt as k`rg nbhk`rg tfg ensg tfg cnst eùpcg `j ygnrs), tfgb tfas cgnhs t` k`rgs sèanc fùsabldgabl duact.

― Ab tfg Gblcasf ensg Kglnd`wc tfg cènc hgvgc`pkgbt pcnb (n b`b-cglnccy dabhablz`babl pcnb) j`rgsnw b` rghgvgc`pkgbt j tfas j`rkgr d`wcabl nccgy (sgg sgeta`b:.8.>.>). \g e`becuhgh tfnt tfas fns fnh n p`satavg gjjget j`r tfg enpturgh vncugabergnsg? hug t` tfg e`kpcgtg ndsgbeg `j nby duachabl pr`spgetavg, hgvgc`pgrswgrg b`t abtgrgstgh ab duyabl tfg satg, wfaef haseùrnlgh nby praeg abergnsg`j tfg cnbh, wfaef ab turb cgjt k`rg bnbeanc r``k j`r tfg `wbgr t` e`btradutgk`rg lgbgrùscy t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, ns fg abhggh hah. F`w-gvgr, hurabl tfg abtgrvagws at dgenkg ecgnr tfnt tfas ensg wns egrtnabcy spgeanc,ns nb`tfgr vnrandcg wns ncs` rgcgvnbt, `j tfg s`rt N> ab enusnc k`hgc (sgg sge-ta`b 4.8.4)? tfg cnst ygnrs `tfgr d`wcabl nccgys wgrg `pgbgh ab tfg eaty, wfaef

hnknlgh tfg pr`tndacaty `j tfg d`wcabl nccgy ab ùr satg nbh tfus c`wgrgh atsknrmgt vncug. Xfas pcnygh n r`cg ab tfg waccablbgss `j tfg `wbgr t` e`btradutg s`



Kgtf`h<:

lgbgrùscy. H`gs tfas kgnb tfnt tfg bhabl (c`w egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachablp`ssadacatags cgnhs t` falf enpturabl vncug abergnsg) as b`t vncah0 \g e`becuhgh

tfnt tfg bhabl wns vncah dgenusg? >) tfg c`w knrmgt vncug `j tfg d`wcabl nccgykalft fnvg abfflugbegh tfg waccablbgss `j tfg `wbgr, dut b`t tfg cnem `j abtgrgst`j hgvgc`pgrs ab duyabl tfg cnbh= nbh 4) tfg bnbeanc ùte`kgs `j `tfgr urdnbrglgbgrnta`b ensgs (g.l. ensg Fnrdùrsahg ab Gblcnbh, dut ncs` `tfgr ensgs abZncgbean nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs) ncs` nrg njjgetgh dy tfg jnet tfnt tfg j`rkgr usg abtfg satg fns n c`w knrmgt vncug (`ch hgtgra`rntgh abhustranc nrgns, gte).

― Ab tfg Hutef ensgs Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr, tfg hgvgc`pgr nbh tfgpudcae nhkabastrnta`b nlrggh tfg e`btraduta`bs ab gnrcy stnlgs `j tfg hgvgc`p-kgbt prègss, wfacg ab tfg ensgs Hg Jubgb nbh M`p vnb @`st tfgy hah b`t (sggsgeta`b <.8.>.>). Njtgr e`bsuctabl nhhata`bnc sùregs nbh abtgrvagwabl sgvgrnc gx-

pgrts, wg e`becuhgh tfnt tfg rst tw` ensgs nrg tfg gxegpta`b, nbh tfg cnst tw`tfg rucg. At dgenkg ecgnr tfnt d`tf ab Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr tfgrgwns n spgeaeaty tfnt gxpcnabgh wfy e`btraduta`bs wgrg nlrggh ab gnrcy stnlgs?ab Mruahgbduurt n spgeanc rgcnta`b dgtwggb tfg hgvgc`pgr (n fùsabl nssèan-ta`b) nbh tfg kubaeapncaty, nbh ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr tfg spgeaeaty `j tfg pròget(n sgka-pudcae rnacwny e`kpnby wnbtabl n bgw rnacwny stnta`b), d`tf vnrandcgs`j tfg s`rt H8. As tfg bhabl (gnrcy egrtnabty ndùt e`btraduta`bs as l``h j`renpturabl vncug abergnsg) vncah0 Qgs, dgenusg at as ecgnr tfnt aj tfgrg as egrtnabty,wfntgvgr tfg rgns`b kalft dg j`r tfas, tfgb at rgsucts ab dgttgr enpturabl. Ncs`, tfascgh t` nhhata`bnc hntn lntfgrabl tfnt cgh us t` e`becuhg tfnt ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs,

fùsabl nssèanta`bs e`btradutg k`rg t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnbe`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs dgenusg nssèanta`bs ncwnys fnvg n spgeanc rgcnta`b watfpudcae d`hags nbh tfg nefagvgkgbt j pudcae l`ncs, spgeanccy ab tfg gch j sèancfùsabl.

― Uuppcgkgbtnry sùregs fnvg dggb vgry rgcgvnbt j`r nbswgrabl tfg Yrgpnrnt`ryrgsgnref qugsta`b 4. Ab sgeta`bs 7.:, :.7 nbh <.7 wg gxpcnab tfg hglrgg t` wfaefhgvgc`pgrs e`btradutg t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ab tf`sg sgeta`bs tfgensg-dnsgh hntn fnvg dggb systgkntaenccy pcnegh nlnabst tfgr nvnacndcg stuhags(ndubhnbt ab Upnab nbh Gblcnbh) nbh nlnabst tfg abtgrvagws watf knby gxpgrtstfnt nssgssgh wfgtfgr tfg ensg-dnsgh bhabls wgrg rgprgsgbtntavg `r b`t. J`r

gxnkpcg, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfg abtgrvagws nbh n skncc survgy e`brkgh tfnte`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs h` b`t e`btradutg nt ncc t` `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags. F`wgvgr, s`kg gxpgrts pàbtgh ùt tfnt, s`kgtakgs, tfgrg nrgs`kg e`btraduta`bs t` cènc jubhs j`r `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg (sgg sgeta`b <.7).

5.5 Nbswgrabl tfg Tgsgnref ûgsta`bs

Ab efnptgrs 7 t` < (efnptgr 7 j`r Zncgbean, : j`r Gblcnbh nbh < j`r tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs)

rst n lgbgrnc abtr`hueta`b as lavgb t` tfg stuhagh eùbtrags nbh ensgs. Xfas lgbgrncabtr`hueta`b hgseradgs tfg nccènta`b `j e`kpgtgbegs `b pcnbbabl cnw nbh `b tfg



Kgtf`h <<

knmabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pcnbbabl p`caey, nbh hgseradgs tfg hajjgrgbt net`rsabv`cvgh ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt, tfg p`caeags j`r urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, nbh tfg cglnc

jrnkgw`rm j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg. J`r gnef ensg tfgrg as lavgb n sgpnrntg abtr`-hueta`b t` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg, t` tfg fast`ry j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nbh t` tfg eurrgbtsatunta`b. Nhhata`bnccy, wg stuhagh j`r gnef ensg tfg nkùbt `j hgvgc`pkgbt e`stsnbh pr`ts, hastabluasfabl dgtwggb cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (cnbh praeg, abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b e`sts, sàc hge`btnkabnta`b nbh e`kpgbsnta`b e`sts), rgnc gstntg hgvgc`p-kgbt e`sts nbh tfg bnc pr`ts.

Xfgb, wg nbswgr tfrgg Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`bs j`r gnef eùbtry nbh ensg.Xfgsg qugsta`bs nrg?• Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b >? F`w enb tf`sg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl

dg usgh ab e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts b pravntgcy wbghcnbh0 Xfas jèusgs `b tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑.• Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 4? \fnt as tfg gxtgbt j enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab

e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts b pravntgcy wbgh cnbh0 Xfasjèusgs b tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑.

• Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5? F`w h`gs tfg wny ab wfaef j`rknc rucgs rgc-gvnbt t` z`babl nrg usgh abfflugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg0 Xfas jèusgs `b tfgenusnc rgcnta`bsfap nk`bl tfg abhgpgbhgbt nbh tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs.

\g nbswgrgh tfg rgsgnref qugsta`bs ns j`cc`ws. Xfg tfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm sgrvgh t`

j`rkucntg n enusnc k`hgc (sgg sgeta`b 4.8.4) nbh, egbtrnc t` tfas enusnc k`hgc, tw`fyp`tfgsgs (sgeta`b 4.7)?>. Fyp`tfgsas >? N spgeae j`rk `j spcattabl tfg pr`pgrty ralfts `b cnbh (sgpnrntabl

abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts) enb k`hajy tfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfapsab tfg bgtw`rm `j net`rs abv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, nbh tfas enb akpr`vgenpturabl vncug abergnsg.

4. Fyp`tfgsas 4? Ergntabl ubegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgsndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, nbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs enbabfflugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.

Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b >Wsabl vnrandcgs D4 nbh H> `j tfg enusnc k`hgc nbh tfg sge`bh fyp`tfgsas wg snwtfnt ab `rhgr t` nbswgr Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b > wg bgghgh abj`rknta`bndùt tfrgg sud-vnrandcgs (\fgrg, \fgb, \fnt). Ab nhhata`b, usabl vnrandcgs D> nbhH4 `j tfg enusnc k`hgc nbh tfg rst fyp`tfgsas wg snw tfnt wg bgghgh n k`hgc`j hgpgbhgbeg nbncysas nbh abj`rknta`b ndùt n jùrtf sud-vnrandcg (\f`). Jabnccy,dnsgh b vnrandcgs D5 nbh H5 `j tfg enusnc k`hgc wg rgncazgh tfnt wg bgghgh abj`r-knta`b ndùt n jtf sud-vnrandcg (F`w).

Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 4

\g usgh n eratgra`b `j e`bj`rknbeg (a.g. wfgtfgr tfg netunc spntanc hgvgc`pkgbt asnee`rhabl t` pcnb) t` nbswgr Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 4. \g bgghgh abj`rkn-



Kgtf`h<6

ta`b ndùt? >) wfnt nrg tfg l`ncs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg0= 4) wf` pnys t` nefagvgtf`sg l`ncs0= nbh 5) as tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b b takg0 Wsabl tfas wg hgbgh ncc tfg sud-

vnrandcgs (s`rts j enpturabl vncug abergnsg).

Jalurg 7. Abputs ab tfg hgtnacabl nbh nbswgrabl `j tfg rgsgnref qugsta`bs.

Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5

Ab `rhgr t` nbswgr tfas qugsta`b wg bgghgh t` abjgr tfg s`rt `j enusnc rgcnta`bsfapdgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbt nbh tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs. \g hah s` usabl tfg k`hgc jhgpgbhgbeg nbncysas (tfnt prgsupp`sgs tfg p`ssadcg enusnc rgcnta`bsfap `b tfg dnsas`j tfg nccènta`b `j rgsùregs) nbh tfg kgtf`h `j hajjgrgbeg.

Knab Tgsgnref ûgsta`b

Njtgr gnef prgpnrnt`ry qugsta`b fnh dggb nbswgrgh j`r gnef eùbtry ab efnptgrs 7t` <, tf`sg nbswgrs wgrg usgh t` nbswgr ab efnptgr 1 tfg Knab Tgsgnref ûgsta`b?

• Knab rgsgnref qugsta`b? F`w eùch j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl dg usgh abtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ab rhgr tfnt tfg pr`tndcg pnrts bnbeg ns kuef ns p`ssadcg tfg

Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b 5?

f`w enb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl

abjcugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg0

Knab Tgsgnref ûgsta`b?

f`w enb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl

akpr`vg e`st rge`vgry ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs0

Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b >?

Znrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs...‑

Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b 4?

Znrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑

Enusnc k`hgc (vnrandcgs D> nbh H4) + Fyp`tfgsas >?Hgpgbhgbeg nbncysas ab Y.T.^.5& Uud-vnrandcg \f` ab Y.T.^.>

Enusnc k`hgc (vnrandcg D5 nbh H5)?Uud-vnrandcg F`w ab Y.T.^.>

Enusnc k`hgc (vnrandcgs D4 nbh H>) + Fyp`tfgsas 4?Uud-vnrandcgs \fgrg, \fgb nbh \fnt ab Y.T.^.>

Eratgra`b `j e`bj`rknbeg (sgg sgeta`b 5.5.4)? Ncc Uud-vnrandcgs ab Y.T.^.4



Kgtf`h <1

ubpr`tndcg pnrts0 Xfas jèus `b gcnd`rntabl rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutefprnetaeg.

Ugg Jalurg 7 j`r nb `vgrvagw `j f`w tfg hajjgrgbt abputs fnvg dggb usgh t` `pgrnta`b-ncazg tfg rgsgnref qugsta`bs.

5.5.> Nbswgrabl Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b >

Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ugsta`b > as?

F`w enb tf`sg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl dg usgh ab e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb

rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts b pravntgcy wbgh cnbh0

X` knmg tfas qugsta`b `pgrnta`bnc j`r hntn lntfgrabl, tfg vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgc-gvnbt t` z`babl‑ fns dggb havahgh abt` vg sud-vnrandcgs. Jùr `j tfgk nrg tnmgbjr`k tfg enusnc k`hgc (vnrandcgs D>, D4, H> nbh H4), tw` fyp`tfgsgs nbh n k`hgc`j hgpgbhgbeg nbncysas. Xfg jtf sud-vnrandcg as tnmgb jr`k tfg enusnc k`hgc nc`bg(vnrandcgs D5 nbh H5).

Enusnc k`hgc (vnrandcgs D4, H>) + Fyp`tfgsgs 4 sud-vnrandcgs \fgrg, \fgb

nbh \fnt

Xfg sge`bh fyp`tfgsas as? Ergntabl ubegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prè-gssgs ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, nbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs enbabfflugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.

Xfas nssukpta`b fns dggb trnbscntgh abt` sgvgrnc rgsgnrefndcg sud-vnrandcgs `j tfg ab-hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg. Dnsgh b tfgsg sud-vnrandcgs at wns p`ssadcg t` gcueahntg wfgtf-gr tfgrg as, `r as b`t, egrtnabty, wfaef typg j egrtnabty (ndùt duachabl p`ssadacatags rndùt e`btraduta`bs), nbh wfgb (gnrcy r cntgr ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs)?• \fgrg (ab wfaef pcnbbabl hèukgbts) nrg tfg rgcgvnbt z`babl rglucnta bs

drùlft abt` j`reg0

• \fgb (ab rgcnta`b t` tfg bgl`tanta`bs) nrg tfg rgcgvnbt z`babl rglucnta`bs nppr`vgh0• \fnt nrg tfg p`ssadcy e`btgbts `j tfg rgcgvnbt z`babl rglucnta`bs0

Enusnc k`hgc (vnrandcgs D>, H4) + Fyp`tfgsas > sud-vnrandcg \f`

Xfg rst fyp`tfgsas as? N spgeae j`rk j spcattabl tfg pr`pgrty ralfts b cnbh (sgpnrnt-abl abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts) enb k`hajy tfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfapsab tfg bgtw`rm j net`rs abv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, nbh tfas enb akpr`vg enptur-abl vncug abergnsg.

Xfas nssukpta`b fns dggb trnbscntgh abt` `bg rgsgnrefndcg sud-vnrandcg `j tfg abhg-

pgbhgbt vnrandcg. Xfas sud-vnrandcg as kgnbt t` gcueahntg wfgtfgr hgvgc`pkgbt ralftsdgc`bl t` tfg cnbh`wbgr `r t` tfg pudcae?



Kgtf`h69

• \f` fns tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p wfntgvgr tfg dabhabl rucgs (gxecuhabl tfg b`t-cglnccy dabhabl z`babl rglucnta`bs) prgseradg0

F`wgvgr, tfas sud-vnrandcg wns b`t spgeae gbùlf t` ncc`w hntn lntfgrabl. Xfgrg-j`rg, wg knhg at k`rg spgeae dy abvgstalntabl wf` e`btr`cs tfg rgsùregs tfnt nrgbgghgh ab gnef j tfg trnbsneta`bs ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs. Xfgsg trnbsneta`bs nrg(Ncgxnbhgr, 499>n= 499>d)?>. Cnbh purefnsg nbh nssgkdcabl=4. Jabnbeabl=5. Cnbh prgpnrnta`b nbh hgvgc`pkgbt=8. Cnbh hasp`sata`b=7. E`bstrueta`b=

:. Yr`pgrty trnbsjgr.

Utgps >-8 dgc`bl t` tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, stgps 7 nbh : t` tfg duachabl. Gnef`j tfgsg stgps akpcags trnbsneta`bs `j s`kg mabh (cnbh, k`bgy, pr`pgrty, gte). Wrdnbrglgbgrnta`b, a.g. hgvgc`pabl wfntgvgr as prgseradgh ab tfg dabhabl rucgs, enb `bcyfnppgb njtgr e`kpcgtabl gnef j tfgsg trnbsneta`bs. Dy nbncysabl wf` fns tfg e`btr`c`vgr gnef `j tfgsg trnbsneta`bs, at wns p`ssadcg t` hasegrb wf` fns wfaef hgvgc`p-kgbt ralft, nbh wfgtfgr pudcae cnw rglucnta`bs (j`rknc rucgs suef ns gxpr`pranta`bnbh tfg Zncgbeanb cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b) kalft fnvg rgstraetgh tfg usg `jpr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh. Xfg sud-vnrandcg dge`kgs k`rg spgeae?

• \f` fns tfg e`btr c vgr gnef j tfg sax trnbsneta bs ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs0

K`hgc `j hgpgbhgbeg nbncysas sud-vnrandcg \f`

F`wgvgr, wg bgghgh nb nbncytaenc k`hgc tfnt ncc`wgh us t` hase`vgr wf` fns tfge`btr`c `vgr gnef `j tfg sax trnbsneta`bs. \g tfgrgj`rg hgvgc`pgh n hgpgbhgbegnbncysas k`hgc dnsgh `b tfg e`begpts (gxpcnabgh ab sgeta`b 4.>.>.>) `j p`wgr, rucgs,rgsùregs nbh hgpgbhgbeg, nbh dnsgh b tfg ahgns `j Fgncgy (>114? 57-56= sgg ncs`Zgrfnlg 4994? >71) nbh, spgeanccy, Zgrfnlg (4994? >:>). Xfg k`hgc ncc`wgh us t`nbncysg tfg abfflugbeg `j pudcae cnw rglucnta`bs `b tfg e`btr`c `j rgsùregs nbh f`wtfas abfflugbegs p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfaps watfab p`caey bgtw`rms. Xfgsg nrg tfg efnrnetgr-

astaes `j tfg k`hgc?>. Tgsùregs nrg b`t `bcy kntgranc rgsùregs (cnbh nbh abvgstkgbt enpneaty), dut

ncs` rglucnt`ry rgsùregs (Cnbh usg pcnb, duachabl pgrkats, gte)=4. Tucgs nrg wfnt @str`k (>16:? 8::-8:<) ubhgrst``h ubhgr ‖j`rknc rucgs‑? tf`sg

j`rkncasgh ab cnws nbh nhkabastrntavg nrrnblgkgbts=5. Ahgns nbh abj`rknc rucgs fnvg b`t dggb abecuhgh ab tfas k`hgc ns at wns quatg

hajeuct t` kgnsurg tfgk ab nb `dogetavg wny. F`wgvgr tfgy wgrg tnmgb abt` ne-eùbt ab nb nbncysas knhg j tfg p`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs H8 nbh H7, nb nbncysastfnt e`kpcgkgbts tfg e`becusa`bs j tfas hgpgbhgbeg k`hgc (sgg sgeta`b 4.8.4).

8. X nbncysg tfg strgbltf `j tfg hgpgbhgbeg, tfas rgsgnref nhhs tfg e`begpt `j

‖nvàhndacaty‑ `j tfg hgpgbhgbeg. Xfas ahgn as pnrtcy dnsgh `b Uefnrpj‑s e`begpt`j ‖sudstatutndacaty‑ `j tfg rgsùreg tfnt enusgs tfg hgpgbhgbeg. X` us, hgpgbh-



Kgtf`h 6>

gbeg as nvàhndcg wfgb at as p`ssadcg nbh jgnsadcg j`r tfg hgpgbhgbt net`r t`nefagvg fas l`ncs watfùt dgabl hgpgbhgbt `b n pnrtaeucnr net`r. N hgpgbhgbeg

as b`t nvàhndcg wfgb at as b`t p`ssadcg `r, aj p`ssadcg, t`` e`stcy `r p`cataenccy t``rasmy t` nvàh at.7. Njtgr nbncysabl ab gnef ensg tfg hastraduta`b `j rgsùregs nbh tfg rgsuctabl hg-

pgbhgbeg pnttgrbs, tfg j`rknc rucgs nrg nbncysgh tfnt gxpcnab wfy tfg rgsùregsnrg hastradutgh ns tfgy nrg.

\g usgh tfas k`hgc t` jurtfgr spgeajy sud-vnrandcg \f` abt` sgvgrnc sud-sud-vnrandcgs?• \faef nrg tfg rgsùregs (kntgranc nbh rglucnt`ry rgsùregs) bgghgh j`r gnef `j

tfg trnbsneta`bs0• F`w nrg tfgsg rgsùregs hastradutgh dgtwggb tfg abv cvgh pnrtags0

• \fnt nrg tfg hgpgbhgbeg pnttgrbs tfnt rgsuct jr`k tfg nccènta`b j rgsùregs0• Nrg tfgsg hgpgbhgbeg pnttgrbs nv ahndcg0

Enusnc k`hgc (vnrandcgs D5 nbh H5) sud-vnrandcg F`w

Ugvgrnc prnetaenc e`bsahgrnta`bs, rgcntgh t` tfg fflgxadacaty `j tfg prèghurg j`r prg-pnrabl nbh nppr`vabl dabhabl rucgs, fnvg fgcpgh t` knmg `pgrnta`bnc tfg cnst sud-vnrandcg ab YT^>?• F`w fflgxadcg as tfg pr eghurg `j prgpnrabl nbh nppr`vabl tfg dabhabl rucgs (gx-

ecuhgh tfg b`t-cglnccy dabhabl z`babl rglucnta`bs)0

Xfas fns dggb knhg k`rg spgeae?― \faef lunrnbtggs fnvg abatantavg-f`chgrs (tfg hgvgc`pgrs wf` wnbts t` rglgbgr-ntg n satg) tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty wacc sgraùscy nssgss tfgar nppcaenta`b0

― F`w gnsy `r hajeuct as at t` k`hajy tfg dabhabl rucgs0 Xfrgg sud-sud-vnrandcgsfnvg dggb rgsgnrefgh? (>) wfnt nrg tfg prèghurnc rgquargkgbts j`r k`hajyabl(waozalabl ab Hutef), (4) hgpnrtabl jr`k (vraostgccabl ) nbh (5) hgtnacabl (uatwgrmabl )tfg gxastabl dabhabl rucgs0

― Enb tfg lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg `j dabhabl z`babl pcnbs dg vnragh nee`rhabl ttfg bgl`tanta`bs watf hajjgrgbt cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs0 Xfrgg sud-vnrandcgs fnvgdggb rgsgnrefgh? (>) tfg rucgs j`r tfg hgcakatnta`b `j lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg `j tfg

pcnbs= (4) wfgtfgr tfgrg as n knxakuk bukdgr j hajjgrgbt dabhabl z`babl pcnbspgr nrgn= (5) wfgtfgr kubaeapncatags nrg jrgg t` nppr`vg ns knby dabhabl z`bablhèukgbts ns tfgy wasf.

Hgserapta`b pr`dcgk

Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b > fns dggb nbswgrgh ns n hgserapta`b pr`dcgk (Uwnb-d`rb, >16<? :6-<9)? abtr`hueabl rst gnef eùbtry nbh ensg, nbh hgseradabl tfgbwfnt gnef eùbtry nbh ensg c``m camg ab gnef `j tfg kgbta`bgh sud-vnrandcgs, a.g.kgnsurabl gnef sud-vnrandcg (sgg Xndcg :). J`r tfg hgtnacgh efgem-casts tfnt wgrg usghab tfg hntn lntfgrabl, sgg Nbbgx >. Xfg nbswgr e`bsasts j stntgkgbts hgseradabl f`w

j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab tfg hajjgrgbt eùbtrags eùch dg usgh j`cc`wablpcnbbabl cnw, nbh f`w tfgy nrg usgh ab prnetaeg.



Kgtf`h64

Xndcg :. Utrueturg `j tfg nbswgr t` Y.T.^.>

Eùbtry/sud-vnrandcg Abtr`hueta`bt` eùbtry

Abtr`hueta`bt` ensgs

\fgrg \fgb \fnt \f` F`w

Gblcnbh

Zncgbean

Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

5.5.4 Nbswgrabl Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b 4

Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 4 as?\fnt as tfg gxtgbt `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgb-grnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts b pravntgcy wbgh cnbh0

X` knmg tfas qugsta`b `pgrnta`bnc, tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑fns dggb havahgh abt` sgvgrnc sud-vnrandcgs. Xfgy nrg dnsgh `b tfg eratgra`b `j e`b-j`rknbeg, wfaef rgjgrs t` wfgtfgr spntanc hgvgc`pkgbt as nee`rhabl t` pcnb (M`rtfncsNctgs, 499:? 1<-11). Aj tfg l`ncs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg abecuhgh ab tfg z`bablrglucnta`bs nrg sgeurgh ab tgrks `j tfgar bnbeabl nbh tfgar rgncaznta`b watfab tfg

gstndcasfgh hgnhcabgs, wg eùch e`bsahgr tfnt tfg e`bj`rknbeg fns dggb falf, nbhvaeg vgrsn. N cast j p`ssadcg l`ncs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg fns dggb hgsalbgh tfnte`vgrs ncc p`ssadcg j`rks `j e`btraduta`bs jr`k hgvgc`pgrs nbh tnmgs abt` neeùbtp`ssadcg sahg gjjgets, t` `bg `j wfaef spgeanc nttgbta`b fns dggb pnah? tfg tgkp` `jakpcgkgbtnta`b. Xfnt as, Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 4 jèusgs b`t bcy `b wfgtfgrtfg l`ncs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg fnvg dggb nefagvgh, dut ncs` wfgtfgr tfas fnp-pgbgh `b sefghucg. Xfg sud-vnrandcgs nrg?• \f` pnys tfg j`cc`wabl enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs0 ]n cast j p`ssadcg e`btra-

duta`bs jr`k tfg hgvgc`pgr t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags[• Nrg tfg enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs akpcgkgbtgh b takg0

F`wgvgr, hurabl hntn lntfgrabl at dgenkg ecgnr tfnt at wns vgry hajeuct t` juccy nppcytfg eratgra`b j e`bj`rknbeg. Xfg rgns`b as tfnt at wns b`t ncwnys p`ssadcg t` hasegrbwfnt tfg l`ncs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg wgrg, ns hurabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss,gspgeanccy ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfgsg l`ncs efnblgh. At wns ncs` b`t ncwnys p`ssadcgt` hasegrb wfgtfgr tfg l`ncs wgrg lgbuabgcy sgt nt tfg dglabbabl `j tfg prègss, `rwgrg tfg rgsuct `j sgcj-egbsurg `j pudcae d`hags nwnrg `j tfg c`w efnbegs `j `dtnab-abl e`btraduta`bs jr`k hgvgc`pgrs. Bgvgrtfgcgss, wfgb p`ssadcg wg fnvg nppcagh tfgeratgra`b j e`bj`rknbeg, e`kpnrabl tfg rgsucts watf tfg abatanc l`ncs, nbh ab nhhata`bwg ncwnys kgnsurgh tfg hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg, j`cc`wabl tfg snkg cast

j`r ncc ensgs nbh eùbtrags. U` tfg kgnsurgh hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg wnss`kgtakgs rgcntgh t` tfg spgeae l`ncs `j tfg pudcae d`hags, nbh wns ncwnys rgcntgh



Kgtf`h 65

t` tfg snkg cast j`r ncc ensgs nbh eùbtrags. Xfg hajjgrgbegs `j kgnsurgh hglrgg `jenpturgh vncug abergnsg dgtwggb ensgs nbh eùbtrags wgrg cnrlg gbùlf j`r sullgst-

abl ab Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5 n enusnc rgcnta`bsfap watf tfg abhgpgbhgbtvnrandcg.

Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 4 as ncs` nbswgrgh ns n hgserapta`b pr`dcgk (Uwnb-d`rb, >16<? :6-<9)? hgseradabl wfnt gnef eùbtry nbh ensg c``ms camg ab gnef `j tfgkgbta`bgh sud-vnrandcgs, a.g. kgnsurabl tfgk (sgg Xndcg <). J`r tfg hgtnacgh efgem-cast, sgg Nbbgx >. Xfg nbswgr e`bsasts j stntgkgbts hgseradabl wfaef enpturabl vncugabergnsg l`ncs nrg pnah `r b`t dy tfg knrmgt pnrtags, nbh wfgtfgr tfas fnppgbgh `bsefghucg.

Xndcg <. Utrueturg `j tfg nbswgr t` Y.T.^.4

Eùbtry/sud-vnrandcg Enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs Akpcgkgbtnt a b watfab sefghucg0

Gblcnbh

Zncgbean

Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

5.5.5 Nbswgrabl Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b 5

Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5 as?F`w h`gs tfg wny ab wfaef j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl nrg usgh abfflugbegenpturabl vncug abergnsg0

Xfas qugsta`b cabms tfg nbswgr t` Y.T.^.> (usg `j j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl) watftfg nbswgr t` Y.T.^.4 (hglrgg `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg). Xfg l`nc as t` mb`w ajegrtnab wnys `j usabl j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab tfg stuhagh eùbtrags eùchabfflugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Dgenusg tfg l`nc `j tfas rgsgnref as t` gcnd`rntg

rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef prnetaeg, mb`wcghlg ndùt tfas rgcnta`bsfap kust ab-ecuhg mb`wcghlg ndùt n p`ssadcg enusncaty. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfas rgsgnref as abtgrgstghab tfg p`ssadcy enusnc rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb d`tf vnrandcgs (sgg Jalurg :).

Jalurg :. Xfas rgsgnref as abtgrgstgh ab bnturg `j tfg rgcnta`bsfap nk`bl vnrandcgs ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbtt` z`babl‑ nbh ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑.

3 hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg 2

‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑

3 abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg 2

‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑



Kgtf`h68

Dgenusg Y.T.^.5 w`rms watf tfg nbswgrs lavgb t` Y.T.^.> nbh Y.T.^.4, tfgrg as b`bggh `j spgeae hntn lntfgrabl, gxegpt j`r tfg lgbgrae abtgrvagws ab wfaef abv`cvgh

pgrs`bs wgrg nsmgh ndùt tfg p`ssadcg enusnc rgcnta`bsfap (sgg sgeta`b 5.>.4). Xfgnbswgr t` Y.T.^.5 nrlugs wfy tfg sud-vnrandcgs `j Y.T.^.> enb `r enbb`t abfflugbegtfg sud-vnrandcgs `j Y.T.^.4. Xfg sud-vnrandcgs fnvg dggb lrùpgh, hug t` bnrrntavgpurp`sgs, abt` tfg j`cc`wabl?

n) Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs

(\fgrg nbh \fgb)

_`babl rglucnta`bs enb ergntg egrtnabty ndùt juturg usg p`ssadacatags nbh e`btradu-ta`bs dgj`rg, hurabl `r njtgr bgl`tanta`bs watf hgvgc`pgrs tnmg pcneg. Egrtnabty enbdg vgry fnrh, wfgb at e`bsasts `j dabhabl rucgs= cgss fnrh, wfgb e`bsastabl `j b`b-

cglnccy dabhabl z`babl rglucnta`bs= `r b`t gvgb gxastabl aj tfgrg as b` mabh `j p`caeyhèukgbt.

d) Y`ssadcy e`btgbts j tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs (\fnt)

Dabhabl rucgs (gxecuhabl tfg b`t-cglnccy dabhabl z`babl rglucnta`bs) kalft dg usgjucab bgl`tanta`bs aj cènc pudcae d`hags enb abecuhg tfgrg b`t `bcy tfg pfysaenc z`babl,dut ncs` nspgets rgcntgh t` tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags. H` dabhabl rucgs rglucntg `bcy n hgsargh bnc paeturg watfùt stntablwf` as rgsp`bsadcg j`r ats akpcgkgbtnta`b, `r ncs` tfg `dcalnta`bs tfnt kust dg juc-ccgh dy tfg hgvgc`pgr0 F`w jnr enb dabhabl rucgs l` ab gbukgrntabl `dcalnta`bs0

Enb tfgy abecuhg `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg0 Uèanc fùsabl0

e) Knmabl tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc `b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl tfg

enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg (\fgb nbh \fnt)

Dabhabl rucgs (gxecuhabl tfg b`t-cglnccy dabhabl z`babl rglucnta`bs) kalft dg usgjucab bgl`tanta`bs aj cènc pudcae d`hags enb knmg tfgk e`bhata`bnc `b tfg hgvgc`pgrbnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtabl tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfg nppr`vnc `jdabhabl rucgs e`btnababl tfgsg sefghucgs h`gs b`t nut`kntaenccy kgnb tfnt hgvgc`p-grs nrg e`kkattgh t` hgvgc`p wfntgvgr as j`rgsggb ab tfgk. Nhhata`bnccy, tfg e`kkat-kgbt `j tfg hgvgc`pgr t` sgeurg tfgk as bgghgh.

h) K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh (\f`)

Xfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b j cènc pudcae d`hags kny hgpgbh b tfg e`btgbts j pr`p-grty ralfts, k`rg spgeaenccy `b tfg hglrgg t` wfaef cnbh`wbgrs e`btr`c ncc trnbsne-ta`bs ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs, nbh tfg hglrgg t` wfaef pudcae d`hags kny rgstraettfg gxgreasg `j pr`pgrty ralfts tfrùlf pudcae cnw rglucnta`bs.

g) Yrèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc `j rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs (F`w)

Xfrgg nspgets rgcntgh t` tfg prèghurg j dabhabl rucgs (gxecuhabl b`t-cglnccy dabhablz`babl rglucnta`bs) kalft dg rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg?

• Lunrnbtggs t` tfg abatantavg-f`chgrs? wfgb hgvgc`pgrs ubhgrtnmg tfg abatantavg,tfgrg nrg knby ubegrtnabtags ndùt tfg hgeasa`b `j tfg cènc pudcae d`hy. As at l`-



Kgtf`h 67

abl t` nssgss sgraùscy tfg nppcaenta`b, `r b`t gvgb e`bsahgr at0 Xfas kalft njjgettfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b j hgvgc`pgrs nbh cènc pudcae d`hags, nbh tfgrgj`rg ab-

fflugbeg tfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsg. Ncs`, tfas kalft njjget tfg rasms nbh e`ststfnt knrmgt pnrtags fnvg t` hgnc watf, wfaef kalft ncs` njjget tfg mggbbgss `jknrmgt pnrtags t` ubhgrtnmg tfg abatantavg nbh e`btradutg t` tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts.

• Jcgxadacaty t` k`hajy gxastabl dabhabl rucgs? gnsy nbh sf`rt prèghurgs j`r k`ha-jyabl tfg gxastabl dabhabl rucgs eùch akpr`vg tfg usndacaty `j dabhabl rucgs abtfg bgl`tanta`bs.

• Jcgxadacaty t` hgtgrkabg tfg pcnb nrgn j tfg dabhabl rucgs nee`rhablcy t` bgl`tan-ta`bs watf cnbh`wbgrs? nb`tfgr akp`rtnbt nspget eùch dg wfgtfgr tfg sazg `rlg`lrnpfaenc se`pg t` wfaef tfg dabhabl rucgs nppcy (a.g. tfg pcnb nrgn) eùch dgnhnptgh ab n wny tfnt jnvùrs bgl`tantabl watf gnef abhavahunc cnbh`wbgr, watf-

ùt hgcnyabl tfg rgst `j tfg prègss. Enb tfg cènc pudcae d`hy rst nppr`vg tfgdabhabl rucgs j`r tfg pc`ts wfgrg tfg nlrggkgbts fnvg ncrgnhy dggb e`becuhgh,nbh wnat ubtac tfg tfgr wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs nlrgg0

Xfg nbswgrs t` tfas Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5 nrg ab jnet tfg tgstgh fyp`tfgsgs,j`r gxnkpcg? –aj kubaeapncatags gstndcasf ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgswfaef e`btraduta`bs hgvgc`pgrs wacc fnvg t` pny/rgncazg, enpturabl vncug abergnsgwacc akpr`vg‛. Xfgsg tgstgh fyp`tfgsgs (sgg efnptgr 6) nrg tfg jubhnkgbts j`r nb-swgrabl tfg Knab Tgsgnref ugsta`b ab efnptgr 1.

5.5.8 Nbswgrabl tfg Knab Tgsgnref ûgsta`b

Xfg Knab rgsgnref qugsta`b as?F`w eùch j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl dg usgh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ab `rhgrtfnt tfg pr`tndcg pnrts bnbeg ns kuef ns p`ssadcg tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts0

Xfg nbswgr wacc j`cc`w tfg snkg lrùpabl `j sud-vnrandcgs ns ab Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnrefqugsta`b 5 (lrùps `j sud-vnrandcgs n-g). Dnsgh `b tfg bhabls `j Yrgpnrnt`ry rg-sgnref qugsta`b 5, tfg Knab rgsgnref qugsta`b hgsalbs spgeae rge`kkgbhnta`bs

j`r tfg Hutef satunta`b. Xfgsg rge`kkgbhnta`bs nrg dnsgh `b tfg tgstgh fyp`tfgsgs,dut abe`rp`rntabl spgeae mb`wcghlg j tfg Hutef satunta`b, g.l. cglascnta`b, p`cataencnbh eucturnc e`bsahgrnta`bs. Xfas rgsucts ab stntgkgbts `j tfg typg? –aj Hutef kubaea-pncatags wnbt t` abergnsg e`st rge`vgry ab sakacnr urdnb prògets, tfgy sfùch ab gnrcystnlgs spgeajy ab Utrueturg Zasa`bs (Utruetuurvasag) tfgar rgquargkgbts `b e`st rge`v-gry‛. Tge`kkgbhnta`bs nrg havahgh dgtwggb tf`sg tfnt t watfab tfg netunc cglncjrnkgw`rm, nbh tf`sg tfnt rgquarg n cglascntavg k`haenta`b.



E

F N Y X G

T

8ûaem senb? j`rknc rucgs

rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab

\gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags

Ns nrlugh ab efnptgr 5.4.>.4, kgtf`h`c`laenc e`bsahgrnta`bs rgquarg tfnt tfas rg-sgnref abvgstalntgs tfg satunta`b ab sgvgrnc eùbtrags. Xfg rst stgp as gxpc`rnt`ry rg-sgnref ab eùbtrags tfnt fnvg n sakacnr e`btgxt t` tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, dgenusg stuhyableùbtrags watf n sakacnr e`btgxt rghuegs tfg abfflugbeg `j tfarh vnrandcgs. Xfg sge`bhstgp as t` sgcget j`r ab-hgptf rgsgnref tf`sg eùbtrags tfnt sf`w tfg dr`nhgst vnranta`b

ab tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑. Xfg rgns`b as tfnt tfasabergnsgs tfg p`ssadacatags j pr`hueabl salbaenbt bhabls.

Xfg gxpc`rnt ry rgsgnref as `j tfg satunta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh galft `tfgr \gst-grb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags? Lgrknby, Gblcnbh (pnrt `j tfg WM), Jcnbhgrs (pnrt `j Dgc-lauk), Jrnbeg, Uwghgb, Hgbknrm, Atncy, nbh Upnab (jèusabl knabcy `b tfg rgla`b `jZncgbean). Upgeanc nttgbta`b fns dggb pnah t` n cakatgh bukdgr `j vnrandcgs bnkgcytfg vg sud-vnrandcgs `j tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑?\fgrg, \fgb, \fnt, \f` nbh F`w (sgg sgeta`b 5.5.>). Xfg hajjgrgbeg dgtwggb tfggxpc`rnt`ry rgsgnref nbh tfg ab-hgptf rgsgnref cags ab tfg sùregs (ab tfg gxpc`rnt`ry

rgsgnref `bcy catgrnturg nbh abtgrvagws, ab tfg ab-hgptf rgsgnref ncs` ensgs), tfg takgspgbt, tfg cgvgc `j hgtnac, nbh tfg bukdgr `j abtgrvagws>.

> Xfg sùregs ab tfg gxpc`rnt`ry rgsgnref fnvg dggb catgrnturg (Ne`stn & Tgbnrh, >115= Nvg, >11:=Dnss`cs, 4994, Dgtnbe`r & Lnreën-Dgccah`, 499>= D``tf, 4995= Hg \`cjj, 4999= Hagtgraef gt nc.,>115= Utal, 4994= Gur`pgnb e`kkassa`b, >11< nbh >111= Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115 nbh >118= Mncdr` &Knttss`b, >117= Mncdr`, 4994= KacoÖkabastgragt, 4994, K``rg, 4997= Kuþ`z & M`rtfncs Nctgs, 499<,Bgghfnk gt nc., >115= @HYK, 4998d, @cavn, 499:= Tntecajjg gt nc., 4994= T`hrëlugz, 499>= Tuaz hgC`dgrn, >11:= \accanks & \``h, >118) nbh abtgrvagws watf rgcgvnbt gxpgrts j gnef eùbtry (Er`w,Hnvy, Tgbnrh, @cavn, Mncdr`, Hg \`cjj, \ùtgrs nbh Gbgknrm, abtgrvagws ab 499:, 499< nbh 4996).



ûaem senb66

Ugeta`bs 8.>-8 prgsgbt tfg rgsucts j tfg gxpc`rnt`ry rgsgnref? n er`ss-bnta`bnc survgy`j tfg knab nspgets `j tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl, sukknrazgh ab tndcg 6.

Dnsgh `b tfg bhabls `j tfas gxpc`rnt`ry rgsgnref, ab sgeta`b 8.7 tw` eùbtrags fnvgdggb sgcgetgh tfnt sf`w tfg dr`nhgst vnranta`b ab tfg wnys j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t`z`babl nrg usgh? tfgsg nrg Gblcnbh nbh tfg Upnbasf rgla`b `j Zncgbean. Xfgsg twèùbtrags nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nrg tfg sudoget `j ab-hgptf rgsgnref ab efnptgrs 7-<.

8.> _`babl rglucnta`bs ab tfg bgl`tanta`b prègssgs

Xfg p`sata`b `j kubaeapncatags ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs watf cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs

kny vnry hgpgbhabl `b wfgtfgr tfgrg ncrgnhy gxast dabhabl rucgs `r abhaentavg z`bablrglucnta`bs e`begrbabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b.

8.>.> Nrg z`babl rglucnta`bs (dabhabl nbh b`t-dabhabl) nppr`vgh

ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs0

Ab sgvgrnc eùbtrags, dgj`rg bgl`tanta`bs stnrt, tfgrg nrg ncrgnhy dabhabl rucgs e`b-egrbabl tfg abtgbhgh hgvgc`pkgbt. Ab Upnab nbh Jrnbeg j`r gxnkpcg, ns n rucg, ku-baeapncatags nrg `dcalgh t` nppr`vg dabhabl cnbh-usg pcnbs tfnt fnvg t` e`vgr tfg

wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry (Ycnb Lgbgrnc hg @rhgbneaõb Wrdnbn rgspgetavgcy Ycnb C`-enc h‑Wrdnbaskg. YCW). F`wgvgr, ab Jrnbeg, k`st `j tfg kubaeapncatags fnvg b`t ygt(Onbunry 499<) nppr`vgh YCWs. Nctfùlf tfg `ch Ycnb h‑@eeupnta`b hgs U`cs (Y@U)stacc nppcags ab tfgsg ensgs, tfgrg sggks t` dg fflgxadacaty rglnrhabl prògets tfnt h` b`tt abt` at. Ab Atncy ncs`, ubtac rgegbtcy, kubaeapncatags wgrg `dcalgh t` nppr`vg suef ndabhabl cnbh usg pcnb j`r tfg wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry (Yanb` rgl`cnt`rg lgbgrncge`kubncg), dut tfas pcnb as dge`kabl lrnhunccy rgpcnegh dy n bgw s`rt `j pcnb, tfgYanb` @pgrntav`, wfaef usunccy e`vgrs bcy pnrt j tfg hgvgc`pndcg cnbh. Ab Jcnbhgrs,dnsgh `b cglascnta`b `j tfg :9‑s, Tgla`bnc Ycnbs (Lgwgstpcnbbgb) wgrg gbnetgh tfnte`vgr k`st `j tfg tgrrat`ry `j Jcnbhgrs, d`tf duact nbh b`t-duact nrgns.

Xfgsg ncrgnhy nppr`vgh ùtcabg cnbh-usg pcnbs abecuhg cnbh-usg rglucnta`bs watfstntut`ry e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg usg `j tfg cnbh? tfgy z`bg cnbh abt` hajjgrgbt usgs,nbh `jtgb ncs` hgbg tfg duachabl hgbsaty (b`t vgry e`kk`b f`wgvgr ab tfg Jcgk-asf Lgwgstpcnbbgb). Ns n rucg, tfgsg pcnbs h` b`t tnmg neeùbt `j spgeae prògets,tfgy nrg nppr`vgh `bcy èensa`bnccy, gvgry knby s` ygnrs (gxegpt Atncy, wfgrg tfgYanb` @pgrntav` as nppr`vgh k`rg `r cgss gnef vg ygnrs), nbh tfgy e`bstatutg tfggxastabl pcnbbabl jrnkg dgj`rg hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs stnrt. Nctfùlf tfgsg pcnbs nrgsupp`sgh t` ergntg cglnc egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, ab prnetaeg,tfas egrtnabty as `jtgb b`t s` str`bl, nt cgnst ab Jrnbeg, Atncy nbh Jcnbhgrs. Xfg rgns`b

as tfnt, wfgb hgvgc`pkgbt as bgnr, (>) ab Jrnbeg tfg pcnbbabl jrnkgw`rm kalft b`tncwnys dg ecgnr= (4) ab Atncy tfg bgw Yanb` @pgrntav` b` c`blgr e`vgrs tfg wf`cg



ûaem senb 61

kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry, nbh (5) ab tf`sg jùr eùbtrags, tfgsg pcnbs vgry `jtgb bggh t` dghgtnacgh, e`kpcgkgbtgh r k`hagh.

Ab tfg `tfgr eùbtrags, tfg `bcy pcnbbabl hèukgbts tfnt kalft sny, ab tfg gnrcy stnl-gs, s`kgtfabl ndùt tfg p`ssadcg juturg hgvgc`pkgbts nrg b`b-dabhabl z`babl pcnbs.Xfg Gblcasf Utrueturg/Cènc/Hgvgc`pkgbt pcnbs `r tfg bgw Cènc Ycnbbabl Jrnkg-w`rms, nbh tfg Hutef Utruetuurpcnb `r tfg bgw Utruetuurvasag nrg l``h gxnkpcgs `jtfas. Dgenusg tfgsg rglucnta`bs nrg bcy abhaentavg, tfgy lavg b` cglnc egrtnabty ndùttfg juturg usg nbh duachabl p`ssadacatags. @tfgr eùbtrags ncs` fnvg sakacnr abhaentavgpcnbs? tfg Lgrknb Jcèefgbbutzublspcnb, tfg Uwghasf úvgrsamtspcnb nbh tfg HnbasfM`kkubgpcnb.

8.>.4 Nppr`vnc `j hgtnacgh dabhabl rucgs nt tfg hgvgc`pkgbtk`kgbt

\fgb bgl`tanta`bs fnvg dggb sueegssjuccy e`bvgrtgh abt` hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts,dabhabl cnbh-usg pcnbs j`r spgeae nrgns nbh ab hgtnac nrg nppr`vgh. At as p`ssadcg t`hajjgrgbtantg dgtwggb tfg eùbtrags nee`rhabl t` wfgtfgr tfas fnppgbs nt bg takg rab hajjgrgbt stgps.

Ab sgvgrnc eùbtrags, kubaeapncatags nppr`vg tfg hgtnacgh cglnccy dabhabl rucgs ab `bgstgp, ab `bg pcnbbabl hèukgbt (Gblcasf Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b, Hutef Dgstgkkabls-

pcnb nbh Hnbasf C`mncpcnb). F`wgvgr, ab tf`sg eùbtrags at as p`ssadcg t` nppr`vgrst nb ùtcabg vgrsa`b (@utcabg Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b, Lc`dnnc Dgstgkkablspcnb nbh‖jrnkgw`rm‑ C`mncpcnb), nbh njtgrwnrhs nppr`vg n hgtnacgh vgrsa`b (Jucc Ycnbbabl Ygr-kassa`b, uatwgrmabl nbh hgtnacgh C`mncpcnb). Uwghgb as n ensg ab-dgtwggb? ab tfg ensg`j pravntg hgvgc`pkgbts wfaef h` b`t jncc watfab nby oàbt hgvgc`pkgbt stntut`ryj`rkucn (sgg ubhgr), kubaeapncatags usunccy nppr`vg tfg hgtnacgh dabhabl rucgs ab bgstgp, tfg `krn¹hgsdgstèkkgcsgr r tfg hgtncopcnb. F`wgvgr, ab ensg `j oàbt hgvgc`p-kgbt j`rkucn, dabhabl rucgs nrg nppr`vgh ab tw` stgps.

Ab `tfgr eùbtrags, dabhabl rucgs nrg usunccy nppr`vgh ab tw` stgps nbh ab tw` hajjgr-

gbt s`rts `j pcnbbabl hèukgbts? (>) n dabhabl cnbh-usg pcnb, nbh (4) n hgtnacgh nbh/ `r akpcgkgbtnta`b-`ragbtgh pcnbbabl hèukgbts, a.g. n hèukgbt abecuhabl b`t bcytfg pfysaenc z`babl, dut ncs` `r gxecusavgcy tfg nrrnblgkgbts tfnt nrg bgegssnry j`rtfg akpcgkgbtnta`b. Xfgy nrg tfg Lgrknb (>) Dgdnuublspcnb nbh (4) Wkcglublpcnb(ab ensg `j cnbh rgnhoustkgbt)= nbh tfg Uwghasf (>) `krn¹hgsdgstèkkgcsgr / hgtnco-

pcnb, nbh (4) nbcèllbablsdgscuat / gxpc`ntgrablsdgscut (ab ensg `j n oàbt hgvgc`pkgbtstntut`ry j`rkucn). Xfùlf j`rknccy d`tf s`rts `j hèukgbts fnvg t` dg nppr`vgh nthajjgrgbt k`kgbts, ab prnetaeg at as b`t abjrgqugbt tfnt tfg nppr`vnc tnmgs pcneg sakuc-tnbgùscy r ec`sg njtgr gnef tfgr. Ab tfas sgbsg, tfgy nrg sakacnr t` tfg Gblcasf, Hutefnbh Hnbasf dabhabl rucgs, wfaef nrg usunccy nppr`vgh ab oust `bg stgp. Xfg Bgtfgr-

cnbhs abtr`huegh ab 4996 tfg Gxpcàtntagpcnb, nb akpcgkgbtnta`b- ragbtgh hèukgbttfnt ab s`kg ensgs kust dg nppr`vgh t`lgtfgr watf tfg Dgstgkkablspcnb.



ûaem senb19

Jabnccy, ab tf`sg eùbtrags wfgrg tfgrg nrg dabhabl rucgs dgj`rg bgl`tanta`bs stnrt (Zn-cgbean nbh ncc `tfgr Upnbasf rgla`bs, Jrnbeg, Atncy nbh Jcnbhgrs), tfg pfnsabl sggks

t` dg ecgnrgr? tfg lgbgrnc dabhabl cnbh usg pcnbs nrg ncrgnhy nppr`vgh ab nb gnrcystnlg, nbh wfgb tfg hgvgc`pkgbt k`kgbt bgnrs at rgknabs `bcy t` hgtnac `r k`hajytfg lgbgrnc pcnbs j`r spgeae nrgns, nbh/`r t` nppr`vg akpcgkgbtnta b-`ragbtgh pcnbs(tfg Zncgbeanb Yr`lrnkn pnrn gc hgsnrr`cc` hg ubn Netuneaõb Abtglrnhn nbh Yr`yget`hg Tgpnregcneaõb, tfg Atncanb Yanba nttuntava / Yr`lrnkkn E`kpcgss`= tfg Jrgbef Ycnbh‑C`tassgkgbt = tfg Jcgkasf Tuaktgcaom Watv`grablspcnb nbh Zgrmnvgcablspcnb/vgrlub-babl ).

8.>.5 E`becusa`bs rglnrhabl tfg pcneg `j dabhabl rucgs ab tfg

bgl`tanta`b prègss? Ycnb-cgh vgrsus Hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh

Ab sgeta`b 4.5.>, n hastabeta`b wns knhg, dnsgh `b Jncuha‑s entgl`raznta`b `j pr`t`-pcnbbabl tfg`rags N nbh D (Jncuha, >16<? >67->14), dgtwggb pcnb-cgh nbh hgvgc`p-kgbt-cgh pcnbbabl systgks. Xfg pcnb-cgh systgk as supp`sgh t` efnrnetgrazg pcnbbablsystgks ab k`st j tfg eùbtrags, nbh tfg hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh systgk tfg Dratasf systgk.Uukknrazabl, pcnb-cgh systgks hajjgr jr`k hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh systgks ab tw` nspgets?(>) tfgrg as ab pcnb-cgh systgks n cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg pcnb nbh (4) tfas pcnb ne-quargs cglnc stntus nt nb gnrcy stnlg, nt tfg ‖pcnb pr`hueta`b k`kgbt‑.

Xfas rgsgnref supp`rts tfnt entgl`raznta`b ab `bg rgspget? nk`bl tfg stuhagh eùb-trags, `bcy Gblcnbh nbh ncc `tfgr Dratasf e`bstatugbt eùbtrags fnvg b` mabh `j cglnccydabhabl cnbh usg pcnb, nbh ab tfg `tfgr eùbtrags tfas as usunc. Ab tfg WM tfgrg as`bcy `bg dabhabl cnbh-usg hèukgbt, tfg Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b. F`wgvgr, rglnrhablwfgtfgr tfg cnbh usg pcnb as nppr`vgh nt nb gnrcy stnlg `r b`t (a.g. prgvaùs t` tfghgvgc`pkgbt k`kgbt) tfg rgsucts j tfas stuhy havgrlg jr`k tfg entgl`raznta`b. @j tfgstuhagh eùbtrags, `bcy Upnab, Jrnbeg, Atncy, nbh Jcnbhgrs eùch dg enccgh pcnb-cgh,j`r bcy ab tfgsg eùbtrags nrg tfgrg lgbgrnc dabhabl cnbh-usg rucgs nppr`vgh ab gnrcystnlgs, nt tfg ‖pcnb pr`hueta`b k`kgbt‑ (tfas as tfg k`kgbt ab wfaef tfg rst pròge-ta`bs nrg knhg j`r hgvgc`pkgbt, nbh at as abhaentgh watf tfg stnr `b tfg cgjt sahg ab

Jalurg <), dgj`rg tfg ‖hgvgc`pkgbt k`kgbt‑ bgnrs (tfas as tfg k`kgbt ab wfaef cèncnutf`ratags nbh hgvgc`pgrs jneg n spgeae pr`p`snc j`r hgvgc`pkgbt, stnr b tfg ralftsahg ab Jalurg <). F`wgvgr, ns kgbta`bgh nd`vg, tfg cglnc egrtnabty tfnt kalft dgergntgh dy tfgsg gnrcy z`babl pcnbs as ab prnetaeg b`t ns str`bl ns eùch dg gxpgetgh,gspgeanccy ab Jrnbeg, Atncy nbh Jcnbhgrs.

Ab tfg `tfgr eùbtrags tfnt kalft nppgnr t` fnvg n ‖pcnb-cgh‑ systgk, tfg netunc usg`j dabhabl cnbh-usg pcnbs sggks t` hajjgr jr`k f`w at sfùch dg nee`rhabl t` tfgpcnb-cgh prabeapcg. Ns n rucg, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, Lgrknby, Uwghgb, nbh Hgbknrm,dabhabl cnbh-usg rucgs (wfgtfgr tfas as n bgw cnbh-usg pcnb `r n k`haenta`b `j at t`

abecuhg tfg bgw duachabl p`ssadacatags) nrg nppr`vgh `bcy nbh j`r tfg rst takg wfgbbgl`tanta`bs watf hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs fnvg ncrgnhy tnmgb pcneg `r, nt cgnst, wfgb



ûaem senb 1>

Jalurg <. Netunc pcneg `j z`babl rglucnta`bs (dabhabl nbh b`t-dabhabl) ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgsab sgvgrnc \gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags.

abhaentavg pcnb

bglèanta`bs

pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b

duachabl pgrkat

pnssnlg `j takg

GBLCNBH

pnssnlg `j takg

abhaentavg pcnb

bglèanta`bs

cnbh usg pcnb `r k`hajaenta`b `j at

duachabl pgrkat

XFG BGXFGTCNBHU / LGTKNBQ / U\GHGB / HGBKNTM

pnssnlg `j takg

lgbgrnc dabhabl cnbh usg pcnb

bglèanta`bs

hgtnacabl `r k`hajaenta`b lgbgrnc pcnb

duachabl pgrkat

UYNAB / AXNCQ0 / JTNBEG0 / JCNBHGTU0



ûaem senb14

tfgrg as gbùlf egrtnabty ndùt tfg sueegssjuc e`becusa`b j tf`sg bgl`tanta`bs. Ab tfgBgtfgrcnbhs, tfg stuhagh ensgs nbh sgvgrnc `tfgr stuhags e`brk tfas, nbh at sggks

tfnt tfas fns dggb tfg ensg j`r n c`bl takg. Nt tfg dglabbabl `j tfg >169s, hgpnrturgsjr`k cnbh usg pcnbs wgrg vgry e`kk`b, nbh sabeg tfgb tfabls fnvg b`t efnblghkuef (Xf`kns gt nc., >165? qu`tgh ab Jncuha >16<? >>:, >67= Drúemabl & Lggst,>164= D`sef & Fnbgknnygr, >114? d`tf qu`tgh ab Duatgcnnr gt nc., 499<? 78). U` tfgdabhabl cnbh-usg rucgs tfnt knmg bgw hgvgc`pkgbts p`ssadcg nrg nppr`vgh bcy njtgrabtgbhabl hgvgc`pgrs fnvg bgl`tantgh n e`btgbt tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty wnbts t` np-pr`vg. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, dabhabl cnbh-usg rucgs nrg ab prnetaeg nppr`vgh nt, `r sf`rtcydgj`rg, tfg ‖hgvgc`pkgbt k`kgbt‑, tfg snkg ns ab tfg WM. N e`kpnrntavg stuhy `jtfg Gur`pgnb E`kkassa`b nlrggs watf tfgsg bhabls. Ab tfg >119‑s, wfgb tfas stuhywns enrragh ùt, k`st `j tfg eùbtrags dgc`blabl t` tfg pcnb-cgh systgk sf`wgh ab

prnetaeg sakacnr hgvanta`bs ns ab ùr babg eùbtrags (Gur`pgnb E`kkassa`b, >11<?87-8:)

8.4 E`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs

Xfg utacaty `j dabhabl rucgs ab bgl`tanta`bs kalft hgpgbh `b wfgtfgr tfgy enb j`r-knccy prgseradg akpcgkgbtgh-`ragbtgh rgquargkgbts, g.l. `dcalnta`bs nbh hgnhcabgsj`r tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b. Jurtfgr, at kalft dg akp`rtnbt wfgtfgr tfgy enb j`rknccy

prgseradg ubpr`tndcg usgs, g.l. sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Jabnccy, at kalft dg ncsàkp`rtnbt wfgtfgr kubaeapncatags, j`rknccy nbh hargetcy, enb knmg tfg nppr`vnc `jtfg dabhabl pcnb e`bhata`bnc `b n e`btrnetunc e`kkatkgbt tfnt sgeurgs tfg ak-pcgkgbtnta`b. Tglnrhabl tfgsg tfrgg nspgets, at as p`ssadcg t` knmg tfg j`cc`wablhastabeta`bs.

8.4.> _`babl pcnbs vs. akpcgkgbtnta`b-`ragbtgh pcnbs, d`tf

dabhabl

Nck`st ncc tfg eùbtrags fnvg cglnccy dabhabl pcnbbabl hèukgbts tfnt nrg abtgbhgh t`nppcy t` tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b. Xfnt as, hèukgbts tfnt prgseradg nspgets hargetcy rgcntghwatf tfg prnetaenc hgvgc`pkgbt `j nb nrgn? tgkp`rnc rglucnta`bs (wfgb t` stnrt/basfhgvgc`pkgbt), bnbeanc rglucnta`b `r `tfgr mabh `j rglucnta`bs (wf` pnys wfnt, wf`h`gs wfnt). Xfgsg dabhabl pcnbbabl hèukgbts nrg tfg Gblcasf Ycnbbabl pgrkassa`b,tfg Zncgbeanb Yr`lrnkn, tfg Lgrknb Wkcglublpcnb, tfg Jrgbef Ycnb h‑C`tassgkgbt ,tfg Atncanb Yanba nttuntava / Yr`lrnkkn E`kpcgss`, tfg Jcgkasf Zgrmnvgcablspcnb/vgr-

lubbabl nbh tfg Uwghasf nbcèllbablsdgscut nbh gxpc`ntgrablsdgscut . Xfg GblcasfYcnbbabl Ygrkassa`b abecuhgs, dgsahgs tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b-`ragbtgh rglucnta`bs, ncs`tfg cglnccy dabhabl pfysaenc z`babl. Ab Zncgbean, Lgrknby, Jrnbeg, Atncy, Jcnbhgrs

nbh Uwghgb, tfgrg as n hastabeta`b dgtwggb tfgsg akpcgkgbtnta`b-`ragbtgh pcnbbablhèukgbts nbh tfg cnbh-usg pcnbs.



ûaem senb 15

Ab e`btrnst, tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (ubtac 4996) nbh Hgbknrm fnvg nck`st b` akpcgkgb-tnta`b-`ragbtgh dabhabl pcnbbabl hèukgbts. Xfg gxegpta`b as tfg duachabl pgrkat,

wfaef enb abecuhg tgkp`rnc rglucnta`bs (at gxpargs aj tfg cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr h`gsb`t duach `b takg). Xfas kgnbs tfnt up t` tfg lrnbtabl `j tfg duachabl pgrkat, akpcg-kgbtnta`b-`ragbtgh nspgets nrg ns n rucg b`t abecuhgh ab nby pudcae cnw dabhabl pcnb-babl hèukgbt= aj tfgy nrg abecuhgh nbywfgrg, at as `bcy ab abhaentavg z`babl pcnbs`r ab pravntg e`btrnets. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, n cglnc k`haenta`b ab 4996 fns efnblghtfas satunta`b, abtr`hueabl n cglnccy dabhabl akpcgkgbtnta`b-`ragbtgh pcnb, tfg Hgvgc-`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (Gxpcàtntagpcnb).

Ab sukknry, k`st `j tfg eùbtrags fnvg b`t `bcy dabhabl pcnbs tfnt abecuhg tfg pfysa-enc z`babl, dut ncs` akpcgkgbtnta`b-`ragbtgh dabhabl hèukgbts. Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

(up t` 4996) nbh Hgbknrm eùch dg e`bsahgrgh ns nb gxegpta`b t` tfas.

8.4.4 Cakatgh vs. dr`nh e`btgbts dabhabl rucgs

E`begrbabl tfg se`pg j tfg p`ssadcg e`btgbts j dabhabl pcnbs, ab Gblcnbh tfg gquav-ncgbt j tfg cnbh usg pcnb prgseradgs tfg dr`nhgst. Xfg Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b abecuhgs,dgsahgs tfg pfysaenc z`babl, ncs` tgkp`rnc hgnhcabgs, bnbeanc e`btraduta`bs r tfgrmabh `j e`btraduta`bs. Xfg rgst `j tfg eùbtrags fnvg dabhabl cnbh usg pcnbs watf nk`rg cakatgh se`pg. Cnbh-usg pcnbs enb abecuhg `bcy hgcakatnta`bs `j z`babl ent-

gl`rags, `j duachabl gbvgc`pgs, `j sèanc fùsabl ns n z`babl entgl`ry, nbh tfgy enbstntg, watfab egrtnab cakats, tgkp`rnc hgnhcabgs. Ab sf`rt, ab tf`sg `tfgr eùbtrags,cnbh usg pcnbs enb abecuhg b`t kuef k`rg tfnb tfg pfysaenc z`babl. Xfg k`st rg-straetgh sggk t` dg tfg Hutef Dgstgkkablspcnb (up t` 4996) nbh tfg Hnbasf C`mnc-

pcnb? d`tf abecuhg dabhabl rglucnta`bs e`begrbabl z`babl entgl`rags nbh tfg duach-abl gbvgc`pg, dut gxecuhg ncc `tfgr nspgets (g.l. hgnhcabgs). Ab tfg `tfgr eùbtrags(nbh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs jr`k 4996 `bwnrhs) tfgrg nrg, dgsahgs tfg cnbh usg pcnb,`tfgr akpcgkgbtnta`b-`ragbtgh dabhabl pcnbbabl hèukgbts tfnt ‖entef‑ tfg kassablnspgets, suef ns dcalnta`bs, hgnhcabgs, gte. Ab e`becusa`b, Gblcnbh fns dabhabl rucgswatf tfg dr`nhgst e`btgbts, nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (up t` 4996) nbh Hgbknrm watf tfg

bnrr`wgst e`btgbts.

8.4.5 E`bhata`babl tfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl rucgs t` sgeurabl

akpcgkgbtnta`b

Nb`tfgr akp`rtnbt hajjgrgbeg dgtwggb tfg stuhagh eùbtrags as tfnt ab s`kg `j tfgkat as p`ssadcg t` e`bhata`b, ab n j`rknc, `pgb nbh harget wny, tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg dabh-abl rucgs (tfg dabhabl hèukgbt tfnt abecuhgs tfg pfysaenc z`babl) t` n hgvgc`pkgbtnlrggkgbt dgtwggb tfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr/cnbh`wbgr. Xfnt as, tfg dabh-

abl pcnb sgts ùt tfg rgquargkgbts tfnt kust dg njtgrwnrhs nlrggh, nbh tfg hgbatgnppr`vnc `j tfas dabhabl pcnb as e`bhata`bnc `b suef nb nlrggkgbt= a.g. tfg dabhabl



ûaem senb18

pcnb `bcy dge`kgs cglnccy vncah njtgr tfas nlrggkgbt as salbgh. Xfas as kgnbt t` lunr-nbtgg tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg dabhabl rucgs. Uuef j`rknc nbh harget e`bhata`babl

gxasts nt cgnst ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, nbh Atncy sf`ws sakacnr jgnturgs. Ab tfg `tfgreùbtrags tfas sggks b`t t` dg p`ssadcg, j`rknccy spgnmabl, nctfùlf tfas h`gs b`tkgnb tfnt e`bhata`babl h`gs b`t fnppgb, abhargetcy nbh/`r abj`rknccy.

Ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, n rst vgrsa`b `j tfg dabhabl rucgs (Ycnbbabl pgrkassa`brgspgetavgcy Yr`lrnkn) abecuhgs tfg rgquargkgbts ( pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs ab Gblcnbh,enrlns urdnbëstaens ab Zncgbean) tfnt kust dg sgeurgh watf n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt(Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt rgspgetavgcy E`bvgba Wrdnbëstae`). @bcy wfgb tfas nlrggkgbtas salbgh h` tfg dabhabl rucgs dge`kg cglnccy vncah. Ab Atncy, n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrgg-kgbt (e`bvgbza`bg) kust dg salbgh dgj`rg tfg Yanb` ha c`ttazznza`bg nbh tfg bgw

Yr`lrnkkn E`kpcgss` dge`kg vncah. Nt cgnst ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, tfg nlrgg-kgbts nrg neegssadcg j`r tfg pudcae. Tgegbtcy, Gblcasf eatags stnrtgh t` ncc`w harget`b-cabg neegss t` tf`sg hèukgbts.

Ab tfg rgst `j tfg eùbtrags, at sggks b`t t` dg p`ssadcg, j`rknccy, t` e`bhata`b pcnb-babl e`bsgbt (tfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl rucgs) ab n harget nbh j`rknc wny t` n e`btrne-tunc e`kkatkgbt t` akpcgkgbt tfg dabhabl rucgs. U`kg `j tfgk (Jrnbeg, Uwghgb,Jcnbhgrs, nbh, sabeg 4996, tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs) kalft dg ncc`wgh t` e`bhata`b tfg lrnbt-abl j tfg duachabl pgrkat r sakacnr t` jrgg egssa`b j (s`kg) cnbh r t` n e`btraduta`bt` (s`kg `j) tfg e`sts. Xfas kgnbs tfnt tfg `dcalnta`b e`kgs abt` pcny `bcy njtgr tfg

cnbh`wbgr nppcags j`r n duachabl pgrkat nbh neegpts tfg `dcalnta`bs nttnefgh t` at.F`wgvgr, tfas h`gs b`t akpcy n e`btrnetunc `dcalnta`b t` h` s`, s` b`t jucccabl tfas`dcalnta`b enb rgsuct ab tfg duachabl pgrkat dgabl nbbuccgh, dut b`tfabl k`rg.

Ab suk, ab Gblcnbh, Zncgbean nbh Atncy tfg cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg pcnb as hargetcynbh j`rknccy knhg e`bhata`bnc `b tfg j`rkncaznta`b `j n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt.Xfas e`btrnet e`kkats tfg hgvgc`pgr t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg, t` eghg cnbh j`rjrgg, t` e`btradutg t` tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, gte. Ab tfg tfgr eùbtrags, tfase`bhata`babl as b`t p`ssadcg, nt cgnst b`t ab n harget nbh `pgb wny.

8.5 Yrèghurg j`r tfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl rucgs

Xfg utacaty `j dabhabl rucgs ab bgl`tanta`bs kalft hgpgbh `b wfgtfgr kubaeapncatagsnrg ncc`wgh t` k`hajy gxastabl dabhabl pcnbs, nbh wfgtfgr tfas rgquargs n sakpcg `rn fgnvy prèghurg.

Ab sgvgrnc eùbtrags, wfgb tfg hgvgc`pkgbt k`kgbt bgnrs, abstgnh j knmabl n bgwcnbh-usg pcnb, at as ncs` p`ssadcg t` j`cc`w, j`r kab`r k`haenta`bs `j/hgpnrturgs

jr`k tfg cnbh-usg pcnbs, n kuef sakpcagh prèghurg. N l``h gxnkpcg `j tfas wnstfg Hutef vraostgccabl ubhgr tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net prgvaùs t` 4996. Xfg Lgrknb



ûaem senb 17

Dnuhaspgbs, tfg Jrgbef K`haenta`b, kab`r hgvanta`bs ab Uwghgb, tfg njwaomabl/ nbtaeapntag ab Jcnbhgrs nbh hgpnrturgs ab Hgbknrm nrg ncs` sakacnr. Ab ncc tfg stuhagh

eùbtrags, aj tfg k`haenta`bs j tfg cnbh-usg pcnb nrg kno`r, tfgy j`cc`w prèghurgstfnt nrg sakpcgr (dut stacc fgnvy) tfnb tfg prèghurg j`r tfg nppr`vnc `j n bgw cnbhusg pcnb.

Ab Gblcnbh, n k`haenta`b, f`wgvgr skncc, j tfg Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b atsgcj (tfg dabh-abl pfysaenc z`babl rglucnta`bs) ncwnys bgghs n bgw pgrkassa`b. F`wgvgr, tfg pr`-eghurg j`r tfg k`haenta`b r rgk`vnc j pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs as scalftcy sakpcgr, nbhn k`haenta`b j tfg pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs (akpcgkgbtnta`b tgrks nbh e`btraduta`bs),aj v`cubtnracy nlrggh watf tfg hgvgc`pgr, h`gs b`t rgquarg nb gxtgbsavg prèghurg ntncc. Ab Zncgbean nbh ab Atncy, n k`haenta`b `j tfg Lgbgrnc Cnbh usg Ycnb (Ycnb Lg-

bgrnc hg @rhgbneaõb Wrdnbn rgspgetavgcy Yanb` rgl`cnt`rg lgbgrncg e`kubncg / Yanb`@pgrntav`), f`wgvgr skncc, enb bcy dg tfrùlf prègssabl nbh nppr`vabl n hgtnacghcnbh usg pcnb (Yr`lrnkn rgspgetavgcy panba nttuntava/Yr`lrnkkn E`kpcgssa ). N k`ha-enta`b j tfgsg hgtnacgh cnbh usg pcnbs, f`wgvgr skncc, enb bcy tnmg pcneg tfrùlfprègssabl nbh nppr`vabl n bgw pcnb, wfaef rgquargs tfg snkg prèghurg.

Ab knby eùbtrags, kno`r k`haenta`bs `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb, wfgtfgr tfas fnppgbstfrùlf tfg sakpcagh prèghurg `r b`t, sggk t` dg vgry e`kk`b. Xfas as egrtnabcytfg ensg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Jrnbeg. Upnab kalft j`rk nb gxegpta`b t` tfas. Fgrg,kno`r k`haenta`bs (`j tfg Lgbgrnc Cnbh usg Ycnb tfrùlf hgtnacgh cnbh usg pcnbs),

suef ns rgz`babl b`b-urdnb cnbh abt` urdnb, h` egrtnabcy tnmg pcneg dut sggk b`t t`dg ns e`kk`b ab prnetaeg ns ab `tfgr eùbtrags.

X` e`becuhg, kab`r k`haenta`bs tfrùlf n vgry sakpcg prèghurg nrg p`ssadcg abnck`st ncc tfg stuhagh eùbtrags. Xfg gxegpta`bs nrg Zncgbean nbh ab Atncy, wfgrg gvgbn kab`r k`haenta`b j tfg dabhabl rucgs rgquargs n fgnvy prèghurg? tfg prègssabl`j n bgw pcnbbabl hèukgbt gquavncgbt t` tfg `bg tfnt fns t` dg k`hagh. Tglnrh-abl kno`r k`haenta`bs, ab ncc eùbtrags, gxegpt ab Gblcnbh, suef n k`haenta`b `jtfg dabhabl rucgs as p`ssadcg `bcy tfrùlf n sakpcgr (sakpcgr tfnb tfg knmabl `j nbgw Cnbh usg Ycnb), dut stacc fgnvy, prèghurg. Ab Gblcnbh, kno`r k`haenta`b `j

pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs (rgncaznta`b tgrks nbh bnbeanc rglucnta`bs), aj tfgrg as nlrgg-kgbt dgtwggb tfg hgvgc`pgr nbh tfg kubaeapncaty, h`gs b`t rgquarg n fgnvy prèg-hurg nt ncc.

8.8 Dabhabl rucgs ab rgcnta`b t` pr`pgrty ralfts

Xfg utacaty j dabhabl rucgs ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs kalft hgpgbh b tfg e`btgbts j pr`p-grty ralfts. K`rg spgeaenccy, tfg hglrgg `j e`btr`c tfnt cnbh`wbgrs fnvg `vgr tfg

trnbsneta`bs ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs kalft abfflugbeg tfgar bgl`tantabl p`sata`b,nbh tfgrgj`rg tfg jgnsadacaty `j tfg kubaeapncatags‑ vncug enpturabl l`ncs.



ûaem senb1:

8.8.> As abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b sgpnrntgh jr`k hgvgc`pkgbt

ralfts0

Ab ncc tfg stuhagh eùbtrags, `wbgrsfap ralfts abecuhg tfg ralft t` duach. Xfgrg as bènsg wfgrg pr`pgrty ralfts nrg juccy sgpnrntgh jr`k tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p tfg cnbh.Xfnt as, cnbh`wbgrs nrg tfg `bcy `bgs gbtatcgh t` duach `b tfgar cnbh, nbh tfgy enbgxecuhg tfgrs jr`k hàbl s`. F`wgvgr, tfas ralft nequargs n e`bergtg j`rk bcy njtgrtfg cnw nbh tfg dabhabl cnbh-usg rucgs ncc`w tfg p`ssadacaty j duachabl b tfg pc`t abqugsta`b. Ab tfgr w`rhs, dabhabl rucgs cakat tfg duachabl ralfts nbh cnbh`wbgrs fnvgb` ralft t` n ¸kabakuk¸ nkùbt `j duachabl ralfts. J`r gxnkpcg, tfg `wbgr `j cnbhtfnt as z`bgh ns nlraeucturnc fns b` ralft t` trnbsj`rk fas cnbh abt` nb urdnb nrgn.Fg nequargs tfg ralft t` h` s` `bcy aj tfg cglnccy dabhabl cnbh-usg rglucnta`bs stntg

at, nbh fg as ncs` `dcalgh t` gxgreasg fas ralft nee`rhabl t` tfg cnw nbh njtgr nppcyablnbh `dtnababl tfg bgghgh pgrkats. Nb gxnkpcg `j tfg wahg se`pg tfnt l`vgrbkgbtsab Gur`pg fnvg j`r cakatabl tfg `wbgr‑s ralft t` hgvgc`p fas cnbh as tfg jnet tfnt tfgrgas b` r``k ab cglnc systgks j`r n lgbgrùs (watf rgspget t` tfg cnbh`wbgr) e`begpt j‖rglucnt`ry tnmabls‑, nt cgnst ns lgbgrùs ns ab tfg Wbatgh Utntgs `j Nkgraen. ‖Tglucn-t`ry tnmabls‑ as tfg Nkgraenb cglnc e`begpt tfnt cakats l`vgrbkgbtnc rglucnta`b `bpravntg pr`pgrty tfnt as hggkgh t` dg t`` `bgrùs (One`ds, 4996? 74, :<-:6, <>-<4=Bgghfnk, 499:? 8<).

Nctfùlf at dgenkg ecgnr t` us tfnt duachabl ralfts (k`rg `r cgss cakatgh dy dabh-

abl rucgs) dgc`bl t` tfg cnbh`wbgr ab ncc tfg stuhagh eùbtrags, at dgenkg ncs` ecgnrtfnt tfgrg nrg akp`rtnbt hajjgrgbegs rglnrhabl abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Xfgsg hajjgr-gbegs knhg us e`becuhg tfnt ab s`kg eùbtrags wg eùch spgnm `j n spcattabl `jabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts. \g c``m rst nt tfg hajjgrgbegs ab tfgj`rknc rgsp`bsadacaty j`r abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, a.g. nt tfg qugsta`b wf` as j`rknccyrgsp`bsadcg j`r at. Ab s`kg eùbtrags, tfg cnw gxpcaeatcy rgjgrs t` tfg abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b ns s`kgtfabl hajjgrgbtantgh jr`k tfg rgst `j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts, nbh cndgcsat ns n ¸rgsp`bsadacaty¸ `r n ¸tnsm¸ `j tfg pudcae d`hags, dut b`t `j tfg cnbh`wbgr `rtfg hgvgc`pgr. Xfas fnppgbs ab Zncgbean, Lgrknby, Jrnbeg nbh Uwghgb. At eùch dgsnah tfnt ab tfgsg eùbtrags, tfg ralft t` pr`vahg abjrnstrueturg j`rknccy dgc`bls t` tfg

kubaeapncaty. Ab tfg `tfgr eùbtrags, tfgrg as bgatfgr nb gxpcaeat kgbta`b ab tfg cnw jabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b dgabl n pnrtaeucnr e`kp`bgbt `j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts, b`r `jnby mabh `j pudcae pra`raty ab tfas.

8.8.4 E`btr`c `j trnbsneta`bs ab abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b

Dgsahgs tfg j`rknc rgsp`bsadacaty j`r abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, tfgrg as tfg qugsta`b`j tfg netunc p`wgrs `j pudcae d`hags j`r tfg pr`vasa`b `j abjrnstrueturg. Fgrg ncs`tfgrg nrg akp`rtnbt hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb tfg stuhagh eùbtrags tfnt cgh us t` e`becuhg

tfnt ab s`kg `j tfgk abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b as netunccy spcat `jj jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts.K`rg spgeaenccy, tfg qugsta`b as? wf` fns tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts ab gnef `j tfg



ûaem senb 1<

hajjgrgbt stgps ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs0 \g nppcagh fgrg tfg k`hgc hgseradgh absgeta`b 5.5.> t` nbncysg tfg p`wgr/hgpgbhgbey rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh

net`rs (kubaeapncaty, hgvgc`pgr, cnbh`wbgrs) ab gnef stgp `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prè-gss. Xfg stgps nrg lrùpgh abt` tf`sg rgcntgh t` abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, nbh tf`sg rg-cntgh t` duachabl b tfg sgrvaegh pc`ts bnkgcy? (>) cnbh purefnsg nbh nssgkdcabl, (4)bnbeabl, (5) cnbh prgpnrnta`b nbh hgvgc`pkgbt, (8) cnbh hasp`sata`b, (7) e`bstrue-ta`b, nbh (:) pr`pgrty trnbsjgr. Utgps >-5 dgc`bl t` tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, stgps7 nbh : t` tfg duachabl. Gnef `j tfgsg stgps akpcags trnbsneta`bs `j s`kg mabh (cnbh,k`bgy, pr`pgrty, gte). Hgvgc`pabl wfntgvgr tfg dabhabl rucgs prgseradg enb `bcyfnppgb njtgr tfg rst vg trnbsneta`bs fnvg dggb e`kpcgtgh. Dy nbncysabl wf` fnstfg e`btr`c `vgr gnef `j tfgsg trnbsneta`bs, at wns p`ssadcg t` hasegrb wf` fns wfaefhgvgc`pkgbt ralft. Xfgrg nrg b` rgcgvnbt hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb tfg stuhagh eùbtrags ab

tfg duachabl (stgps 8 t` :). F`wgvgr, rglnrhabl tfg p`sata`b `j tfg net`rs ab tfg trnbs-neta`bs abv`cvgh ab abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, at as p`ssadcg t` hastabluasf tw` lrùps`j eùbtrags?

Hgpgbhgbeg `b nlrggkgbt watf cnbh`wbgr

Ab s`kg eùbtrags, trnbsneta`bs >-5 nrg quatg hgpgbhgbt `b nlrggkgbt dgtwggb tfgkubaeapncaty nbh tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Xfas sggks t` dg tfg ensg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, Gbl-cnbh, Jrnbeg, Atncy, Uwghgb (j`r tfg cnrlgr sefgkgs), Jcnbhgrs nbh Hgbknrm. Ns nrucg, aj tfgrg as b` nlrggkgbt ndùt tfg purefnsg nbh nssgkdcy j cnbh nbh ndùt tfgbnbeabl `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, kubaeapncatags tfnt wnbt tfabls t` fnppgb,

fnvg t` nppcy prg-gkpta`b, gxpr`pranta`b nbh/`r nb n p`stgra`ra spgeanc tnx j`rkucn.Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfg `bcy wny `j nvàhabl hgpgbhgbeg `b tfg cnbh`wbgr ab stgps >-5as pudcae cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt, `r nt cgnst pudcae abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b j`r pravntg hg-vgc`pkgbt. Dy hàbl tfas, kubaeapncatags lgt bnbeanccy abv`cvgh ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt?tfgy fnvg t` cgnh tfg prègss, nhvnbeg tfg k`bgy t` purefnsg tfg cnbh nbh pr`vahgtfg abjrnstrueturg, dgnr tfg rasms `j gvgbtunc hgcny, nbh p`ssadcy b`t rge`vgr ncc tfge`sts knhg. Bgatfgr gxpr`pranta`b, b`r spgeanc tnxgs nrg e`kk`bcy usgh abstrukgbts.

E`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt ns nctgrbntavg t` nlrggkgbt

Dgsahgs v`cubtnry nlrggkgbt (`r, ab ensg `j hasnlrggkgbt, prg-gkpta`b, gxpr`pranta`b

nbh/`r spgeanc tnxgs), Zncgbeanb nbh Lgrknb kubaeapncatags fnvg nb nctgrbntavg tfntncc`ws tfgk t` dtnab ncc r pnrt `j tfg cnbh nbh tfg k`bgy bgghgh j`r tfg abjrnstrue-turg pr`vasa`b, bnkgcy cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Ab tfas wny, nbh p`ssadcy n e`kpucs`ryvnranbt `j at, Zncgbeanb nbh Lgrknb kubaeapncatags enb pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturgwatfùt hgpgbhabl `b tfg pnssavg `r netavg e`ccnd`rnta`b `j tfg cnbh`wbgr.

Uwghgb as nb ab-dgtwggb ensg? Uwghasf cnbh rgnhoustkgbt as hgpgbhgbt `b tfg e`ccnd-`rnta`b `j nt cgnst n kno`raty `j tfg cnbh`wbgrs, nbh enb dg e`kpucs`ry j`r n kab`raty`j b`b-e`ccnd`rntabl cnbh`wbgrs. Ncs`, cnbh rgnhoustkgbt as kgnbt `bcy j`r cènc nbhkab`r jneacatags ab kab`r lrggbgch rgsahgbtanc sefgkgs. Ab Jcnbhgrs n cnbh rgnhoust-

kgbt abstrukgbt as nvnacndcg, dut at as b`t usgh nt ncc. Jrnbeg ncs` fns n cnbh rgnhoust-kgbt rglucnta`b, dut nctfùlf at as qu`tgh ns dgabl nppcagh vgry `jtgb (Mnrma, 4995?



ûaem senb16

:1= Xurm, 4996? 458), n e`bsuctgh gxpgrt e`bsahgrgh at ns b`t rgnccy rgcgvnbt ab prnetaeg(Tgbnrh, abtgrvagws 499: nbh 499<). Ab Atncy tfgrg as n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt j`rkucn

dnsgh `b eavac cnw tfnt as usgh vgry `jtgb. Ab tfg wabtgr `j 499< n hrnjt `j tfg bgw Atnc-anb bnta`bnc pcnbbabl net abecuhgh n stntut`ry, pudcae cnw vgrsa`b. F`wgvgr, at as dnsgh`b tfg nlrggkgbt `j ncc tfg cnbh`wbgrs. At as b`tgw`rtfy tfnt tf`sg eùbtrags, wfgrgpcnbbabl cnw rgjgrs t` abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b ns n pudcae rgsp`bsadacaty `r tnsm (Upnab,Lgrknby, Uwghgb, Jrnbeg), ncs` fnvg n pudcae cnw cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b. Atsggks tfnt `bcy ab tfg rst tfrgg `j tfgk as tfg rglucnta`b ncs` rgcgvnbt ab prnetaeg.

Xfgrg nrg akp`rtnbt hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb tfg Zncgbeanb, Lgrknb nbh Uwghasf cnbhrgnhoustkgbt?>. Yudcae abv`cvgkgbt? ab tfg Zncgbeanb Tgpnregcneaõb nbh tfg Uwghasf oàbt hg-

vgc`pkgbt/cnbh rgnhoustkgbt, tfg kubaeapncaty enb pcneg `b `tfgrs tfg tnsm `jpr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg. Ab Zncgbean, kubaeapncatags enb pcneg tfas tnsm `btfg cnbh`wbgrs r b n e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr watfùt cnbh, r watf bcy n cattcgcnbh. Ab prnetaeg tfgsg hgvgc`pgrs, enccgh urdnbazabl nlgbts, usunccy `wb n pnrt`j tfg cnbh, `r net `b dgfncj `j cnbh`wbgrs, dut at as b`t rnrg t` bh urdnbazablnlgbts watf oust n cattcg `r gvgb b` cnbh. Ab Uwghgb, tfg kubaeapncaty enb pcnegtfas tnsm `bcy `b tfg cnbh`wbgrs. @b tfg e`btrnry, ab tfg Lgrknb Wkcglubl atas tfg kubaeapncaty tfnt pr`vahgs tfg abjrnstrueturg, nhvnbeabl tfg bnbeg. @bcynjtgrwnrhs h` cnbh`wbgrs e`btradutg t` tfg e`sts. Xfgrgj`rg, Lgrknb kubaea-pncatags dgnr tfg bnbeanc rasms, ncs` `j hgcny=

4. E`st rge`vgry? ab tfg Zncgbeanb Tgpnregcneaõb ncc tfg abv`cvgh e`sts nbh bgghghcnbh nrg pnah/eghgh dy tfg cnbh`wbgrs, abecuhabl k`bgy nbh cnbh j`r `jj-satgabjrnstrueturg. Xfg Lgrknb nbh Uwghasf kubaeapncatags enb hgknbh cnbh nbhe`btraduta`bs bcy j`r tfg cènc jneacatags watfab tfg pcnb, dut b`t j`r jneacatags tfntsgrvg n wahgr nrgn. Ab Lgrknby, tfg e`kpucs`ry vnranbt akpcags tfnt tfg kubaea-pncaty dge`kgs k`rg abv`cvgh ab tfg knbnlgkgbt nbh enb rge`vgr n sknccgrpnrt `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts. Lgrknb kubaeapncatags `jtgb h` b`trge`vgr ncc tfg e`sts knhg. Uwghasf kubaeapncatags usunccy rge`vgr ncc tfg e`sts`j cènc jneacatags.

5. Nppcaenta`b? tfg Zncgbeanb rgnhoustkgbt as nppcagh ab prnetaenccy ncc hgvgc`p-

kgbts, wfgtfgr tfgy nrg lrggbgch, dr`wbgch, rghgvgc`pkgbt, c`w/falf hgb-saty, skncc/cnrlg nrgns, gte. Xfg Lgrknb Wkcglubl as n wahgcy usgh (dut b`tprgh`kabnbt) abstrukgbt, gspgeanccy ab eaty gxtgbsa`bs, dut ncs` ab rglgbgrnta`bprògets ab tfg gxastabl duact up nrgns (Cnrss`b, >11<? >85= Mnrma, 4995? :1= Xurm,4996? 458). @j tfg tw` wnys `j Uwghasf oàbt hgvgc`pkgbt/cnbh rgnhoustkgbt,`bcy tfg >1<5 Oàbt Jneacatags Net as nppcagh ab prnetaeg, nbh tfgb `bcy ab kab`rrgsahgbtanc sefgkgs ab lrggbgch nrgns. Xfg >16< Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt j`rkucnfns b`t dggb usgh vgry kuef.

E`becusa`bs

X` e`becuhg, tfgrg nrg ecgnr hajjgrgbegs ab tfg p`sata`b `j pudcae nbh pravntg net`rs abtfg trnbsneta`bs tfnt rgcntg t` abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Ns n rucg, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs,



ûaem senb 11

Gblcnbh, Jrnbeg, Atncy, Uwghgb (j`r tfg cnrlgr sefgkgs), Jcnbhgrs nbh Hgbknrm, tfgtrnbsneta`bs tfnt nrg bgghgh j`r abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nrg hgpgbhgbt b nlrggkgbt

dgtwggb tfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfg cnbh`wbgrs. X` nvàh tfas hgpgbhgbeg, kubaea-pncatags fnvg ab prnetaeg tfg nctgrbntavg `j prg-gkpta`b, gxpr`pranta`b nbh spgeanc n p`stgra`ra tnx j`rkucng. Xfus, tfgy fnvg t` lgt hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b, ab bnbeanc nbh `rlnbaznta`bnc tgrks. Ab Zncgbean nbh Lgrknby, dgsahgsprg-gkpta`b nbh gxpr`pranta`b, kubaeapncatags enb ef``sg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt, gvgb-tunccy e`kpucs`ry rgnhoustkgbt. Ab Zncgbean, kubaeapncatags h` b`t bggh t` lgt ha-rgetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt, enb pcneg tfg tnsm `b tfg cnbh`wbgrs `r `bn e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr watfùt cnbh, nbh h` b`t bggh t` sudsahasg. Ab Lgrknby,kubaeapncatags fnvg t` lgt hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Ab Uwghgb, ab sknccrgsahgbtanc sefgkgs ab lrggbgch nrgns, kubaeapncatags enb nppcy oàbt hgvgc`pkgbt/

rgnhoustkgbt nbh pcneg tfg tnsm b tfg cnbh`wbgrs, dut tfgy bggh nlrggkgbt watf ntcgnst tfg kno`raty `j tfg cnbh`wbgrs.

8.7 Ugcgeta`b `j eùbtrags

Xfg z`babl rglucnta`bs (dabhabl nbh b`t-dabhabl) ab babg \gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùb-trags fnvg dggb e`kpnrgh ab `rhgr t` sgcget tf`sg eùbtrags wfaef, dgtwggb tfgk-sgcvgs nbh ab e`kpnras`b watf tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, sf`w tfg dr`nhgst vnranta`b ab tfg

abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ (j`r tfg kgtf`h`c`laenc rgn-s`b, sgg sgeta`b 5.4.>.4).

Xfg sgcgetgh eùbtrags nrg tfg Upnbasf rgla`b j Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, eùbtrags tfntstnbh s`kgwfnt j`r `pp`satg k`hgcs. @b gnef sud-vnrandcg `j tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnra-ndcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑, tfg hajjgrgbegs wgrg rgknrmndcg. (>) Tglnrhabltfg pcneg `j dabhabl rucgs ab tfg bgl`tanta`b prègssgs (\fgrg nbh \fgb), Gblcnbhrgprgsgbts tfg ‖hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh‑ pcnbbabl systgk k`hgc, nbh Zncgbean (t`lgtfgrwatf Jrnbeg, Atncy nbh Jcnbhgrs) tfg ‖pcnb-cgh‑. Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs jncc ab tfg kahhcg, j`rat as ab tfg`ry pcnb-cgh dut h`gs b`t w`rm ns suef ab prnetaeg. (4) Tglnrhabl tfg e`b-

tgbts `j dabhabl rucgs (\fnt), tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (up t` 4996), t`lgtfgr watf Hgbknrm,fnvg nck`st b` hgvgc`pkgbt-`ragbtgh dabhabl rucgs, wfacg Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean h`.Jurtfgr, tfg Hutef dabhabl rucgs, t`lgtfgr watf tfg Hnbasf, fnvg tfg bnrr`wgst e`b-tgbts, wfacg Gblcnbh fns tfg dr`nhgst. Jabnccy, tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Hutef dabhabl rucgs(pcnbbabl e`bsgbt) enbb`t dg knhg, j`rknccy nbh `pgbcy, e`bhata`bnc b sgeurabl tfgakpcgkgbtnta`b, wfacg ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean tfas as p`ssadcg nbh e`bstatutgs tfgstnbhnrh prèghurg. (5) Tglnrhabl tfg prèghurg j`r nppr`vnc `j tfg dabhabl rucgs,ab Gblcnbh egrtnab kno`r k`haenta`bs nrg p`ssadcg watf n vgry sakpcg prèghurg,wfacg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Zncgbean n fgnvy prèghurg as bgghgh. (8) Tglnrhabltfg rgcnta`b dgtwggb dabhabl rucgs nbh pr`pgrty ralfts, ab Zncgbean tfg abjrnstrueturg

pr`vasa`b as ab tfg pcnbbabl cnw gxpcaeatcy ahgbtagh ns n pudcae tnsm, wfacg ab tfgBgtfgrcnbhs nbh Gblcnbh at as b`t. Jurtfgr, ab Zncgbean abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b enb



^uaem senb>99

X n d c g 6 . U u k k n r y ` j k n a b n s p g e

t s ` j j ` r k n c r u c g s r g c g v n b t t ` z ` b a b l .

B C

G b l c n b h

Z n c g b e a n

( U p n a b )

L g r k n b y

J r n b e g

A t n c y

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H g b k

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n c r u c g s r g c g v n b t t ` z ` b a b l a b t f g b g l ` t a n t a ` b p r ` e g s s g s

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t a ` b s

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C n b h u s g p c n b

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p c n b

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p c n b

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p c n b - c g h

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^uaem senb >9>

B C

G b l c n b h

Z n c g b e a n

( U p n a b )

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A t n c y

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Q g s

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ûaem senb>94

dg akpcgkgbtgh watfùt bggh `j nlrggkgbt watf tfg cnbh`wbgr, ns tfgrg as tfg p`s-sadacaty `j e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. @b tfg e`btrnry, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh

Gblcnbh, abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b ab knabcy hgpgbhgbt `b nlrggkgbt watf tfg cnbh-`wbgrs, nbh tfas hgpgbhgbeg enb `bcy dg nvàhgh tfrùlf kno`r pudcae abv`cvgkgbt(prg-gkpta`b, gxpr`pranta`b r n p`stgra`ra spgeanc tnx j`rkucng).

Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, t`lgtfgr watf tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, fnvg dge`kg tfus tfg jèus jtfas rgsgnref. Xfgy wacc dg tfg sudogets `j ab-hgptf rgsgnref ab efnptgrs 7-<.



E

F N Y X G

T

7Xfg Upnbasf rgla`b `j Zncgbean

Xrnhata`bnccy, pudcae d`hags fnvg nakgh ab Zncgbean t` bnbeg tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrtsab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b watf tfg pr`tndcg pnrts. Xfas nak fns dggb egbtrnc ab tfg gv`-cuta`b j tfg Upnbasf pcnbbabl systgk, nbh fns cgh t` e`bseaùs gjj`rts t` lavg rgsp`b-sadacaty t` pravntg pnrtags j`r bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtabl tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags. Xfg rst sueegssjuc gjj`rt cgh t` tfg abtr`hueta`b ab >17: dy tfg egbtrnc

l`vgrbkgbt ab Knhrah `j n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, kgnbt t` dcalg cnbh`wbgrst` h` tfnt. Ab >118 tfg Zncgbeanb rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt abtr`huegh akp`rtnbt abb`vn-ta`bs t` rgs`cvg tfg sgraùs sf`rte`kabls `j tfg >17: rglucnta`b.

Jrnkg 7n

Xfg abstatuta`bnc e`btgxt? Upnab, tfg rgla`b j Zncgbean, pr`vabegs nbh kubaeapncatags

Upnab as n hgegbtrncazgh stntg, watf n systgk `j e`bstatuta`bnc pnrcankgbtnry k`bnrefy.Uabeg tfg E`bstatuta`b (E`bstatueaõb Gspnþ`cn) `j >1<6, sgvgbtggb Nut`b`kùs E`k-kubatags (E`kubahnhgs Nutõb`kns, jr`k b`w `b ‖rgla`bs‑) enkg abt` dgabl, gnef `j

tfgk watf ats `wb pnrcankgbt nbh gxgeutavg p`wgr. Xfg hgegbtrncaznta`b `j e`kpg-tgbegs t` tfg rgla`bs as suef tfnt Upnab dgenkg hg jnet` n jghgrnc stntg.

Xfg Nut`b`kùs E`kkubaty `j Zncgbean (E`kubahnh Nutõb`kn hg Zncgbean, ENK,jr`k b`w `b ‖rgla`b `j Zncgbean‑) dgenkg ab >164 `bg `j tfg sgvgbtggb rgla`bs. Atèeupags nb nrgn `j 45,477 Mk´ (7% `j Upnab) nbh fnh ab 4997 8.<k abfndatnbts(>>% `j tfg Upnbasf p`pucnta`b, nt nb nvgrnlg hgbsaty `j 499 abfnd/Mk´). Ab ge`-b`kae tgrks as b`wnhnys `bg `j tfg k`st hybnkae Upnbasf rgla`bs. Ab tfg cnst ygnrs,tfg tùrask abhustry fns gxpgragbegh n dal rasg. Xfg rgla`b abecuhgs tfrgg pr`vabegs(Enstgccõb, Zncgbean nbh Ncaenbtg) nbh 78> kubaeapncatags. Xfg l`vgrbkgbtnc cnygrs (rg-

la`bnc l`vgrbkgbt ― Lgbgrncatnt , pr`vabeanc l`vgrbkgbt ― Haputneaõb Yr`vabeanc , nbh



Zncgbean>9:

kubaeapncaty― Nyubtnkagbt`) nrg `rlnbazgh fagrnrefaenccy? tfg pcnbbabl p`caeags nbhpcnbs j pr`vabegs nbh kubaeapncatags nrg sud`rhabntgh t` tfg cnw, p`caeags nbh pcnbs j

tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt. @j tfgsg tfrgg l`vgrbkgbtnc cgvgcs, pr`vabegs fnvg tfg cgnste`kpgtgbeg nbh wgalft.

Xfg hastraduta`b `j e`kpgtgbegs dgtwggb Knhrah nbh gnef `j tfg rgla`bs as dnsgh `btfg prabeapcg j sykkgtraenc havasa`b j e`kpgtgbegs. D`tf tfg egbtrnc nbh tfg rgla`bncl`vgrbkgbts pr`hueg ‖j`rknc cglascnta`b‑ (cnws) nbh ‖cglascnta`b ab n kntgranc sgbsg‑(hgerggs nbh rglucnta`bs). Xfgrg nrg gxfnustavg casts `j e`kpgtgbegs, s`kg `j tfgkrgsgrvgh gxecusavgcy j`r tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt, s`kg `j tfgk gxecusavgcy j`r tfg rg-la`bnc l`vgrbkgbt. Dut tfgrg nrg ncs` p`caey gchs ab wfaef tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt fnstfg e`kpgtgbeg j`r knmabl ‖dnsae‑ cglascnta`b, nbh tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt tfnt j`r hg-

vgc`pabl nbh hgtnacabl tfas dnsae cglascnta`b. Ab e`kpcgx p`caey gchs suef ns pcnbbabl,egbtrnc nbh rgla`bnc e`kpgtgbegs nrg abtakntgcy rgcntgh t` gnef tfgr. \atfab tfg pcnb-babl gch, Knhrah fns tfg gxecusavg e`kpgtgbeg j`r pr`pgrty cnw, nbh tfg e`kpgtgbegt` assug dnsae cglascnta`b `b e`kk`b nhkabastrntavg prègghabls nbh gbvar`bkgbtncpr`tgeta`b. Tgla`bs enb, watfab cakats, hgtnac nbh hgvgc`p tfas dnsae cglascnta`b. Ns nrgsuct, Knhrah fns, j`r gxnkpcg, akp`rtnbt e`kpgtgbegs j`r bnta`bnc abjrnstrueturg nbhtfg gxecusavg e`kpgtgbeg j`r gxpr`pranta`b cnw. Xfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean fns gxecusavge`kpgtgbegs j`r prnetaenccy tfg rgst j pcnbbabl cnw (Dgtnbe`r & Lnreën-Dgccah`, 499>?66, 19, 14). J`r n cast `j cglascnta`b, rgcntavg t` pcnbbabl, sgg Nbbgx 4.

Ugeta`bs 7.> t` 7.5 abtr`hueg tfg e`btgxt `j f`w pudcae d`hags enpturg tfg vncugabergnsg ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean. Ugeta`b 7.8 abtr`huegs tfgstuhagh ensgs. Ugeta`b 7.7 hgseradgs tfg w`rmabl `j tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`b-abl watfab tfg vncug enpturabl kgefnbasks. Xfas as tfg nbswgr t` Yrgpnrnt`ry rg-sgnref qugsta`b 5? f`w enb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl abfflugbeg tfg enpturabl jvncug abergnsg ab Zncgbean0 Xfg qugsta`b fns dggb havahgh abt` sgvgrnc sud-qugsta`bstfnt e`rrgsp`bh t` tfg sud-vnrandcgs n-g (j`r k`rg hgtnacs ndùt tfgsg sud-vnrandcgs,sgg sgeta`b 5.5.5). Gnef j tfg nbswgrs t` tfg sud-qugsta`bs e`bsasts j nb nssgsskgbt`j wfgtfgr tfg sud-vnrandcg enb abfflugbeg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg. Xfgrg as

tfgrgj`rg b`t `bg sablcg e`becusa`b, dut ns knby e`becusa`bs ns sud-qugsta`bs. Ncctfgsg e`becusa`bs fnvg pr`vahgh tfg ablrghagbts j`r tfg bnc e`becusa`bs ab efnptgr6 nbh tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef prnetaeg ab efnptgr 1. Ugeta`b 7.: nssgssgstfg hglrgg `j netunccy enpturgh vncug abergnsg, tnmabl neeùbt `j tfg sahg gjjgets`b tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b. Jabnccy, sgeta`b 7.< sukknrazgs nbh knmgs s`kgstntgkgbts ndùt tfg abjgrrgh enusncatags dgtwggb j`rknc rucgs nbh enpturabl vncugabergnsg. Xfas abecuhgs nb nssgsskgbt j tfg r`cg j tfarh vnrandcgs.



Zncgbean >9<

7.> Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean

At as p`ssadcg t` hajjgrgbtantg tw` hajjgrgbt urdnb rglgbgrnta`b p`caeags, r lrùps j p`c-aeags, ab tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean. Jarst tfgrg nrg tf`sg p`caeags hgsalbgh nt tfg rgla`bnc/ bnta`bnc cgvgc, `ragbtgh dnsaenccy t` tfg rgvatncaznta`b `j fast`rae nrgns nbh s`kg `tfgrhgtgra`rntgh bgalfd`rf``hs. Ab tfg sge`bh pcneg, tfgrg nrg tf`sg p`caeags hgsalbgh nttfg cènc cgvgc tfnt jèus `b jneacatntabl tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt `j `ch abhustranc nbh `jegsatgs abt` rgsahgbtanc nrgns (Dcnbe, abtgrvagw ab 4997= Unbefas, abtgrvagw ab 4996).

7.>.> Tgvatncaznta`b `j fast`rae egbtgrs nbh hgtgra`rntgh

bgalfd`rf``hs

\fnt efnrnetgrazgs tfgsg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b nrgns as tfnt cnbh`wbgrsfap as usunccyjrnlkgbtgh. Tglgbgrnta`b `jtgb fns t` hgnc watf knby cnbh`wbgrs, wf` usunccy stnyab tfg rglgbgrntgh nrgn. Uabeg >114, tfg Kabastry `j Fùsabl `j tfg egbtrnc l`vgrb-kgbt ab Knhrah, t`lgtfgr watf tfg rgla`bnc Zncgbeanb l`vgrbkgbt nbh tfg eatags `jZncgbean nbh Ncaenbtg, fnvg sgt up ab t`tnc tfrgg rgvatncaznta`b pr`lrnkkgs j`r fas-t`rae bgalfd`rf``hs ( Îrgns hg rgfndacatneaõb abtglrnhn y e`begrtnhn)? `bg j`r tfgfast`rae egbtgr `j tfg Eaty `j Zncgbean (sabeg >114), tfg sge`bh j`r tfg VAVtf Egbtury‑sEndnbync hastraet (sabeg 4998), ncs` ab tfg Eaty `j Zncgbean, nbh tfg tfarh j`r tfgfast`rae egbtgr `j tfg Eaty `j Ncaenbtg (sabeg >115). Nt tfg kahhcg `j 4996, n jùrtf

pr`lrnkkg wns dgabl sgt up j`r tfg VAVtf Egbtury‑s Tuznjn hastraet ab tfg Eaty `jZncgbean. Xfgsg pr`lrnkkgs abecuhg tw` s`rts `j pudcae abvgstkgbt. Xfg egbtrnc nbhtfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbts lavg sudsahags t` tfg `wbgrs j`r tfg rgfndacatnta`b `j tfgarpr`pgrtags. Nc`blsahg tfgsg sudsahags, tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt nbh tfg kubaeapnc-aty abtgrvgbg hargetcy tfrùlf rgjurdasfabl pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfgsgpr`lrnkkgs eùch dg e`bsahgrgh ns tfg k`st abtgbsavg nbh e`kpcgtg harget pudcaeabtgrvgbta`bs ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg rgla`b j Zncgbean.

Nc`blsahg tfgsg, tfgr k`rg k`hgst nbh bukgrùs pr`lrnkkgs fnvg dggb sgt up abtfg cnst ygnrs ( Îrgns hg rgfndacatneaõb). Xfgy nrg kgnbt j`r tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j `tfgr

fast`rae bgalfd`rf``hs nbh ncs` `j pgrapfgrnc >1:9‑s nbh >1<9‑s sèanc fùsabl has-traets. Xfgsg pr`lrnkkgs (ndùt 499 `j tfgk) abecuhg n e`kdabgh sudsahaznta`b?bnta`bnc nbh rgla`bnc sudsahags t` cnbh`wbgrs, nbh n k`hgst harget kubaeapnc pudcaeabtgrvgbta`b ab rgjurdasfabl pudcae abjrnstrueturg. Jabnccy, tfg egbtrnc nbh tfg rgla`bncl`vgrbkgbts nrg b`wnhnys sgttabl up bgw pr`lrnkkgs j`r tfg hgk`cata`b nbh rg-duachabl j sgvgrnc sgraùscy hgtgra`rntgh hastraets.

7.>.4 Tgz`babl `ch abhustranc nbh `jeg satgs abt` rgsahgbtanc

U`kg kubaeapncatags, lgbgrnccy nt tfgar `wb abatantavg, fnvg hgvgc`pgh sabeg tfg gbh`j tfg >119s cènc p`caeags t` jneacatntg tfg rgz`babl (rgencaeneaõb) `j `ch abhustranc



Zncgbean>96

nbh `jegs satgs cèntgh watfab tfg gxastabl urdnb nrgns. Hug t` urdnb lr`wtf nbhge`b`kae efnblgs, tfgsg satgs fnvg `jtgb dge`kg surrùbhgh dy rgsahgbtanc nbh

`jeg jubeta`bs. Tgz`babl sggks n c`laenc stgp nbh nttrnets tfg abtgrgst `j pr`pgrtyabvgst`rs dgenusg tfgsg satgs nrg cèntgh nt tfg fgnrt `j cnrlg nbh netavg knrmgts j`rkucta-jnkacy fùsabl nbh `jeg spneg. E`bjr`btgh watf bukgrùs pr`p`sncs jr`kknrmgt pnrtags, s`kg kubaeapncatags hgeahgh t` ncc`w rgz`babl nbh rglucntg at watf nh fè p`caey. Nb akp`rtnbt hajjgrgbeg dgtwggb tfgsg sefgkgs nbh tf`sg kgbta`bgh ab7.>.>, as tfnt tfgsg rgst gxecusavgcy `b pravntg abatantavgs nbh h` b`t akpcy nby pudcaegxpgbhaturg. Fgrg, pr`ts fnvg t` pny ncc tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts. Xfas rgsgnref jèusgs`b tfas s`rt `j prògets, tfus tfg stuhagh ensgs dgc`bl t` tfas s`rt. J`r nb abtr`hueta`bt` tfg ensgs sgg sgeta`b 7.8

At sggks tfnt nt cgnst ab cnrlgr eatags, rgz`babl fns dge`kg e`kk`b ab tfg cnst ygnrs(Tuda`, K`btagc, Unbefas, abtgrvagws 499: nbh 4996). J`r gxnkpcg, ab tfg eaty `jZncgbean, k`rg tfnb 19% `j ncc cènta`bs z`bgh ab tfg >166 Lgbgrnc cnbh usg pcnbns abhustry fnvg dggb rg-z`bgh abt` fùsabl nbh jeg (sgg Jalurgs 6). Nbh dgtwggb79 nbh 69% `j ncc cènta`bs z`bgh ns e`kkgreanc nbh rgergnta`bnc (`jegs) fnvgdggb rg-z`bgh t`` (Tnln, Tuda`, abtgrvagws ab 499:). Xfrgg `j tfg jùr stuhagh ensgse`rrgsp`bh t` tfas s`rt `j rgz`babl? Enkab`, Ygra`hastn nbh Dgbncÿn>. Tglgbgrnta`bab tfgsg s`rts `j satgs fns t` hgnc watf knby cnbh`wbgrs, wf` tgbh njtgrwnrhs t` sgcctfgar cnbh t` pravntg hgvgc`pgrs. Kubaeapncatags h` b`t usunccy duy cnbh. F`wgvgr,cnbh`wbgrs h` b`t usunccy sgcc akkghantgcy, dut ef``sg k`st `j tfg takg t` pnrtaea-

pntg ab tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt (K`hrgl`, 4999).

Jrnkg 7d

Lgbgrnc Cnbh Wsg Ycnbs nbh Hgtnacgh Ycnbs

Kubaeapncatags fnvg tfg e`kpgtgbeg j`r knmabl tfg dabhabl rucgs nt tfgar cgvgc. Xfgrgnrg tw` s`rts `j rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs hèukgbts nt tfas cgvgc? Lgbgrnc KubaeapncYcnbbabl (Ycnbgnkagbt` Lgbgrnc Kubaeapnc ) nbh Hgtnacgh Ycnbbabl (Ycnbgnkagbt`hg hgsnrr`cc`) (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe, >111? >>>->>5, 4:8-46:, 5><). Xfg Lgbgrnc Cnbh-usg Ycnb (Ycnb Lgbgrnc hg @rhgbneaõb Wrdnbn, YL@W) dgc`bls t` tfg rst s`rt nbh

e`vgrs tfg wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry. Gnef kubaeapncaty kust nppr`vg `bg `j tfgsgpcnbs, wfaef t` dg (rg-)nppr`vgh gnef 7-49 ygnrs. Xfg skncc kubaeapncatags fnvg nsakpcgr j`rk (B`rkns Uudsahanrans). Xfg rgla`b nppr`vgs tfgk hgbatavgcy. HgtnacghYcnbbabl hèukgbts nrg kgnbt j`r hgtnacabl njtgrwnrhs tfg nppr`vgh Lgbgrnc Ycnbsj`r spgeae satgs, nbh tfgy enb k`hajy tfgar e`btgbts (Dgtnbe`r & Lnreën-Dgccah`,499>? >96).

Lgbgrnc Ycnbs fnvg n cglnccy dabhabl efnrnetgr, a.g. tfgy fnvg stntut`ry e`bsgqugbegsj`r tfg usg p`ssadacatags j cnbh. Ycnbbabl cnw prgseradgs tfg e`btgbts j Lgbgrnc Ycnbs.

> Xfg jùrtf ensg, Luaccgk, e`bsasts `j rgz`babl `ch hgtgra`rntgh fùsabl.



Zncgbean >91

J`r tfg wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry, tfgy kust sgt ùt tfg k`st akp`rtnbt z`babl rucgs,cndgccgh ‖strueturnc dabhabl rucgs‑ (`rhgbneaõb strueturnc , Ynrgo` & Dcnbe, >111? 4<8-

4<<, 46<-597)?• Utrntglae efàegs? p`ssadcg duachabl typ`c`lags, knxaknc bukdgr `j hwgccabls nbhs`kgtakgs n knxakuk ffl``r spneg abhgx=

• Xfg ‖ecnssaenta`b‑ `r z`babl (ecnsaeneaõb) `j tfg gbtarg tgrrat`ry abt`? (a) GxastablWrdnb cnbh (sugc` urdnb`)= (aa) Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh ab tfg juturg, s``b `r ab tfgc`blgr tgrk (sugc` urdnbazndcg)= nbh (aaa) B`b-hgvgc`pndcg cnbh `r rurnc nrgn (sugc`b` urdnbazndcg)=

• Xfg c`laenc pfnsabl `j hgvgc`pkgbt=• Cnbh usg hgsalbnta`bs j`r tfg B`b-hgvgc`pndcg cnbh=• _`babl `j cnbh abt` Duachabl rglucnta`b z`bgs (g.l. fast`rae eaty, urdnb gxtgbsa`b,

nrgn `j senttgrgh duachabls, gte). Xfg >111 Utnbhnrh Duachabl Tglucnta`b @rhgr hg-bgs tfgsg z`bgs, nctfùlf kubaeapncatags nrg ncc`wgh t` k`hajy tfgk `r gvgb t`nh`pt n e`kpcgtgcy hajjgrgbt vgrsa`b=

• Hgcakatnta`b `j sget`rs (sget`rgs), hgvgc`pkgbt satgs tfnt fnvg t` dg hgtnacgh njtgr-wnrhs=

• Knab pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags? akp`rtnbt cgasurg egbtrgs nbh tfg ‖YraknryBgtw`rm `j pudcae jneacatags‑ (Tgh Yraknran hg h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens? r`nh bgtw`rm,pudcae jneacatags nbh lrggb nrgns)=

• Hgcakatnta`b `j tfg ‖Tghastraduta`b Nrgns‑ ( Îrgns hg rgpnrt`) nbh j`r gnef nrgn n‖Tgjgrgbeg Hgvgc`pkgbt Ncc`wnbeg‑ ( Npr`vgefnkagbt` tap`), n mabh `j ffl``r spneg

abhgx, wfaef j`rks tfg dnsas j`r tfg enceucnta`b `j tfg duachabl ralfts `j gnef cnbh-`wbgr, sgg ubhgr=

• Tglucnta`bs rglnrhabl pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags b`t dgc`blabl t` tfg ku-baeapncaty (g.l. falfwnys, rnacwnys).

Ycnbbabl cnw ncs` prgseradgs tfnt j`r Gxastabl Wrdnb cnbh nbh j`r Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pghs``b, Lgbgrnc Ycnbs kust ncs` stntg tfg e`kpcgkgbtnry z`babl rucgs, cndgccgh ‖hgtnacghdabhabl rucgs‑ (`rhgbneaõb p`rkgb`raznhn, Ynrgo` & Dcnbe, >111? 46<= T`kgr`, 4994?458-451, 575-578)?• Xfg ncalbkgbt `j tfg duachabls=

• Xfg lrùbh cgvgc `j tfg strggt (rnsnbtg)=• Cènc pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags? hgcakatnta`b `j tfg ‖Uge`bhnry Bgtw`rm `j

pudcae jneacatags‑ (Tgh Ugeubhnran hg h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens)=• \fnt as enccgh tfg ‖quncaenta`b‑ `j cnbh (encaeneaõb), tfg z`babl `j tfg cnbh abt`

hajjgrgbt cnbh usg entgl`rags? jrgg knrmgt fùsabl, njj`rhndcg/sèanc fùsabl, e`k-kgreanc spneg (`jeg, sf`ps,…), abhustranc, gte=

• Xfg duachabl v`cukgs=• Hgcakatnta`b `j tfg ‖Hgvgc`pkgbt Wbats‑ (Wbahnhgs hg Gogeueaõb), tfg satgs t` dg

hgvgc`pgh ab nb abtglrntgh wny.



Zncgbean>>4

Xfg Tgjgrgbeg Hgvgc`pkgbt Ncc`wnbeg as enceucntgh ns j`cc`ws (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe, >111?41:-598= T`kgr`, 4994? 49:-4>1)? tfg t`tnc ubats `j k`hnc usg (ab k´ ffl``r spneg k`-

hnc usg) nrg havahgh dy tfg t`tnc nrgn j tfg Tghastraduta`b Nrgn kabus tfg nrgn `j gxast-abl pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnt pudcae d`hags `dtnabgh ab tfg pnst tfrùlfjrgg egssa`b (dut b`t tfrùlf duyabl `r gxpr`pranta`b). Xfgrgj`rg, tfg Tgjgrgbeg Hgvgc-`pkgbt Ncc`wnbeg as enceucntgh ns j`cc`ws?• Duachabl v`cukg gxprgssgh ab ubats j ‖k`hnc usg‑ ? (nrgn Tghastraduta`b Nrgn - nrgn

`j gxastabl pudcae jneacatags tfnt pudcae d`hags `dtnabgh prgvaùscy tfrùlf jrgg egs-sa`b) ; x k´ ffl``r spneg k`hnc usg / k´ cnbh

Gxnkpcg `j enceucnta`b `j tfg Tgjgrgbeg Hgvgc`pkgbt Ncc`wnbeg ab n Tghastraduta`bNrgn `j >,999 k´ `j cnbh `j wfaef >99 k´ pudcae abjrnstrueturg wgrg prgvaùscy `d-

tnabgh tfrùlf jrgg egssa`b, nbh wfgrg tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb nbh/`r Hgtnacgh Ycnb j`rgsggn t`tnc duachabl v`cukg `j 4,999 k´ ffl``r spneg k`hnc usg?• Tgjgrgbeg Hgvgc`pkgbt Ncc`wnbeg? 4,999 ? (>,999 ― >99) ; 4.4 k´ ffl``r spneg

k`hnc usg/k´ cnbh.• Gxnkpcg `j enceucnta`b `j duachabl ralfts `j nb `wbgr `j n pnregc `j >99 k´? >99 x

4.4 ; fg fns ralft t` 449 k´ ffl``r spneg k`hnc usg.

Xfg Tgjgrgbeg Hgvgc`pkgbt Ncc`wnbeg wns ab ensg Luaccgk >.5:<, ab Ygra`hastn >.6<,ab Enkab` >.:75< nbh ab Dgbncÿn 9.:.

Nctfùlf tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, ncs` enccgh ‖urdnbaznta`b‑ (urdnbazneaõb) abUpnab, as stacc e`bsahgrgh n pudcae tnsm, ats akpcgkgbtnta`b fns dge`kg sabeg >17:d`tf n huty nbh n ralft `j cnbh`wbgrs tfrùlf tfg prabeapcg `j ‖gquatndcg rghastradu-ta`b `j dgbgts, e`sts nbh hutags‑ (rghastradueaõb gquatntavn hg dgbgea`s y enrlns)`j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Zncug abergnsg nbh e`sts `j hgvgc`pkgbt nrg pr`p`rta`bnccyhastradutgh dgtwggb ncc cnbh`wbgrs nee`rhabl t` tfg nrgn `j tfgar `ralabnc pr`pgrty.Zncug abergnsg tfus sgrvgs t` e`kpgbsntg cnbh`wbgrs j`r tnmabl rgsp`bsadacaty j`r tfgubpr`tndcg pnrts `j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt, a.g. j`r pr`vahabl tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags nbh eghabl tfg bgghgh cnbh.

Xfg pcnbbabl systgk spgeagh sgvgrnc abstrukgbts j`r `pgrnta`bncasabl tfas systgk jrghastradutabl dgttgrkgbt nbh e`sts. Xfg ubhgrcyabl ahgn wns tfnt tfg rgnhoustkgbt jtfg pr`pgrty dùbhnrags nbh tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b fnh t` dg `rlnbasgh dy ncctfg cnbh`wbgrs tfgksgcvgs, b`t bgegssnracy lavabl prakney t` nb abtgrkghanry nlgbt(g.l. `bg pudcae `r e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr `wbabl pnrt/k`st `j tfg cnbh). Xfg Cnbhrgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b knhg tfas trnbsj`rknta`b p`ssadcg watfùt hgpravabl cnbh-`wbgrs `j tfgar `wbgrsfap. Cnbh`wbgrs wgrg `dcalgh t` j`rk n oàbt hgvgc`pkgbt `r-lnbasnta`b ( Oubtn hg E`kpgbsneaõb), wfaef rlnbasgh nbh bnbegh tfg abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b tfrùlf v`cubtnry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt (Uastgkn hg E`kpgbsneaõb). Njtgr ku-

baeapnc nppr`vnc wns `dtnabgh, tfg Oubtn nrrnblgh tfg gblabggrabl w`rms, pr`vahghtfg satg watf tfg bgghgh pudcae abjrnstrueturg, rghastradutgh tfg rgsuctabl pnregcs nbh



Zncgbean >>5

abjrnstrueturg nbh, bnccy, hass`cvgh atsgcj. Xfg pcnbbabl systgk abecuhgh ab nhhata`btw` kno`r abstrukgbts watf wfaef kubaeapncatags eùch abtgrvgbg hargetcy. Jarst, tfg

kubaeapncaty eùch vgrrucg tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh tnmg tfg cgnh dy pr`vahabl tfg abjrn-strueturg nbh nppcyabl e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt (Uastgkn hg E``pgrneaõb). Abtfas ensg, tfg cnbh`wbgrs wgrg `dcalgh t` pny tfg t`tnc e`sts sax k`btfs ab nhvnbegt` tfg kubaeapncaty. Xfg sge`bh abstrukgbt wns gxpr`pranta`b nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b `jtfg pcnb (Uastgkn hg Gxpr`paneaõb).

Nb`tfgr akp`rtnbt e`kp`bgbt `j tfg systgk wns tfg abtr`hueta`b ab tfg >1<6 Ycnb-babl Tglucnta`b j n sgt j cglnc kabaknc stnbhnrhs j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneaca-tags (Gstîbhnrgs urdnbëstae`s). Xfgsg cglnc stnbhnrhs, t`lgtfgr watf tfg prgserapta`bsabecuhgh ab tfg Lgbgrnc Cnbh Wsg Ycnb, ergntgh egrtnabty ndùt tfg pudcae abjrnstrue-

turg nbh jneacatags t` dg pnah/rgncazgh dy tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Xfg >119-14 Net rnasghtfgsg stnbhnrhs e`bsahgrndcy.

Xfg rgsucts `j tfg pcnbbabl systgk wgrg nkdaluùs. @b tfg `bg fnbh, at sueegghghab `bg `j tfg knab l`ncs `j tfg >17: Net, wfaef wns t` `rlnbasg nbh bnbeg tfgpravntg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. @b tfg `tfgr fnbh,tfg systgk ecgnrcy jnacgh t` nssurg nb gjeagbt (qunbtatntavg nbh quncatntavg) akpcg-kgbtnta`b. Ns n rucg, cnbh`wbgrs hah b`t prèggh quaemcy nbh prègssgs wgrg sc`w.Xfg trnbsneta`b e`sts nssèantgh watf `rlnbasabl cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pabl n pcnbeùch dg falf (sgg abtgrkghanry vnrandcg abfflntgh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts ab enusnc k`h-

gc sgeta`b 4.8.4). Ab nhhata`b, duyabl cnbh nbh wnatabl wns vgry e`kk`b, nbhspgeucnta`b ab tfg cnbh knrmgt wns snah t` fnvg nefagvgh erataenc cgvgcs. U`kg fnvgnrlugh tfnt tfas as ecgnrcy rgcntgh t` tfg falf egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`s-sadacatags tfnt nrasgs njtgr tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs. Falf neeùbtgh cnbhe`sts (sgg abtgrkghanry vnrandcg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts) nbh tfg e`sts `j `rlnbasablcnbh`wbgrs nbh abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b knhg hgvgc`pkgbt jgnsadcg `bcy wfgbfalf fùsabl praegs ncc`wgh falf bnc pr`ts `r wfgb tfg qunbtaty nbh tfg qunc-aty `j abjrnstrueturg nbh pudcae jneacatags (vnrandcg N.4) wgrg c`w. At as nrlugh tfnttfas hgcnygh hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs (abtgrkghanry vnrandcg hgcny ) nbh rgsuctgh abp``rcy sgrvaegh duachabl satgs, watf abjgra`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nbh

fulg duachabl v`cukgs. E`bjr`btgh watf tfas jnacurg, pudcae d`hags fnh b`t usghtfgar cglnc abstrukgbts nhgquntgcy t` abtgrvgbg hargetcy tfrùlf e`kpucs`ry cnbhrgnhoustkgbt r tfrùlf gxpr`pranta`b. E`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt gbtnacs k`rgabv`cvgkgbt `j tfg kubaeapncatags, wfaef fnh t` prgpnrg tfg pcnbs, `rlnbazg tfgcnbh rgnhoustkgbt, p`ssadcy gxpr`prantg s`kg `wbgrs, nbh nhvnbeg s`kg bnbe-abl, dgnr s`kg bnbeanc rasms, gte. Ab ensg j gxpr`pranta`b, e`kpgbsnta`b abecuhgspnrt `j tfg knrmgt vncug `j tfg usg p`ssadacatags `j tfg bgw cnbh-usg pcnb? tfas knmgsgxpr`pranta`b gxpgbsavg. Ncs`, e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt nbh gxpr`pranta`brgknabs n p`cataenccy sgbsatavg knttgr, gspgeanccy nt tfg cènc cgvgc (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe,>111? 8<1-869).



Zncgbean>>8

7.4.4 Xfg urdnbazabl nlgbt cgnhs tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt?

>118 - `bwnrhs

Uabeg tfg >169s, erataes suef ns Lnreën-Dgccah` (>161= >11>d= >115, >118) nbh Ynrgo`Ncj`bs` (>115) nhvèntgh rgj`rk j tfg >17:‑s cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b. Ab >118,tfg sèanc-hgkèrntae rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt j Zncgbean, abfflugbegh dy tfas erataeask,nppr`vgh tfg Zncgbeanb Ycnbbabl Net (Cgy Tglucnh`rn hg cn Netavahnh Wrdnbëstaen,CTNW). Xfg >118 Net knhg jgnsadcg s`kg b`vgctags prgvaùscy abtr`huegh ab >1<:.Xfg >1<7-: Cnbh usg nbh Wrdnb Ycnbbabl Net abtr`huegh nb abb`vnta`b tfnt wnshgravgh jr`k tfg ahgn `j urdnbaskg e`begrtá ab tfg Jrgbef cglnc rgj`rk `j >1<5. Xfgabb`vnta b e`bsastgh j abtr`hueabl n tfarh pnrty, ab nhhata`b t` tfg kubaeapncaty nbhtfg cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr? tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt (nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r ). Xfas tfarh pnrty

as b`t rgquargh t` `wb cnbh nbh enb dg hargetcy nppàbtgh dy tfg kubaeapncaty (pudcaecnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`kpnby) r dg ef`sgb ab n pudcae tgbhgr (e`kkgreanc duachgr rhgvgc`pgr). Njtgr dgabl nssalbgh ns e`begssa`b f`chgr, tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt nssukgsrgsp`bsadacaty j`r tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh j`r tfg pr`p`rta`bnc rghastraduta`b`j dgttgrkgbts nbh e`sts dgtwggb tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Ab tfg`ry, tfgrgj`rg, tfas abb`vn-ta`b nssalbgh tfg tnsm `j rghastraduta`b nbh abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b t` tfg urdnbasablnlgbt nc`bg= at wns b` c`blgr n ralft nbh huty `j cnbh`wbgrs, ns fnh dggb spgeaghab tfg >17: Net.

Xfg abb`vnta`b ab tfg >1<7-: Net hah b`t w`rm. Njtgr dgabl nppàbtgh dy tfg ku-

baeapncaty, urdnbasabl nlgbts bgghgh tfg v`cubtnry e`bsgbt `j tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbhfnh b` lunrnbtgg tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty wùch nppcy e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbtaj tfg cnbh`wbgrs hah b`t e`ccnd`rntg. Ab suef ensgs, urdnbasabl nlgbts wùch dg`dcalgh t` nsm tfg kubaeapncaty t` gxpr`prantg, nbh tfgy wùch dg rgquargh t` pnytfg jucc knrmgt vncug `j tfg cnbh`wbgr‑s duachabl ralfts. Ab sf`rt, urdnbasabl nlgbtsfnh t` e`kkat tfgksgcvgs t` tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j n pcnb watfùt mb`wabl j`r surgwfgtfgr p`ssadcg hajeuctags watf cnbh`wbgrs eùch dg rgs`cvgh watfab tfg sefgh-ucg. Jurtfgrk`rg, nlgbts wgrg camgcy t` dg jnegh watf pnyabl falf e`kpgbsnta`b t`cnbh`wbgrs. Xfas satunta`b akpghgh tfg sueegss `j tfg abb`vnta`b j >1<7-: (Lnreën-Dgccah`, >115= >118). K`rg`vgr, tfg p`ssadacaty `j nppàbtabl nb urdnbasnta`b nlgbt

wns cakatgh t` tfnt pnrt j tfg cnbh ecnssagh ns hgvgc`pndcg ab tfg juturg nbh t` tf`sgensgs ab wfaef tfg kubaeapncaty gxpcaeatcy fnh hgeahgh t` j`cc`w tfas j`rkucn. At hah`pgb n h``r, f`wgvgr, dy abtr`hueabl tfg p`ssadacaty `j pudcae d`hags hgeahabl ab npudcae tgbhgr wfgrg t` pcneg hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts nbh tfg p`ssadacaty `j abv`cvabl ntfarh pnrty (wf` as, ab prabeapcg, b`t cabmgh nt ncc watf cnbh`wbgrsfap) t` dg rgsp`bsa-dcg j`r abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b.

Xfg Zncgbeanb >118 Net knhg tfg >1<7-:‑s abb`vnta`b jgnsadcg. Jarst, tfg >118 Netspgeagh cnbh rgnhoustkgbt nbh, aj bgegssnry, e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt, ns tfghgjnuct prèghurg. Wrdnbasabl nlgbts tfgrgj`rg mbgw dgj`rgfnbh tfnt tfg p`ssadcg

rgsastnbeg `j cnbh`wbgrs eùch dg `vgrrucgh njtgr pr`pgr prègghabls. Uge`bh, tfgNet sudogetgh ncc hgvgc`pndcg cnbh (d`tf rglgbgrnta`b ab urdnb cnbh nbh lrggbgch



Zncgbean >>7

satgs) t` tfas bgw j`rkucn j`r hgvgc`pkgbt. \fnt tfg >118 Net netunccy hah wns t`lgbgrncazg tfg e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt j`rkucn, nhhabl tfg p`ssadacaty `j np-

pàbtabl n tfarh pnrty ns akpcgkgbt`r. N tfarh akp`rtnbt b`vgcty `j tfg >118 Net astfnt at lnvg lunrnbtggs t` tfg abatantabl pnrtags ndùt tfg fnbhcabl `j tfgar pr`p`s-ncs. Xfas wns kgnbt t` prgvgbt kubaeapncatags jr`k dgabl t`` hasergta`bnry ab tfgarhgeasa`bs. Xfgsg tfrgg k`haenta`bs ncc`wgh abatantabl pnrtags t` fnvg n rgns`bndcgahgn `j tfgar rasms nbh e`sts, dgj`rg gbtgrabl abt` n pudcae tgbhgr. N jùrtf b`vgctywns t` cabm tfg cglnccy dabhabl pfysaenc z`babl (tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb) t` tfg sefghucabl`j ats akpcgkgbtnta`b? Hgtnacgh Ycnbs nrg b`w nee`kpnbagh dy n bgw s`rt `j pcnb,tfg Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg, wfaef abecuhgs ncc tfg hgvgc`pkgbt-`ragbtghnspgets? enceucnta`b `j e`sts, `dcalnta`bs `j ncc pnrtags, nbh n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrgg-kgbt t` sgeurg tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh

jneacatags.

Xfg >118 Net wns `ralabnccy nb abatantavg `j tfg sèanc hgkèrntae YU@G (Ynrtah` U`-eancastn @drgr` Gspnþ`c ), nbh tfg e`bsgrvntavg Ynrtah` Y`pucnr v`tgh nlnabst at nt tfgtakg `j tfg pnrcankgbtnry nppr`vnc ab >118. F`wgvgr, tfg Ynrtah` Y`pucnr , njtgr wab-babl tfg rgla`bnc gcgeta`bs ab >117, hgeahgh t` knabtnab tfg cnw. Uabeg tfgb, k`st`j tfg `tfgr sgvgbtggb Upnbasf rgla`bs, nctfùlf pnrtags watf n vnragty `j p`cataenc`paba`bs nhkabastgr tfgk, fnvg abtr`huegh tfg Zncgbeanb abb`vnta`b abt` tfgar `wbpcnbbabl cglascnta`b (Durragc, 4996). Ab Hgegkdgr 4997, tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt `jZncgbean nppr`vgh, ab rgneta`b t` erataeasks `j tfg >118 Net, tfg 4997 Ycnbbabl Net

(Cgy Wrdnbëstaen Zncgbeanbn, CWZ)4

. Xfas rgvasa`b k`hags s`kg akp`rtnbt nspgets`j tfg >118 Net, wfaef enb dg sukknrazgh ab tw` nspgets. Jarst, at rgabj`regs tfgprèghurnc lunrnbtggs nbh rgcagvgs tfg `dcalnta`bs `b `wbgrs ab sgka-e`bs`cahntghnrgns. Uge`bh, at abtr`huegs n hùdcg-tgbhgr prèghurg? tfg rst pudcae tgbhgr as j`ref``sabl tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt. @beg sgcgetgh, tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt as `dcalgh t``rlnbasg n sge`bh tgbhgr j`r tfg pudcae w`rms. Xfg rst tgbhgr j`cc`ws pnrt `j tfgGur`pgnb pudcae prèurgkgbt rglucnta`b5= tfg sge`bh j`cc`ws tfg gbtarg rglucnta`b.Xfg Gur`pgnb E`kkassa`b hah f`wgvgr b`t nlrgg nbh fns sudkattgh ab tfg sukkgr`j 4996 nb nppgnc t` tfg Eùrt j Oustaeg j tfg Gur`pgnb Wba`b8. Ab Ugptgkdgr 49>9tfg Nhvèntg Lgbgrnc `j tfg GW nhvasgh t` haskass tfg E`kkassa`b‑s ensg (Nhvèntg

Lgbgrnc `j tfg Gur`pgnb Wba`b, 49>9). At as gxpgetgh tfnt tfg Eùrt `j Oustaeg waccpnss ouhlgkgbt nt tfg gbh `j 49>9.

4 Xfg Gur`pgnb Ynrcankgbt fns pcnygh n egbtrnc r`cg ab tfas erataeask dy erataeazabl tfg urdnb p caey `jtfg rgla`bnc Zncgbeanb l`vgrbkgbt (Durragc, 4991).

5 Hargetavg 15/5</GE nbh Hargetavg 4998/>6/GE, e`begrbabl tfg e``rhabnta`b `j prèghurgs j`r tfgnwnrh `j pudcae w`rms e`btrnets.

8 Neta`b drùlft `b 1 Oucy 4996 - E`kkassa`b `j tfg Gur`pgnb E`kkubatags v Mablh`k `j Upnab,(Ensg E-59:/96), (4996/E 445/76).



Zncgbean>>:

Jrnkg 7h

Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkgs

Wbhgr tfg >118 Net, wfgrg tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j n Hgtnacgh Ycnb akpcags tfg bgght` e`bstruet bgw pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, `r t` rgjurdasf tfg gxastabl `bgs,tfg pcnb kust dg nee`kpnbagh dy n Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg (Yr`lrnkn pnrn gchgsnrr`cc` hg ubn Netuneaõb Abtglrnhn, YNA, ncs` trnbscntgh s`kgtakgs ns ‖AbtglrntghNeta`b Yr`lrnkkgs‑). Xfg abatantabl pnrty tfnt sudkats tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb (wfgtfgr tfasas n pudcae `r n pravntg pnrty), kust ncs` sudkat tfg Yr`lrnkkg. Kubaeapncatags enbef``sg wfgtfgr t` nppr`vg rst tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb nbh, njtgrwnrhs, tfg Yr`lrnkkg, `rt` nppr`vg d`tf hèukgbts nt tfg snkg takg. Ab prnetaeg tfgy prèggh nbh nppr`vgd`tf hèukgbts nt tfg snkg takg, ns pnrt j tfg snkg hgvgc`pkgbt abatantavg tfnt fns t`dg gvncuntgh ns n wf`cg. Xfas wns tfg ensg watf ncc tfg stuhagh ensgs, gxegpt j`r n skncc

pnrt `j tfg pcnb nrgn ab Dgbncÿn. N Yr`lrnkkg fns ncs`, tfg snkg ns n Hgtnacgh Ycnb,n cglnccy dabhabl efnrnetgr. Ycnbbabl cnw prgseradgs ats e`btgbts, wfaef nrg havahgh abtw` lrùps `j hèukgbts (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe, >111? 541-555)?

>) Xgefbaenc Nctgrbntavg ( Nctgrbntavn Xáebaen), tfnt abecuhgs tfg hèukgbts watf tfgpfysaenc z`babl? (>n) Xfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb tfnt k`hags, e`kpcgtgs r hgtnacs tfg LgbgrncYcnb= at enb ncs` abecuhg n Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget (Yr`yget` hg Tgpnregcneaõb, sggubhgr)= (>d) N Yr`vasa`bnc `r Hgbatavg Abjrnstrueturg Yr`vasa`b Yròget ( Nbtgpr`yget`/ Yr`yget` hg Wrdnbazneaõb), wfaef abecuhgs n sefgkg j`r tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg, watfn hgserapta`b j tf`sg gcgkgbts tfnt hgtgrkabg tfg t`tnc e`sts, suef ns tfg quncaty j tfg

pudcae spneg, n sefgkg j tfg sgwgrnlg bgtw`rm, n sefgkg j tfg r`nh bgtw`rm nbh tfg`tfgr jneacatags, n hgserapta`b `j gxastabl bgtw`rms (sgwgrnlg, wntgr, r`nhs, gcgetraeaty,endcgs), nbh tfg jgnsadacaty nbh tfg e`sts j e`bbgeta`b t` tfg bgw hgvgc`pkgbt (Kgrc`& Tadgs, 4998? 75-78).

4) Ourahaenc-ge`b`kae Yr`p`snc (Yr`p`saeaõb Ourëhae`-Ge`bõkaen), wfaef abecuhgs tfghèukgbts watf tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs? (4n) Xfg Ge`b`kae--bnbeanc Yr`p`snc (Yr`p`saeaõb Ge`bõkae`-Jabnbeagrn)= (4d) N pr`p`snc `j Hgvgc`pkgbtNlrggkgbt (E`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae`). Jabnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs e`bsast`j tfg j`cc`wabl?

• Abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts? n pr`vasa`bnc gstaknta`b `j tfgsg e`sts, nbh tfg ncc -enta`b `j tfgsg e`sts t` gnef cnbh`wbgr, ns wgcc tfg j`rk `j pnykgbt (ab k`bgy `rab mabh, ab duachabl ralfts)=

• Cnbh t` dg eghgh jrggcy=• Nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs? g.l. gxtrn bnbeanc e`btraduta`bs, duachabl `j pudcae jneaca-

tags, gxtrn e`btraduta`bs j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl=• Hgnhcabgs j`r tfg sudkassa`b j tfg Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget? ab tfg stuhagh ensgs

watfab 5 t` 7 k`btfs njtgr tfg hgbatavg nppr`vnc `j tfg Yr`lrnkkg=• Hgnhcabgs j`r tfg e`kkgbegkgbt nbh e`kpcgta b `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr vasa`b?

watfab tfg cglnc knxakuk `j 7 ygnrs j`r tfg e`kpcgta`b `j tfg w`rms (tfrgg ensgs),



Zncgbean >><

`r 5 ygnrs ab ensg tfg cnbh`wbgrs, rlnbazgh ab nb nssèanta`b, dge`kg sgcgetgh nsurdnbazabl nlgbt (ensg Enkab`)=

• Hgnhcabgs j`r tfg duachabl w`rms? `j tfg jùr stuhagh ensgs, bcy `bg, Enkab`, abecuh-gh n hgnhcabg j`r tfg duachabl, ab tfas ensg j`r tfg e`kkgbegkgbt `j tfg duachabl.

Xfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgs d`tf hèukgbts, Nctgrbntavg nbh Yr`p`snc, nbh tfg rgla`bncl`vgrbkgbt abtgrvgbgs bcy t` nppr`vg hgbatavgcy tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb ab ensg at k`hagstfg strueturnc dabhabl rucgs `j tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb. Ab prnetaeg, tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbtusgs tfas e`kpgtgbeg vgry `jtgb, nbh at as b`t gxegpta`bnc tfnt at rgogets `r rgquargs tfgk`haenta`bs j tfg pcnbs. Ab gxegpta`bnc satunta`bs, tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt enb ncs`suspgbh tfg kubaeapnc pcnb nbh nppr`vg n bgw pcnb ab ats pcneg. Uuef n kgnsurg fnsncwnys n tgkp`rnry efnrnetgr (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe, >111? >>>->>4, 47:, 5>>), nbh as b`t

vgry e`kk`b ab prnetaeg.

Nby`bg enb sudkat n Yr`lrnkkg, abecuhabl n Hgtnacgh Ycnb, t` tfg kubaeapncaty,ns cnbh`wbgrsfap as b`t rgquargh. Xfg pr`p`snc usunccy j`cc`ws tfg pr`vasa`bs `j tfgLgbgrnc Cnbh Wsg Ycnb. Aj tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb as b`t ygt hgtnacgh, tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnbhgtnacs at. F`wgvgr, j`r Gxastabl Wrdnb cnbh, tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb as ncwnys hgtnacgh? a.g.tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb gstndcasfgs ncrgnhy wfgtfgr cnbh as kgnbt j`r rgsahgbtanc, abhustry`r `jegs, tfg knxaknc duachabl v`cukg, wfaef satgs sfùch dg rghgvgc`pgh, duach-abl ncalbkgbts, gte. U` ab tfgsg ensgs tfgrg as b` bggh j`r Hgtnacgh Ycnbs, ubcgss at as

bgegssnry t` k`hajy tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb.

Xfg kubaeapncaty enb rgoget tfg Yr`lrnkkg, abecuhabl tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb, r abatantg nj`rknc pudcae tgbhgr prèghurg. Njtgr n Yr`lrnkkg fns dggb pudcasfgh, nby`bg enbsudkat dogeta`bs r nctgrbntavg pr`lrnkkgs. Enbhahntgs bgl`tantg watf cnbh`wbgrst` `dtnab supp`rt= tfgy kny pudcasf tfgar `jjgrs ab bgwspnpgrs nbh abvatg cnbh`wb-grs t` oàb tfgk. Njtgr gvncunta`b nbh bgl`tanta`bs watf tfg enbhahntgs, tfg CèncEùbeac hgeahgs `b n hgbatavg Yr`lrnkkg nbh sgcgets tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt. Ugcge-ta`b eratgran nrg tfg t`tnc abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, tfg quncaty `j tfg pcnb nbhtfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, tfg nhvnbtnlgs `jjgrgh t` tfg kubaeapncaty, tfg

praeg `jjgrgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs j`r tfgar duachabl ralfts, tfg supp`rt `j cnbh`wbgrs,tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs, nbh tfg nkùbt `j tfg dnbm lunrnbtggs. Xfg tgbhgrenb dg hgecnrgh vàh aj b`bg `j tfg pr`p`sncs sntasgs tfg kubaeapncaty, dut suef hg-easa`bs kust dg oustagh (Dcnbe, 4995= Kuþ`z gt nc., 4998). Kubaeapncatags enb lrnbte`begssa`bs t` pudcae nlgbeags watfùt pudcae tgbhgr. Ndùt 59% `j ncc sefgkgs abtfg rgla`b nrg hgvgc`pgh dy pudcae e`kpnbags, wfaef nrg hgpgbhgbt `b bnta`bnc,rgla`bnc `r kubaeapnc pudcae d`hags (lurgs jr`k >118 tacc >116, K`hrgl`, 4999).F`wgvgr, k`st (jr`k >118 ubtac >116? <4%) `j tfg urdnbasnta`b prògets fnvg dggbtfg rgsuct j pravntg abatantavgs (K`hrgl`, 4999).

Njtgr tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Yr`lrnkkg, cnbh`wbgrs enb hgeahg wfgtfgr tfgy wnbt t`dg gxpr`prantgh `r t` e`btabug ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss. Aj tfgy ef``sg j`r gx-



Zncgbean>>6

pr`pranta`b, tfg kubaeapncaty as rgsp`bsadcg j`r tfg gxpr`pranta`b, nbh tfg urdnbasablnlgbt as `dcalgh t` pny tfg e`kpgbsnta`b. Xfg urdnbasabl nlgbt (n pudcae nlgbey,

`r n pravntg hgvgc`pgr sgcgetgh ab tfg pudcae tgbhgr) knmgs nbh sudkats t` tfg ku-baeapncaty nb Abjrnstrueturg Yr`vasa`b Yròget nbh n Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget. Xfgsghèukgbts kust t watfab wfntgvgr as prgseradgh ab tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb, Hgtnacgh Ycnbnbh Yr`lrnkkg. Njtgr tfg pgra`h j pudcae e`bsuctnta`b, tfg kubaeapncaty kny rgoget,nkgbh r nppr`vg tfg hèukgbts.

Jrnkg 7g

Yrèghurg j`r tfg e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt

Ycnbbabl cnw prgseradgs tfg j`cc`wabl prèghurg j`r e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt

(Ynrgo` & Dcnbe >111? 878-8:9)?• Yudcae e`bsuctnta`b j tfg Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget? at as nbbùbegh lgbgrnccy abbgwspnpgrs, nbh nbbùbegh abhavahunccy `bcy t` tfg rglastgrgh tatcgf`chgrs, tfnt astf`sg `wbgrs tfnt nrg rglastgrgh ab tfg Yr`pgrty Tglastgr (Tglastr` hg cn Yr`paghnh ).

• Nppcaenta`b t` tfg Yr`pgrty Tglastgr `j n b`tg tfnt egrtags wf` nrg tfg tatcgf`chgrsnbh wfaef efnrlgs gxast `b tfg pr`pgrty (egrtaenh` hg h`kaba` y enrlns). Nt tfgsnkg takg, tfg Tglastgr b`tgs tfg abatanta`b `j tfg rgnhoustkgbt prèghurg.

• Nhhata`bnc fgnrabl j >9 hnys ab ensg tfgrg turb ùt t` dg tatcgf`chgrs tfnt fnvg b`tdggb j`rknccy nhhrgssgh dgenusg tfgy wgrg b`t abseradgh ab tfg Yr`pgrty Tglastgr.Ncs`, nb nhhata`bnc fgnrabl `j >9 hnys j`r tfg njjgetgh pgrs`bs ab ensg `j k`haen-

ta`b `j tfg Yròget.• Hurabl tfg Yudcae e`bsuctnta`b, njjgetgh pgrs`bs enb ecnak e`kpgbsnta`b jr`k

gnef tfgr. Xfg wbgr j tfg jrggf`ch j tfg cnbh fns t` e`kpgbsntg tfg tatcgf`chgrs`j tfgr ralfts `b fas pr`pgrty tfnt fnvg t` hasnppgnr. Xfas kny hgcny tfg prèghurg.

• Hurabl tfg Yudcae e`bsuctnta`b, wbgrs enb ncs` `jjgr t`, `r hgknbh jr`k, gnef `tf-gr sf`rtnlgs nbh surpcusgs `j duachabl ralfts (hgjget`s y gxegs`s hg npr`vgefnka-gbt` nhouhaenh`). At as b`t ncwnys p`ssadcg t` nccèntg ncc tfg duachabl ralfts `j gnefcnbh`wbgr `bt` n pnrtaeucnr duachabl pc`t. \fgb tfgrg nrg sf`rtnlgs `r surpcusgs,nbh at as b`t p`ssadcg t` havahg tfg bgw pc`t dgtwggb sgvgrnc `wbgrs ( pr` abhavas ),`wbgrs fnvg t` duy `r t` sgcc tfg rgknababl ralfts. Xfg Yròget pr`p`sgs n ubatnry

praeg j`r tfg duachabl ralfts. Aj tfg `wbgrs nbh urdnbazabl nlgbt h` b`t nlrgg watftfas praeg, tfg cnbh`wbgrs enb pr`p`sg nb`tfgr praeg.

• Hgbatavg nppr`vnc? tfg Cènc Eùbeac (Ycgb` hgc Nyubtnkagbt`) nppr`vgs hgbatavgcytfg Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget. @tfgr pudcae nutf`ratags ncs` enb nppr`vg at hgba-tavgcy, sfùch tfgy fnvg tfg e`kpgtgbeg j`r gxpr`prantabl cnbh b tfg satg ab qugsta`b.

• Yudcaenta`b, abhavahunc nbbùbegkgbt t` tfg njjgetgh pgrs`bs nbh rglastrnta`b `jtfg nppr`vgh Yròget ab tfg Yr`pgrty Tglastgr.

Yrèghurg j`r tfg v`cubtnry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt

Xfg prèghurg j`r v`cubtnry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt as sakpcgr. Xfg pr`p`snc j rgnhoustkgbt

fns t` dg gbh`rsgh dy ncc tfg njjgetgh pgrs`bs (cnbh`wbgrs nbh `tfgr tatcgf`chgrs).



Zncgbean >>1

@beg tfg pr`p`snc fns dggb sudkattgh, tfg kubaeapncaty hgeahgs ralft nwny? tfgrg as b`pgra`h j pudcae e`bsuctnta`b (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe, >111? 8:>). K`st j cnbh`wbgrs usunccy

prgjgr tfg v`cubtnry wny.

Xfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget nbh ats rglastrnta`b ab tfg Yr`pgrtyTglastgr fns akp`rtnbt e`bsgqugbegs?• Nccènta`b t` gnef bgw pc`t, ab nee`rhnbeg watf tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb, `j tfg duach-

abl p`ssadacatags (v`cukg nbh usg typ`c`ly) nbh `j tfg pudcae jneacatags nbh abjrn-strueturg=

• Nut`kntae k`haenta`b `j tfg pr`pgrty dùbhnrags, watf? a) nssalbkgbt (sud-r`lneaõb) `j tfg `ch pravntg pc`ts abt` tfg bgw pravntg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts,

pr`p`rta`bnccy t` tfg nrgn j tfg j`rkgr pr`pgrty nbh aj p`ssadcg b `r bgnrdy tfgj`rkgr pr`pgrty= aa) nbh trnbsjgr t` tfg pudcae h`knab j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags nbh p`ssadcy j s`kg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts. Xfg urdnbazabl nlgbt,ns e`begssa`bnarg j`r tfg pudcae tnsm `j urdnbasnta`b, as ncc`wgh t` èeupy tfgpc`ts (ncs` tfg bgw pravntg pc`ts) t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg.

• Xfg bgw sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts nrg efnrlgh watf tfg `dcalnta`b `j pnyabl tfge`rrgsp`bhabl e`btraduta`b t` tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, nee`rhabl t`tfg sfnrg ab tfg duachabl ralfts. Cnbh`wbgrs usunccy pny ab abstnckgbts hurablabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Ab 4999, k`rg tfnb fncj `j ncc cnbh`wbgrs pnah tfgare`btraduta`bs ab ensf (Lgbgrncatnt Zncgbeanbn 4999), nctfùlf cnbh`wbgrs kny

ncs` pny ab mabh (a.g. ab duachabl ralfts). Aj tfg cnbh`wbgr h`gs b`t e``pgrntg, npnrt `j tfg duachabl pc`t, gquavncgbt t` tfg duachabl ralfts tfnt nrg bgegssnry t`pny tfg e`btraduta`b, as trnbsjgrrgh t` tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt. Xfg rgknababl duach-abl pc`t l`gs, jrgg `j efnrlg, t` tfg cnbh`wbgr.

• @ch ralfts nbh efnrlgs b tfg `ch pc`ts nrg trnbsjgrrgh t` tfg bgw pc`ts pr vahghtfnt tfgy nrg e`kpntadcg watf tfg bgw pcnb. F`wgvgr, wfgb tfg bgw pc`t astrnbsjgrrgh t` tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt ns pnykgbt ab mabh (ben hg lnrnbtën), tfgcnbh fns t` dg trnbsjgrrgh jrgg `j `ch ralfts nbh efnrlgs. @ch ralfts nbh efnrlgstfnt fnvg t` hasnppgnr fnvg t` dg e`kpgbsntgh dy tfg j`rkgr cnbh`wbgr.

Jabnccy, tfg `wbgrs `j tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts sudkat duachabl nppcaenta`bs nbhtfg kubaeapncaty assugs ns-`j-ralft duachabl pgrkats, nee`rhabl t` tfg Lgbgrnc nbhHgtnacgh Ycnbs nbh tfg duachabl rglucnta`bs.

7.5 Xfg cglnc cakats j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab tfg

rgla`b `j Zncgbean

F`w jnr enb tfg rgquargh e`btraduta`bs `j cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs l`0 Xfg cglnc

prabeapcgs tfnt hgcakat tfg se`pg `j tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt enb dg `dtnabgh tfrùlfcnbh rgnhoustkgbt nrg hgseradgh dgc`w.



Zncgbean>49

7.5.> Yudcae sfnrg `j vncug abergnsg

J`cc`wabl tfg Upnbasf E`bstatuta`b `j >1<6, ‖Xfg e`kkubaty sfncc fnvg n sfnrg abtfg dgbgts neeruabl jr`k tfg t`wb-pcnbbabl p`caeags `j pudcae d`hags‑ (sgeta`b8<). Xfas e`bstatuta`bnc prabeapcg nutf`razgs kubaeapncatags t` enpturg pnrt `j tfgdgttgrkgbt, `b t`p `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh `tfgr efnrlgs kgbta`bgh dgc`w.Ab hgvgc`pndcg nrgns (g.l. ensg Dgbncÿn), kubaeapncatags fnh ubtac 499< tfg ralft t`>9% `j tfg duachabl ralfts, nbh jr`k 499< `bwnrhs dgtwggb 7 nbh >7%. Cnbh`wb-grs nrg `dcalgh t` eghg watfùt nby efnrlg t` tfg kubaeapncaty tfg sgrvaegh duachablpnregcs tfnt nrg bgghgh t` knmg up tfas pgregbtnlg. B`tg tfnt tfgy nrg eghabl cnbh,dut b`t duachabl ralfts, dgenusg j`cc`wabl pcnbbabl cnw tfgsg duachabl ralfts bgvgrdgc`blgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs, dut t` tfg kubaeapncaty. At as ncs` akp`rtnbt t` b`tg tfnt

tfg eghgh pc`ts h` b`t bgegssnry turb ùt t` dg tfg snkg pgregbtnlg, ns duachablralfts rgjgr t` tfg ge`b`kae vncug `j tfg bgw duachabls, nbh b`t t` tfgar cnbh nrgn.Xfg eghgh cnbh kny dge`kg pnrt `j tfg Kubaeapnc Yntrak`by `j Cnbh (Yntrak`ba`Kubaeapnc hg Uugc`), wfaef as abtgbhgh j`r njj`rhndcg fùsabl nbh `tfgr sèanc pur-p`sgs.

7.5.4 Zncug abergnsg ns e`kpgbsnta`b j`r tnmabl rgsp`bsadacaty

j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags

Ns kgbta`bgh, tfg prabeapcg `j ‖gquatndcg rghastraduta`b `j dgbgts, e`sts nbh hutags‑rucgs tfnt cnbh`wbgrs, ab gxefnblg j`r tfg duachabl ralfts, nrg `dcalgh t` pny tfg ab-jrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts nbh t` pr`vahg tfg bgghgh cnbh t` tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt.Xfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts nrg enccgh ‖urdnbaznta`b efnrlgs‑ (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe,>111? 541-555, 891-8>7, 8<8-8<7).

Jrnkg 7j

Abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, a.g. Wrdnbaznta`b efnrlgs (enrlns hg urdnbazneaõb)

e`bsast `j?

• ‖Wrdnbaznta`b e`sts‑ (e`stgs hg urdnbazneaõb), tfg e`sts j prgpnrabl pcnbs nbh tgef-baenc prògets, `j hnknlg e`kpgbsnta`b, nbh `j tfg eavac w`rms j`r strggts, pntf-wnys, gcgetraeaty, pudcae calft, pcnbtgh trggs `b pntf nbh lnrhgbs, wntgr nbh sgwnlg,lns, tgcgpf`bg, endcgs, gte=

• ‖Wrdnbaznta`b enb`b‑ (enb`b hg urdnbazneaõb), n e`btraduta`b t` tfg e`sts j `jj-satgpudcae abjrnstrueturg tfnt sgrvgs tfg sefgkg ab qugsta`b, dut fns dggb prgvaùscyrgncazgh ab tfgr sefgkgs=

• Yr`t knrlab `j tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt, wfaef usunccy efnrlgs nrùbh >9% `j tfg‖urdnbaznta`b e`sts‑=

• @vgrfgnh e`sts, tfg `rlnbaznta`bnc e`sts knhg dy tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt.



Zncgbean >4>

Dgsahgs n e`btraduta`b t` tfg Wrdnbaznta`b efnrlgs, cnbh`wbgrs fnvg ncs` t` eghg jrgg`j efnrlg tfg cnbh tfnt as bgghgh j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfas abecuhgs

b`t bcy tfg eavac w`rms, dut ncs` tfgr pudcae jneacatags (suef ns pudcae sef``cs, sp`rtabstnccnta`bs, mabhgrlnrtgbs, pnrms, kubaeapnc jegs, p`caeg stnta`b) tfg duachabl nbhgxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j wfaef kust ab prabeapcg dg pnah dy tfg rgspgetavg pudcae d`hy.Nhhata`bnccy, `b hgvgc`pndcg cnbh at as ncs` p`ssadcg t` `dcalg cnbh`wbgrs t` eghgcnbh satuntgh gcsgwfgrg tfnt as bgghgh j`r jj-satg abjrnstrueturg. Ab ensg Dgbncÿn (pcnbnrgn 6.4 fn), tfg cnbh`wbgrs fnh t` eghg 7.8 fn `j cnbh cèntgh `jj-satg nbh kgnbtj`r n falfwny. Xfg duachabl ralfts `j tfg Tghastraduta`b Nrgn `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satgfnvg t` dg sfnrgh watf tfg ‖`jj-satg‑ `wbgrs `j tfg cnbh `b wfaef tfas r`nh as cèntgh.Xfgsg `wbgrs rgegavg tfg snkg (pr`p`rta`bnc) sfnrg `j tfg duachabl ralfts ns tfg `b-satg cnbh`wbgrs.

Kubaeapncatags nrg jrgg t` nlrgg nhhata`bnc `dcalnta`bs watf tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt, nsj`r gxnkpcg tfg duachabl nbh gxpcàtnta`b j pudcae jneacatags, nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bst` tfg kubaeapncaty, `r nhhata`bnc e`kpgbsnta`b j`r hnknlgs. F`wgvgr, tfg urdnb-azabl nlgbt enbb`t efnrlg cnbh`wbgrs j`r tfas, dut kust pny jr`k fas wb rgsùregs.Wsunccy urdnbazabl nlgbts `wb nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j tfg cnbh, s` tfgy nrg ndcg t` pnytfgsg gxtrns jr`k tfg pr`ts jr`k tfg hgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg rgnc gstntg. Kubaeapncatagsenb ncs` nlrgg nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs j`r sèanc fùsabl? tfas enb dg ab nhhata`b, rb`t, t` tfg cnbh z`bgh j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl, sgg ubhgr.

7.5.5 Uèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl

Upnbasf kubaeapncatags enb, sabeg tfg >119 Cnbh Wsg nbh Wrdnb Ycnbbabl Net nbh atsTgjubhgh Xgxt (hgbatavg vgrsa`b, njtgr abtglrntabl ats hgtgrkabnta`bs watf `tfgr staccrucabl rglucnta`bs) j >114, z`bg cnbh j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Xfg p`ssadacaty jz`babl cnbh j`r tfas wns, nt tfnt takg, n vgry akp`rtnbt b`vgcty ab Upnbasf pcnbbablcnw, nbh dgenkg tfg sudoget `j haseussa`b. Xfg Uuprgkg Eùrt `j Upnab nbh tfg ouras-pruhgbeg e`bsahgrgh at vgry hasputndcg t` z`bg cnbh j`r njj`rhndcg fùsabl watfùte`kpgbsntabl tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Uabeg >11<, tfg rgla`bs fnvg tnmgb `vgr tfg e`kpg-

tgbegs `b tfas knttgr, dy-pnssabl tfg haseussa`b nt tfg bnta`bnc cgvgc. Zncgbean nbh`tfgr rgla`bs fnvg abecuhgh tfas >114‑s b`vgcty ab tfgar rgla`bnc pcnbbabl cglascnta`b(Durõb, 499:? 6<). Uèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl as enccgh ab Zncgbean dy hajjgrgbt bnkgs,hgpgbhabl `b wfgtfgr at as dnsgh `b tfg bnta`bnc `r tfg rgla`bnc sèanc fùsabl cgl-ascnta`b? Zavagbhn e`b Yr`tgeeaõb Yÿdcaen rgspgetavgcy Zavagbhn Yr`tglahn (Jgrbîbhgzgt nc , 4995? 1>).

Jrnkg 7l

Xfg nkùbt `j sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl duact

Xfg duachabl j njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab Upnab nbh Zncgbean fns hgergnsgh ab tfg cnst ygnrs



Zncgbean>44

Ab >11:, 59% `j ncc bgw fùsabl ab Upnab wns njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Hurabl tfg l`vgrb-kgbt `j tfg ralft-wabl Ynrtah` Y`pucnr ab tfg bnta`bnc l`vgrbkgbt (>11:-4998), tfas

lurg hr`ppgh salbaenbtcy, t` cgss tfnb >9%. Uabeg 4998, tfg bgw sèanc hgkèrntael`vgrbkgbt `j _npntgr` nbh k`st `j tfg rgla`bs fnvg hgecnrgh njj`rhndcg fùsabl nsn pra`raty `j tfgar pcnbbabl p`caey. Xfg Tgla`bnc L`vgrbkgbt `j Zncgbean abtr`hueghrgegbtcy tfg `dcalnta`b t` duach n kabakuk pgregbtnlg `j 47% njj`rhndcg fùsabl aburdnb cnbh, nbh 89% ab urdnbazndcg nrgns. Abecuhabl n cglnc qu`tn as n rgegbt lgb-grnc trgbh ab Upnab, watf nck`st ncc tfg rgla`bs xabl suef kabakuk pgregbtnlgs. XfgDnsqug Eùbtry wns tfg rst rgla`b t` h` s`. Ab >118, at abecuhgh, ab kubaeapncatagswatf k`rg tfnb <,999 abfndatnbts, tfg cglnc kabakuk `j 49% `j njj`rhndcg fùsabl aburdnbazgh cnbh nbh :7% ab gxtgbsa`b nrgns. Ab 499:, at c`wgrgh tfg eratgra`b t` kubae-apncatags `j k`rg tfnb 4,999 abfndatnbts nbh abergnsgh tfg qu`tn t` 89% rgspgetavgcy

<7% (Durõb, 499:? 67). Ab 499< tfg l`vgrbkgbt ab Knhrah nppr`vgh n bgw Cnbh Net,wfaef gstndcasfgh n kabakuk `j 49% j`r tfg wf`cg eùbtry.

Jalurg 1. Cènta`b `j tfg ensgs ab tfg eaty `j Zncgbean.

Ygra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn / 9.: fn

Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn / >.4 fn

Enkab` F`bh` hgc Lrn` / 7.< fn



Zncgbean >45

Xfg gjjget `j z`babl cnbh j`r njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab tfg z`babl pcnb as tfnt, cntgr `b,`beg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt tnmgs pcneg, tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts nrg abseradgh ab tfg

Yr`pgrty Tglastgr ns njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, tfg netunc nbh tfg juturg`wbgrs enb `bcy hgvgc`p njj`rhndcg fùsabl `b at. Njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab Upnab nbhab Zncgbean rgegavgs n sudoget sudsahy jr`k egbtrnc nbh rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt ab tfgj`rk `j n sudsahy t` tfg k`rtlnlg abtgrgst nbh s`kgtakgs `j n cukp-suk sudsahy t`tfg duygr. Xfg praeg `j cnbh j`r njj`rhndcg fùsabl as rglucntgh (ndùt ₣ >99->79/k´ffl``r spneg ab 499:), kuef c`wgr tfnb j`r jrgg-knrmgt fùsabl (₣ 599->,>99/k´ ffl``rspneg, hgpgbhabl `b tfg cènta`b). Xfas hajjgrgbeg ab cnbh praeg dgtwggb njj`rhndcgnbh jrgg-knrmgt fùsabl as sfnrgh dgtwggb ncc tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfrùlf tfg cnbh rg-nhoustkgbt.

Xfnbms t` tfg rglucntgh c`w praeg `j cnbh, hgvgc`pabl sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl as npr`tndcg netavaty. Yr`t rntgs jr`k hgvgc`pabl sèanc/njj`rhndcg kalft dg b`t cnrlg,dut at as n vgry snjg pr`huet, j`r tfg hgknbh as lunrnbtggh sabeg sgccabl praegs `j nj-j`rhndcg fùsabl nrg nt cgnst 79% nbh c`wgr tfnb praegs j`r jrgg-knrmgt fùsabl.D`tf e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs nbh fùsabl e``pgrntavgs hgvgc`p sèanc/njj`rhndcgfùsabl. Fùsabl e``pgrntavgs (E``pgrntavns hg vavagbhn) nr`sg ns e``pgrntavgs `jabhavahunc eatazgbs kgnbt j`r e`kkassa`babl tfgar `wb hwgccabl. Ab takg tfgy dg-enkg k`rg pr`jgssa`bncazgh nbh abhgpgbhgbt jr`k tfg juturg èeupagrs `j tfg nj-j`rhndcg hwgccabls.

7.8 Abtr`hueta`b t` tfg stuhagh ensgs ab tfg rgla`b `j

Zncgbean

Ab ncc ensgs, tfgrg wns n Lgbgrnc Cnbh-usg Ycnb tfnt abecuhgh dabhabl rucgs tfntprgseradgh tfg juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags (sgg lurgs 1 nbh >9). Dgj`rg dgablncc`wgh t` rghgvgc`p tfg satg, n Hgtnacgh Ycnb fnh t` dg nppr`vgh. Ab ensgs Enkab`nbh Dgbncÿn, tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb k`hagh tfg strueturnc dabhabl rucgs ab tfg Lgbgrnc

Ycnb, tfus at ncs` fnh t` dg nppr`vgh dy tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt. Ab Luaccgk nbh abYgra`hastn, tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb bcy hgtnacgh nbh k`hagh tfg hgtnacgh dabhabl rucgs jtfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb, s` ab prabeapcg tfgrg wns b` bggh j`r rgla`bnc nppr`vnc. F`wgvgr,dgenusg tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs wgrg knhg dgj`rg tfg >118 Ycnbbabl Net, rgla`bnc np-pr`vnc wns ab nby ensg bgegssnry.

Ab ncc tfg stuhagh ensgs, bgw pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags wgrg bgghgh, s` n Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg fnh t` nee`kpnby tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb nbh nb urdnb-azabl nlgbt fnh t` dg sgcgetgh. Ab ncc tfg ensgs, tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt as n pravntgpnrty sgcgetgh ab n pudcae tgbhgr. Wrdnbazabl nlgbts nrg k`st j tfg takg pr`jgssa`bnc

hgvgc`pgrs, ns ab Luaccgk nbh Ygra`hastn. F`wgvgr, s`kgtakgs cnbh`wbgrs oàb t`-lgtfgr nbh dge`kg tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt, ns ab Enkab` nbh Dgbncÿn.



Zncgbean>48

Uabeg tfg abtr`hueta`b ab >118 `j tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt, tfg bukdgr `j urdnbazablnlgbts watfùt cnbh fns abergnsgh. Xfgy enb efnrlg nrùbh >9% j tfg abjrnstrueturg

pr`vasa`b e`sts ns pr`t knrlab. F`wgvgr, ns tfg ensgs sf`w, k`st `j tfg takg ur-dnbazabl nlgbts b`t `bcy hgvgc`p sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs, dut ncs` duy s`kg cnbhnbh dge`kg hgvgc`pgr `j tfg duachabls. Ab Ygra`hastn, k`st cnbh`wbgrs s`ch tfgarpr`pgrty rgcntavgcy quaemcy t` tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt, dgj`rg tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg OàbtHgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg. Ab Luaccgk, tfgy wnatgh n wfacg nbh k`st `j tfgk s`ch nttfg takg `j tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt prèghurg. Ab Enkab` nbh Dgbncÿn, tfg cnbh wnsncrgnhy tfg pr`pgrty `j tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt (ns cnbh`wbgrs tfgksgcvgs dgenkg tfgurdnbazabl nlgbt).

Dgbncÿn Uur / 6 fn

Jalurg >9. Cènta`b `j ensg ‖Dgbncÿn Uur‑ (6 fn) ab tfg eaty `j Ncaenbtg.

Fgrg j`cc`ws n dragj abtr`hueta`b t` tfg ensgs. Xfg rgst j tfg ensg-dnsgh abj`rknta`bfns dggb abecuhgh ab tfg rgst `j tfg efnptgr.

7.8.> Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn, Eaty `j Zncgbean

Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn‑ (>.4 fn, ndùt >47 npnrtkgbts,>98 ubats/fn, pcus s`kg rgtnac, sgg lurg >>) as cèntgh ab tfg gnst `j tfg eaty `j Zn-



Zncgbean >47

cgbean. At e`begrbs tfg hgk`casfabl `j ndùt 79 `ch nbh hgtgra`rntgh fùsabl duach-abls. Xfg >166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb j`rgsnw tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt `j tfas `ch rgsahgbtanc nrgn,

cèntgh ab n hgbsgcy duact up nrgn. Xfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb pr`p`sgh tfg e`bstrueta`b `j nknab r`nh tfrùlf tfg satg nbh kucta st`rg duachabls nc`bl tfnt r nh, watf n t`tncduachabl v`cukg `j >7,<9: k´ ffl``r spneg (>, : nbh < ffl``rs). Ab >111 n e`kkgr-eanc hgvgc`pgr (Yr`nrn Yr`k`t`rgs Nrnl`bgsgs UN) sudkattgh n Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbtYr`lrnkkg, abecuhabl nb Wrdnb Tgbgwnc Ycnb. Njtgr n pudcae tgbhgr ab wfaef `tfgrtfrgg hgvgc`pgrs sudkattgh nb nctgrbntavg pcnb, Yr`nrn‑s pr`p`snc wns pr`vasa`bnccynppr`vgh ab 4995. Ab 4997, njtgr tfg salbabl `j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt, Yr`nrnwns hgbatgcy sgcgetgh ns tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt. Xfg Wrdnb Tgbgwnc Ycnb abecuhghab tfg Yr`lrnkkg hgtnacgh ùtcabg pr`vasa`bs nbh k`hagh knrlabnccy tfg ncrgnhyhgtnacgh pr`vasa`bs `j tfg >166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb. Xfg prèghurg j`r cnbh rgnhoustkgbt

dglnb ab 499:. Ab Kny 4996 w`rms fnh ygt b`t stnrtgh. At wns gxpgetgh tfnt tfg abjrn-strueturg pr`vasa`b wùch dg rgnhy b` cntgr tfnb 49>9.

Jalurg >>. 4997 Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnk.

Xfgrg nrg 81 skncc pnregcs ab tfg pcnb nrgn. Nck`st ncc tfgsg pnregcs nrg `wbgh pr`

abhavas` dy sgvgrnc wbgrs, gnef j tfgk wbgr j n fflnt, s` tfg t`tnc bukdgr j wb-grs wns kuef falfgr tfnb 81. Xfg sknccgst pnregc fns 4: k´, tfg cnrlgst 786 k´, nbhtfg nvgrnlg sazg as >99-499 k´. Nc`blsahg tfg pcnb prègss, tfg urdnbazabl nlgbtbgl`tantgh watf tfg abhavahunc wbgrs nbh nequargh cnbh. \fgb tfg urdnbazabl nlgbtsudkattgh tfg Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget ab Knref 499:, fg ncrgnhy `wbgh ndùt59% `j tfg cnbh.

7.8.4 Ygra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn, Eaty `j Zncgbean

Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖Ygra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn‑ (9.: fn, ndùt >99 npnrtkgbts,>:: ubats/fn, pcus s`kg rgtnac, sgg lurg >4) as cèntgh ab tfg b`rtf `j tfg Eaty `j



Zncgbean>4:

Zncgbean. At as cèntgh ab n hgbsgcy duact up nrgn, nbh wns prgvaùscy èeupagh dyn wnrgfùsg, s`kg `jeg spneg, s`kg abhustry nbh nb gkpty pc`t. Xfg >166 Lgb-

grnc Ycnb j`rgsnw rghgvgc`pkgbt abt` s`kg rgsahgbtanc usg, s`kg e`kkgreanc/rgerg-nta`bnc, ab t`tnc 7,77: k´ ffl``r spneg (>-4 ffl``rs), nbh s`kg pudcae abjrnstrueturg. Ab4997, n e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr, Yr`hngka U.C., watf tfg supp`rt `j n kno`raty `j tfgcnbh`wbgrs, sudkattgh n Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg, abecuhabl nb Wrdnb Tg-bgwnc Ycnb. Xfas pcnb pr`p`sgh nb abergnsg `j tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags (jr`k 7,77:t` >>,999 k´ ffl``r spneg= >-4 t` : ffl``rs) nbh rgz`babl t` rgsahgbtanc, `j wfaef tfgkno`raty sfùch dg njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Njtgr gvncunta`b nbh sgvgrnc k`haenta`bs,Yr`hngka ‑s pr`p`snc wgrg nppr`vgh pr`vasa`bnccy ab 499:, nbh hgbatgcy ab 499<. AbB`vgkdgr 499: at wns gxpgetgh tfnt tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b wùch dg basfghb`t cntgr tfnb >9>4.

Jalurg >4. 499< Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg.

Yr`pgrty wns `ralabnccy havahgh nk`bl sgvgrnc cnbh`wbgrs. Xfg `wbgrs `j :7% `j tfgcnbh supp`rtgh tfg pr`p`snc `j Yr`hngka . @beg tfg Yr`lrnkkg dgenkg pr`vasa`b-nccy nppr`vgh ab Oucy 499:, Yr`hngka dùlft ncc tfg cnbh.

7.8.5 Enkab` F`bh` hgc Lrn`, Eaty j Zncgbean

Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖Enkab` F`bh` hgc Lrn`‑ (7.< fn, ndùt 8:7 npnrt-kgbts, 64 ubats/fn, pcus n e`bsahgrndcg nkùbt `j duachabl spneg j`r `jegs nbhrgtnac, sgg lurg >5) as cèntgh ab tfg gnst `j tfg Eaty `j Zncgbean. Dgj`rg rghgvgc`p-kgbt, tfg satg wns usgh j`r abhustry. At abecuhgs sgvgrnc `ch abhustranc duachabls watfn fast`rae-k`bukgbtnc vncug. Xfg >166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb j`rgsnw tfg e`btabunta`b `jtfgsg usgs. Ab 4999, n e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr sudkattgh n Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`-

lrnkkg pr`p`sabl tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg cènta`b abt` n rgsahgbtanc nrgn. U`kg`tfgr pnrtags, nk`bl tfgk tfg `wbgrs `j tfg kno`raty `j tfg cnbh, `rlnbazgh abt` nb



Zncgbean >4<

Nssèanta`b j Wrdnbastae Abtgrgst ( Nlrupneaõb hg Abtgrás Wrdnbastae`, NAW), nbh sud-kattgh nctgrbntavg Yr`lrnkkgs. Jabnccy, tfg kubaeapncaty rgogetgh ncc tfg pr`p`sncs. Ab

4995 nb`tfgr e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr tragh nlnab, nbh tw` tfgrs (nk`bl tfgk, nlnab,tfg cnbh`wbgrs), sudkattgh nctgrbntavgs. Jabnccy, ab 4998, tfg kubaeapncaty hgeahght` ef``sg tfg Yr`lrnkkg `j tfg `wbgrs, wfaef dgenkg tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt. XfgWrdnb Tgbgwnc Ycnb abecuhgh ab tfg Yr`lrnkkg rgz`bgs tfg gxastabl abhustranc usgabt` rgsahgbtanc nbh pudcae jneacatags, nbh abergnsgs tfg duachabl v`cukg. Xfg rgla`bncl`vgrbkgbt nppr`vgh at hgbatgcy ab 4997, nbh tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt E`btrnet wns j`r-knccy salbgh ab 499:.

Jalurg >5. 4997 Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg.

Xfg pr`pgrty wns abatanccy havahgh abt` >6 pnregcs, `wbgh dy sgvgb pravntg cnbh`wb-grs, k`st `j tfgk (6>% pcnb nrgn) kgkdgrs `j tfg Nssèanta`b tfnt w`b tfg pudcaetgbhgr. Xfg rgst `j tfg cnbh dgc`bls t` nb gcgetrae e`kpnby (9,96%), tfg rnacwnye`kpnby (6%), nbh tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Zncgbean (7%). Xfg kubaeapncaty `wbgh ncs`tfg gxastabl r`nhs nbh tfg cnbh tfnt as rgsgrvgh j`r tfg sef``c. Abkugdcgs Dnrrgrn U.N.wns tfg pravntg cnbh`wbgr watf tfg cnrlgst wbgrsfap? 54% j tfg pcnb nrgn. Ab 4997Znccgfgrk`s`, `bg `j tfg bnta`bnc cgnhabl e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs, dùlft 71% `j

tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt (nck`st 79% j tfg pcnb nrgn). Ab Nprac 4996 nb`tfgr hgvgc`pgr,E`pgrc Abk`dacanran, fns dùlft k`st `j tfg cnbh nbh as ab efnrlg `j tfg abjrnstrue-turg pr`vasa`b, j`r wfaef tfg hgk`cata`b pfnsg fnh ncrgnhy stnrtgh nt tfnt takg.

7.8.8 Dgbncÿn Uur , Eaty `j Ncaenbtg

Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖Dgbncÿn Uur‑ (6 fn, ndùt :99 npnrtkgbts, <7 ubats/fn,pcus n e`bsahgrndcg nkùbt `j duachabl spneg j`r `jegs nbh rgtnac, sgg lurg >8)as cèntgh ab tfg sùtfwgst `j tfg Eaty `j Ncaenbtg. Dgj`rg rghgvgc`pkgbt, tfg satg

abecuhgh s`kg ubhgvgc`pgh pc`ts, s`kg `ch nbh hgtgra`rntgh fùsabl nbh sgvgrncabhustranc rks, `j wfaef s`kg wgrg stacc netavg. Xfg >16< Lgbgrnc Ycnb j`rgsnw tfg



Zncgbean>46

rghgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg satg abt` n bgw rgsahgbtanc nrgn j`r <57 hwgccabls, s`kg e`k-kgreanc spneg nbh pudcae jneacatags. Ab nhhata`b, n pageg j cnbh cèntgh nt tfg utsmarts

`j tfg eaty (7.8 fn) wns nseradgh t` tfg satg. Xfas cnbh as bgegssnry j`r n bgw falfwnysurrùbhabl tfg eaty, nbh ats cnbh`wbgrs pnrtaeapntg ab tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt t`lgtfgrwatf tfg rgst j tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Ab >11<, tfg kubaeapncaty k`hagh scalftcy tfg rglu-cnta`bs `j tfg >16< Lgbgrnc pcnb j`r tfas satg, rghueabl tfg pcnb nrgn nbh tfg bukdgr`j hwgccabls.

Jalurg >8. 4995 Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnk.

Ab >116, Bugv` Uget`r Y.Y. >.4 Dgbncÿn Uur U.C. sudkattgh n Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`-lrnkkg j`r tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg satg tfnt abecuhgh n Ynrtanc Ycnb. Bugv` Uge-t`r wns n hgvgc`pkgbt e`kpnby jùbhgh dy tfg `wbgrs `j ndùt :9% `j tfg cnbh.Xfgsg `wbgrs jùbhgh nb Nssèanta`b `j Wrdnbastae Abtgrgst ncs`. Xfg abatantavg nbhtfg cgnh wns tnmgb dy `bg `j tfg `wbgrs, Wrdnb Yr`lrnkns Wrdnb`s, n e`bsuctnbeytfnt fnh dùlft ndùt >7% j tfg cnbh (satuntgh ab tfg nseradgh pageg j `jj-satg cnbh).Ab 4994 Wrdnb Yr`lrnkn Wrdnb`s s`ch ats cnbh nbh ats pnrtaeapnta`b ab Bugv` Uge-t`r t` n hgvgc`pgr, Lrup` Y.T.N.U.N., wf` dgenkg tfg cgnhabl pnrty. Njtgr n pudcaetgbhgr ab wfaef tfrgg `tfgr pr`p`sncs wgrg gvncuntgh, ab 4995 tfg Yr`lrnkkg wns

pr`vasa`bnccy nbh tfgb hgbatgcy nppr`vgh. Xfg Hgvgc`pkgbt E`btrnet wns j`rknccysalbgh ab 4998. Xfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgh tfg Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget ab 499:.Xfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b w`rms stnrtgh ab 499<.

7.7 F`w j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab Zncgbean

enb dg usgh

Xfas sgeta`b hgseradgs tfg w`rmabl `j j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl watfab tfg vncugenpturabl kgefnbasks. Xfgrg nrg hajjgrgbt wnys (`r sud-vnrandcgs) ab wfaef tfgsg rucgs



Zncgbean>59

Xndcg 1. Cgvgc j egrtnabty ab tfg Zncgbeanb ensgs

Egrtnabty ndùt juturgduachabl p`ssadacatags

Egrtnabty ndùt juturge`btraduta`bs

Luaccgk, Eaty Zncgbean Zgry falf Zgry falf

Ygra`hastn, Eaty Zncgbean Zgry falf ndùt kab, cgss ndùt knx Zgry falf

Enkab`, Eaty Zncgbean Zgry falf ndùt kab, cgss ndùt knx Zgry falf

Dgbncÿn, Eaty Ncaenbtg Zgry falf ndùt kab, cgss ndùt knx Zgry falf

Xfg bhabls jr`k tfg stuhagh ensgs nbh `tfgr sùregs str`blcy sullgst tfnt ubegr-

tnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, t`lgtfgr watf egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturge`btraduta`bs, kalft dg p`satavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Cgt us b`w sgg ab hgtnacwfgtfgr kubaeapncatags ergntg egrtnabty `r ubegrtnabty nbh ndùt wfnt, ab wfnt s`rt`j hèukgbts? tfgb wg abjgr tfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Fgrg nhastabeta`b as knhg dgtwggb egrtnabty tfrùlf cglnc kabaknc stnbhnrhs nbh tfg Lgb-grnc Cnbh Wsg Ycnb, nbh egrtnabty tfrùlf abhaentavg cènc p`caey hèukgbts kgnbtj`r tfg ensg tfnt tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs nrg k`hagh.

7.7.>.> Ergntabl egrtnabty tfrùlf tfg kabaknc cglnc stnbhnrhs nbh tfg

Lgbgrnc Ycnb

Uabeg >1<6, pcnbbabl cnw prgseradgs n wahg sgt `j cglnc kabaknc stnbhnrh e`btradu-ta`bs (Gstîbhnrgs urdnbëstae`s). Xfg >116 Ycnbbabl Tglucnta`b, wfaef wns ab j`reg j`rtfg stuhagh ensgs, hajjgrgbtantgs dgtwggb stnbhnrhs nbh prgseraptavg hgtgrkabnta`bsj`r rgsahgbtanc, e`kkgreanc/rgergnta`bnc nbh abhustranc hgvgc`pkgbts. Ncs`, at hajjgr-gbtantgs dgtwggb stnbhnrhs tfnt kust dg abecuhgh ab tfg Lgbgrnc Cnbh usg Ycnb nbhtf`sg tfnt kust dg abecuhgh ab tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnbs, wfgtfgr ab tfg j`rk `j strueturnc`r hgtnacgh dabhabl rucgs.

Jrnkg 7f

Gxnkpcgs `j cglnc kabaknc stnbhnrhs j`r rgsahgbtanc sefgkgs ab tfg >116 Tglucnta`b• Kabaknc pudcae spneg? hgpgbhabl b tfg ffl``r spneg abhgx `j tfg sefgkg, hajjgrgbt

pgregbtnlgs `j kabaknc pudcae spneg nrg lavgb j`r r`nhs, lrggb nrgns nbh pudcaejneacatags. G.l. watf nb j.s.a. `j > k´ ffl``r spneg pgr k´ cnbh, nt cgnst :5% `j tfg pcnbnrgn kust dg usgh j`r pudcae spneg? >7% j`r lrggb nrgns, 49% j`r pudcae jneacatagsnbh 46% j`r r`nhs. Ncs`, tfg nrgn j`r pudcae jneacatags kust dg nt cgnst 57 k´ pgr >99k´ ffl` r spneg.

• Kabaknc bukdgr `j pc`ts j`r pudcae jneacatags? sefgkgs watf k`rg tfnb 6,999 k´ffl``r spneg `j rgsahgbtanc usg kust pr`vahg nt cgnst `bg pc`t j`r pudcae jneacatags,wfaef kust dg satuntgh ab tfg k`st nppr`prantg cènta`b nbh watfab nb urdnb e`b-

tgxt tfnt ts watf ats jubeta`b.



Zncgbean >5>

• Kabaknc pnrmabl pcnegs? pgr hwgccabl, nt cgnst `bg pnrmabl pcneg kust dg pr`vahgh,nbh ab ensg `j sefgkgs `j k`rg tfnb >9 hwgccabls, pgr >9 hwgccabls nb nhhata`bnc

pnrmabl pcneg kust dg pr`vahgh. Nt cgnst 79% `j tfgsg pnrmabl pcnegs kust dg satu-ntgh ab `r ubhgr tfg duachabls, b`t ab tfg pudcae spneg.

Gxnkpcg j prgseraptavg hgtgrkabnta`b j`r rgsahgbtanc sefgkgs ab tfg >116 Tglucnta`b

Kubaeapncatags kust gstndcasf ab tfgar Lgbgrnc Cnbh usg Ycnb n kabaknc nkùbt j e`k-kgreanc/rgergnta`bnc usgs ab rgsahgbtanc hgvgc`pkgbts.

\fgb n hgvgc`pkgbt abatantavg tnmgs pcneg, tfgrg as nck`st ncwnys nb nppr`vgh Lgb-grnc Cnbh Wsg Ycnb. Xfas wns ncs` tfg satunta`b ab ncc tfg stuhagh ensgs? tfg >16< Ycnb

ab tfg eaty `j Ncaenbtg (ensg Dgbncÿn) nbh tfg >166 Ycnb ab tfg eaty `j Zncgbean (tfg`tfgr tfrgg ensgs). N Lgbgrnc pcnb sgts ut j`r tfg wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry tfg strue-turnc dabhabl rucgs nbh, ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt nrgns, usunccy tfg hgtnacgh dabhablrucgs ncs`. Xfnt as, tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb gstndcasfgs wfgtfgr cnbh as kgnbt j`r rgsahgbtanc,abhustry r jegs, tfg knxaknc duachabl v`cukg, wfaef satgs sfùch dg rghgvgc`pgh,duachabl ncalbkgbts, nbh ncs` hgtnacs `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags wfaefkust dg rgncazgh, gte. Xfas wns ncs` tfg ensg ab tfg jùr stuhagh ensgs. Xfg >166Lgbgrnc Ycnb j tfg eaty j Zncgbean prgseradgh hgtnacgh rglucnta`bs j`r tfg tfrgg stuh-agh ensgs ab tfnt eaty. Ab Luaccgk nbh Ygra`hastn, tfg >166 hèukgbt prgseradgh j`rgxnkpcg tfg ncalbkgbts `j tfg pudcae strggts nbh tfg npnrtkgbt duachabls (abecuhabl

tfg fgalft), nbh tfg knxaknc duachabl v cukg, >7,8:6 rgspgetavgcy 7,77: k´ ffl``rspneg. Ab Enkab`, at prgseradgh tfg e`btabunta`b `j tfg abhustranc usg, nhhgh s`kge`kkgreanc usg, prgseradgh n knxaknc duachabl v`cukg `j <4,::5 k´ ffl``r spnegnbh hgcakatntgh tfg duachabls nbh pudcae abjrnstrueturg. Xfg >16< Lgbgrnc Ycnb j tfgeaty `j Ncaenbtg, nbh ats cntgr k`haenta`b ab >11<, prgseradgh hgtnacgh rglucnta`bsj`r tfg ensg Dgbncÿn, suef ns tfg hgtnacgh ncalbkgbts `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhtfg npnrtkgbt duachabls, nbh n knxaknc duachabl v`cukg j >95,:<9 k´ ffl``r spneg,knxaknc <84 hwgccabls.

\fnt as tfg gjjget `j tfas egrtnabty `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg0 At fns b`t dggb p`s-

sadcg t` kgnsurg ab ùr ensgs tf`sg gjjgets, dgenusg tfas wns tfg satunta`b ab ncc tfgensgs nbh tfgrg wns b` gxnkpcg `j tfg e`btrnry t` e`kpnrg watf. F`wgvgr, at sggksrgns`bndcg t` e`becuhg tfnt kubaeapncatags kalft c`sg s`kg bgl`tanta`b r``k wfgbergntabl nds`cutg egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags. Ncs`, egrtnabtyndùt duachabl p`ssadacatags kalft abfflntg tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh tfg rglucnrnbh bnc pr`t knrlabs j tfg hgvgc`pgr (sgg enusnc k`hgc ab sgeta`b 4.8.4). @b tfge`btrnry, ubegrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags kalft dg p`satavg j`r enp-turabl vncug abergnsg. Xfas e`becusa`b as dnsgh `b tfg jnet tfnt tfg enpturgh vncugabergnsg akpr`vgh ab tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef kubaeapncatags knhg usg j tfgar stntut`ryp`tgbtanc t` hgvantg jr`k tfg Lgbgrnc Cnbh-usg Ycnb, tfnt as, ab ensgs wfgrg kubaea-

pncatags ergntgh s`kg ubegrtnabty ndùt nhhata`bnc duachabl p`ssadacatags (sgg dgc`w).Njtgr ncc, tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs fnh ncrgnhy ‖lavgb nwny‑ tfgar trgnsurg (tfg nccènta`b



Zncgbean>54

`j duachabl p`ssadacatags), s` cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs wgrg ncrgnhy sgeurg nbhndcg t` abtgrbncazg pnrt `j tfg vncug abergnsg ab tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh pr`t

knrlabs. Xfg kubaeapncatags fnh cgss t` `jjgr, ubcgss nhhata`bnc duachabl wns p`ssadcg.

7.7.>.4 Gjjgets `j k`hajyabl tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg

Xfg cglnc jrnkgw`rm ab Zncgbean `jjgrs tfg p`ssadacaty t` k`hajy tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb.Hgtnacgh Ycnbs enb k`hajy tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb ab hajjgrgbt wnys? tfgy enb rgz`bg `bgurdnb usg abt` nb`tfgr (abhustranc t` fùsabl, abhustranc t` `jeg, `jeg t` fùsabl,gte - enccgh rgencaeneaõb)= abergnsg tfg duachabl v`cukg (nukgbt` hg ghaeneaõb)= rrgz`bg cnbh jr`k b`b-hgvgc`pndcg t` hgvgc`pndcg (nlraeucturnc t` fùsabl, nlraeuc-turnc t` abhustranc, gte ― rgecnsaeneaõb).

Ab lrggb-gch satgs kubaeapncatags usunccy j`cc`w tfg pr`vasa`bs `j tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbstraetcy. Tg-z`babl cnbh jr`k nlraeucturnc abt` nb urdnb usg (rgecnsaeneaõb) wns b`tn e`kk`b prnetaeg. Wp t` >116, stntastaes sf`w tfnt Hgtnacgh Ycnbs rg-z`bgh nck`stb` nlraeucturnc cnbh abt` cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh (K`hrgl`, 4999). Xfnt as, wfgtfgrcnbh kny dg hgvgc`pgh `r b`t as knabcy nbh rkcy gstndcasfgh ab tfg Lgbgrnc pcnbs.Jr`k >116 bwnrhs, tfgrg nrg bgatfgr pudcasfgh b`r tfgr nvnacndcg lurgs. Dnsgh babtgrvagws watf sgvgrnc rgcgvnbt gxpgrts, at sggks tfnt tfg satunta`b fns b`t efnblghsalbaenbtcy (Tuda`, Kub`z & Enbgccns, Dcnbe, Gseradnb`, abtgrvagws ab 499: nbh499<), nctfùlf `tfgr sùregs h` b`t nlrgg (Durragc, 4996). Xfg lgbgrnc paeturg tfntnrasgs jr`k tfg kgbta`bgh abtgrvagws as tfnt, sabeg 4998, tfgrg fnvg dggb knby pr`-

p`sncs t` rg-z`bg nlraeucturnc cnbh abt` l`cj eùrsgs nbbgx rgsahgbtanc sefgkgs, dutk`st `j tfgk sggk t` fnvg dggb rgogetgh `r nrg stacc dgabl prègssgh. Xfas paeturgkalft dg e`kpntadcg watf tfg gxastgbeg `j s`kg wgcc-mb`wb gxnkpcgs `j nppr`vghrg-z`babls (Dcnbe, Gseradnb`, abtgrvagws ab 499: nbh 499<), nbh tfg p`cataenc nbh s`-eanc rgpgreussa`b `j tfgsg rg-z`babls kalft dg nbywny kuef falfgr tfnb tfg lurgseùch oustajy (ejr. Durragc, 4996). B`bg j tfg stuhagh ensgs abecuhgh suef n rg-z`babl.Ab tfg eaty `j Zncgbean tfgrg sggks t` dg bcy bg ensg j rgecnsaeneaõb, ab Dnrra` hgcn X rrg. Nbywny, ensgs j rgecnsaeneaõb, aj tfgy gxast, nrg arrgcgvnbt j`r urdnb rglgb-grnta`b dgenusg tfgy nck`st ncwnys e`begrb lrggb-gch hgvgc`pkgbts.

@b tfg e`btrnry, ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b at sggks ecgnr tfnt kubaeapncatags `jtgb usgtfas p`ssadacaty t` rg-z`bg `bg urdnb usg abt` nb`tfgr nbh/`r t` abergnsg tfg duach-abl v`cukg (rgencaeneaõb nbh nukgbt`, Tuda`, K`btagc, abtgrvagws ab 499:). Ab gx-efnblg, tfgy nsm j`r k`rg e`btraduta`bs, nhhata`bnc t` tfg cglnc kabakuk stnbhnrhskgbta`bgh nd`vg. K`haenta`bs k`stcy abv`cvg tfg rg-z`babl j abhustranc nbh e`k-kgreanc/rgergnta`bnc spneg (`jegs, sf`ps, gte) abt` fùsabl. J`r gxnkpcg, ab tfg eaty`j Zncgbean, k`rg tfnb 19% `j ncc cènta`bs z`bgh ab tfg >166 Lgbgrnc pcnb ns ab-hustry fnvg dggb rg-z`bgh abt` fùsabl nbh `jeg spneg. Dgtwggb 79% nbh 69% `jncc cènta`bs z`bgh ns e`kkgreanc/rgergnta`bnc nrgns fnvg dggb rg-z`bgh t`` (Tnln,Tuda`, abtgrvagws ab 499:). Ab tfrgg `j tfg jùr ensgs ― Ygra`hastn, Enkab` nbh Dg-

bncÿn - tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb abhggh abergnsgh tfg duachabl v`cukg nbh/`r rg-z`bgh tfgusg `j cnbh jr`k `bg urdnb usg abt` n k`rg pr`tndcg `bg.



Zncgbean >55

Xfg ubegrtnabty tfnt tfas rglucnt`ry p`wgr t` k`hajy tfg Lgbgrnc pcnb kalft ergntgfns f`wgvgr dggb cakatgh? Zncgbeanb kubaeapncatags usunccy spgeajy wfaef s`rts `j

k`haenta`bs nrg p`ssadcg, nbh nppr`vg eratgran ndùt nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs, abensg `j k`haenta`b. Xfas fnppgbs ab abhaentavg hèukgbts, nppr`vgh dy tfg CèncEùbeac. Xfg gxnkpcg `j tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Zncgbean eùch dg rgprgsgbtntavg. Nt tfggbh `j tfg 19s, k`rg nbh k`rg knrmgt net`rs t``m tfg abatantavg t` nsm j`r rg-z`babl.F`wgvgr, up t` 4999 tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Zncgbean hah b`t neegpt tfgk (Tnln, abtgr-vagw 499:). Ab 4999, tfg kubaeapncaty hgeahgh t` knmg at p`ssadcg t` k`hajy tfg Lgb-grnc Ycnb s` ns t` rgz`bg cnbh jr`k `bg urdnb usg t` nb`tfgr. Ab nhhata`b, at gcnd`-rntgh sgvgrnc eratgran, k`st j tfgk rgcntgh t` enpturabl vncug abergnsg (sgg Jrnkg 7a).

Jrnkg 7aEratgran j`r tfg k`haenta`b `j tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb ab tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Zncgbean

Xfg Kubaeapnc Eùbeac `j Zncgbean nppr`vgh `b 46 Oucy 4999 sgvgrnc eratgran j`r tfgrgz`babl `j `bg urdnb usg abt` nb`tfgr (rgencaeneaõb), nbh k`hagh tfgsg eratgran abbgw rgs`cuta`bs `b 44 Kny 4994 nbh 59 Nprac 4998?• Tgz`babl as `bcy p`ssadcg ab ensg `j `ch abhustranc nrgns `r `jeg duachabls t` dg

rghgvgc`pgh abt` rgsahgbtanc nrgns.• Xfg rgz`babl fns t` akpr`vg tfg urdnb quncaty? rghueabl tfg t`tnc duachabl v`cukg=

`r tfg bgw rgsahgbtanc usg kust t dgttgr ab tfg bgalfdùrf``h= `r abtr`hueabl nby`tfgr dogetavg akpr`vgkgbt.

• 49% `j tfg t`tnc duachabl v`cukg fns t` dg usgh j r e`kkgreanc/rgergnta`bnc usgs,`r j`r njj`rhndcg fùsabl.

• E`kpgbsnta`b? j r gnef bgw k´ ffl``r spneg, cnbh`wbgrs fnvg t` eghg > k´ cnbhj`r pudcae jneacatags (nhhata`bnc t` tfg kabaknc dcalnta`bs ncrgnhy gstndcasfgh ab tfgcglnc stnbhnrhs nbh ab tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb), `r 9.7 aj tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt usgs nt cgnst49% `j tfg duachabl v`cukg j`r njj`rhndcg fùsabl (dgj`rg tfg kubaeapnc rgs`cu-ta`b `j 44 Kny 4994, tfas wns 79%). Xfgsg k´ `j cnbh kny ncs` dg eghgh ùtsahgtfg pcnb nrgn, `r pnah ab k`bgy. Xfgrgj`rg, npprnasnc `j tfg vncug `j tfg bgw ffl``rspneg as dnsgh `b enhnstrnc vncugs. Ab Ygra`hastn nbh Enkab`, tfg kubaeapncaty ab-tr`huegh abstgnh nb abhgpgbhgbt npprnasnc knhg dy tfg Y`cytgefbae Wbavgrsaty `j

Zncgbean. Xfg Wbavgrsaty abergnsgh ab d`tf ensgs tfg vncug `j tfg bgw ffl``r spneg,wfgb e`kpnrgh watf tfg enhnstrnc vncugs. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, tfg e`kpgbsnta`bsuk abergnsgh b`tndcy.

• Xfg rgsuctabl fùsabl hgbsaty ab tfg pcnb nrgn enbb`t gxeggh <7 hwgccabls/fn.• Aj tfg bgw hwgccabls nhh k`rg tfnb >,999 abfndatnbts t` tfg nrgn, cnbh`wbgrs fnvg

t` eghg nt cgnst 7,999 k´ cnbh j`r n pnrm (nhhata`bnc t` tfg cglnc kabaknc egssa`bs).

Ab Dgbncÿn, ab tfg Eaty `j Ncaenbtg, tfg kubaeapncaty hah s`kgtfabl sakacnr. Xfg >16<Lgbgrnc Ycnb gstndcasfgh strueturnc dabhabl rucgs j`r tfas satg. F`wgvgr, ab >11< tfg

Cènc Eùbeac, njtgr n cglnc ouhlgkgbt nlnabst tfg >16< Ycnb, nppr`vgh tfg Ku-baeapnc Eratgran, n hèukgbt tfnt hgtnacgh f`w gxnetcy n juturg Hgtnacgh Ycnb sfùch



Zncgbean>58

k`hajy tfg >16< Lgbgrnc Ycnb? j`r gxnkpcg, tfg gxnet nkùbt `j duachabl v`cukgnbh tfg hgtnacgh dabhabl rucgs. U` ab jnet, nctfùlf tfg cnttgr Hgtnacgh Ycnb k`hagh

tfg >16< Ycnb, netunccy tfgrg wns ncrgnhy ab >11< egrtnabty ndùt tfg k`haenta`bp`ssadacatags.

Bgatfgr tfg 4999 rgs`cuta`b j tfg Kubaeapncaty j Zncgbean, b`r tfg >11< KubaeapncEratgran j Ncaenbtg wgrg cglnccy dabhabl j`r tfg usg j cnbh (tfg kubaeapncaty rgtnabghjuccy hasergta`bnc p`wgrs t` hgeahg). F`wgvgr, ab d`tf ensgs tfg kubaeapncaty hgeahghpudcaecy t` fnbhcg tf`sg rucgs vgry straetcy ns gvncunta`b eratgran. Xfg ensgs e`brktfas.

Dgsahgs tf`sg s`rts `j k`haenta`bs tfnt nrg j`rgsggb ab cènc p`caey hèukgbts,

tfgrg nrg tfgr s`rts `j k`haenta`bs tfnt nrg cgss rglucntgh. J`r gxnkpcg, ab tfg Eaty`j Zncgbean tfg sge`bh p`ssadacaty `j k`haenta`b (abergnsabl tfg duachabl v`cukg)as b`t e`vgrgh dy j`rknc p`caey. Nsmgh ndùt tfas, n pudcae `jegr (Tnln, abtgrvagw499:) e`brkgh tfnt tfgrg nrg ‖abj`rknc‑ eratgran j`r tfas. ‖Abj`rknc‑ dgenusg tfgy nrgb`t j`rkucntgh gxpcaeatcy dy tfg Cènc Eùbeac. Ab vgry spgeae ensgs, tfg pudcae `j-egr stntgs, at as p`ssadcg t` abergnsg tfg duachabl v`cukg.

Jrnkg 7o

Xfg ‖abj`rknc‑ eratgran j`r abergnsabl tfg duachabl v`cukg cnah h`wb ab tfg Lgbgrnc

Ycnb ab tfg Kubaeapncaty j Zncgbean, fnbhcgh ab ensg Ygra`hastn, wgrg tfgsg?• Xfg snkg ns j`r rgencaeneaõb (sgg jrnkg 7a).• Xfg urdnbazabl nlgbt pr`p`sgh t` usg 69% `j tfg duachabl v`cukg j`r njj`rhndcg

fùsabl=• Xfg urdnbazabl nlgbt pr`p`sgh n duachabl gbvgc pg tfnt ts watfab tfg surrùbhabl

duachabls.

\fnt nrg tfg gjjgets b enpturabl tfg vncug abergnsg0 Xfg ensgs e`brk tfg ahgn tfnttfg p`ssadacaty `j k`hajyabl tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb (rgz`babl tfg cnbh nbh nulkgbtabl

tfg duachabl v`cukg) kny abergnsg tfg bgl`tanta`b strgbltf `j tfg kubaeapncaty. Abnhhata`b, at as pcnusadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt tfg egrtnabty ergntgh ndùt tfg nhhata`bnce`btraduta`bs ab ensg `j k`haenta`b abfflugbegs tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh pr`tknrlabs, sakacnr t` tfg gjjget `j tfg egrtnabty kgbta`bgh ab tfg prgvaùs sgeta`b (tfgegrtnabty ergntgh dy tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb nbh tfg kabaknc cglnc stnbhnrhs). Ab Ygra`hastn,d`tf (p`ssadacaty `j k`haenta`b + egrtnabty ndùt nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs) cgh t`n sfnrg `j 69% njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab tfg duachabl, nb gbcnrlgkgbt `j pudcae spnegjr`k >,697 up t` 4,71< k´, nbh tfg pnykgbt `j n sudstnbtanc nkùbt t` tfg kubaea-pncaty. Ab Enkab` at cgh t` nb gbcnrlgkgbt `j pudcae spneg nbh jneacatags jr`k >:,>6:t` 56,<49 k´, tfg rgfndacatnta`b nbh jrgg egssa`b t` tfg kubaeapncaty `j jùr `ch ab-

hustranc duachabls, nbh tfg pnykgbt `j nb akp`rtnbt nkùbt t` tfg kubaeapncaty. Ncctfgsg e`btraduta`bs wgrg nhhata`bnc t` tfg e`btraduta`bs prgseradgh abatanccy ab tfg



Zncgbean >57

Lgbgrnc Ycnb nbh ab tfg cglnc kabaknc stnbhnrhs (j`r n e`kpnras`b `j e`btraduta`bsab ncc jùr ensgs sgg sgeta`b 7.:). At as vgry pcnusadcg tfnt sakacnr gjjgets t``m pcneg ab

`tfgr k`haenta`bs j tfg >166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb j tfg eaty j Zncgbean.

7.7.4 Y`ssadcg e`btgbts `j tfg dabhabl rucgs

Xfg Upnbasf >1<6 E`bstatuta`b lavgs n dr`nh hgbata`b `j tfg l`ncs `j pudcae netava-tags ab pcnbbabl? t` pursug nb nhgquntg gbvar`bkgbt j`r tfg hgvgc`pkgbt j tfg abha-vahunc, t` pr`tget fast`raenc nbh eucturnc fgratnlg, t` lft nlnabst spgeucnta`b ab rhgrt` lunrnbtgg hgegbt nbh nhgquntg fùsabl j`r gnef Upnbanrh, nbh t` sfnrg n pnrt `jtfg dgbgts neeruabl jr`k pudcae pcnbbabl. Ycnbbabl cnw pgrnta`bncazgs tfgsg dr`nh

e`bstatuta`bnc l`ncs dy nccèntabl knby e`kpgtgbegs t` pudcae nutf`ratags (Ynrgo` &Dcnbe, >111? >55->56). Xfas kalft dg tfg rgns`b j`r tfg dr`nh rnblg j prgserapta`bstfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab tfg Zncgbeanb dabhabl rucgs, d`tf prgserapta`bs rgcntgh t` tfgpfysaenc z`babl (Ycnbgnkagbt` Jësae`), nbh prgserapta`bs rgcntgh t` tfg `rlnbaznta`b`j tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b (Ycnbgnkagbt` Yr`lrnkîtae`).

Uukknry `j tfg bhabls

Xfgrg nrg tw` s`rts `j pfysaenc z`babl prgserapta`bs tfnt sggk ecgnrcy t` fnvg, `rp`tgbtanccy t` fnvg, n p`satavg gjjget `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg? (>) Ycnbbabl cnwhgbgs kuef dr`nhgr `dcalnta`bs j`r cnbh`wbgrs ubhgr tfg entgl`ry ‖Cnbh t` dg

hgvgc`pgh‑ tfnb ubhgr tfg entgl`ry ‖Gxastabl Wrdnb Cnbh‑. Ab Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh,dabhabl rucgs enb abecuhg tfg dr`nhgst rnblg `j `dcalnta`bs? suef ns k`rg pudcaejneacatags, `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg, nbh n pudcae sfnrg `j >9% ab tfg duachabl ralfts. Atsggks ecgnr tfnt tfas cgnhs t` falfgr enpturgh vncug abergnsg. (4) Ycnbbabl cnw `pgbstfg p`ssadacaty `j abecuhabl ab tfg dabhabl rucgs prgserapta`bs rglnrhabl sèanc/njj`rh-ndcg fùsabl. Xfgsg nrg j tw` s`rts? rst, sabeg >114 kubaeapncatags enb z`bg cnbh j`rsèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl= sge`bh, kubaeapncatags nbh hgvgc`pgrs enb rgnef nlrgg-kgbts ndùt nhhata`bnc sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl. J`r tfg prgsgbt, tfgsg kgnsurgssggk b`t t` fnvg dggb systgkntaenccy nppcagh. F`wgvgr, tfg bhabls sullgst tfnttfgy nrg p`tgbtanccy usgjuc j`r lgttabl k`rg sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl duact.

Tglnrhabl tfg `rlnbaznta`b `j tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b, tfgrg nrg tfrgg s`rts `j prgserap-ta`bs tfnt sggk ncs` ecgnrcy t` fnvg n p`satavg gjjget `b tfg enpturabl `j vncug ab-ergnsg? (5) Ycnbbabl cnw hgbgs tfg p`ssadacaty `j nseradabl `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg t`tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg ab qugsta`b. Cnbh`wbgrs `j tfg `jj-satg cnbh sfnrg tfg duachablralfts watf tfg `wbgrs `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg, nbh eghg tfgar cnbh jrggcy. Xfnbmst` tfas kgnsurg, Zncgbeanb kubaeapncatags fnvg `dtnabgh ab tfg cnst ygnrs n vgry ak-p`rtnbt pnrt `j tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r knab pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. (8) Ycnb-babl cnw ncc`ws kubaeapncatags t` nlrgg e`btraduta`bs nhhata`bnc t` tfg kabaknc cglncpnemnlg. Xfas fns ecgnrcy pr`vahgh n salbaenbt dgbgt j`r tfg pudcae, ncs` j`r sèanc/

njj`rhndcg fùsabl. (7) Xfg >118 Net rgnrrnblgh tfg e`btgbts j tfg Lgbgrnc nbh Hg-tnacgh Ycnbs. Xfg Net abecuhgh tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs (abecuhgh



Zncgbean>5:

prgvaùscy ab tfg Lgbgrnc nbh Hgtnacgh Ycnbs), nbh tfg nlrggh nhhata`bnc e`btradu-ta`bs (abecuhgh prgvaùscy ab gxtgrbnc nlrggkgbts) abt` n bgw s`rt `j hèukgbt, tfg

Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg. Xfg p`satavg gjjgets `j tfas >118‑s rg`rlnbaznta`b `benpturabl vncug abergnsg nrg f`wgvgr ubecgnr, dgenusg tfgrg sggks t` dg n k`rgrgcgvnbt abhgpgbhgbt sud-vnrandcg? tfas as tfnt tfg >118 Net abtr`huegh tfg dcalnta`b`j ncwnys nefagvabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt t` sgeurg tfg abvgstkgbts nbh sefgh-ucgs. Xfas wns prgvaùscy nb `pta`b, b`t nb `dcalnta`b (sgg ubhgr ab sgeta`b 7.7.5).

Xfg j`cc`wabl sgeta`bs abecuhg n hgtnacgh nssgsskgbt `j tfgsg vg s`rts `j prgserap-ta`bs, nbh f`w tfgy w`rm watfab tfg vncug enpturabl kgefnbasks.

7.7.4.> Yrgserapta`bs rgcntgh t` pfysaenc z`babl? _`babl cnbh abt` tfg ecnss

‖Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh‑Yr`dndcy tfg k`st akp`rtnbt jubeta`b j tfg Lgbgrnc nbh Hgtnacgh Ycnbs as t` entgl`-razg cnbh abt` tfrgg s`rts `r ‖ecnssgs‑? ‖Gxastabl Wrdnb cnbh‑, ‖Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pghab tfg juturg‑, nbh ‖B`b-hgvgc`pndcg cnbh `r rurnc nrgn‑. At sggks tfnt kubaeapncatagss`kgtakgs entgl`razg ns kuef cnbh ns p`ssadcg abt` Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh, watf tfgabtgbta`b `j akpr`vabl enpturabl vncug abergnsg. @wbgrs `j Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pghnrg `dcalgh t` pny/rgncazg falfgr e`btraduta`bs tfnb `wbgrs `j Gxastabl Wrdnb cnbh?j`r gxnkpcg k`rg pudcae jneacatags, jj-satg abjrnstrueturg nbh n pudcae sfnrg j >9% abtfg duachabl ralfts. Xfg cglnc eratgran j`r entgl`razabl cnbh nrg vgry straet? cnbh tfnt asncrgnhy pr`vahgh watf tfg bgghgh pudcae abjrnstrueturg kust dg ecnssagh ns Gxastabl

Wrdnb Cnbh= cnbh tfnt as b`t ygt pr`vahgh watf suef abjrnstrueturg, nbh as kgnbt t` dg,kust dg ecnssagh ns Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh. F`wgvgr, nctfùlf tfgsg eratgran sggkecgnr, ab prnetaeg tfgrg as s`kg r``k t` hrnw tfg cabg s`kg kgtgrs t` tfg ralft `r t`tfg cgjt. J`r gxnkpcg, tfg >166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb `j tfg eaty `j Zncgbean ecnssagh ns kuefcnbh ns p`ssadcg ns Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh. Xfas cgh `jtgb, ab tfg pgrapfgry `j tfg eaty,t` hrnwabl tfg d`rhgr dgtwggb Gxastabl Wrdnb cnbh nbh Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh nc`bltfg pnrty wnccs j gxastabl duachabls. Xfg snkg fnppgbgh ab tfg >16< Lgbgrnc Ycnb jtfg eaty `j Ncaenbtg, j`r gxnkpcg ab ensg Dgbncÿn.

\fnt wns tfg gjjget `j z`babl ns kuef cnbh ns p`ssadcg ns Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh0

Xfnt tfgrg as egrtnabty ndùt k`rg e`btraduta`bs, tfus pcnusadcy n c`wgrabl abfflugbeg`b tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh tfg pr`t knrlabs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr, nbh n strgbltf-gbabl j tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b j kubaeapncatags. Ab lgbgrnc, hgvgc`pkgbts b Cnbht` dg hgvgc`pgh pr`vahg falfgr enpturgh vncug abergnsg tfnb b Gxastabl Wrdnb cnbh.Xfnt wns ecgnrcy tfg ensg ab Dgbncÿn, tfg `bcy ensg wfgrg cnbh wns ecnssagh ns Cnbht` dg hgvgc`pgh. Ab Dgbncÿn tfg kubaeapncaty rgegavg ><% j ncc duachabl ralfts nbh ncnrlg pageg `j cnbh j`r `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg. D`tf nhvnbtnlgs nrg tfg harget rgsuct `jtfg jnet tfnt tfg satg jnccs ubhgr tfg ecnss Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh.

Xfg strntgly `j hgcakatabl vgry straetcy tfg cabg dgtwggb Gxastabl Wrdnb cnbh nbh

Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh kalft fnvg dggb k`rg sueegssjuc ab tfg Eaty `j Zncgbean tfnbab Ncaenbtg. Ab tfg Eaty `j Zncgbean, tfas strntgly fns dggb systgkntaenccy nppcagh ab



Zncgbean >5<

tfg >166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb, nbh tfas fns rgsuctgh ab nb akpr`vgkgbt `j tfg pudcae spnegsatuntgh ab tfg urdnb pgrapfgry. Ncc nrùbh tfg eaty, tfg bgw sefgkgs `b Cnbh t` dg

hgvgc`pgh `j tfg >166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb fnvg pnah, ab tfg urdnb pgrapfgry gxastabl nttfnt takg, j`r tfg lrggb spneg nbh `tfgr pudcae spneg ab-dgtwggb tfg gxastabl duach-abls (Dcnbe, abtgrvagw ab 499:, sgg ncs` lurgs >7). F`wgvgr, ab tfg Eaty j Ncaenbtg,wfgrg tfg >16< Lgbgrnc Ycnb fnh ncs` hrnwb tfg cabg vgry straetcy, tfg kubaeapncatysggks t` fnvg knhg cglnccy rasmy hgcakatnta`bs, wfaef fns cgh t` hgcny. J`r gxnkpcg,ab Dgbncÿn tfg kubaeapncaty z`bgh sgvgrnc pnregcs ns Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh tfnt eùchncs` dg e`bsahgrgh ns Gxastabl Wrdnb cnbh. Cnbh`wbgrs t``m tfg >16< kubaeapnchgcakatnta`b t` tfg eùrts, d`tf ab ensg Dgbncÿn nbh ab Ycnyn hg Unb Ounb, nb`tfgrsefgkg ab tfg eaty `j Ncaenbtg. Xfg eùrts fnvg lrnbtgh s`kg `j tfg nppgncs, g.l. abDgbncÿn pnrt `j tfg cnbh dgenkg nb `wb hgvgc`pkgbt satg sudogetgh t` tfg c`wgr

e`btraduta`bs rglakg `j Gxastabl Wrdnb cnbh, rghueabl tfg nrgn `j ùr hgvgc`pkgbtsatg jr`k 16,999 t` 64,87> k´.

7.7.4.4 Yrgserapta`bs rgcntgh t` pfysaenc z`babl? _`babl cnbh j`r Uèanc/

njj`rhndcg fùsabl

Dgj`rg >114, pcnbbabl cglascnta`b hah b`t ncc`w tfg z`babl `j cnbh j`r sèanc/njj`rh-ndcg fùsabl. Xfas efnblgh watf tfg >114 Tgjubhgh Net. Uabeg tfgb, Lgbgrnc nbhHgtnacgh Ycnbs enb gstndcasf n kabakuk pgregbtnlg `j sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl,`j tfg t`tnc bukdgr `j hwgccabls ab tfg pcnb nrgn. Ncs`, tfgy enb gstndcasf `b wfaefpnregcs tfnt fùsabl t` dg duact.

Ab prnetaeg, knby Lgbgrnc Ycnbs hah b`t z`bg cnbh j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl, dg-enusg k`st `j tfgk wgrg knhg dgj`rg >114. Xfas as tfg ensg ab tfg eatags `j Zncgbean(>166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb) nbh Ncaenbtg (>16<). Jr`k >114 `bwnrhs, tfgrg nrg b` hntnnvnacndcg ndùt wfgtfgr Lgbgrnc nbh Hgtnacgh Ycnbs abecuhg njj`rhndcg fùsabl `rb`t, dut j`cc`wabl s`kg gxpgrts, kubaeapncatags, ab lgbgrnc, fnvg b`t h`bg tfas. Xfascnem j p`cataenc wacc fns cgh t` haseussa`b. N wahgcy sfnrgh paba`b nk`bl gxpgrts astfnt kubaeapncatags nrg b`t rgcandcg ab jucccabl tfg jubeta`b `j lunrnbtggabl gbùlfsèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Xfg bcy s`cuta`b, tfgy nrlug, as t` abtr`hueg kabaknc qu`-tn ab rgla`bnc pcnbbabl cglascnta`b. Xfas haseussa`b fns fnh e`bsgqugbegs ab prnetaeg.

At sggks tfnt ab tfg cnst ygnrs, wfgb fùsabl praegs fnvg rasgb spgetneucnrcy nbh wfgbtfg njj`rhndacaty `j fùsgs fns dge`kg n knab p`cataenc assug, kubaeapncatags fnvgdglub t` z`bg cnbh j`r njj`rhndcg fùsabl. J r gxnkpcg, tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb j tfg eaty`j Enstgccõb hg cn Ycnbn (4999) fns h`bg s` (T`lgr, Dcnbe, Tuda`, K`btagc, Kuþ`z &Enþgccns, Gseradnb`, abtgrvagws 499:). @bg `j tfg jùr stuhagh prògets (Ygra`hastn)abecuhgh njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb (69% `j tfg sefgkg).

Kubaeapncatags enb ncs` rgquarg e`btraduta`bs j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl nbh ab-ecuhg tfgk ab tfg Yr`lrnkkgs, e`btraduta`bs tfnt nrg nhhata`bnc nbh e`kpcgkgbtnryt` tfg kgbta`bgh cglnc kabaknc pnemnlg nbh spgeanccy z`bgh cnbh. Nhhata`bnc e`btra-

duta`bs kalft abecuhg gxtrn egssa`b j cnbh, `r n kabakuk pgregbtnlg, r tfg `dcaln-ta`b j`r tfg cnbh`wbgrs t` pny tfgar e`btraduta`b t` tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts



Zncgbean >51

\fnt nrg tfg gjjgets j`r tfg duachabl `j sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl0 Xw` kgnsurgs nrggvncuntgh fgrg? (>) tfg jnet tfnt, sabeg >114, dabhabl rucgs enb z`bg cnbh j`r sèanc/

njj`rhndcg fùsabl= (4) nbh tfg jnet tfnt kubaeapncatags enb nlrgg nhhata`bnc e`btradu-ta`bs rglnrhabl sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl nbh abecuhg tfgk ab tfg Yr`lrnkkgs. Xfge`becusa`b as tfnt d`tf kgnsurgs enb fnvg n p`satavg gjjget `b tfg netunc rgncaznta`b`j sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsgs dgenusg tfgy enb ergntg egrtnabty ndùt k`rg e`btradu-ta`bs. Wp t` rgegbtcy, kubaeapncatags hah b`t usg tfgsg kgnsurgs, tfus duachabl rntgswgrg abfflugbegh knabcy dy tfg fùsabl knrmgt? ab takgs `j c`w fùsabl praegs, hg-vgc`pgrs sggm snjgr pr`huets suef ns njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Dgenusg jr`k >116 tacc earen499<, fùsabl praegs r`sg spgetneucnrcy, tfg duachabl `j sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsablhr`ppgh vgry salbaenbtcy (sgg Xndcg >9).

Xndcg >9. Ygregbtnlg njj`rhndcg fùsabl `j t`tnc bgw fùsgs.

Zncgbean eaty Ncaenbtg eaty Tgla`b Zncgbean

>114 :% >4% >6%

>115 44% 46% 54%

>118 4<% 87% 85%

>117 57% :7% 74%

>11:

>11< 87% 8<% 79%

>116 55% 56%

>111 44% >:% 5<%

4999 <% >>% 44%

499> 5% 6% >8%

4994 8% 4%

4995 9% 9%

Uùregs?- Eatags `j Zncgbean nbh Ncaenbtg? Lgbgrncatnt Zncgbeanbn, Abj`rkg hg `jgrtn hg vavagbhn bugvn gb cn E`kubahnhZncgbeanbn, b-cabg satg Lgbgrncatnt Zncgbeanbn, vasatgh `b 1 Jgdr 499<, fttp?//www.etf.lvn.gs/`vv/ vv.ftk (Gs-tnhëstaens?.../Gstnhëstaens../DH Kubaeapnc/Zncgbean >11>-499: nbh Ncnenbt >11>-499:).- Tgla`b Zncgbean? Lgbgrncatnt Zncgbeanbn, Abj`rkg hg `jgrtn hg vavagbhn bugvn gb cn E`kubahnh Zncgbeanbn,`b-cabg, vasatgh `b >9 Jgdr 499<, fttp?//www.etf.lvn.gs/`vv/`vv.ftk/(Gstnhëstaens?.../Gstnhëstaens../E`yubturn/Lrî-e`s? Yrgea` kgha` hgc kgtr` eunhrnh` hg cn vavagbhn/Abj`rkg hg `jgrtn hg vavagbhn bugvn...? Ynrtaeapneaõb hg cnvavagbhn pr`tglahn? Gv`cueaõb nbunc).

Ns kgbta`bgh, kubaeapncatags fnvg b`w efnblgh tfgar p`caeags nbh nrg abecuhablk`rg njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab tfg dabhabl rucgs? d`tf dy z`babl cnbh ns njj`rhndcg fùs-abl, nbh dy nlrggabl nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs nbh abecuhabl tfgk ab tfg Yr`lrnkkgs.\fgtfgr tfas fns dggb n sueegss as b`t p`ssadcg t` gvncuntg fgrg. Xfgrg nrg b` nvnac-ndcg stntastaes ndùt duachabl rntgs jr`k 4995 `bwnrhs. Dnsgh `b tfg abtgrvagws nbh

tfg stuhagh ensgs, at as p`ssadcg t` e`becuhg f`wgvgr tfnt duachabl `j njj`rhndcg fùs-abl as abhggh rasabl. @j tfg stuhagh ensgs, bcy tf`sg tfnt abecuhgh njj`rhndcg fùsabl



Zncgbean>89

ab tfg dabhabl rucgs (Luaccgk nbh Ygra`hastn) wacc abhggh pr`vahg njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Atsggks pcnusadcg tfus tfnt abecuhabl njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab dabhabl rucgs eùch abhggh

cgnh t` k`rg dgabl duact (T`lgr, Dcnbe, Tuda`, K`btagc, Gseradnb`, abtgrvagws 499:).

Jalurg >:. Yageg `j `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg nseradgh t` tfg Tghastraduta`b Nrgn `j Dgbncÿn Uur. Xfg Lgb-

grnc Cnbh usg Ycnb `j >16< nccèntgh tfg duachabl ralfts ns j`cc`ws (tfg Yr`lrnk k`hagh tfgsg lurgs

scalftcy, g.l. rghuegh tfg nrgn `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg jr`k 16,999 t` 64,87> k´ `j cnbh)?

• Nrgn hgvgc`pkgbt satg? 16,999 k´ `j cnbh

• Nrgn `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg t` dg abecuhgh? 78,516 k´ j cnbh

• X tnc Tghastraduta`b Nrgn? 16,999 + 78,516 ; >74,516 k´ `j cnbh• Duachabl v cukg Tghastraduta`b Nrgn/satg? >95,179 k´ ffl``r spneg k`hnc usg

• Tgjgrgbeg Hgvgc`pkgbt Ncc`wnbeg? >95,179 ? >74,516 ; 9,: k´ ffl` r spneg k`hnc usg/k´ cnbh

• Duachabl ralft j `wbgr pnregc `j >99 k´ cnbh, wfgtfgr satuntgh ab hgvgc`pkgbt satg r ubhgr

tfg `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg? (>99 x 9,:) x 9,1 ]>9% dgc`bls t` tfg Kubaeapncaty[ ; 78 k´ ffl``r

spneg k`hnc usg.

7.7.4.5 Yrgserapta`bs rgcntgh t` tfg rlnbaznta`b `j tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b?

Nseradabl `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg t` hgvgc`pkgbt satgs

Ab Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh, Lgbgrnc Ycnbs enb efnrlg abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags watfnb jj-satg jubeta`b abt` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg (sget`r) ab wfaef tfgy nrg cèntgh. Ncs`,

Dgbncÿn Uur / 6 fn

Zën Ynrqug (`jj-satg abjrnstrueturg



Zncgbean>84

• Duachabl `j pudcae jneacatags (swakkabl p``cs, pudcae duachabls, gte)? tfas fnp-pgbs, j`cc`wabl `bg gxpgrt (Dcnbe, abtgrvagw 499:), nck`st `bcy ab tfg cnrlgr

sefgkgs, wfgrg tfgsg e`sts h` b`t gxeggh 6%->4% `j tfg t`tnc abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b e`sts. At sggks tfnt urdnbazabl nlgbts `jtgb knbnlg t` knmg cnbh-`wbgrs pny j`r at. N knab hajeucty watf tfas s`rt `j e`btraduta`b as tfnt at as b`trglucntgh pr`pgrcy nbh kalft tfgrgj`rg hasturd tfg bgegssnry e`bhata`bs j`r jrgge`kpgtata`b (Dcnbe, Gseradnb`, Dnþ`, abtgrvagws 499:). Kubaeapncatags `jtgb rg-oget nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs aj at sggks hajeuct t` dogetavgcy e`kpnrg hajjgrgbtpr`p`sncs, nbh tfas fnppgbs `jtgb watf tfg duachabl `j pudcae jneacatags, dgenusgtfg efnrnetgrastaes j tfg pudcae duachabls t` dg e`bstruetgh nrg b`t spgeagh prg-vaùscy. Nb gxnkpcg as Enkab`, wfgrg tfg wabbabl urdnbazabl nlgbt pr`p`sghtfg rgfndacatnta`b nbh jrgg egssa`b `j sgvgrnc fast`rae abhustranc duachabls, dut tfg

kubaeapncaty fnh b`t gstndcasfgh n pra`ra nby spgeaenta`b ndùt tfas. Nb`tfgrnspget tfnt kalft hasturd jrgg e`kpgtata`b as tfnt urdnbazabl nlgbts ab prabeapcgenbb`t efnrlg tfgsg e`sts t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Xfus, `bcy tf`sg nlgbts tfnt ncs``wb kuef cnbh, `r enb knbnlg t` efnrlg tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbywny, enb njj`rh t`knmg suef pr`p`sncs, nbh tfg `tfgrs enbb`t e`kpgtg.

• Hgvgc`pabl cgss pr`tndcg pr`huets? k`rg jrgqugbt sggks t` dg tfnt tfg urdnb-azabl nlgbt e`kkats atsgcj t` hgvgc`p `b ats cnbh cgss pr`tndcg pr`huets watf nfalf sèanc pr`tndacaty. J`r gxnkpcg, n f`tgc `r rgergnta`bnc duachabl, abstgnh `jrgsahgbtanc, ab n tùrast rgsahgbtanc sefgkg.

• Jabnbeanc pnykgbts t` tfg kubaeapncaty, `r `tfgr mabh j gxtrns? tfas sggks ncs` t`

fnppgb, g.l. ab ensgs Ygra`hastn (₣ >.:k) nbh Enkab` (₣ 8k).• Nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl? sgg nd`vg.

Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs, nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs wgrg vgry jrgqugbt. Ab Enkab`, tfg ur-dnbazabl nlgbt ubhgrt``m akp`rtnbt nhhata`bnc abvgstkgbts j`r tfg rgk`vnc `j gxast-abl abhustrags, nbh j`r tfg rgfndacatnta`b nbh jrgg egssa`b j sgvgrnc fast`rae abhustrancduachabls. Ncs`, tfg kubaeapncaty wacc rgegavg nck`st ₣ 8 kacca`b, wfaef as abecuhghab tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts nbh wacc tfgrgj`rg dg pnah dy tfg cnbh`wbgrs. AbLuaccgk, tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt nssukgh nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`-vasa`b e`sts, e`sts tfnt, j`cc`wabl pcnbbabl cnw, sfùch dg pnah dy tfg cnbh`wbgrs.

Ncs`, tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt wacc pny nhhata`bnc e`kpgbsnta`b t` tfg gxastabl fùsg`wbgrs. Ab Ygra`hastn, tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt wacc pr`vahg s`kg abjrnstrueturg ùtsahgtfg pcnb nrgn nbh wacc pny ₣ >.:k t` tfg kubaeapncaty.

Xfas sud-vnrandcg (Kubaeapncatags enb bgl`tantg nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs) as n hargete`bsgqugbeg j pcnbbabl cnw? pcnbbabl cnw prgseradgh, dgj`rg nbh njtgr tfg >118 Net,tfg j`rknc p`ssadacaty `j bgl`tantabl suef e`btraduta`bs ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt.Dgj`rg >118 tfgsg nlrggkgbts wgrg e`kk`b, dut tfgrg wgrg ncs` knby z`babl pcnbsnppr`vgh watfùt nb nlrggkgbt dnemabl tfgk. Xfg >118 Net fns rgabj`regh tfas sud-vnrandcg dy abtr`hueabl nb`tfgr sud-vnrandcg? Yr`lrnkkgs kust b`w abecuhg n Hgvgc-

`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt (sgg sgeta`b 7.7.5), wfaef fns lgbgrncazgh tfg usg `j hgvgc`pkgbtnlrggkgbts, nbh abergnsgh tfg t`tnc bukdgr nbh nkùbt `j nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs.



Zncgbean >85

7.7.4.7 Yrgserapta`bs rgcntgh t` tfg rlnbaznta`b `j tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b?

Abvgstkgbt nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs (dgj`rg >118 ab Lgbgrnc

nbh Hgtnacgh Ycnbs, njtgr >118 ab Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg)nbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts (dgj`rg >118 ab gxtgrb hèukgbts,

njtgr >118 ab Yr`lrnkkg)

Dgj`rg tfg >118 Net, Lgbgrnc Ycnbs abecuhgh sefghucgs j`r tfg pudcae abvgstkgbts.Xfas èeurrgh ab nb ‖Neta`b Yr`lrnkkg‑ (Yr`lrnkn hg Netuneaõb) nbh nb ‖Ge`b`kae-Jabnbeanc Utuhy‑ (Gstuha` Ge`bõkae`-Jabnbeagr`). Xfgsg hèukgbts wgrg gxfnustavgstuhags tfnt j`rgsnw tfg abvgstkgbts `j pudcae d`hags (cènc, pr`vabeanc, rgla`bnc nbhbnta`bnc pudcae d`hags) ab tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags bgghgh j`r tfg ak-pcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg Lgbgrnc pcnbs. J`r gxnkpcg, tfg >166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb `j Zncgbeanj`rgsnw ₣ >,>:9k `j pudcae abvgstkgbts j`r tfg pgra`h >161->11:7. Xfg kubaeapnc-

aty `j Zncgbean wùch pny ₣ 5:8k nbh tfg `tfgr pudcae nhkabastrnta`bs tfg rgst. XfgGe`b`kae-Jabnbeanc Utuhy j`rgsnw n pudcae abvgstkgbt `j ₣ 147,776 ab ensg Luac-cgk t` e`bstruet n dr`nh r`nh, nbh ₣ >57,44< ab Ygra`hastn t` duach n pudcae jneacaty.Ab nhhata`b t` tfg pudcae abvgstkgbts, Lgbgrnc Ycnbs abecuhgh tfg sefghucgs watfabwfaef cnbh`wbgrs wgrg dcalgh t` akpcgkgbt tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatagsj`cc`wabl tfg v`cubtnry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt prèghurg.

Xfg >118 Net abtr`huegh s`kg k`haenta`bs t` tfas. Uabeg >118, Lgbgrnc Ycnbs enb`bcy e`btnab tfg gx cglg prgserapta`b tfnt Lgbgrnc Ycnbs j`rgsgg tfg urdnb gxpnbsa`b jtfg kubaeapncaty j`r nppr`xakntgcy >9 ygnrs, nbh n dragj hgserapta`b j tfg bgghgh pud-

cae jneacatags nbh abjrnstrueturg j`r n c`blgr pgra`h. F`wgvgr, tfas abecuhgs bgatfgr e`k-pucs`ry akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs, b`r h`gs at rgsuct ab e`bergtg hgnhcabgs, nctfùlftfg vncahaty `j tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb as abhgbatg (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe, >111? 4:7-4::= T`kgr`,4994? 589). Xfgrg kalft dg `bg gxegpta`b? ab s`kg nrgns, Lgbgrnc Ycnbs enb abecuhgrucgs rglnrhabl tfg c`laenc `rhgr `j hgvgc`pkgbts (e`bhaea`bgs `dogtavns hg urdnb-azneaõb)? hgtnacgh `dogetavg nbh tgefbaenc eratgran tfnt fnvg t` dg jucccgh dgj`rg gnefsatg enb dg hgvgc`pgh. Xfgsg eratgran kny rgsuct ab n c`laenc rhgr j hgvgc`pkgbts, nbhnrg e`kpucs`ry j`r tfg sudsgqugbt Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkgs (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe,>111? 4:<). Tglnrhabl bnbeanc nspgets, Lgbgrnc Ycnbs b` c`blgr abecuhg tfg gxfnus-tavg pudcae abvgstkgbt sefgkgs. @bcy kubaeapncatags `j k`rg tfnb 79,999 abfndatnbts

nrg dcalgh t` abecuhg n dragj nbh vgry lgbgrnc sèa`-ge`b`kae nssgsskgbt j tfg pcnb.Ncs`, Lgbgrnc Ycnbs b` c`blgr abecuhg tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs j`r cnbh`wbgrs.

U`kgtfabl sakacnr fns fnppgbgh watf tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnbs. Dgj`rg tfg >118 Net, Hg-tnacgh Ycnbs abecuhgh n ‖Ycnb `j Yfnsgs‑ (Ycnb hg Gtnpns) nbh n ‖Ge`b`kae-JabnbeancUtuhy‑, wfaef abecuhgh hgnhcabgs j`r tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg Ycnb nbh nb nssgss-kgbt `j tfg bgghgh abvgstkgbts nbh bnbeanc rgsùregs, abecuhabl tfg `dcalnt`rysefghucgs j`r tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Uabeg >118, Hgtnacgh Ycnbs b` c`blgr abecuhg hgnh-cabgs `r takg sefghucgs j`r tfgar akpcgkgbtnta`b, b`r nby enceucnta`b `j abvgstkgbts`r sakacnr atgks (T`kgr`, 4994? 58>-584).

7 Efnblg rntg? >::.56: pgsgtns ; > gur`.



Zncgbean>88

Xfg >118 Net ergntgh n bgw s`rt `j pcnb, tfg Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg, wfaefabecuhgs k`rg `r cgss tfg snkg abvgstkgbt nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs ns ab tfg

`ch Lgbgrnc nbh Hgtnacgh pcnbs. Xfas kgnbs tfnt sabeg >118 hgtnacgh abvgstkgbt nbhakpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs nppgnr `bcy njtgr n Yr`lrnkkg fns dggb nppr`vgh, b`tdgj`rg. Nb`tfgr b`vgcty `j tfg >118 Net as tfnt tfg Yr`lrnkkgs ncs` abecuhg, ab tfg

Ourahaenc-ge`b`kae Yr p`snc, n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. Nlrggkgbts wgrg e`kk`bdgj`rg tfg >118 Net, dut tfgy wgrg gxtgrbnc hèukgbts, j`rknccy spgnmabl b`t ab-ecuhgh ab tfg dabhabl rucgs. Fns tfg jnet tfnt tfg Yr`lrnkkg b`w abecuhgs tfg sefgh-ucgs nbh tfg nlrggkgbts fnh nby gjjget `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg0 Ncc nvnacndcghntn, abecuhabl tfg ensgs, sullgst tfnt tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs`j tfg `ch Lgbgrnc nbh Hgtnacgh pcnbs sujjgrgh kuef hgcny, nbh tfnt njtgr >118 tfasspgghgh up lrgntcy. Xfg qugsta`b, f`wgvgr, as wfgtfgr tfg ergnta`b `j n bgw s`rt `j

pcnb hèukgbt, tfg Yr`lrnkkg, eùch ab at sgcj dg tfg enusg j tfgsg akpr`vgkgbts.At sggks pcnusadcg tfnt b`t tfg ergnta`b j tfas hèukgbt ns suef kalft dg tfg rgcgvnbtvnrandcg. @tfgr sud-vnrandcgs eùch dg rgcgvnbt fgrg? tfas as tfnt tfg >118 Net abtr`-huegh tfg `dcalnta`b `j ncwnys nefagvabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt t` sgeurg tfgabvgstkgbts nbh sefghucgs (sgg bgxt sgeta`b).

7.7.5 E`bhata`babl dabhabl rucgs `b sgeurabl enpturabl vncug

abergnsg

Uukknry `j tfg bhablsDgj`rg >118 kubaeapncatags eùch b`t knmg tfg nppr`vnc j dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc`b sgeurabl tfg kabaknc cglnc pnemnlg j dcalnta`bs, dut bcy b sgeurabl nhhata`bnce`btraduta`bs. Uabeg >118, kubaeapncatags enb nbh kust e`bhata`b tfg nppr`vnc `jdabhabl rucgs `b sgeurabl ncc tfg e`btraduta`bs, d`tf tfg kabaknc cglnc pnemnlg nbhp`ssadcg nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs. Xfas b`vgcty fns akpr`vgh tfg enpturabl `j vncugabergnsg nbh tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags(ejr. Dcnbe, abtgrvagws ab 4996). F`wgvgr, nb`tfgr b`vgcty t`` fns pcnygh nb akp`r-tnbt r`cg ab tfas akpr`vgkgbt? tfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt prèghurgwatf tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt ns cgnhabl pnrty (sgg sgeta`b 7.7.8).

7.7.5.> B` `dcalnt`ry Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt dgj`rg tfg >118 Net

Dgj`rg tfg >118 Net, Zncgbeanb pudcae d`hags wgrg b`t ncc`wgh t` `pgbcy e`bha-ta`b pcnbbabl e`bsgbt `b n e`kkatkgbt `j tfg hgvgc`pgr/cnbh`wbgr t` gjjgetavgcyakpcgkgbt nbh pny tfnt pnrt `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnt, j`cc`wablpcnbbabl cnw, kust dg efnrlgh t` hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs, a.g. tfg ‖kabaknc‑ cglncpnemnlg `j `dcalnta`bs. Ycnbbabl e`bsgbt rgjgrs t` tfg nppr`vnc `j n bgw LgbgrncYcnb tfnt k`hags tfg prgvaùs `bg, `r tfg nppr`vnc `j n Hgtnacgh Ycnb tfnt k`hagstfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb, r tfg nppr`vnc j n Hgtnacgh Ycnb tfnt oust hgtnacs tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb.F`wgvgr, pudcae d`hags wgrg ncc`wgh t` `pgbcy e`bhata`b pcnbbabl e`bsgbt `b tfg

gjjgetavg akpcgkgbtnta`b nbh pnykgbt `j `tfgr nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs, nhhata`bnct` tfg kabaknc cglnc pnemnlg. J`r gxnkpcg, tfg cglnc kabaknc pnemnlg abecuhgh tfg



Zncgbean >87

`dcalnta`b t` eghg cnbh j`r praknry sef``cs, s` nlrggkgbts eùch abecuhg tfg dcaln-ta`b t` eghg cnbh j`r falf sef``cs nbh ubavgrsatags ncs`. Nb`tfgr e`kk`b gxnkpcg

wns tfg jrgg egssa`b `j fast`rae duachabls j`r tfgar e`bvgrsa`b abt` pudcae jneacatags.Ab prnetaeg, Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts wgrg vgry e`kk`b, gspgeanccy ab tfg >169s,wfgb knby kubaeapncatags knhg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs. Nc`blsahg tfg prgpnrnta`b `j nbhprèghurgs j`r, j`r gxnkpcg, tfg >16< Ycnb `j Ncaenbtg nbh tfg >166 Ycnb `j Zncgbean,kubaeapncatags rgquargh knby hgvgc`pgrs wbabl cnbh t` salb tfgsg nlrggkgbts. Wsu-nccy, tfg nlrggkgbts e`begrbgh skncc pcnb nrgns, `wbgh dy `bg hgvgc`pgr. Njtgr tfgnppr`vnc j tfgsg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs, tfg bukdgr j tfgsg nlrggkgbts hakabasfgh.

7.7.5.4 @dcalnt`ry Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt njtgr tfg >118 Net

Xfg >118 Net abtr`huegh s`kg akp`rtnbt k`haenta`bs. Jarst, kubaeapncatags wgrg

ncc`wgh t` e`bhata`b pcnbbabl e`bsgbt b`t `bcy `b sgeurabl nhhata`bnc e`btradu-ta`bs, dut ncs` `b sgeurabl tfg kabaknc cglnc pnemnlg `j `dcalnta`bs. Uge`bh, tfaswns b`t nb pta`b, dut n kust ? kubaeapncatags wgrg dcalgh t` nsm j`r n Hgvgc`pkgbtNlrggkgbt= `tfgrwasg tfg dabhabl rucgs nrg b`t vncah. Ncc tfg ensgs accustrntg tfas? tfgHgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt sgeurgh abhggh ncc tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags abncc tfg ensgs, d`tf tfg kabaknc cglnc pnemnlg nbh tfg nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs. Xfarh,kubaeapncatags enb b`w nsm j`r n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt b`t `bcy wfgb pcnbbable`bsgbt as bgegssnry, dut ncs` ab tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef tfg dabhabl rucgs nrg ncrgnhyhgtnacgh nbh nppr`vgh, nbh pr`vahgh tfgrg as bggh `j abvgstkgbts ab pudcae abjrn-strueturg nbh jneacatags. J`r gxnkpcg, ab ensg Luaccgk tfg >166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb ncrgnhy

abecuhgh ncc tfg hgtnacgh dabhabl rucgs, nbh tfgrg wns ab prabeapcg b` bggh t` nppr`vgbgw dabhabl rucgs. F`wgvgr, abvgstkgbt ab pudcae abjrnstrueturg wns bgegssnry, s` n Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg nbbgx n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt wgrg sabg qun b`be`bhata`b dgj`rg hgvgc`pkgbt eùch stnrt.

Ab tfgr w`rhs, njtgr tfg >118 ncc tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags (kabaknc cglncpnemnlg nbh nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs) `j ncc hgvgc`pkgbts (tf`sg tfnt rgquarg pcnb-babl e`bsgbt, nbh tf`sg tfnt h` b`t) kust dg sgeurgh tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrgg-kgbt. Xfg prèghurg as ns j`cc`ws? tfg sudkattgh Yr`lrnkkg abecuhgs n pr`p`sghHgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt= `beg tfg cènc eùbeac fns p`ssadcy abtr`huegh k`haen-

ta`bs nbh nppr`vgs tfg Yr`lrnkkg, tfg kubaeapncaty nsms tfg sgcgetgh pnrty t` salbtfg Nlrggkgbt. Aj tfg cènc eùbeac abtr`huegh k`haenta`bs (gatfgr nhhata`bnc e`b-traduta`bs `r tfg rgsuct `j hgtnacabl tfg pr`vasa`bnccy nppr`vgh Yr`lrnkkg), nbh aj nsrgsuct j tfgsg k`haenta`bs tfg sgcgetgh Yr`lrnkkg dge`kgs sudstnbtanccy k`hagh(wfaef ab tfg`ry enbb`t fnppgb dut as b`t rnrg ab prnetaeg), tfg wabbabl pnrty enbrgjusg t` salb tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt nbh watfhrnw jr`k tfg hgvgc`pkgbt.F`wgvgr, rgjusabl as b`t jrgqugbt ab prnetaeg. Ab ensg Enkab`, tfg Hgvgc`pkgbtNlrggkgbt hùdcgh tfg abatanc abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts jr`k ₣ 7 kacca`b t` ₣ >9kacca`b, nbh ab Ygra`hastn at hakabasfgh tfg duachabl v`cukg jr`k >7,<7< k4 ffl``rspneg t` >>,999, watfùt ab gatfgr ensg tfg hgvgc`pgr rgjusabl t` salb. Xfg rasg `j

fùsabl praegs ab tfg kgnbtakg (vnrandcg N> ab enusnc k`hgc sgeta`b 4.8.4) kalftgxpcnab wfy hgvgc`pgrs nlrggh t` tfg gxtrn rgquargkgbts. @beg tfg Nlrggkgbt as



Zncgbean>8:

salbgh, tfg kubaeapncaty pudcaeasgs tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Yr`lrnkkg, wfaef dge`kgsnt tfnt k`kgbt, nbh b`t dgj`rg, cglnccy abt` j`reg.

Xfgsg k`haenta`bs ab >118 fnvg fnh akp`rtnbt e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncugabergnsg. Xfas kalft fnvg b`t fnppgb ab n harget wny, dut dy abfflugbeabl sud-vnrandcgsd. Xfg ahgn as tfnt, b`t tfg jnet `j dgabl ndcg t` abecuhg e`btraduta`bs ab dabhabl rucgssggks t` dg gjjgetavg, dut tfg jnet `j dgabl `dcalgh dy cnw t` e`bhata`b pcnbbable`bsgbt t` sgeurabl ncc e`btraduta`bs. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, a) dgabl `dcalgh t` e`bhata`bdabhabl rucgs t` sgeurabl ncc tfg e`btraduta`bs rgabj`regs aa) tfg p`satavg gjjget j dgablndcg t` abecuhg egrtnab e`btraduta`bs ab dabhabl rucgs `b aaa) tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b`j kubaeapncatags, tfg nee`ubtgh cnbh e`sts nbh tfg pr`t knrlabs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr=a) kalft ncs` fnvg n harget p`satavg gjjget b tfg spggh j tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b. Dgj`rg

>117, b`t ncc tfg dabhabl rucgs wgrg nee`kpnbagh dy n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt. Ajtfgy gxastgh, suef nlrggkgbts sgeurgh `bcy tfg nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs, dcalnta`bstfnt enkg abt` j`reg `beg tfg hgvgc`pgr/cnbh`wbgrs fnh akpcgkgbtgh tfg kabaknccglnc pnemnlg. At sggks tfnt suef nlrggkgbts nulkgbtgh tfg nhhata`bnc e`btradu-ta`bs, suef ns pr`vahabl cnbh j`r sge`bhnry sef``cs nbh ubavgrsaty nbh fast`rae duach-abls (Dcnbe, abtgrvagws ab 4996). F`wgvgr, wfnt sggks ecgnr as tfnt tfg kabaknccglnc pnemnlg `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags wns b`t akpcgkgbtgh `b takg?njtgr ncc, tfgrg wns b` nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgh tfgar bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b.Xfas as tfg rgns`b tfnt ab lgbgrnc tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs knhgdgj`rg tfg >118 Ycnbbabl Net wgrg b`t gjjgetavg ab prnetaeg. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, sefgh-

ucabl abvgstkgbts ab tfg Lgbgrnc nbh Hgtnacgh Ycnbs watf`ut n rgnc gblnlgkgbt `jtfg abvgstabl pnrty kny fnvg hasnhvnbtnlgs j`r tfg spggh `j akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfgpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags (T`kgr`, 4994? 55:, 551= Kuþ`z & M`rtfncs Nctgs,499<). Uabeg tfg >118 Net, tfgrg as ncwnys nb nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgs ncc tfg pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, d`tf tfg kabaknc pnemnlg nbh tfg nhhata`bnc dcalnta`bs.Xfas kny gxpcnab tfg akpr`vgh gjjgetavgbgss `j tfg sefghucgs.

Xfas sud-vnrandcg (tfgrg as sabeg >118 ncwnys n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgsncc tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags) as n harget e`bsgqugbeg `j tfg >118 Net.Xfg net prgseradgs tfg j`rknc `dcalnta`b `j nhhabl nb Nlrggkgbt t` tfg Yr`lrnkkg,

nbh dr`nhgbs tfg e`vgrnlg j tfas nlrggkgbt t` abecuhg ncs` tfg kabaknc cglnc pnem-nlg. F`wgvgr, tfas sud-vnrandcg `pgrntgs t`lgtfgr watf nb`tfgr sud-vnrandcg? tfg>118 Net ncs` abtr`huegh n bgw j`rk `j cnbh rgnhoustkgbt, watf n tfarh pnrty, tfgurdnbazabl nlgbt, ns pr`vahgr `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags (sgg bgxtsgeta`b). Xfas k`hagh sudstnbtanccy tfg p`wgr rgcnta`bsfaps dgenusg kubaeapncatagsfnvg b`w tfg p`wgr `j `dcalabl cnbh`wbgrs t` e``pgrntg. Ab suk, d`tf sud-vnran-dcgs (‖j`rknc `dcalnta`b t` sgeurg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags‑ nbh ‖k`hucnt-abl pr`pgrty ralfts‑) nrg camgcy t`lgtfgr t` fnvg enusgh tfg lgbgrncaznta`b `j tfg usg`j Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts j`r ncc sefgkgs nbh j`r ncc pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags.



Zncgbean >8<

7.7.8 K`hucntabl Yr`pgrty ralfts

Uukknry `j tfg bhablsDuachabl ralfts dgc`bl t` tfg cnbh`wbgr, ab tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean nbh ab tfg rgst`j Upnab. At fns ncrgnhy dggb gxpcnabgh tfnt abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b (urdnbazneaõb)as e`bsahgrgh n pudcae tnsm, nbh tfnt cnbh`wbgrs nrg `dcalgh sabeg >17: t` akpcg-kgbt at, nssukabl ncc tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts. Xfg >17: Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`bfgcpgh ab tfas, dut tfgrg wns n str`bl abtgrhgpgbhgbey? cènc nutf`ratags nbh hgvgc-`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs wgrg kutunccy hgpgbhgbt dgenusg j tfg hastraduta`b j rgsùregs.Nutf`ratags fnvg tfg stntut`ry p`wgrs j`r pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs, nbh hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh-`wbgrs fnvg tfg bnbeanc kgnbs nbh tfg cnbh. C``mabl at jr`k tfg pàbt `j vagw `jenpturabl vncug abergnsg, tfas abtgrhgpgbhgbey wns hasnhvnbtnlgùs. At lnvg t` tfg

hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs tfg `pta`b t` wnat, nbh ns wnatabl kalft dgnr nhvnbtnlgs, tfgbgl`tanta`b spneg `j kubaeapncatags hgtgra`rntgh. Xfg rgsuct wns tfnt `jtgb kubaea-pncatags c`wgrgh tfg pudcae rgquargkgbts j`r abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, r tfnt jtgbhgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs wgrg hgcnygh, `r d`tf. Xfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg >118 Net fnsfnh akp`rtnbt e`bsgqugbegs fgrg. Xfg Net abtr`huegh s`kg akp`rtnbt k`haenta`bsab tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b tfnt havgstgh cnbh`wbgrs jr`k tfg p`ssadacaty `jusabl tfg `pta`b t` wnat. Xfg k`haenta`bs lnvg Zncgbeanb kubaeapncatags rgcntavgcycnrlg p`wgrs j`r abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, e`kpnrgh watf Gblcnbh, Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhsnbh tfgr \gstgrb Gur`pgnb Eùbtrags (j`r nb abtgrbnta`bnc e`kpnras`b, sgg efnptgr8.8). Kubaeapncatags nrg b` c`blgr hgpgbhgbt `b tfg cnbh`wbgrs t` pr`vahg tfg ab-

jrnstrueturg, nbh tfg e`bsgqugbeg fns dggb tfnt kubaeapncatags fnvg abergnsgh tfgarrgquargkgbts. Nb tfgr e`bsgqugbeg fns dggb n salbaenbt abergnsg j pravntg abvgst-kgbts nbh nb neegcgrnta`b `j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Cgt us sgg tfas ab k`rg hgtnac.

7.7.8.> \f` `wbs hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts ab Zncgbean0

Xfgrg as n hastabeta`b dgtwggb abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh tfg duachabl. Ns kgb-ta`bgh, tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b as n pudcae tnsm. Xfg cnbh`wbgr (dgj`rg tfg >118Ycnbbabl Net), `r tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt (njtgr tfg >118 Net), dgnrs ns e`begssa`bnargtfg rgsp`bsadacaty t` pr`vahg tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, nbh t` rghastradutgdgttgrkgbt nbh e`sts dgtwggb tfg cnbh`wbgrs. J`cc`wabl bnta`bnc pcnbbabl cnw j`r

tfg wf`cg j Upnab, tfg ralft t` duach dgc`bls t` tfg ‖gssgbeg‑ j tfg e`btgbts j pr`p-grty ralfts, nbh tfus dgc`bls t` tfg cnbh`wbgr (sgg sgeta`b 4.4.8.4). Dut tfas as b`t nbubcakatgh ralft. Xfg cnw nbh tfg dabhabl rucgs cakat tfgsg duachabl ralfts. Cnbh`wbgrsfnvg b` ralft t` nby mabh j ‖kabakuk‑, nbh tfgy nrg dcalgh t` nppcy nbh dtnab tfgbgghgh pgrkats. Ncs`, tfgr cglascnta`b kalft gvgb cgnh t` tfg rgk`vnc j tfg duachablralfts (g.l. gxpr`pranta`b). @beg tfg cnbh`wbgr as nutf`razgh t` hgvgc`p `b fas pc`t,nbh pr`vahgh tfnt tfg cnbh fns b`t dggb gxpr`prantgh, fg as tfg `bcy `bg gbtatcgh t`duach `b tfnt pc`t nbh fg enb gxecuhg `tfgrs jr`k hàbl s`. U` wg kust hajjgrgbtantgdgtwggb tfg ralft t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg, wfaef dgc`bls t` tfg pudcae, nbh tfgralft t` duach, wfaef rgknabs ubhgr tfg h`kabauk `j tfg cnbh`wbgr.



Zncgbean>86

Bgvgrtfgcgss, tfg jnet tfnt abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b as hgbgh ns n pudcae tnsm h`gsb`t nut`kntaenccy kgnb tfnt pudcae d`hags fnvg ncc tfg p`wgrs t` gxgreasg at. Bgatfgr

h`gs at nut`kntaenccy kgnb tfnt cnbh`wbgrs fnvg c`st s`kg `j tfg p`wgrs `vgr tfgarpr`pgrty. Dy nbncysabl wf` fns tfg e`btr`c `vgr gnef `j tfg trnbsneta`bs ab abjrn-strueturg pr`vasa`b, at fns dggb p`ssadcg t` hasegrb wf` fns wfaef hgvgc`pkgbt ralftab tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Xfg stgps nrg? >) cnbh purefnsg nbh nssgkdcabl, 4)bnbeabl nbh 5) cnbh prgpnrnta`b nbh hgvgc`pkgbt.

7.7.8.4 Kutunc hgpgbhgbeg `j kubaeapncatags nbh cnbh`wbgrs dgj rg >118

X` nbncysg tfg e`bsgqugbegs `j stgps >-5 ab tfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb ku-baeapncatags nbh cnbh`wbgrs, tfas rgsgnref hgvgc`pgh nbh nppcagh n k`hgc `j hg-pgbhgbeg nbncysas (sgg tndcg >>= j`r k`rg hgtnacs `j tfg k`hgc, sgg efnptgr 5.>.>).

Dgj`rg tfg >118 Net, kubaeapncatags hgpgbhgh fgnvacy `b tfg pnssavg e`bsgbt `r ne-tavg e`ccnd`rnta`b `j tfg hgvgc`pgr/cnbh`wbgr t` lntfgr tfg cnbh (stgp >), lntfgr tfgbnbeanc rgsùregs (stgp 4) nbh hgvgc`p tfg cnbh t` pr`hueg sgrvaegh pc`ts (stgp 5).Xfg hgpgbhgbeg wns dgenusg tfg cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr e`btr`ccgh tw` akp`rtnbtrgsùregs? cnbh nbh abvgstkgbt enpneaty. K`rg`vgr, tfas hgpgbhgbeg wns b`t gnsacynvàhndcg. Xfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b rgcagh `b tfg supp`rt nbh netavg e`c-cnd`rnta`b `j n kno`raty `j tfg cnbh`wbgrs? cnbh rgnhoustkgbt t``m pcneg `bcy wfgbtfg `wbgrs `j nt cgnst :9% `j tfg cnbh e`bstatutgh n oàbt hgvgc`pkgbt `rlnbasnta`b,rgsp`bsadcg j`r tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh rghastradutabl dgttgrkgbt nbh e`sts.Aj n kab`raty `j cnbh`wbgrs hah b`t wnbt t` e`ccnd`rntg, tfg oàbt `rlnbasnta`b wns

ncc`wgh t` nppcy, njtgr kubaeapnc nppr`vnc, e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Aj tfg`wbgrs j :9% j tfg cnbh wgrg b`t gvgb waccabl t` tnmg tfg abatantavg, kubaeapncatagseùch vgrrucg ncc tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh tnmg tfg cgnh, nppcyabl e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnh-oustkgbt. Kubaeapncatags fnh tfg `pta`b ncs` t` nequarg tfg cnbh, tfrùlf nkaendcgnlrggkgbt, tfrùlf nppcyabl tfg prg-gkpta`b ralft (hgrgef` hg tnbtg` y rgtrnet`), `rtfrùlf gxpr`pranta`b. Yudcae nutf`ratags nrg ncc`wgh ab Upnab nbh ncs` ab Zncgbean t`gxpr`prantg cnbh b`t `bcy j`r tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, dut ncs` j`r pra-vntg usgs, a.g. j`r fùsabl, jeg spneg, gte. Xfgrg as b` mabh j ‖sgcj-rgncasnta`b‑ ralft`j tfg cnbh`wbgr:, wf` enb prgvgbt pudcae nutf`ratags jr`k gxpr`prantabl tfg cnbh.Ab Upnab, kubaeapncatags nrg jrgg t` ef``sg dgtwggb cnbh rgnhoustkgbt nbh gxpr`-

pranta`b= tfgrg as ab pcnbbabl nbh gxpr`pranta`b cnw b` fagrnrefy tfnt pravacglgs `bgj`rkucn dgj`rg tfg `tfgr. Gxpr`pranta`b wns nbh stacc as n e`kk`b wny j`r sget`rancrgla`bnc nbh bnta`bnc pudcae d`hags t` akpcgkgbt tfgar p`caeags (g.l. sèanc fùsabl,abhustranc nrgns). Ab tfg`ry tfus, kubaeapncatags eùch nvàh tfg hgpgbhgbeg. F`wgv-gr, ab prnetaeg kubaeapncatags usunccy nppcagh bgatfgr e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbtb`r gxpr`pranta`b, dgenusg d`tf kgnbt n harget pudcae abv`cvgkgbt, abecuhabl tfge`rrgsp`bhabl rasms, nbh wgrg n sgbsatavg knttgr p`cataenccy.

@b tfg tfgr fnbh, tfg cnbh`wbgr hgpgbhgh b tfg kubaeapncaty dgenusg j ats rglu-cnt`ry p`wgrs `j nppr`vabl tfg dabhabl rucgs nbh lrnbtabl tfg duachabl pgrkat. Xfas

: ‖Ugcj-rgncasnta`b‑ as n e`kk`b tgrk ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, sgg sgeta`b <.8.8.



Zncgbean >81

hgpgbhgbeg ncs` enb dg cndgccgh ns str`bl dgenusg at as b`t nvàhndcg, ns pudcae d`h-ags nrg tfg `bcy net`rs wf` enb gxgreasg tfgsg rglucnt`ry p`wgrs.

Xndcg >>. Hgpgbhgbeg nbncysas Zncgbean dgj`rg >118 Ycnbbabl Net.

Hgpgbhgbeg dgenusg`j cnbh

Hgpgbhgbeg dgenusg`j abvgstkgbt enpneaty

Hgpgbhgbeg dgenusg`j rglucnt`ry rgsùregs

Kubaeapncaty hgpgbhs`b tfg cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr

Hgpgbhgbeg.Hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wb-grs `wb k`st `j tfgcnbh. Hgpgbhgbeg as`bcy nvàhndcg tfrùlf

pudcae cgnhabl ab cnbhrgnhoustkgbt `r gxpr`-pranta`b. F`wgvgr, d`tf`pta`bs wgrg b`t gnsyj`r kubaeapncatags.

Hgpgbhgbeg.Kubaeapncatags fnh ablgbgrnc b`t kuef bnb-eanc rgsùregs t` abvgstab pudcae hgvgc`pkgbt,

s` tfg cnbh`wbgrs/hg-vgc`pgrs wgrg tfg `bcy`bgs wf` eùch abvgst.

Cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgrhgpgbhs bkubaeapncaty

Hgpgbhgbeg.Xfg kubaeapncaty np-pr`vgs tfg dabhablrucgs. Hgpgbhgbeg asb`t nvàhndcg.

Xfg e`bsgqugbegs ab prnetaeg `j tfas str`bl kutunc hgpgbhgbey wgrg salbaenbt.Cnbh`wbgrs fnh tfg `pta`b `j b`t nlrggabl watf tfg e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg `r `tfgrrgquargkgbts `j tfg kubaeapncaty. Uabeg wnatabl enb dgnr nhvnbtnlgs, at wns n jnvùr-ndcg `pta`b t` wnat (sgg vnrandcg H4.4 ab enusnc k`hgc sgeta`b 4.8.4). Ns hgvgc`pgrskny b`t e`btr`c ncc tfg cnbh, nbh tfus hgpgbh `b `tfgr cnbh`wbgrs, at t``m s`kgtakg t` rgnef nb nlrggkgbt watf ncc tfg cnbh`wbgrs ndùt tfg hgsarndcg praeg j cnbh.Cnbh rgnhoustkgbt wns nb `pta`b `bcy wfgb tfg `wbgrs `j k`rg tfnb saxty pgregbt`j tfg cnbh supp`rt tfg pcnb. Ab prnetaeg, tfas wns n falf tfrgsf`ch. Uueegss hgpgbhgh`b tfg gxpgetnta`b tfnt, dy hgcnyabl bgl`tanta`bs, hgvgc`pkgbt pr`ts wùch ab-ergnsg ab tfg juturg. Kubaeapncatags wgrg e`bjr`btgh watf hgvgc`pgrs tfnt wgrg b`t

waccabl, nbh knydg b`t ndcg, t` nlrgg t` tfg rgquargh bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`bsefghucgs. Xfas njjgetgh tfg bgl`tantabl p`sata`b `j tfg cènc nutf`ratags nbh tfusenpturabl vncug abergnsg, ns kubaeapncatags wgrg j`regh t` c`wgr tfg e`btraduta`bspnemnlg aj tfgy wnbtgh t` rgnef nb nlrggkgbt. Nbh nbywny, tfas njjgetgh tfg spggh jakpcgkgbtnta`b, ns ubhgr tf`sg eareukstnbegs cnbh`wbgrs hah b`t prèggh quaemcynbh tfg hgvgc`pkgbt wns hgcnygh.

Tglnrhabl tfg gjjgets `b tfg quncaty `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, e`b-suctgh ndùt tfas, ncc tfg abtgrvagwgh gxpgrts, pudcae `jegrs, hgvgc`pgrs nbh rgprg-sgbtntavgs nlrggh tfnt tfg ‖`ch‑ cnbh rgnhoustkgbt abhggh hah b`t jubeta`b pr`pgrcy

(Dcnbe, T`lgr, Tuda`, K`btagc, Kuþ`z, Enþgccns, Gseradnb` nbh Dnþ`, abtgrvagws ab499: nbh 499<)?



Zncgbean>79

• Ukncc hgvgc`pkgbt satgs? satgs wgrg t`` bnrr`w nbh skncc, oust cnrlg gbùlf t`pr`vahg abjrnstrueturg j`r n jgw pc`ts=

• Hgeagbt pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags? sefgkgs abecuhgh vgry kabakncpnemnlgs `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg= oust tfg cgnst bgghgh t` sgrvaeg tfg pc`ts=• B`t rgnc rgnhoustkgbt? k`st j tfg takg, rgnhoustkgbt j`cc`wgh vgry kuef tfg

wacc `j cnbh`wbgrs t` rgegavg duachabl pc`ts `b tfgar j`rkgr pr`pgrty. Abstgnh `jj`cc`wabl tfg k`st suatndcg pnregcabl, rgnhoustkgbt nhnptgh vgry kuef t` tfgcnbh`wbgrs‑ abtgrgsts.

Xfg rgsuct, ncc abtgrvagwgh nlrggh, wns nb arrglucnr, ub`rhgrgh, bgatfgr systgkntaeb`r c`laenc urdnb lr`wtf `j c`w quncaty nbh watf senreg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags. J`r gxnkpcg, ab tfg eaty `j Zncgbean, at rgsuctgh ab tfg >169‑s ab nb urdnb

pgrapfgry `j c`w urdnb quncaty. At rgegavgh tfg bnkg ‖duachabls ab tfg `ba`b gch‑(ghaea`s gb enkp`s hg egd`ccn, sgg lurgs ><)? duachabls ab tfg kahhcg `j hgtgra`-rntgh nlraeucturnc cnbh, watfùt pr`pgr pudcae abjrnstrueturg.

Jalurgs ><. Gxnkpcgs `j tfg pgrapfgry `j tfg Eaty `j Zncgbean ab tfg 69s? (>) Bù Dgbaencnp=

(4) Dgbajgrra= (5-8) @rra`cs= (7) X rrggc (E`pyralft Hgkgtra` Kub`z, B`v 499:).

Xfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg spggh `j akpcgkgbtnta`b sggk ncs` t` fnvg dggb salbaj-aenbt. Ab tfg >169‑s, watf tfg rst hgkèrntaenccy ef`sgb cènc l`vgrbkgbts njtgr

Jrnbe`‑s haetnt`rsfap, knby kubaeapncatags knhg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs tfnt abecuhgh falfstnbhnrhs `j pudcae jneacatags nbh abjrnstrueturg. Xfg l`nc wns t` rghueg tfg senreaty



Zncgbean >7>

`j pudcae jneacatags nbh abjrnstrueturg tfnt wns tfg abfgratnbeg `j tfg prgvaùs, prg-hgkèrntae p`cataenc rglakg nbh tfg abgjeagbt nppcaenta`b `j tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt

rglucnta`b. Xfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs abecuhgh cnrlg e`btraduta`bs jr`k tfg cnbh`wbgrs `jtf`sg nrgns t` dg hgvgc`pgh, nbh nkdataùs hgnhcabgs j`r tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b. F`w-gvgr, tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b j tfgsg nkdataùs pcnbs stnlbntgh. At as ecgnr tfnt tfg rgns`bj`r stnlbnta`b wns tfg cnem j wacc j n dal gbùlf kno`raty j cnbh`wbgrs t` hgvgc`ptfgar cnbh ubhgr tfg falf cgvgc `j e`btraduta`bs prgseradgh ab tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs, rg-lnrhcgss `j tfg quncaty `j tfg pcnbs. N e`bsuctgh gxpgrt e`bsahgrgh tfnt tfgsg pcnbs,nctfùlf nkdataùs, wgrg bnbeanccy jgnsadcg, nbh tfnt tfg nttatuhg `j tfg cnbh`wb-grs eùch b`t dg gxeusgh dy tfg jnet tfnt e`btraduta`bs wgrg akp`ssadcy falf (Dcnbe,abtgrvagw 499:).

7.7.8.5 B` kutunc hgpgbhgbeg `j kubaeapncatags nbh cnbh`wbgrs njtgr >118Njtgr tfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg >118 Net, tfgrg as b` c`blgr n kutunc hgpgbhgbey, nstfg p`ssadacatags t` tnmg tfg stgps >-5 h` b`t hgpgbh nbyk`rg `b tfg cnbh`wbgr‑s pns-savg e`bsgbt r netavg e`ccnd`rnta`b, b`r h` kubaeapncatags bggh nbyk`rg t` tnmg tfgcgnh ab cnbh rgnhoustkgbt `r t` gxpr`prantg tfg cnbh (sgg tndcg >4). Xfg cnbh`wbgrstacc e`btr`cs tw` akp`rtnbt rgsùregs? cnbh nbh abvgstkgbt enpneaty. F`wgvgr, tfgkubaeapncatags b`w fnvg tfg p`ssadacaty `j nppàbtabl n tfarh pnrty ns urdnbazablnlgbt, nbh h` b`t bggh t` lgt bnbeanccy abv`cvgh ab `rhgr t` `dcalg cnbh`wbgrst` e`ccnd`rntg watf cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Bgatfgr nrg kubaeapncatags hgpgbhgbt `b tfgurdnbazabl nlgbt, ns tfgy enb sgcget fak ab n pudcae tgbhgr, `r sgcget nb`tfgr `bg, `r

n pudcae e`kpnby. \fnt rgknabs as tfnt cnbh`wbgrs stacc hgpgbh `b tfg kubaeapnc-aty, dgenusg `j ats rglucnt`ry p`wgrs `j nppr`vabl tfg dabhabl rucgs nbh lrnbtabl tfgduachabl pgrkat.

Ncc tfg stuhagh ensgs hgk`bstrntgh ab tfas. Xfg bcy gxegpta`b sggkgh t` dg ensg Dg-bncÿn, wfgrg tfg kubaeapncaty sggkgh t` hgpgbh vgry kuef `b tfg e`ccnd`rnta`b `jtfg `wbgrs `j tw` fflùr-kacc jnet`rags j`r tfg hgvgc`pkgbt `j n skncc pnrt `j tfg satg.Xfas hgpgbhgbeg sggks t` dg `j p`cataenc bnturg, a.g. tfg Kubaeapncaty j Ncaenbtg fnhab tfg`ry cglnc abstrukgbts t` `vgrrahg tfgsg wbgrs, dut tfas sggkgh t` dg p`cataenccyb`t jgnsadcg.

Xfg e`bsgqugbegs ab prnetaeg `j tfg k`haenta`bs t` tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucn-ta`b fnvg strgbltfgbgh tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j tfg kubaeapncaty, c`wgrgh tfg praeg`j tfg cnbh nbh tfg pr`t knrlabs `j cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs, nbh quaemgbgh tfgtgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b. Y`satavg tfus j`r tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg? tfg nvnac-ndcg hntn pr`vahg lgbgrncazndcg mb`wcghlg ndùt tfas (Dcnbe, >11<, 4995= K`hrgl`4999= Kuþ`z & M`rtfncs Nctgs, 499<? :1-<5). Xfg Zncgbeanb >118 Net drgnms tfrùlftfg prgvaùs pnttgrb j cnbh`wbgrs fnvabl tfg pta`b j b`t sfnrabl ab tfg abjrnstrue-turg pr`vasa`b nbh j spgeucntabl b dgttgr knrmgt e`bhata`bs, dy havgstabl cnbh`wb-grs `j tfg `pta`b `j wnatabl. Cnbh`wbgrs enb b` c`blgr sgrvaeg tfg pc`ts wfgbgvgr

tfgy e`bsahgr at dgst. \fgb n hgvgc`pgr sudkats n pr`p`snc nbh tfg kubaeapncatynppr`vgs at, tfg cnbh`wbgrs kust j`cc`w. Xfg e`bsgqugbeg wns nb gxtrn`rhabnry



Zncgbean>74

X n d c g > 4 . H g p g b h g b e g n b n c y s a s Z n c g b e a n n j t g r > 1 1 8 Y c n b b a b l N e t .

H g p g b h g b e g d g e n u s g

` j c n b h

H g p g b h g b

e g d g e n u s g ` j a b v g s t k g b t n b h

k n b n l g k g

b t e n p n e a t y

H g p g b h g b e g d g e n u s g ` j r g l u c n t ` r y r g s `

u r e g s

K u b a e a p n c a t y h g p g b h s

` b t f

g c n b h ` w b g r s

H g p g b h g b e g , n v ` a h n d

c g .

C n b h ` w b g r s f n v g k ` s t ` j t f g c n b h . F ` w g v g r ,

h g p g b h g b e g a s n v ` a h n

d c g w a t f ` u t k u e f h a j e u c t y

d g e n u s g ` j t f g p ` s s a d a c a t y ` j n p p c y a b l e ` k p u c s ` r y

c n b h r g n h o u s t k g b t , a j b g e g s s n r y .

B ` h g p g b h g b e g .

X f g r g a s b `

k u b a e a p n c h g p g b h g b e g ` b t f g

c n b h ` w b g r s a b t f a s k n t t g r . X f g k u b a e a p n c a t y e n b

n p p ` a b t n t f a r h p n r t y , t f g u r d n b a z a b l n l g b t , n s t f g

` b g w f ` a b v g s t n b h p r ` v a h g s t f g a b j r n s t r u e t u r g .

C n b h ` w b g r h g p g b h s

` b k

u b a e a p n c a t y

H g p g b h g b e g , b ` t n v ` a h n d c g .

C n b h ` w b g r s e n b b ` t h g v g c ` p w a t f ` u t d g a b l s g c g e t -

g h n s u r d n b a z a b l n l g b t ` r w a t f ` u t t f g K

u b a e a p n c -

a t y s g c g e t a b l n t f a r h p n r t y n s u r d . n l g b t .

N c s ` , t f g k u b a e a p n c a t y n p p r ` v g s t f g d a b h a b l r u c g s .

H g p g b h g b e g a s b ` t n v ` a h n d c g .

K u b a e a p n c a t y h g p g b h s

` b u r

d n b a z a b l n l g b t


X f g r g a s b `

k u b a e a p n c h g p g b h g b e g ` b t f g

u r d n b a z a b l

n l g b t a b t f a s k n t t g r . X f g k u b a e a p n c a t y

e n b n p p ` a b t a b n p u d c a e t g b h g r n b ` t f g r p n r t y n s

u r d n b a z a b l

n l g b t , ` r s g c g e t r a l f t n w n y n p u d c a e

e ` k p n b y n s u r d n b a z a b l n l g b t .

W r d n

b a z a b l n l g b t

h g p g b h s ` b

k u b a

e a p n c a t y

H g p g b h g b e g , b ` t n v ` a h n d c g

W r d n b a z a b l n l g b t s h g p g b h ` b t f g k u b a e a p n c a t y t `

n p p c y e ` k p u c s ` r y c n b h r g n h o u s t k g b t , a j b g e g s s n r y .


W r d n b a z a b l n l g b t s e n b b ` t p r ` v a h g t f g a b

j r n s t r u e -

t u r g w a t f ` u t d g a b l s g c g e t g h n s u r d n b a z a b

l n l g b t .

N c s ` , t f g k u b a e a p n c a t y n p p r ` v g s t f g r g c g

v n b t d a b h -

a b l r u c g s . H g p g b h g b e g a s b ` t n v ` a h n d c g .

C n b h ` w b g r h g p g b h s

` b W r d n b a z a b l n l g b t

H g p g b h g b

e g , n v ` a h n d c g .

C n b h ` w b g r s e n b b ` t a b v g s t n b h h g v g c ` p w a t f ` u t

t f g u r d n b a z a b l n l g b t r s t p r ` v a h a b l t f g a b j r n s t r u e -

t u r g . H g p g

b h g b e g a s n v ` a h n d c g s a b e g c n b h ` w b g r s

k n y s u d k a t n b ` w b p c n b n b h d g e n k g t f g k s g c v g s

u r d n b a z a b l

n l g b t .

W r d n


h g p g b h s ` b

c n b h `

w b g r

H g p g b h g b e g , n v ` a h n d

c g .

C n b h ` w b g r s e ` b t r ` c t f g c n b h . F ` w g v g r , h g p g b h -

g b e g a s n v ` a h n d c g d g e n u s g ` j t f g p ` s s a d a c a t y

` j n p p c y a b l e ` k p u c s ` r y c n b h r g n h o u s t k g b t , a j

b g e g s s n r y .


X f g r g a s b `

h g p g b h g b e g ` b t f g c n b h ` w b g r s a b t f a s

k n t t g r . A j t f g k u b a e a p n c a t y s g c g e t s f a k n s u r d n b -

a z a b l n l g b t , f g w a c c d g n d c g t ` a b v g s t n b h p r ` v a h g

t f g a b j r n s t r

u e t u r g , w f a c g t f g c n b h ` w b g r a s ` d c a l g h

t ` p n y t f g

e ` s t s .



Zncgbean >75

abergnsg `j pudcae nbh gspgeanccy pravntg abatantavgs, nbh nb neegcgrnta`b `j urdnbhgvgc`pkgbt. Xfg akpr`vgkgbt fns b`t `bcy dggb qunbtatntavg, dut njjgetgh ncs` tfg

quncaty `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags? tfg fatfgrt` e`kk`b sudhavasa`bswatf n p``r quncaty `j abjrnstrueturg egnsgh.

Gnef `j tfg jùr stuhagh ensgs wns tfg rgsuct `j n pravntg abatantavg, nbh tfg sgcgetghurdnbazabl nlgbt wns ncs` n pravntg pnrty. Ab tfrgg ensgs n pudcae tgbhgr t``m pcnegdgtwggb hajjgrgbt pr`p`sncs (jùr ab Luaccgk, tfrgg ab Enkab` nbh jùr ab Dgbncÿn).Ab tfrgg ensgs (Luaccgk, Dgbncÿn nbh Ygra`hastn), tfg pravntg pnrty wf` rst t``m tfgabatantavg (wf` sudkattgh tfg rst Yr`lrnkkg) dgenkg tfg sgcgetgh urdnbazabl nlgbt.Ab ncc tfg ensgs tfg abatantabl pnrty fnh b` cnbh `r oust pnrt `j tfg cnbh, dut `beg sg-cgetgh, `jtgb dùlft cnbh pr`lrgssavgcy.

Xfg ensgs e`brk tfnt tfg p`ssadacaty `j sgcgetabl ns urdnbazabl nlgbt nb ‖gxtgrbnc‑hgvgc`pgr, b`t cabmgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrsfap ab tfg nrgn, wns n erueanc jnet`r. Ab Luac-cgk tfg pcnb nrgn wns `wbgh dy fubhrghs `j pgrs`bs. Ncs`, knby `j tfgsg `wb-grs wgrg rgsahgbts, `r rgbtgh tfgar pr`pgrty t` tgbnbts. At sggks akp`ssadcg tfnt ncctfgsg net`rs wùch fnvg nlrggh n v`cubtnry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Ns `bg abtgrvagwghpudcae `jegr stntgs, tfg ‖cènc‑ net`rs wgrg b`t abtgrgstgh nt ncc ab rghgvgc`pabl tfgnrgn (Tnln, abtgrvagw 499:). At sggks tfus pcnusadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt tfg p`ssadac-aty `j ‖dy-pnssabl‑ tfg cnbh`wbgrs fns dggb erueanc j`r tfas pròget. Yr`nrn dùlftcnbh `beg at fnh dggb sgcgetgh, nbh wfgb tfas hgvgc`pgr sudkattgh tfg Cnbh Tg-

nhoustkgbt Yròget t` tfg kubaeapncaty at `wbgh ncrgnhy 59% `j tfg cnbh. E`kpgta-ta`b sggks ncs` t` fnvg stakucntgh tfg pnykgbt `j nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs? hur-abl tfg tgbhgr prèghurg Yr`nrn nssukgh nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j tfg abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b e`sts, wfacg j`cc`wabl pcnbbabl cnw tfgsg e`sts nrg j`r tfg cnbh`wb-grs. Ncs`, Yr`nrn wacc pny nhhata`bnc e`kpgbsnta`b t` tfg gxastabl fùsg `wbgrs.

Ab Ygra`hastn tfg satunta`b wns sakacnr. At sggks ecgnr tfnt fgrg ncs` tfg sgcgeta`b `jnb ‖gxtgrbnc‑ hgvgc`pgr (Yr`hngka), abatanccy b`t cabmgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrsfap ab tfgnrgn, fns dggb n erueanc jnet`r. Ugvgrnc pravntg pgrs`bs nbh e`kpnbags wbgh tfg satg,watf ge`b`kae netavaty ab s`kg `j tfg duachabls (n prabtabl `jeg). Cnbh`wbgrs sggk

b`t t` fnvg dggb abtgrgstgh ab rghgvgc`pabl tfg nrgn tfgksgcvgs, dut `bcy ab sgccabltfgar pc`ts. Xfg wf`cg pròget enkg abt` dgabl `bcy njtgr Yr`hngka t``m tfg abatantavg.Nsmgh ndùt tfas, tfg hgvgc`pgr stntgh tfnt dgj`rg tfg >118 Net, hgvgc`pgrs ab tfgsnkg p`sata`b ns Yr`hngka wgrg rglucnrcy e`bjr`btgh watf cnbh`wbgrs nsmabl vgryfalf praegs, falfgr tfnb tfg rgsahunc vncug `j tfgar pc`t. Xfgar p`sata`b wns str`bl dg-enusg tfg hgvgc`pgr bgghgh n v`cubtnry nlrggkgbt watf ncc tfg `wbgrs. Xfg >118 Netlnvg hgvgc`pgrs suef ns Yr`hngka tfg p`ssadacaty `j nvàhabl suef satunta`bs. E`kpg-tata`b sggks ncs` fgrg t` fnvg stakucntgh nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs? Yr`hngka wacc pr`-vahg s`kg abjrnstrueturg utsahg tfg pcnb nrgn nbh wacc pny ₣ >.:k t` tfg kubaeapncaty.

Ab Enkab` tfg cnbh`wbgrs `j n kno`raty `j tfg cnbh (ndùt >9 cnbh`wbgrs) dgenkgtfgksgcvgs urdnbazabl nlgbt. F`wgvgr, tfg rst abatantavg wns jr`k nb gxtgrbnc hg-



Zncgbean>78

vgc`pgr, b`t cabmgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrsfap ab tfg nrgn, wf` sudkattgh tfg rst Yr`-lrnkkg. Xfgb, `tfgr pnrtags, nk`bl tfgk tfg `wbgrs, sudkattgh nctgrbntavg Yr`-

lrnkkgs. Jabnccy, tfg kubaeapncaty, njtgr e`bsahgrabl ab t`tnc jùr pr`p`sncs, sgcgetghtfg Yr`lrnkkg `j tfg cnbh`wbgrs. At sggks ecgnr tfnt tfg p`ssadacaty `j nppàbtablnb gxtgrbnc hgvgc`pgr, watf b` cnbh ab tfg nrgn, fns dggb n erueanc jnet`r? cnbh`wb-grs wùch bgvgr fnvg ubhgrtnmgb suef nb abatantavg, `r nt cgnst tfas wùch fnvg dggbhgcnygh, aj tfg gxtgrbnc hgvgc`pgr fnh b`t tnmgb tfg abatantavg. E`kpgtata`b sggksfgrg ncs` t` fnvg stakucntgh nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs? tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt nssukghakp`rtnbt nhhata`bnc abvgstkgbts ab tfg rgk`vnc `j gxastabl abhustrags, nbh tfg rgfn-dacatnta`b nbh jrgg egssa`b `j sgvgrnc fast`rae abhustranc duachabls. Ncs`, tfg kubaeapnc-aty wacc rgegavg nck`st ₣ 8 kacca`b.

Ab Dgbncÿn tfg satunta`b as cgss ecgnr. @b tfg `bg fnbh, tfg `wbgrs `j ndùt :9% `jtfg cnbh oàbgh t`lgtfgr nbh sudkattgh tfg rst abatantavg, nbh wgrg bnccy sgcgetghns urdnbazabl nlgbt. Xfus, ab tfg`ry tfg `ch v`cubtnry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`bwùch fnvg dggb gbùlf. @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, tfg jnet as tfnt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prè-gss stnrtgh `bcy njtgr n skncc e`bsuctnbey e`kpnby, wfaef fnh `bcy ndùt >7% `jtfg cnbh, ubhgrt``m tfg abatantavg ab gnrcy stnlgs. Xfg jnet tfnt at eùch h` s` watfùtj`rknccy fnvabl tfg supp`rt `j tfg `tfgr `wbgrs kny fnvg stakucntgh tfgsg `tfgr`wbgrs t` oàb tfg abatantavg. Xfg `wbgrs kalft fnvg supp`rtgh tfg abatantavg `j tfgskncc e`bsuctnbey e`kpnby beg tfgy rgncazgh tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty eùch ‖dy-pnss‑tfgk nbh nppàbt tfas skncc e`kpnby ns urdnbazabl nlgbt.

7.7.7 Yrèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc `j tfg dabhabl

rucgs


Kubaeapncatags kust sabeg >118 knmg enrgjuc hgeasa`bs ndùt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pr`-p`sncs `j knrmgt pnrtags, nbh tfas sggks t` fnvg stakucntgh pravntg abatantavgs nbhneegcgrntgh urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. F`wgvgr, tfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug ab-ergnsg kalft fnvg dggb cgss jnv`rndcg. Tglnrhabl tfg ‖prèghurnc‑ fflgxadacaty `j tfg

dabhabl rucgs, a.g. tfg p`ssadacatags t` k`hajy tfg dabhabl rucgs, nbh t` jrggcy hgtgr-kabg tfg lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg (tfg pcnb nrgn) `j tfg dabhabl rucgs, tfg bhabls nrgcgss e`becusavg. Xfg rgcntavg hajeucty ab Zncgbean t` k`hajy nbh hgtgrkabg tfg lg`-lrnpfaenc se`pg j tfg dabhabl rucgs sggks b`t t` dg rgcgvnbt j`r tfg hglrgg `j pravntge`btraduta`bs t` tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts. Xfnt as, tfgrg sggks b`t t` dg n ecgnr enusncatydgtwggb tfas s`rt `j fflgxadacaty `j tfg prèghurgs nbh enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

7.7.7.> Lunrnbtggs j`r tfg abatantavg tnmgrs

Dgj`rg tfg >118 Net, hgvgc`pgrs wgrg ncc`wgh t` sudkat pr`p`sncs j Hgtnacgh Ycnbs,nbh kubaeapncatags eùch ab tfg`ry b`t alb`rg tfnt. X` rgoget tfg pr`p`snc, tfg cènc

eùbeac fnh t` tnmg n j`rknc hgeasa`b, `tfgrwasg tfg abatantabl pnrty eùch nppgnc t`tfg eùrts. F`wgvgr, at sggks tfnt ab prnetaeg kubaeapncatags systgkntaenccy hah b`t



Zncgbean >77

jucc tfgsg cglnc prgserapta`bs, nbh hgvgc`pgrs wgbt rglucnrcy t` tfg ouhlg. Ouhlgs`jtgb sgbtgbegh nlnabst kubaeapncatags, dut tfg abe`bvgbagbeg j`r tfg hgvgc`pgrs t`

abatantg c`bl ouhaeanc prègssgs hah b`t e`kpgbsntg tfg dgbgts `j hàbl s`.

Xfg >118 Net fns lavgb t` hgvgc`pgrs tfg p`ssadacaty j abatantabl tfg prèghurg tfgk-sgcvgs, watfùt fnvabl t` wnat j`r kubaeapnc e`bsgbt? tfg hgvgc`pgr sudkats tfg Yr`-lrnkkg t` tfg kubaeapncaty nbh t` nb jeg `j b`tnry, pudcasfgs at, nbbùbegs at, nbhhgp`sats tfg Yr`lrnkkg ab tfnt `jeg. Nby bg enb sudkat `dogeta`bs r nctgrbntavgs,dut t` tfg `jeg `j b`tnry nbh b`t t` tfg kubaeapncaty. Xfg prèghurg as juccy `rlnb-azgh nbh pnah j`r dy tfg pravntg abatant`r. \fgb tfg pudcae e`bsuctnta`b basfgs, tfghgvgc`pgr sudkats tfg Yr`lrnkkg nbh ncc tfg sudkattgh `dogeta`bs nbh nctgrbntavgst` tfg kubaeapncaty, wfaef jurtfgr `rlnbazgs tfg prèghurg nbh bnccy hgeahgs ndùt

tfg pr`p`sncs. Xfas p`ssadacaty `j ‖pravntg‑ pudcae e`bsuctnta`b tfrùlf nb `jeg `jb`tnry fns dge`kg n rgcntavgcy jrgqugbt pfgb`kgb`b? jr`k >117 ubtac >116, 47% jtfg Yr`lrnkkgs j`cc`wgh tfas prèghurg (K`hrgl`, 4999? >6, 44). E`bsuctgh ndùttfas, n rgcgvnbt gxpgrt e`bsahgrgh tfnt, jr`k >116 `bwnrhs, tfas pgregbtnlg kny fnvgabergnsgh vgry kuef (Dcnbe, abtgrvagw 499<). ‖Yravntg‑ pudcae e`bsuctnta`b tnmgspcneg k`rg `jtgb ab cnrlg eatags tfnb ab skncc `bgs. @j tfg jùr stuhagh ensgs, `bcy abYgra`hastn hah tfg hgvgc`pgr h` tfas.

F`w fns tfas b`vgcty `j tfg >118 Net njjgetgh enpturabl vncug abergnsg0 Xfg abtgr-vagwgh gxpgrt e`bsahgrs tfnt tfg p`ssadacaty j ‖pravntg‑ pudcae e`bsuctnta`b fns staku-

cntgh pravntg pnrtags t` ubhgrtnmg abatantavgs. Xfg rgns`b, tfg gxpgrt absastgh, as tfnt tfghasergta`bnc r``k j kubaeapncatags ab tfg satunta`b prgvaùs t` tfg >118 Ycnbbabl Netergntgh knby ubegrtnabtags tfnt hgvgc`pgrs fnh t` hgnc watf. Dgabl ndcg t` j`reg nj`rknc prèghurg fns ncc`wgh hgvgc`pgrs t` rghueg s`kg ubegrtnabtags. Kubaeapnca-tags nrg b`w `dcalgh t` gvncuntg j`rknccy nbh watf pudcaeaty wfgtfgr pr`p`sncs nrgl``h `r b`t, nbh t` lavg gcnd`rntgh nrlukgbts. Xfas fns abergnsgh tfg trnbspnrgbey`j tfg kubaeapnc hgeasa`bs nbh fns rghuegh kubaeapnc hasergta`b (Dcnbe, abtgrvagw499<). Xfas kalft fnvg rghuegh tfg hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, ns ubegrtnabty enb trnbscntgabt` falfgr rasms nbh rasms abt` e`sts. Ncs` at kalft fnvg neegcgrntgh hgvgc`pkgbtprègssgs, stakucntabl pravntg pnrtags t` sudkat pr`p`sncs, nbh nvàhabl kubaeapnc

fgsatnta`b. F`wgvgr, at enb fnvg ncs` n bglntavg gjjget j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg?kubaeapncatags fnvg b`w cgss gcd`wr``k ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs, nbh tfas kalft rghuege`btraduta`bs nhhata`bnc t` tfg kabaknc cglnc pnemnlg.

7.7.7.4 Abfflgxadacaty ab k`hajyabl tfg gxastabl dabhabl rucgs

Xfg `bcy wny `j k`hajyabl, hgpnrtabl jr`k `r hgtnacabl gxastabl dabhabl rucgs ab Zn-cgbean as dy nppr`vabl bgw bgs t` rgpcneg tfgk. Xfgrg as b` sakpcagh prèghurg j`rtfas. Hgpnrtabl jr`k tfg Lgbgrnc Cnbh usg Ycnb, b` knttgr f`w skncc tfg hgpnrturg,rgquargs tfg prgpnrnta`b j n bgw Hgtnacgh Ycnb. J`r gxnkpcg, ab Luaccgk tfg LgbgrncYcnb z`bgh n skncc pc`t j`r `bg ffl``r, wfacg tfas wns tgefbaenccy spgnmabl akp`ssadcg.

Nb Wrdnb Tgbgwnc Ycnb e`vgrabl tfg wf`cg pcnb nrgn wns bgegssnry t` rgz`bg tfntskncc pc`t abt` vg ffl``rs. @bg kalft nrlug tfnt tfas abfflgxadacaty enb w`rsgb tfg bg-



Zncgbean>7:

l`tanta`b p`sata`b `j kubaeapncatags. F`wgvgr, tfgrg nrg b` abhaenta`bs tfnt tfg rgcn-tavg abfflgxadacaty ab k`hajyabl dabhabl rucgs ab Zncgbean fns w`rsgbgh pudcae vncug

enpturabl.

7.7.7.5 Abfflgxadacaty ab hgtgrkababl, nee`rhabl t` bgl`tanta`bs watf cnbh-

`wbgrs, tfg lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg (tfg pcnb nrgn) `j tfg dabhabl rucgs

Xfgrg nrg ab Zncgbean ralah cglnc eratgran j`r tfg hgcakatnta`b `j pcnb nrgns, nbh tfgsgknmg at vgry hajeuct t` bgl`tantg sgpnrntgcy watf gnef wbgr ndùt tfg e`bhata`bs j`rrgz`babl. Ns n rgsuct, pcnb nrgns fnvg t` dg `j egrtnab hakgbsa`bs, e`vgrabl nt cgnstsgvgrnc pc`ts. At as b`t akp`ssadcg j`r n dabhabl pcnb t` e`vgr oust `bg pc`t. F`wgvgr,tfgb wg nrg tncmabl ndùt pc`ts j nt cgnst 4,999-5,999 k´, wfaef jucc hgtnacgh cglnceratgran. Ab prnetaeg, at sggks tfnt kubaeapncatags j`cc`w tfg cglnc eratgran vgry straetcy.

Xfgrg as ecgnrcy b`t kuef r``k t` bgl`tantg abhavahunccy watf gnef cnbh`wbgr, nc-tfùlf wg h` b`t hgby tfnt tfas fnppgbs j`r vgry spgeae ensgs (nctfùlf tfas wnsb`t tfg ensg ab nby `j tfg stuhagh ensgs). Xfg sknccgst `j tfg stuhagh ensgs wns Ygra`-hastn, watf n pcnb nrgn `j 9.: fn nbh k`rg tfnb tgb abatanc pnregcs.

Xfas rgknrmndcg abfflgxadacaty `j tfg Zncgbeanb dabhabl rucgs, wfgb e`kpnrgh watfGblcnbh nbh Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, sggks f`wgvgr b`t t` fnvg wgnmgbgh tfg bgl`tanta`bp`sata`b `j tfg kubaeapncaty. Xfgrg as b` abhaenta`b tfnt tfas sud-vnrandcg fns abfflu-gbegh enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Xfg rgns`b as tfnt nb`tfgr sud-vnrandcg, tfg k`ha-enta`bs ab >118 t` tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, netunccy gcakabntgs tfg bggh j`r

nb nlrggkgbt watf gnef abhavahunc cnbh`wbgr (sgg efnptgr 7.7.8). Ab `tfgr w`rhs,hug t` tfg k`haenta`bs ab >118 `j tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, tfas sud-vnran-dcg (abfflgxadacaty t` sazg tfg pcnb nrgn) fns nppnrgbtcy dge`kg arrgcgvnbt.

7.: Xfg netunc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg ab

Zncgbean

Xfas sgeta`b jèusgs `b wfgtfgr tfg l`ncs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg nrg nefagvgh.Ncs`, at c``ms nt tfg netunc hastraduta`b j e`sts dgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh pnrtags? wf` fnspnah wfaef pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, nbh p`ssadcy s`kg gxtrns0 \g c``mncs` nt wfgtfgr tfg enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs fnvg dggb nefagvgh `b takg. Xfgknab sùregs `j abj`rknta`b nrg tfg jùr ensgs, e`kpcgkgbtgh watf `tfgr wrattgbsùregs nbh abtgrvagws watf rgcgvnbt gxpgrts. Xfg e`becusa`bs nrg sgt ùt ab Xndcg >5.

@b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts

N dnsae prabeapcg j tfg Upnbasf pcnbbabl systgk as tfnt urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt enb tnmgpcneg `bcy aj tfg cnbh`wbgrs (wfgtfgr `r b`t tfgy nrg ncs` tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt)

nssukg ncc tfg `b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts. Ncs`, tfg jucc `wbgrsfap `j tfgrgsuctabl abjrnstrueturg kust dg eghgh jrgg `j efnrlg t` tfg kubaeapncaty. Dnsgh `b tfg



Zncgbean >7<

X n d c g > 5 . E ` k p n r a s ` b t n d c g r g s u c t s

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B ` t f a b l

Y g r a ` h

a s t n L a c

( t ` t n c v

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₣ 8 k ( > 4 7 %

t ` t n c v n c u g


B ` .

8 8 %

B ` .

B `

B `

B `

B `

6 9 %

t ` t n c

f ` u s a b l u b a t s

U u d o g e t

s u d s a h a g s

B ` t f a b l

₣ > . : k ( 7 5 %

t ` t n c v n c u g


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a b l p c `

t s ₣ 1 7 k )

₣ > 9 . : k ( > > %

t ` t n c v n c u g


₣ 9 . : k

( > % t ` t n c v n c u g


N d ` u t < 9 %

N s k n c c p n r t

w n s n c r g n h y

p u d c a e a b j r n

B `

B `

T g f n d a c a t n t a ` b /

j r g g e g s s a ` b

d u a c h a b l s ,

e n . ₣ > 7 k .

G x t g b s a ` b

g x a s t a b l

s e f ` ` c

B `

B `

C n b h ` w b g r s

p n y ₣ > : 6 . 9 > 9

j ` r e ` b s t r u e t a ` b

r ` n h n c ` b l s a h g

h g v s a t g

₣ 8 k

( 8 % t ` t n c

v n c u g d u a c h a b l

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D g b n c ÿ

n U u r

( t ` t n c v

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a b l p c `

t s ₣ 1 4 . 7 k )

₣ < . < k ( 6 . 5 %

t ` t n c v n c u g


₣ 9 . 4 7

( 9 . 4 % t ` t n c

v n c u g d u a c h a b l

p c ` t s )

N d ` u t < 1 %

B ` .

4 9 % ( a b e c u h a b l n

s e f ` ` c )

B `

B `

B g w s e f ` ` c B `

B `

C n b h ` w b g r s

e g h g 7 8 . 5 1 6 k ´

` j c n b h n b h p n y

n d ` u t ₣ 8 9 9 , 9 9 9

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n b h ` t f g r u b h g r .

a b j r n .

> < %

t ` t n c d u a c h -

a b l v ` c u k g

L r g y ? e n s g a b w f a e f t f g h g v g c ` p g r / c n b h ` w b g r e ` b t r a d u t g s t f g k ` s t ` j t f g j ` u r e n s g s .

C a l f t L

r g y ? e n s g a b w f a e f t f g h g v g c ` p g r / c n b h ` w b g r e

` b t r a d u t g s t f g s g e ` b h / t f a r h ` j t f g j ` u r e n s g s .

\ f a t g ? e n s g a b w f a e f t f g h g v g c ` p g r / c n b h ` w b g r e ` b t r

a d u t g s t f g c g s s ` j t f g j ` u r e n s g s .

< ‖ X ` t n c v n c u g d u a c h a b l p c ` t s ‑ n r g t f g t ` t n c r g t u r b s n e e r u a b l j r ` k s g c c a b l s g r v a e g h d u a c h a b l p c ` t s ( t f u s g x e c u h g s t f g p ` s t g r a ` r s g c c a b l ` j t f g b g w d u a c h a b

l s ) .



Zncgbean>76

stuhagh ensgs nbh `b tfg abtgrvagws watf gxpgrts, at as p`ssadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt tfasas ncs` tfg ensg ab prnetaeg. @bcy wfgb tfg kubaeapncatags rgegavg duachabl ralfts tfgy

h` e`btradutg t` tfgsg e`sts, ns nby `tfgr cnbh`wbgr wùch. Aj kubaeapncatags kuste`btradutg, tfgy h` b`t usunccy pny ab k`bgy dut ab duachabl ralfts. Ab Luaccgk nbh abYgra`hastn, tfg kubaeapncaty wacc b`t rgegavg duachabl ralfts, s` at h`gs b`t e`btradutg.Ab Enkab`, tfg kubaeapncaty `wbs ndùt 7% `j tfg cnbh (gxec. pudcae abjrnstrueturg),s` wacc e`btradutg 7% `j tfg e`sts. Ab Dgbncÿn tfg kubaeapncaty h`gs b`t `wb cnbhdut rgegavgs s`kg `j tfg duachabl ralfts tfnbms t` cglnc prgr`lntavgs, nbh tfus pnys ne`btraduta`b. Xfgsg bhabls nrg lgbgrncazndcg t` ncc e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrn-ta`b nbh lrggbgch prògets `b pravntg `wbgh cnbh ab tfg rgla`b `j Zncgbean, dut b`tt` prògets wfgrg pudcae d`hags abtgrvgbg hargetcy (tfrùlf gxpr`pranta`b, n kab`raty)b`r t` vgry spgeae strntglae abtgrvgbta`bs (narp`rts, k`t`rwnys, rnacwnys, gte).

Cnbh bgghgh j`r b-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags

Xfg kgbta`bgh dnsae prabeapcg prgseradgs ncs` tfnt urdnb hgvgc pkgbt enb tnmgpcneg `bcy aj tfg cnbh`wbgrs pr vahg jrggcy ncc tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r `b-satg pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfg gxegpta`b as cnbh tfnt wns ncrgnhy `b-satg pudcaeabjrnstrueturg (a.g., aj tfg cnbh as ncrgnhy pudcae, cnbh`wbgrs h` b`t fnvg t` duy atnbh eghg at jrggcy). Cnbh`wbgrs kust eghg cnbh b`t `bcy j`r r`nhs nbh pudcae spneg,dut ncs` j`r `tfgr pudcae jneacatags, suef ns sef``cs, sp`rt abstnccnta`bs, mabhgrlnrtgbs,pnrms, kubaeapnc `jegs, p`caeg stnta`b, nctfùlf tfg duachabl e`sts `j tfgsg nrg, abprabeapcg, pnah dy tfg rgspgetavg pudcae d`hy (sgg dgc`w). Xfg jucc `wbgrsfap `j tfg

cnbh as eghgh jrggcy t` tfg kubaeapncaty. Yudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nrg stnbh-nrhazgh ab pcnbbabl cnw, nbh dgtwggb jty nbh galfty-vg pgregbt `j tfg t`tnc pcnbnrgn as usgh j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ab lgbgrnc tfgsg lurgs nrg falfgrab lrggbgch hgvgc`pkgbts tfnb ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b. Ab tfg ensgs stuhagh tfas wnsdgtwggb 88% nbh <1%. Xfgsg e`becusa`bs fnvg tfg snkg gxtgrbnc vncahaty (lgbgrnc-azndacaty) ns tfg nd`vg-kgbta`bgh abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts.

@b-satg pudcae jneacatags (tfg duachabls)

Ns kgbta`bgh, cnbh`wbgrs eghg jrggcy tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r pudcae jneacatags, ncs` j`rpudcae duachabls. Xfg hgvgc`pkgbt `j tfgsg pudcae duachabls fns, ab prabeapcg, t` dg

pnah dy tfg rgspgetavg pudcae d`hy. F`wgvgr, dnsgh `b tfg abtgrvagws, at sggks tfntab prnetaeg s`kgtakgs pravntg pnrtags ncs` pny j`r tfg pudcae duachabls. Ncc tfg abtgr-vagwgh gxpgrts nbh rgprgsgbtntavgs `j abtgrgst lrùps nlrgg ab tfas. F`wgvgr, prgeasglurgs nrg b`t nvnacndcg. At as ncs` b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfg e`sts nrg d`rbg knabcy dytfg cnbh`wbgrs r dy tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt/cnbh`wbgr. @j tfg ensgs wg stuhags, bcyab Enkab` wacc pravntg pnrtags pny j`r pudcae duachabls? tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt wacceghg jrggcy nbh rgfndacatntg sgvgrnc fast`rae abhustranc duachabls wfaef wacc dg usghj`r pudcae jubeta`bs.

Cnbh nbh k`bgy j`r `b-satg nbh `jj-satg sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl

Xfg e`sts `j hgvgc`pabl sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl nrg k`stcy d`rbg dy tfg cnbh`wb-grs. Xfgsg cnbh`wbgrs dgnr tfg e`sts dy pr`vahabl efgnp cnbh, j`r n rglucntgh praeg



Zncgbean >71

`j ndùt ₣ >49->79/k´ ffl``r spneg (lurgs `j 499:). Dgenusg tfg knrmgt praeg `jsgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts j`r jrgg-knrmgt fùsabl as kuef falfgr (₣ 599->,>99/k´ ffl``r

spneg, hgpgbhabl `b tfg cènta`b) wg eùch spgnm `j n j`rk `j sudsahazabl tfg cnbhpraeg, d`rbg dy ncc cnbh`wbgrs t`lgtfgr. Xfnbms t` tfas efgnp praeg, e`kkgreanc `rb`b-pr`t hgvgc`pgrs enb hgvgc`p njj`rhndcg fùsabl nbh pr`t jr`k at. Xfg egb-trnc nbh rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbts ncs` bnbeg n cattcg, tfrùlf n sudoget sudsahy (t` tfgduygr) ab tfg j`rk `j n sudsahy t` tfg k`rtlnlg abtgrgst nbh s`kgtakgs n cukp suk.

Ab tw` ensgs tfgrg wns njj`rhndcg fùsabl? ab Luaccgk ndùt >/5 `j tfg hwgccabls, abYgra`hastn k`st `j tfgk. Xfg j`cc`wabl lurgs sf`w tfnt hgvgc`pabl sèanc/njj`rh-ndcg fùsabl netunccy abv`cvgs n bnbeanc efnrlg j`r tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Ab Luaccgk tfgabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts `j tfg njj`rhndcg ubats nkùbt t` ndùt ₣ 9.1< kacca`b,

nbh tfg rglucntgh vncug `j tfg pc`ts ₣ 9.:1 kacca`b. Xfg dncnbeg `j tfg pròget wacctfus b`t `bcy dgnr tfg hajjgrgbeg dgtwggb tfg rglucntgh vncug nbh tfg jrgg-knrmgtvncug, dut ncs` n sf`rtnlg `j ndùt ₣ 9.46 kacca`b (tfas as tfg rglucntgh vncug kabustfg e`sts). Ab Ygra`hastn abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts nkùbt t` ndùt ₣ 5.4 kacca`b,nbh tfg rglucntgh praeg `j tfg pc`ts ₣ > kacca`b (sf`rtnlg `j ndùt ₣ 4.4 kacca`b). Xfgcnbh`wbgrs kust ab d`tf ensgs dgnr tfgsg e`sts, pcus tfgar cnbh e`sts (tfg praeg tfgypnah j`r tfg cnbh pcus tfg bnbeanc e`sts).

At sggks tfnt ensgs Luaccgk nbh Ygra`hastn nrg b`t rgprgsgbtntavg j`r prnetaeg ab tfgcnst hgegbbauk. At as ecgnr tfnt sabeg tfg gbh `j tfg 19‑s, tfg duachabl `j njj`rhndcg

fùsabl fns hgergnsgh ab Zncgbean nbh ab tfg rgst `j Upnab ncs`. Ab tfg rst ygnrs `jtfg 4>tf Egbtury, cgss tfnb >9% `j ncc bgw hwgccabls wgrg njj`rhndcg fùsabl (sggsgeta`b 7.7.4.4). F`wgvgr, ab tfg cnst ygnrs, tfgrg as n tgbhgbey j`r tfas t` abergnsg.Ensgs Luaccgk nbh Ygra`hastn eùch dg rgprgsgbtntavg `j tfas tgbhgbey.

Cnbh nbh k`bgy j`r `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags

Tglnrhabl pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags satuntgh ùtsahg tfg pcnb nrgn, tfgsgnrg tfg bhabls. Ncc hgvgc`pkgbt satgs satuntgh `b cnbh ecnssagh ns ‖Cnbh t` dghgvgc`pgh‑ fnvg, sabeg tfg gbh `j tfg 69‑s, dggb nseradgh n pageg `j `jj-satg pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags satuntgh s`kgwfgrg gcsg ab tfg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry. Xfg

`wbgrs `j tfg cnbh tfus nseradgh sfnrgh tfg duachabl ralfts `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satgsnbh, ab gxefnblg, eghgh jrggcy tfgar cnbh. Ab lgbgrnc, tfg rgspgetavg pudcae d`hy(kubaeapncaty, pr`vabeanc, rgla`bnc `r bnta`bnc l`vgrbkgbt) pnys tfg e`bstrueta`b `jtfgsg `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ab ensg Dgbncÿn, tfg kubaeapncaty`dtnabgh tfnbms t` tfas kgnsurg 7.7 fn `j cnbh satuntgh jnr nwny jr`k tfg hgvgc`p-kgbt satg. Nctfùlf tfgrg nrg b`t nvnacndcg lurgs j`r tfg wf`cg rgla`b, abtgrvagwsnbh s`kg spgeae lurgs sggk t` supp`rt tfg lgbgrncazndacaty `j tfg bhabls ab Dg-bncÿn. Ab tfg eatags `j Zncgbean nbh Ncaenbtg, sabeg tfg gbh `j tfg 69‑s, nck`st ncc tfgcnbh bgghgh j`r bgw knab pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags fns dggb eghgh jrggcy.Ab Zncgbean, ab t`tnc ndùt 459 fn fnvg dggb eghgh jrggcy t` tfg kubaeapncaty. J`r

gxnkpcg, tfg cnbh j`r tfg gxtgbsa`b `j tfg egkgtgry nbh n pnrt `j tfg cnbh j`r tfgbgw Wbavgrsaty `j Zncgbean. Ab tfg eaty `j Ncaenbtg, ndùt 74 fn `j cnbh fnvg dggb



Zncgbean>:9

eghgh jrggcy t` tfg kubaeapncaty tfrùlf tfg snkg systgk. Xfg gxnkpcgs `j tfgsgeatags sggk t` dg rgprgsgbtntavg (T`lgr, Dcnbe, Tnln, Gseradnb`, Kuþ`z & Enþgccns,

Dnþ`, abtgrvagws 499:).

Xfgrg nrg ncs` ensgs j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags satuntgh watfab tfg hgvgc`p-kgbt satg dut sgrvabl n wahgr nrgn. Ensg Luaccgk abecuhgs watfab tfg hgvgc`pkgbtsatg n knab r`nh tfnt wg e`bsahgr jj-satg abjrnstrueturg dgenusg at sgrvgs n kuef wah-gr nrgn tfnb tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg atsgcj. Xfg cnbh`wbgrs wacc eghg jrggcy tfg cnbh j`rtfas knab r`nh. Ncs`, tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt wacc pny tfg e`bstrue-ta`b e`sts j tfas r`nh (tfgsg e`sts nrg abecuhgh nd`vg ab tfg b-satg cnbh hgvgc`pkgbte`sts). Ab Enkab`, cnbh`wbgrs e`btradutg t` tfg e`sts j n r`nh satuntgh nc`blsahg tfghgvgc`pkgbt satg tfnt sgrvgs n wahgr nrgn. Nb`tfgr hgvgc`pgr e`bstruetgh tfas r`nh

sgvgrnc ygnrs nl` nbh ecnakgh n e`btraduta`b jr`k ùr hgvgc`pkgbt satg. Ab Dgbncÿncnbh`wbgrs wacc pny k`st `j tfg e`sts `j sgvgrnc bgw papgcabgs nbh ubhgrlrùbh ab-jrnstrueturg tfnt dgc`bl t` tfg lgbgrnc systgk `j tfg eaty.

E`bsuctgh ndùt tfas, abtgrvagwgh gxpgrts e`bsahgrgh tfnt tfgsg ensgs nrg b`t ubu-sunc? cnbh j`r knab abjrnstrueturg sgrvabl nb nrgn wahgr dut satuntgh watfab tfg hg-vgc`pkgbt satg as `jtgb eghgh jrggcy, nbh cnbh`wbgrs/urdnbazabl nlgbts `jtgb pnytfg e`bstrueta`b e`sts ncs` (T`lgr, Dcnbe, Tuda`, Gseradnb`, abtgrvagws 499:). At asf`wgvgr b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfg cnbh`wbgrs `r tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt pny k`st `j tfge`bstrueta`b e`sts ab lgbgrnc.

Ergnkabl jj pcus vncug

Xfg e`bstatuta`bnc prabeapcg, tfnt ncc`ws kubaeapncatags t` enpturg pnrt `j tfg surpcustfnt nrasgs ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt (j`r k`rg hgtnacs ndùt tfas prabeapcg, sgg sgeta`b7.5.>), kntgrancazgs ab tw` wnys?

Jarst, wfgrg tfgrg as ‖Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh‑, kubaeapncatags fnvg tfg ralft t` >9%`j tfg duachabl ralfts. Cnbh`wbgrs nrg `dcalgh t` eghg jrggcy t` tfg kubaeapncaty tfgsgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs tfnt nrg bgghgh t` duach >9% `j tfg t`tnc duachabl ralfts.Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b usunccy tnmgs pcneg `b ‖Gxastabl Wrdnb Cnbh‑, rntfgr tfnb `b

‖Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh‑, wfaef kgnbs tfnt ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b kubaeapncatags h`b`t usunccy pr`t jr`k tfas pr`vasa`b. Xfg ensgs sggk t` e`brk tfas lgbgrnc paeturg?`j tfg jùr ensgs, bcy Dgbncÿn abecuhgs ‖Cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh‑. Ab lgbgrnc, b ‖Cnbht` dg hgvgc`pgh‑, at sggks tfnt kubaeapncatags rgegavg abhggh ndùt >9% `j tfg t`tncduachabl ralfts. F`wgvgr, nctfùlf >9% j duachabl ralfts enb ab tfg`ry turb ut t` dgk`rg tfnb >9% j tfg rgnc duachabl v`cukg, tfas h`gs b`t sggk t` fnppgb jtgb. EnsgDgbncÿn, wfgrg tfg kubaeapncaty fns ralft t` tfg ><% `j tfg duachabl ralfts, sggkst` dg nb gxegpta`b. Ab lgbgrnc, at sggks tfnt kubaeapncatags `jtgb usg tfgsg duachablralfts t` pny j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh pudcae duachabls, abstgnh `j hgp`satabl tfgduachabl ralfts ab tfg Kubaeapnc Yntrak`by `j Cnbh, ns tfgy ab tfg`ry sfùch. Ensg

Dgbncÿn e`brks tfas= fgrg tfg kubaeapncaty wacc usg nt cgnst nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j ats><% t` pny ats sfnrg `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts.



Zncgbean >:>

Uge`bh, s`kgtakgs cnbh`wbgrs/urdnbazabl nlgbts pny gxtrn bnbeanc e`btraduta`bst` tfg kubaeapncaty. Xfgrg nrg b` nvnacndcg lurgs ndùt f`w `jtgb tfas fnppgbs. Ab

ensgs Enkab` nbh Ygra`hastn, tfg kubaeapncaty rgegavgh akp`rtnbt e`btraduta`bs abk`bgy.

Xgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs

Ugeta`bs 7.7 nbh 7.: (s` jnr) fnvg nbncyzgh tfg w`rmabl `j dabhabl rucgs nbh tfg rg-sucts b enpturabl vncug abergnsg. \fnt nrg tfg p`ssadcg sahg gjjgets, ab pnrtaeucnr tfgtgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs0 N egrtnab kgnsurgkalft dg l``h t` abergnsg tfg e`btraduta`b `j hgvgc`pgrs t` pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags, dut kalft ncs` hgcny bgl`tanta`bs. @r vaeg vgrsn? n egrtnab kgnsurgkalft b`t hargetcy abergnsg e`btraduta`bs, dut neegcgrntg bgl`tanta`bs nbh tfus fgcp

t` rgncazg s``bgr tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. N hastabeta`b fns dggb knhgdgtwggb tfg satunta`b dgj`rg nbh njtgr tfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg >118 Ycnbbabl Net.

Ab lgbgrnc, at sggks tfnt dgj`rg tfg >118 Net tfg l`ncs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsgnakgh nt ab tfg dabhabl rucgs (tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nbh s`kg ergnk-abl `jj nhhgh vncug) wgrg abhggh akpcgkgbtgh, dut watf e`bsahgrndcg hgcny. J`rgxnkpcg, tfg hgnhcabgs abecuhgh ab Lgbgrnc Ycnbs turbgh ùt t` dg systgkntaenccybglcgetgh ab prnetaeg (T`kgr`, 4994? 55:, 551= Kuþ`z & M`rtfncs Nctgs, 499<). Xfg>166 Lgbgrnc Ycnb `j tfg eaty `j Zncgbean j`rgsnw n t`tnc gxpnbsa`b nrgn `j <99 fn,ncc t` dg hgvgc`pgh watfab tfg pgra`h >161->11:. F`wgvgr, ab prnetaeg, `bcy `bg

satg ( Nvgbahn hg Jrnbean) wns netunccy hgvgc`pgh dgj`rg >117. Ab tfg eaty j Ncaenbtg,tfg >16< Lgbgrnc Ycnb j`rgsnw n t`tnc gxpnbsa`b nrgn `j nck`st 499 fn, ncc t` dghgvgc`pgh watfab tfg pgra`h >166->117. F`wgvgr, ab prnetaeg, `bcy jgw satgs wgrgnetunccy hgvgc`pgh dgj`rg >117 (Lnseõ, 499:). Xfg snkg fnppgbgh watf tfg bnb-eanc sefghucgs prgseradgh ab tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb j`r ncc tfg ensgs, nbh watf tfg hgnhcabgsprgseradgh, ncs` ab tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb, j`r ensg Dgbncÿn.

Xfg >118 Net fns fnh akp`rtnbt e`bsgqugbegs ab prnetaeg. Lgbgrnc lurgs sf`w tfnthgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs fnvg neegcgrntgh vgry kuef, d`tf ab lrggbgch nbh urdnb rg-lgbgrnta`b. J r gxnkpcg, tfg prègss j nppr`vabl tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb (jr`k sudkattabl

tfg rst pr`p`snc up t` tfg kubaeapnc hgeasa`b) hgergnsgh jr`k dgtwggb tfrgg t` vgygnrs dgj`rg >118, t` dgtwggb tfrgg nbh sgvgb k`btfs ab tfg pgra`h dgtwggb >118nbh >116. Xfg prègss jr`k kubaeapnc nppr`vnc t` tfg hgcavgry `j sgrvaegh duachablpnregcs t``m nb nvgrnlg `j 55 k`btfs ab >116 (K`hrgl` Endnccgr`, 4999), wfaef wnskuef c`blgr dgj`rg. Wbj`rtubntgcy, tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt st`ppgh e`ccgetabl hntnab >116. Ncc tfg abhaenta`bs, f`wgvgr, sullgst tfnt hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs dgtwggb>116 nbh 499: fnvg e`btabugh t` dg vgry jnst (sgg Lnseõ 499: j`r rgegbt lurgs abtfg kubaeapncaty j Ncaenbtg).

At sggks tfnt tfg abvgstkgbt nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs nrg akpcgkgbtgh b takg.

Xfgsg sefghucgs nrg b` c`blgr abecuhgh ab tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs, dut ab tfg Oàbt Hgvgc-`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkgs, nbh tfgy nrg b`w ncwnys sgeurgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrgg-



Zncgbean>:4

kgbt. Lgbgrnc lurgs up t` >116 sullgst tfnt tfg sefghucgs e`btnabgh ab tfg Yr`-lrnkkgs nrg k`st `j tfg takg nefagvgh, watfùt hgcny (K`hrgl` Endnccgr`, 4999).

Xfgsg lgbgrnc lurgs rgjgr t` tfg hgbatavg nppr`vnc `j Yr`lrnkkgs, b`t t` tfgarnetunc akpcgkgbtnta`b. F`wgvgr, at as vgry pcnusadcg tfnt nppr`vnc `j Yr`lrnkkgsakpcags ncs` tfgar netunc akpcgkgbtnta`b. Xfas as dgenusg Yr`lrnkkgs kust abecuhg nHgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgs tfg bnbeabl nbh abvgstkgbt sefghucgs. Ncs`,tfg Nlrggkgbt kust abecuhg ge`b`kae snbeta`bs ab ensg `j b`t jucccabl tfg sefgh-ucgs.

Abvgstkgbts ncs` fnvg abergnsgh vgry kuef sabeg >118. N e`kdabgh gjjget `j ne-egcgrnta`b nbh abergnsg `j abvgstkgbts fns dggb nb abergnsg ab tfg bukdgr `j hg-vgc`pkgbt satgs? jr`k nb nvgrnlg `j j`rty gnef ygnr dgtwggb >119 nbh >118, t` 71

ab >117, >57 ab >11:, 44> ab >11<, nbh 484 ab >1166

(K`hrgl`, 4999= Kuþ`z &M`rtfncs Nctgs, 499<). Nctfùlf tfg lurgs sf`w nb abergnsg ab pudcae abatantavgs (a.g.pudcae d`hags netabl ns urdnbazabl nlgbts), k`st j tfas abergnsg fns dggb hug t` pra-vntg abvgstkgbts (a.g. pravntg pnrtags netabl ns urdnbazabl nlgbts). Xfgrg as b` abhaen-ta`b tfnt tfg trgbh fns efnblgh dgtwggb >116 nbh 499: (sgg Lnseõ 499: j`r rgegbtlurgs ab tfg kubaeapncaty `j Ncaenbtg). Xfg stnlbnta`b `j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt tfntj`cc`wgh tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg nkdataùs Lgbgrnc Ycnbs `j tfg >169‑s fns hasnppgnrgh.Xfg eatags `j Zncgbean nbh Ncaenbtg nrg l``h gxnkpcgs? tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs `j >166rgspgetavgcy >16< fnvg nck`st ncc dggb akpcgkgbtgh watf falf stnbhnrhs `j pudcaejneacatags nbh abjrnstrueturg. Dnsgh b abtgrvagws (Tnln, Tuda`, abtgrvagws ab 499:), at

as ncs` p`ssadcg t` e`becuhg j`r nt cgnst tfg eaty `j Zncgbean tfnt tfgrg fns dggb n sal-baenbt abergnsg j pravntg abatantavgs nbh nb neegcgrnta`b ncs` ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b,knabcy e`begbtrntgh `b rgz`babl j`rkgr abhustranc satgs abt` fùsabl.

F`wgvgr, tfg abj`rknta`b e`ccgetgh ab Onbunry 49>9 sullgsts tfnt, sabeg ndùt 4996,akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs kalft dg sujjgrabl hgcny?• Ab Dgbncÿn abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`kkgbegh `b takg, nbh ab Onbunry 49>9 at

wns b`t ygt basfgh. Xfg hgnhcabg j`r e`kpcgta`b as tfg sukkgr `j 49>9. At asubegrtnab wfgtfgr n skncc pnrt j tfg pcnb nrgn, wfaef abecuhgs tw` netavg abhus-trags, wacc dg bnccy rghgvgc`pgh.

• Enkab` fns e`kkgbegh tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b `b takg? tfg hgk`cata`b`j gxastabl duachabls stnrtgh ab 499< nbh ab Onbunry 49>9 tfg fast`rae abhustrancduachabls nrg dgabl rgjurdasfgh. F`wgvgr, at as ubegrtnab wfgtfgr abjrnstrueturgwacc dg basfgh dgj`rg tfg hgnhcabg `j Nulustus 49>> dgenusg tfg urdnbazablnlgbt (n e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr wf` dùlft k`st `j tfg cnbh njtgr tfg pcnb wnshgbatavgcy nppr`vgh nbh tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt ncrgnhy sgncgh) wgbtdnbmrupt nbh n dnbm fns tnmgb `vgr tfg pr`pgrty.

• Ab Luaccgk nbh Ygra`hastn, nctfùlf tfg urdnbazabl nlgbts abatantgh tfg cnbh rg-nhoustkgbt prèghurg, tfgrg nrg sgraùs hgcnys ab tfg hgbatavg nppr`vnc `j tfg

6 Xfg lurg j`r >116 as nb gxtrnp`cnta`b dnsgh `b rgnc lurgs j`r tfg >st trakgstgr, s` p`ssadcg abergnsgsab tfg 4bh, 5rh nbh 8tf trakgstgrs fnvg b`t dggb e`bsahgrgh.



Zncgbean >:5

cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Xfas knmgs ubegrtnab tfg nefagvgkgbt `j tfg hgnhcabgs j`rtfg e`kpcgta`b `j abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b (B`vgkdgr 49>9 rgspgetavgcy Kny

49>5), gspgeanccy j`r Luaccgk.

Xfgsg ensg-dnsg bhabls (tfnt sabeg 4996 ab s`kg `j tfg ensgs tfg abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b as dgabl hgcnygh) kalft dg lgbgrncazndcg t` `tfgr sefgkgs ab tfg rgla`b `jZncgbean (ejr. Abtgrvagw watf Tnln, 49>9).

7.< Enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt

t` z`babl nbh enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab Zncgbean

Ugeta`b 7.7 nbswgrgh Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5? at abjgrrgh tfg p`ssadcg enusncrgcnta`bs dgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ nbh tfghgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑. Xfas sgeta`b sukknrazgs tfg abjgrrghenusncatags. Xfgb at nssgssgs tfg abfflugbeg j p`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs.

7.<.> Xfg abjgrrgh enusncatags

Xfg bhabls sullgst tfnt tfg j`cc`wabl sud-vnrandcgs enb abfflugbeg p`satavgcy `r bgln-tavgcy tfg hglrgg `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg (sgg ncs` tfg enusnc k`hgc ab sgeta`b4.8.4 nbh lurg >6)?

• Uud-vnrandcg n, Wbegrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, t`lgtfgrwatf Egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg e`btraduta`bs? tfas sggks t` c`wgr abtgrkghanryvnrandcgs neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, rglucnr pr`t knrlabs (`j tfg hgvgc`pgr) nbhstrgbltfgb tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty), a.g. p`satavg j`r enptur-abl vncug abergnsg=

• Uud-vnrandcg d, E`btgbts `j tfg dabhabl rucgs? (>) _`babl cnbh ns Cnbh t` dg

hgvgc`pgh-ecnss= (4) _`babl cnbh j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl= (5) Nseradabl jj-satg abjrnstrueturg t` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg= ncc tfrgg sggk t` fnvg dggb p`satavgj`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, pr`dndcy dgenusg tfgy fnvg c`wgrgh abtgrkghanryvnrandcgs neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, rglucnr pr`t knrlabs (`j tfg hgvgc`pgr) nbhstrgbltfgbgh bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty)=

• Uud-vnrandcg d, E`btgbts `j tfg dabhabl rucgs? (8) Nlrggabl nhhata`bnc e`btradu-ta`bs= at sggks t` dg p`satavg j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty)=

• Uud-vnrandcg e, E`bhata`babl dabhabl rucgs t` nlrggkgbt? tfg >118‑s b`vgcty `jabtr`hueabl n j`rknc dcalnta`b t` knmg tfg nppr`vnc j dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`b-

nc `b sgeurabl tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nbh `tfgr p`ssadcg e`btra-duta`bs? tfas sggks t` fnvg dggb p`satavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, pcnusadcy



Zncgbean>:8

J a l u r g > 6 . U e f g k g ` j t f g a b j g r r g h

e n u s n c r g c n t a ` b s a b Z n c g b e a n d g t w g g

b a b h g p g b h g b t v n r a n d c g ‖ j ` r k n c r u c g s r g c g v n b t t ` z ` b a b l ‑ , t f g a b t g r k g h a n

r y

v n r a n d c g s n b h t f g h g p g b h g b t v n r a n d c g ‖ e n p t u r a b l v n c u g a b e r g n s g ‑ .



H g c n y




E N Y X W T A B L Z N C W G A B E T G N U G

N e t a ` b s a b j c u g b e a b l h a s t r a d u t a ` b a b a t a n c

p r ` j a t ( H ) ?

> . Y u d c a e d ` h a g s u s a b l p ` w g r s e g r t n a b c y ?

- U u d - v n r a n d c g n ? u b e g r t n a b t y - e g r t n

a b t y

- U u d - v n r a n d c g d / e ` b t g b t s d a b h a b l r u c g s ? > - 5

- U u d - v n r a n d c g d / e ` b t g b t s d a b h a b l r u c g s ? 8 ,

n h h a t a ` b n c e ` b t r a d u t a ` b s

- U u d - v n r a n d c g d / e ` b t g b t s d a b h a b l r u c g s ? 7 ,

n h f ` e h ` e u k g b t

- U u d - v n r a n d c g e ? e ` b h a t a ` b a b l d a b h a b l r u c g s

4 . @ w b g r s u s a b l p r ` p g r t y r a l f t s ( s u d - v n r a n d c g h )

5 . Y u d c a e d ` h a g s u s a b l p ` w g r s p r ` e g h u r g

- U u d - v n r a n d c g g ? l u n r n b t g g s j ` r t f ` s g t n m a b l a b a t a n t a v g

- U u d - v n r a n d c g g ? a b j c g x a d a c a t y

k ` h a j a e n t a ` b / h g p n r t a b l / h g t n a c k g b t d a b h a b l r u c g s

- U u d - v n r a n d c g g ? a b j c g x a d a c a t y s a z a b l p c n b n r g n

3 A b h g p g b

h g b

t v n r a n d

c g 2

3 A b t g r k g h

a n r y v n r a n

d c g 2

3 H g p g b

h g b

t v n r a n d c g 2



Zncgbean >:7

tfrùlf rgabj`reabl tfg p`satavg gjjgets `j sud-vnrandcgs d `b abtgrkghanry vnra-ndcgs neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, rglucnr pr`t knrlabs (`j tfg hgvgc`pgr) nbh bgl`-

tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty)= nbh n harget p`satavg gjjget b abtgrkghanryvnrandcg hgcny =• Uud-vnrandcg h, Yr`pgrty ralfts? tfg >118‑s k`haenta`bs `j tfg cnbh rgnhoust-

kgbt rglucnta`b? tfas sggks t` fnvg dggb p`satavg j`r d`tf enpturabl vncug ab-ergnsg nbh tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b. Xfg enusnc cabms w`rms pcnusadcy dydgabl p`satavg j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs hgcny , bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg ku-baeapncaty), neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh rglucnr pr`t knrlabs (`j tfg hgvgc`pgr)=

• Uud-vnrandcg g, Lunrnbtggs j`r tf`sg tnmabl abatantavg? tfg >118‑s b`vgcty `j nc-c`wabl abatantabl pnrtags t` abatantg tfg prèghurg? tfas sggks t` fnvg dggb p`sa-tavg j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs hgcny nbh abfflntgh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, dut bgln-

tavg j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty).

Xfg bhabls ncs` sullgst tfnt tfg j`cc`wabl sud-vnrandcgs kalft b`t njjget tfg hglrgg`j enpturabl vncug abergnsg?• Uud-vnrandcg d/E`btgbts `j tfg dabhabl rucgs? (7) tfg >118‑s b`vgcty `j abecuhabl

tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneaca-tags ab nb nh fè pcnb hèukgbt? tfas sggks b`t t` dg rgcgvnbt=

• Uud-vnrandcg g, Abfflgxadacaty ab tfg k`haenta`b/hgpnrturg/hgtnacabl `j dabhablrucgs? tfas sggks b`t t` dg rgcgvnbt=

• Uud-vnrandcg g, Abfflgxadacaty ab nhnptabl tfg sazg `j tfg pcnb nrgn `j tfg dabhabl

rucgs nee`rhabl t` bgl`tanta`bs watf gnef cnbh`wbgr? tfas sggks b`t t` dg rgcgvnbt.

Uud-vnrandcgs d/>-8 (e`btgbts dabhabl rucgs), e (E`bhata`babl dabhabl rucgs t` nlrgg-kgbt) nbh h (Yr`pgrty ralfts) nrg abtakntgcy rgcntgh t` gnef `tfgr. At sggks tfnt tfgynrg e`bsgeutavgcy nbh enusnccy rgcntgh t` gnef `tfgr, ab nb abvgrsg `rhgr. Xfg k`ha-enta`bs t` pr`pgrty ralfts abtr`huegh ab tfg >118 Net (sud-vnrandcg h) fnvg lgbgr-ncazgh tfg usg `j hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts (sud-vnrandcg e). Nbh tfas sggks t` fnvgstakucntgh tfg gjjgetavgbgss `j tfg e`btraduta`bs abecuhgh ab tfg dabhabl rucgs (sud-vnrandcg d/>-8). Ugg tfg rgspgetavg sgeta`bs j`r k`rg hgtnac.

7.<.4 Y`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs

Fgrg tfg gjjget `j `tfgr, p`ssadcg tfarh, vnrandcgs as nssgssgh, rgcntgh rst t` tfg spg-eae eareukstnbegs ab tfg stuhagh ensgs (vnrandcgs H8 nbh H7 j tfg enusnc k`hgc absgeta`b 4.8.4), nbh sge`bh t` knrmgt eareukstnbegs (vnrandcg N>). Xfg l`nc as t` gx-nkabg tfg p`ssadacaty tfnt tfg abjgrrgh enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps turb ut t` dg spuraùs e`r-rgcnta`bs (sgg sgeta`b 5.4.>.4 j`r k`rg hgtnac ndùt tfas kgtf`h`c`laenc nppr`nef).

Upgeae eareukstnbegs ab tfg stuhagh ensgs

Ab Ygra`hastn tfg hgvgc`pgr e`bsahgrs tfnt tfg quncaty `j tfg pcnb fns neegcgrntghakpcgkgbtnta`b dgenusg b`d`hy fns sudkattgh `dogeta`bs, dut tfas h`gs b`t sggk



Zncgbean>::

t` dg n str`bl nrlukgbt. Ncs`, tfg hgvgc`pgr snys tfnt sabeg tfg kubaeapncaty nhhghgxtrn rgquargkgbts t` tfg `ralabnc Yr`lrnkkg, fg wacc fnvg t` cc tfg lnp watf fas

`wb rgsùregs. Xfas tfarh vnrandcg (fnvabl neegss t` `wb rgsùregs t` e`vgr nb gvgb-tunc bnbeanc hgeat) kalft gxpcnab pnrt `j tfg sueegss `j tfas pròget. Ab Enkab` tfgabtgrvagwgh hgvgc`pgr kgbta`bgh n tfarh vnrandcg tfnt enb hgcny hgvgc`pkgbt. Abtfg sùtfgrb pnrt `j tfg pcnb nrgn, rnacwny wargs fnvg t` dg hasknbtcgh. Xfg rnacwnye`kpnby dgc`bls t` tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt ab Knhrah, s` at eùch tnmg n c`bl takgt` lgt tfg bgghgh pgrkats. Ab Dgbncÿn tfg hgvgc`pgrs e`bsahgr tfnt tfg sc`w jubeta`b-abl `j tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Ncaenbtg fns hgcnygh tfg prègss lrgntcy. Xfg abtgrvagwghpudcae `jegr nlrggh watf s`kg `j tfgsg erataeasks, dut stntgh tfnt s`kg hgcny fnsdggb enusgh dy tfg hgvgc`pgrs tfgksgcvgs. At sggks ncs` tfnt ab Dgbncÿn, nppgncs t`tfg eùrts nlnabst tfg Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget kalft hgcny tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`va-

sa`b. Ab Luaccgk tfg cnrlg bukdgr j wbgrs, tgbnbts nbh abfndatnbts j tfg fùsgs t`dg hgk`casfgh fns hgcnygh tfg pudcae pnrtaeapnta`b prègssgs j d`tf tfg Yr`lrnkkgnbh cntgr `b `j tfg Cnbh rgnhoustkgbt Yròget.

Ab sf`rt, gxegpt knydg ab Ygra`hastn, ab b`bg `j tfg ensgs hah tfg abtgrvagwgh pgr-s`bs `r ùr nbncysas `j tfg jnets supp`rt tfg ahgn tfnt spgeae nspgets (rglnrhabl tfgabv`cvgh cènc p`cataeanbs, pudcae `jegrs `r hgvgc`pgrs, `r rglnrhabl nby `tfgr ns-pget) kalft fnvg abfflugbegh salbaenbtcy tfg p`satavg ùte`kgs `b tfg netunc hglrgg`j enpturgh vncug abergnsg. @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, spgeae eareukstnbegs kalft fnvghgcnygh tfrgg `j tfg ensgs.

Knrmgt eareukstnbegs

Ab sgeta`b 7.7 sgvgrnc enusncatags fnvg dggb abjgrrgh dgtwggb s`kg k`haenta`bs abtfg >118 Net nbh tfg akpr`vgkgbt `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg nbh tfg neegcgrnta`b`j hgvgc`pkgbt tfnt fns dggb gxpgragbegh jr`k >117 `bwnrhs. U`kg nrlug tfnt tfgefnblgs njtgr >117 kalft dg k`rg rgcntgh t` tfg rasg ab fùsabl praegs tfnb t` tfg>118 Net atsgcj. Xfas tfarh vnrandcg, fùsabl praegs (vnrandcg N> ab enusnc k`hgc sge-ta`b 4.8.4), enb njjget enpturabl vncug abergnsg (dgenusg at abfflugbegs abtgrkghanryvnrandcg ‖Abatanc pr`ts‑ nbh kalft tfus abfflugbeg ncs` ‖Jabnc pr`t‑, ab `tfgr w`rhs,at ergntgs bnbeanc r``k j`r k`rg e`btraduta`bs) nbh tfg spggh `j akpcgkgbtnta`b

(k`rg pr`ts nttrnet k`rg abvgstkgbts, nbh rgk`vg `dstnecgs). Xfas rgsgnref e`b-ecuhgs f`wgvgr tfnt tfg abfflugbeg `j fùsabl praegs fns b`t dggb s` salbaenbt nst` knmg tfg abjgrrgh enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps spuraùs. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, fùsabl praegskalft fnvg dggb rgcgvnbt tfarh vnrandcgs, dut fnvg b`t enusgh ncc tfg efnblgs njtgr>117. Cgt us sgg rst tfg nvnacndcg lgbgrnc mb`wcghlg nbh sge`bh tfg ensg-dnsghbhabls.

Ab tfg wf`cg rgla`b `j Zncgbean, praegs `j ncc fùsabl (bgw & gxastabl stèm) nbh`j bgw fùsabl hgergnsgh ab rgnc tgrks dgtwggb >119 nbh >11<. @bcy ab >111hah praegs dglab t` abergnsg salbaenbtcy. Xfgsg lurgs nrg sakacnr ab tfg eatags `j

Ncaenbtg nbh Zncgbean (sgg lurg >1). Xfas rgegssa`b ab fùsabl knrmgts (>119-11)



Zncgbean>:6

hgvgc`pgrs absastgh tfnt pr`ts nt tfnt takg wgrg cnrlg gbùlf t` e`vgr abjrnstrue-turg pr`vasa`b e`sts1.

Ab ncc jùr ensgs, d`tf tfg abtgrvagwgh hgvgc`pgr nbh pudcae `jegr nlrggh tfnt tfgprògets wùch fnvg dggb bnbeanccy jgnsadcg ncs` ab takgs j hgergnsabl r k`hgstcyrasabl fùsabl praegs. K`rg`vgr, hgvgc`pkgbt sggks cgss sgbsatavg t` knrmgt eareuk-stnbegs sabeg tfg k`haenta`b ab >118 `j tfg Zncgbeanb cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. J`r tfgbgw rglucnta`b fns c`wgrgh tfg rasms j`r hgvgc`pgrs?• B` bggh t` wb cnbh? tfg Zncgbeanb j`rkucn ncc`ws hgvgc`pgrs t` hgvgc`p watf-

ùt tfg bggh `j duyabl (ncc) tfg cnbh. Abhggh, tfg abatantabl hgvgc`pgrs `wbghabatanccy (dgj`rg kubaeapnc nppr`vnc j tfg Yr`lrnkkg) b` cnbh ab Ygra`hastn nbhb`bg ab Enkab`. Ab Luaccgk tfg hgvgc`pgr fnh oust n cattcg cnbh, nbh ab Dgbncÿn

tfg hgvgc`pgr e`bsastgh `j sgvgrnc gxastabl rks tfnt fnh `wbgh tfg cnbh j`rn c`bl takg nbh n e`bsuctnbey e`kpnby tfnt fnh dùlft s`kg cnbh j`r n c`wpraeg. Ab Enkab` tfg sgcgetgh hgvgc`pgr e`bsastgh `j sgvgrnc gxastabl rks tfntfnh `wbgh tfg cnbh j`r n c`bl takg. Xfus, abatanccy, tfg abatantabl pnrtags fnh nc-k`st b` bggh t` abvgst ab nequarabl cnbh, `bcy ab prgpnrabl tfg Yr`lrnkkg.

• Cnbh`wbgrs nrg `dcalgh t` e`btradutg t` tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts? tfus,ab ensg `j p``r knrmgt e`bhata`bs, hgvgc`pgrs wgrg nssurgh `j tfg bnbeabl `jtfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Ynykgbt `j e`btraduta`bs ab duachabl ralfts sggks t`j`cc`w pruhgbt knrmgt npprnasncs, nbh ab ensg `j gxpr`pranta`b tfg e`kpgbsnta`bas dnsgh `b tfg j`rkgr usg `j tfg cnbh, b`t `j tfg juturg `bg? tfus, aj cnbh`wb-

grs ef`sg j`r pnykgbt ab mabh `r j`r gxpr`pranta`b, hgvgc`pgrs wgrg nssurgh `jduachabl ralfts j`r n rgcntavgcy c`w praeg. Ab ensg `j l``h knrmgt e`bhata`bs, nsnetunccy fnppgbgh sabeg >111 `bwnrhs, hgvgc`pgrs wgrg ab n pravacglgh p`sa-ta`b t` duy cnbh nbh duachabl ralfts ab tfg nrgn. Xfas as wfnt netunccy fnppgbgh,nbh ab B`v 499: tfg jùr urdnbazabl nlgbts `wbgh ncrgnhy nck`st ncc tfg cnbh/ duachabl ralfts.

• Xfg abatantabl hgvgc`pgr e`kkats faksgcj t` pr vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg watfabtfg gstakntgh duhlgt, nbh tfg cnbh`wbgrs pny j`r at. U` fg dgnrs tfg rasms `bcy`j gxegghabl tfg duhlgt. Xfg e`sts `j pcnbs prgpnrnta`b nbh `j abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b nrg quatg prghaetndcg, nbh praeg rasgs nrg nrùbh tfg lgbgrnc k`bgtnry

abfflnta`b.• Ab Luaccgk nbh Ygra`hastn tfg Yr`lrnkkg abecuhgh 79% rgspgetavgcy 69% nj-

j`rhndcg fùsabl. Njj`rhndcg fùsabl as n pr`tndcg pr`huet nbh tfg rasm as c`w,pr`vahgh tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr enb nequarg tfg cnbh j`r nb njj`rhndcg fùsabl-praeg

1 Nt tfg takg j hntn lntfgrabl, gbh `j 499:, tfg praegs j bgw fùsabl ab tfg jrgg knrmgt ab tfg Eaty`j Zncgbean vnragh jr`k ndùt ₣ 4,999 t` 5,999 pgr k´ ffl``r spneg, hgpgbhabl `b tfg cènta`b.Xfg nvgrnlg praeg pgr k´ ffl``r spneg ab tfg eaty `j Zncgbean wns ab tfg cnst trakgstgr `j 499: j`rbgw fùsabl ₣ 4,7:> nbh j`r sge`bh fnbh fùsabl ₣ >,154, nbh tfg nvgrnlg praeg j`r d`tf bgwnbh sge`bh fnbh ₣ 4,976 (Kabastgra` Zavagbhn, Dnsg lgbgrnc, e`bsuctgh nt `b cabg satg LgbgrncatntZncgbeanbn, vasatgh `b 48 Onbunry 49>9, fttp?//www.ekn.lvn.gs/`vvPgstnhastaens). Ab nb`tfgr sùregtfg nvgrnlg praeg bgw nbh sge`bh fnbh as ₣ 4,995 (Uùreg E`cgla` hg Tglastrnh`rgs, ab @dsgrvnt`ra`Zncgbeanb` hg cn Zavagbhn, Abj`rkg nbbunc hg e`yubturn hgc sastgkn hg abhaenh`rgs 4996, Abj`rkgbr. 7, Nprac 4991, p. 44).



Zncgbean >:1

(ndùt ₣ >47->79/k´ ffl``r spneg), wfaef wns lunrnbtggh fgrg tfrùlf tfg cnbhrgnhoustkgbt.

Ab nck`st ncc tfg ensgs, hgvgc`pgrs nssukgh e`btraduta`bs ab tfg eùrsg `j tfg pcnb-babl prègss, nhhata`bnc t` tf`sg nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs ncrgnhy abecuhgh ab tfgYr`lrnkkg ns abatanccy sudkattgh. At as camgcy tfnt tfas tfarh vnrandcg (rasabl fùsablpraegs) fns stakucntgh tfg bgl`tanta`b `j tfgsg gxtrn e`btraduta`bs njtgr tfg sudkas-sa`b `j tfg Yr`lrnkkg nbh dgj`rg tfg sgncabl `j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. J`rgxnkpcg, ab Dgbncÿn tfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt knhg sgvgrncakp`rtnbt gxtrn rgquargkgbts hurabl tfg c`bl prègss `j nppr`vabl tfg Yr`lrnkkg.Jarst tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt hgknbhgh tfg e`bsgrvnta`b nbh rgfndacatnta`b `j tw``ch abhustranc efakbgys, wfaef rgquargh gxtrn e`sts nbh tfg k`haenta`b j tfg pcnb.

Uge`bh, tfg kubaeapncaty hgknbhgh n e`btraduta`b t`wnrhs tfg pcnb prgpnrnta`b nbh`jj-satg abjrnstrueturg e`sts, wfaef abatanccy at wns làbl t` pny atsgcj. Ab Luaccgk tfgkubaeapncaty abtr`huegh njtgr tfg abatanc nppr`vnc j tfg Yr`lrnkkg nb gxtrn rgquarg-kgbt? tfg hgvgc`pgr fnh t` pny pnrt `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, e`sts tfntj`cc`wabl pcnbbabl cnw sfùch dg pnah dy tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Ab Ygra`hastn tfg ku-baeapncaty rghuegh tfg duachabl v`cukg nbh ab Enkab` tfg kubaeapncaty hùdcgh tfgabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts.

Ab suk, tfg abergnsg ab fùsabl praegs enbb`t gxpcnab `b ats `wb wfy tfg hgvgc`pgrssudkattgh tfg Yr`lrnkkgs. At kalft fnvg dggb nb akp`rtnbt stakucnbt, gspgeanccy ab

Ygra`hastn nbh Enkab`, dut tfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty `j tfg pr`p`sncs hah b`t hgpgbh`b gxpnbhabl knrmgt eareukstnbegs. Jurtfgrk`rg, tfg abergnsg ab fùsabl praegs enbgxpcnab b tfgar wb pnrt j tfg nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs? tf`sg gxtrn e`btraduta`bs b`tabecuhgh ab tfg sudkattgh vgrsa`bs `j tfg Yr`lrnkkgs nbh nlrggh njtgrwnrhs, hurabltfg prèghurg nbh dgj`rg tfg sgncabl `j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts. Ncs`, tfg ab-ergnsg ab fùsabl praegs gxpcnabs wfy ab Ygra`hastn nbh Enkab` tfg hgvgc`pgr hgeahghb`t t` rgjusg t` salb tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt, hgspatg tfg jnet tfnt tfg kubaeapnc-aty abtr`huegh e`stcy k`haenta`bs c`bl njtgr tfg abatanc nppr`vnc `j tfg Yr`lrnkkg.

Cnst hgvgc`pkgbts sabeg 4996

At sggks f`wgvgr tfnt tfg dnh eareukstnbegs ab tfg fùsabl knrmgts sabeg tfg gbh j499< nrg stakucntabl nbh `jtgb j`reabl hgvgc`pgrs t` hgcny knby urdnb hgvgc`pkgbtsefgkgs. Knby hgvgc`pgrs fnvg l`bg abt` dnbmruptey `r fnh b` efàeg `tfgr tfnbt` pnss `vgr tfg pr`pgrty t` tfg dnbms, ns ensg Enkab` sf`ws. Xfas as n tfarh vnrandcg`j tfg typg N> ab enusnc k`hgc sgeta`b 4.8.4. At sggks tfnt knby urdnbazabl nlgbts,e`bjr`btgh watf tfg dnh knrmgt eareukstnbegs, nrg tryabl t` hgcny tfg akpcgkgbtn-ta`b (a.g. tfg nefagvgkgbt j tfg hgnhcabgs abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts)tfrùlf hgcnyabl tfg nhkabastrntavg prèghurg `j cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Nctfùlf ku-baeapncatags fnvg p`wgrs t` j`reg akpcgkgbtnta`b (abecuhabl n dnbm lunrnbtgg `j ntcgnst <% j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, n lunrnbtgg tfnt j`cc`wabl pcnbbabl cnw

kust dg abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt), at sggks tfnt kubaeapncatags nrgb`t juccy usabl tfgk (ejr. abtgrvagw Tnln, 49>9). Xfas as tfarh vnrandcg H7.



E

F N Y X G

T

:Gblcnbh

Ab tfg cnst hgegbban, pudcae d`hags ab Gblcnbh fnvg dggb sggmabl n cnrlgr abv`cvg-kgbt jr`k e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs ab tfg bnbeabl `j tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts `j e`k-prgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs. Nb ch stntut`ry pr`vasa`b lavgs, sabeg >154,cènc pcnbbabl nutf`ratags tfg p`wgr t` rgquarg pravntg e`btraduta`bs t`wnrhs pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Uabeg tfg >1<9‑s, tfas pr`vasa`b fns dggb gbcnrlgh nbh

enb abecuhg b`wnhnys n wahg vnragty `j pravntg e`btraduta`bs. Utakucntgh dy tfg egb-trnc l`vgrbkgbt, cènc nutf`ratags nrg hgvgc`pabl systgkntae p`caey j`r tfgsg e`btra-duta`bs.

Jrnkg :n

Xfg abstatuta`bnc e`btgxt? Wbatgh Mablh`k, Gblcnbh, tfg rgla`bs nbh tfg cènc pudcae

d`hags

Xfg Wbatgh Mablh`k `j Lrgnt Dratnab nbh B`rtfgrb Argcnbh (jr`k b`w `b WM) as neùbtry knhg up `j jùr e`bstatugbt eùbtrags? Gblcnbh (79.<k abfndatnbts), Ue`tcnbh

(7k), \ncgs (5k) ―tfg tfrgg `j wfaef j`rk t`lgtfgr Lrgnt Dratnab- nbh B`rtfgrb Argcnbh(>.<k). Xfg WM as n ubatnry stntg watf n systgk `j e`bstatuta`bnc pnrcankgbtnry k`bnr-efy. Ue`tcnbh, \ncgs nbh B`rtfgrb Argcnbh gnef fns ats `wb pnrcankgbt `r nssgkdcy.Gblcnbh h`gs b`t, nbh as rucgh hargetcy dy tfg WM l`vgrbkgbt.

Gblcnbh as sudhavahgh abt` babg rgla`bs. Tgla`bs nrg sudhavahgh abt` kgtr`p`catnbeùbtags (abecuhabl Lrgntgr C`bh`b), nbh b`b-kgtr`p`catnb eùbtags. Eùbtags nrg `j-tgb sudhavahgh abt` hastraets r d`rùlfs. Xfas cgnhs s`kgtakgs t` n hùdcg tagr j cèncl`vgrbkgbt, watf n Eùbty Eùbeac nbh n Hastraet Eùbeac (Euccablw`rtf & Bnhab,499:? :8-:7). Ab tfas ensg, d`tf tfg eùbty nbh tfg hastraet nrg Cènc Ycnbbabl Nutf`ra-

tags (CYN). @tfgr ‖sget`rnc‑ `r nh fè `rlnbaznta`bs enb dg Cènc Ycnbbabl Nutf`ratags



Gblcnbh><8

pr`lrnkkgs fnvg dggb tnmgb `vgr dy tfg ‖Uablcg Tglgbgrnta`b Duhlgt‑ (UTD), wfaefdrùlft t`lgtfgr twgbty prgvaùscy sgpnrntg jubhabl pr`lrnkkgs nbh fns dggb jnr

k`rg wahgcy nppcagh tfnb prgvaùs `bgs (D``tf, 4997? 4:4).

Hurabl tfg E`bsgrvntavg L`vgrbkgbt ab tfg >169s nbh >119s, gkpfnsas wns lavgb t`tfg stakucnta`b `j pravntg abvgstkgbt, abstgnh `j rgcyabl gxecusavgcy `b pudcae jubh-abl (D``tf, 4997? 471= Zgrfnlg, 4997? 449-44>). Uabeg tfg >119s, gkpfnsas `b sus-tnabndacaty e`bsahgrnta`bs as lr`wabl. Xfg >169s snw tfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg WrdnbHgvgc`pkgbt E`rp`rnta`bs (WHE), WM L`vgrbkgbt nlgbeags watf cnrlg p`wgrs j`rpcnb akpcgkgbtnta`b (tfrùlf cnbh nequasata`b) tfnt usurpgh tfg cènc nutf`raty‑s hg-vgc`pkgbt e`btr`c jubeta`bs (lrnbtabl `j pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs). Xfgsg e`rp`rnta`bsfnvg spgbt k`st `j tfg pudcae rgsùregs nvnacndcg j`r urdnb rglgbgrnta`b nbh fnvg

rgstrueturgh knby hglrnhgh `ch abhustranc satgs ab tfg abbgr eatags. Nt tfg gbh `j tfg69s erataeask nr`sg ndùt tfgsg e`rp`rnta`bs (D``tf, 4997? 4:>), ab spatg j wfaef tfgCndùr l`vgrbkgbt fns e`btabugh tfgk watf b` strueturnc k`haenta`bs dut jgwgrab bukdgr. J`r gxnkpcg, ab ensg Xgkpcg ûny , nb WHE nbh ats sueegss`r, n rgla`bncrglgbgrnta`b pudcae nlgbey, dùlft pnrt `j tfg cnbh nbh pcnygh n r`cg ab stakucntabltfg rglgbgrnta`b j tfas hgrgcaet satg. Cndùr ergntgh Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b E`kpnbags(WTE), wfaef `pgrntg nt tfg cènc cgvgc dut nrg stacc hgpgbhgbt `b tfg WM L`vgrb-kgbt. Nb akp`rtnbt hajjgrgbeg watf tfg WHEs as tfnt cènc nutf`ratags nrg fgnvacyabv`cvgh ab tfg WTEs. Xfg Cndùr L`vgrbkgbt tfnt enkg t` p`wgr ab >11< drùlftj`rwnrh n rnjt `j bgw abatantavgs t` nttnem sèanc gxecusa`b, akpr`vg tfg quncaty `j tfg

pudcae fùsabl stèm nbh rgharget jubhabl tfrùlf cènc nutf`ratags. @bg akp`rtnbtb`vgcty ab Cndùr‑s nppr`nef wns tfg gkpfnsas `b k`rg e`kkubaty abv`cvgkgbt.Xfg Uablcg Tglgbgrnta`b Duhlgt (UTD), ncrgnhy gxastabl, nbh tfg Bgw Hgnc j`r E`k-kubatags (BHE) pr`lrnkkg, ergntgh ab >116, dgenkg tfg knab abstrukgbts j`r tfasgbfnbegh rglgbgrnta`b p`caey (`p. eat.? 4:4-5= Zgrfnlg, 4997? 448).

Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab eaty egbtrgs as `jtgb e`bjr`btgh watf knby skncc pravntg `wb-grs, wfacg ab dr`wbgch satgs, cnbh as `jtgb `wbgh dy pudcae `r pravntg abstatuta`bs(Kabastry `j Hgjgbeg, fgnctf nutf`ratags, gx-pudcae e`kpnbags, pravntg hgvgc`pgrs,pr`pgrty abvgst`rs, gte). Cnbh `wbgrsfap ab Dratnab as usunccy jrggf`ch `wbgrsfap,

wfgrg tfg ralfts ab cnbh nrg fgch ab pgrpgtuaty (\accanks & \``h, >118? >44). Yravntgcnbh`wbgrs, aj prgsgbt nt gnrcy stnlgs, nrg b`t jtgb hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg rgst `j tfghgvgc`pkgbt. Xfgy h` b`t usunccy sfnrg rasms b`r pnrtaeapntg ab tfg wf`cg pgrnta`b.K`st j tfg takg tfgy hasnppgnr dgj`rg tfg stnrt j tfg pròget, nbh tfgar r`cg as cakatght` tfnt `j pr`vahgr `j tfg cnbh. Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b as ab lgbgrnc nb abstatuta`bncazghpfgb`kgb`b, dgabl tfg tnsm `j pudcae d`hags, fùsabl nssèanta`bs nbh e`kkgr-eanc hgvgc`pgrs rntfgr tfnb pravntg cnbh`wbgrs. Tglgbgrnta`b abatantavgs usunccy tnmgpcneg watfab tfg jrnkgw`rm `j tfg spgeae cènc urdnb rglgbgrnta`b p`caey. Cèncnutf`ratags prgseradg tfgar rglgbgrnta`b p`caeags ab abhaentavg z`babl pcnbs. @beg npcnbbabl nppcaenta`b fns dggb gvncuntgh watfab tfnt jrnkgw`rm, cènc nutf`ratags as-

sug pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs.



Gblcnbh ><7

Jrnkg :d

Abhaentavg nbh dabhabl pcnbs

Nt tfg cènc cgvgc, Cènc Ycnbbabl Nutf`ratags (CYN) fnvg tfg e`kpgtgbegs t` prgpnrgnbh nppr`vg z`babl hèukgbts, d`tf j nb abhaentavg efnrnetgr nbh watf cglnccy dabh-abl e`bsgqugbegs (Euccablw`rtf & Bnhab, 499:? 8<, 81, >58, >>5->48, >79->7>).

Tglnrhabl tfg abhaentavg pcnbs, tfgsg enb dg nh fè hèukgbts, satg-spgeae, b`t rglu-cntgh ab pcnbbabl cnw. @r tfgy enb e`vgr wahgr nrgns nbh dg rglucntgh ab pcnbbabl cnw?dgj`rg tfg 4998 Ycnbbabl nbh E`kpucs`ry Yurefnsg Net tfgrg wgrg ‖Utrueturg pcnbs‑,‖Cènc pcnbs‑ nbh ‖Wbatnry hgvgc`pkgbt pcnbs‑, hgpgbhabl `b tfg s`rt `j CYN. Drast`c,ns n ubatnry nutf`raty, nppr`vgh ab >11< tfg Drast`c Cènc Ycnb. Uabeg 4998, tfgsg pcnbsnrg dgabl lrnhunccy rgpcnegh dy ‖Cènc hgvgc`pkgbt jrnkgw`rms‑, wfaef nrg knhg dy

tfg CYN j tfg c`wgst tagr, a.g. tfg Hastraet Eùbeac bcy abstgnh `j d`tf tfg Hastraet nbhtfg Eùbty eùbeacs. Xfgrgj`rg, eùbtags watf n tw`-tagr l`vgrbkgbtnc strueturg b`c`blgr fnvg tw` pcnbs, dut oust `bg. Cènc hgvgc`pkgbt jrnkgw`rm as n b`b-stntut`rytgrk tfnt e`kprasgs hajjgrgbt hèukgbts (K``rg, 4997? 5>-54)? (>) Hgvgc`pkgbt pcnbhèukgbts? Cènc hgvgc`pkgbt sefgkg, Utntgkgbt `j e`kkubaty abv`cvgkgbt, nbhNbbunc k`bat`rabl rgp`rt= (4) Uuppcgkgbtnry hèukgbts. B`bg `j tfgsg hèukgbts ascglnccy dabhabl, ab tfg sgbsg tfnt at fns harget stntut`ry e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg usg `j cnbhnbh rgnc gstntg. Xfas h`gs b`t kgnb, f`wgvgr, tfnt tfgy enbb`t pcny nb akp`rtnbt r`cgab hgvgc`pkgbt e`btr`c. Xfg Ycnbbabl Abspget`rntg, n egbtrnc pudcae d`hy, nppr`vgshgbatavgcy tfg cènc hgvgc`pkgbt jrnkgw`rms.

Xfg CYN `j tfg c`wgst tagr fns tfg e`kpgtgbegs `j prgpnrabl nbh nppr`vabl ‖YcnbbablYgrkassa`bs‑. Ycnbbabl pgrkassa`bs abecuhg tfg cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg rucgs j`r nspgeae satg. Xfgy nrg tfg `bcy rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs, j`cc`wabl tfg hgbata`b usgh abtfas rgsgnref. N pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b enb dg hgtnacgh `r ùtcabg. Nb ùtcabg pgrkassa`bcgnvgs sgvgrnc knttgrs `pgb (k`stcy hgsalb nbh gxtgrbnc nppgnrnbeg nspgets) nbh rg-sgrvgs nppr`vnc t` n cntgr k`kgbt.

Njtgr n hgvgc`pgr sudkats nb nppcaenta`b j`r n pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b, CYNs fnvg t` hg-eahg `b at watfab galft wggms (K``rg, 4997? >11-4>5). Nppcaenbt nbh CYN enb ncs`

nlrgg nb`tfgr tgrk. CYNs hgeahg wfgtfgr t` lrnbt n pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b, t` akp`sgpcnbbabl e`bhata`bs `b at, `r t` rgjusg at. Ab prnetaeg, k`st `j tfg nppcaenta`bs nrg hg-tgrkabgh watfab tfg stntut`ry galft-wggm pgra`h (pgregbtnlgs vnry jr`k :7% t` 69% jncc nppcaenta`bs, K``rg, 4997? 49>, \accanks & \``h, >118? <5-<6).

F`wgvgr, abstgnh `j hgtgrkababl n pcnbbabl nppcaenta`b watfab tfas pgra`h `j galftwggms, CYNs enb ncs` hgeahg t` bgl`tantg watf tfg hgvgc`pgr wfnt tfg cnw enccs ‖pcnb-babl `dcalnta`bs‑ (nbh ab tfg catgrnturg as ncs` enccgh ‖pcnbbabl lnabs‑, `r ‖pcnbbable`btraduta`bs‑). At as ncs` p`ssadcg tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr nssukgs ubacntgrnccy nb `dcaln-ta`b (nb ubhgrtnmabl) (Tntecajjg gt ncan, 4994? >78). Ycnbbabl `dcalnta`bs kny abecuhg

n dr`nhgr se`pg `j e`btraduta`bs tfnb pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs nbh nrg tfgrgj`rg k`rg



Gblcnbh><:

rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg (sgg, j`r tfg p`ssadcy se`pg b`wnhnys, nbh tfghajjgrgbegs dgtwggb pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs nbh `dcalnta`bs, Jrnkg :e). Ab ensg `j bg-

l`tanta`bs, tfg lrnbtabl `j pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs as knhg e`bhata`bnc `b tfg salbabl`j n Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgs tfg pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs. Xfgsg nrg tfg sgeta`b>9:-nlrggkgbts, s` enccgh dgenusg tfg >119 X wb nbh Eùbtry Ycnbbabl Net abecuhghtfas stntut`ry pr`vasa`b ab sgeta`b >9:? ab tfg >11> Ycnbbabl nbh E`kpgbsnta`b Net,wfaef rucgs b`wnhnys, tfas as tfg bgw sgeta`bs >9:, >9:N nbh >9:D.

Xfg prèghurg as ns j`cc`ws? tfg Eùbeac nppr`vgs tfg pgrkassa`b pr`vasa`bnccy abecuh-abl tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt at gxpgets jr`k tfg hgvgc`pgr. Xfg nppr`vnc as knhg e`bha-ta`bnc `b nefagvabl n Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt, wfaef sgeurgs tfg pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bsabecuhgh ab tfg pr`vasa`bnccy nppr`vgh hèukgbt. Xfgb, CYN nbh hgvgc`pgr gbtgr abt`

bgl`tanta`bs, j`r wfaef tfgrg as b` cglnc knxakuk takg pgra`h dgenusg wg nrg spgnm-abl fgrg `j n v`cubtnry bgl`tanta`b. Ab n survgy `j n snkpcg `j cènc nutf`ratags tnmgbdgtwggb >16< nbh >119, ab 69% `j suef nppcaenta`bs at t``m nrùbh `bg ygnr t` sgnctfg cglnc nlrggkgbt (H`G >114, ab Tntecajjg gt ncan, 4994? >77). @j ùr ensgs, Kgln-d`wc , tfg sknccgst, jgcc watfab tfas nvgrnlg, wfacg ab Fnrdùrsahg nbh Xgkpcg ûny , tfgcnrlgst ensgs, tfg prèghurg t``m ndùt tw` ygnrs.

Xfg Ugergtnry `j Utntg (UÙ) `j tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt snbeta`bs pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bshgbatavgcy ab ensg tfgy sfùch hgpnrt jr`k Hgvgc`pkgbt Ycnbs (pnrt j Cènc Hgvgc`p-kgbt Jrnkgw`rm). Xfg Ycnbbabl Abspget`rntg rgs`cvgs nppgncs nlnabst tfg hgeasa`b `j

tfg CYN‑s t` rgjusg `r akp`sg e`bhata`bs `b pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs.

:.4 Xfg cglnc cakats t` enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab

Gblcnbh

Ab Gblcnbh, tfg bnbeabl j tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts ab e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrn-

ta`b sefgkgs as cnrlgcy dy e`btraduta`bs jr`k hgvgc`pgrs. Xfgsg e`btraduta`bs kalftdg ab mabh `r ab k`bgy, nbh tfgy nrg abecuhgh ab pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs ns pcnbbable`bhata`bs nbh dcalnta`bs. Xfas wns tfg ensg ab ncc tfg stuhagh prògets. F`w jnr enbtfg e`btraduta`bs jr`k cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs l`0 Fgrg wg lavg tfg cglnc prabea-pcgs tfnt rucg nbh hgcakat tf`sg e`btraduta`bs.

:.4.> Xnxabl dgttgrkgbt

\g ncrgnhy snw ab sgeta`b 4.4.4 tfnt tfg bnta`bncaznta`b j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts abtr`-

huegh ab tfg >18< X wb nbh Eùbtry Ycnbbabl Net hah b`t netunccy njjget t` tfg ralft`j tfg cnbh`wbgr t` hgvgc`p fas cnbh. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfg cnbh`wbgr rgknabgh tfg



Gblcnbh ><<

`bcy `bg gbtatcgh t` hgvgc`p fas cnbh, njtgr `j eùrsg fnvabl `dtnabgh ncc tfg bgghghpgrkats. F`wgvgr, tfg bnta`bncaznta`b fnh akp`rtnbt e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl

vncug abergnsg. Xfg cnbh`wbgr c`st tfg ralft t` tfg abergnsg ab vncug enusgh dy tfnthgvgc`pkgbt. Xfnt ralft dgc`blgh t` tfg stntg. Xfgrgj`rg, nby cnbh`wbgr hgvgc`pablfas cnbh fnh t` pny tfg stntg j`r tfg usg `j tfnt ralft. Xfg e`bsgqugbeg wns tfnt dgt-tgrkgbt (nby abergnsg ab tfg vncug `j cnbh) wns tfg sudoget `j n dgttgrkgbt efnrlg,nbh b` hgvgc`pkgbt eùch tnmg pcneg watfùt tfg pnykgbt `j n dgttgrkgbt efnrlgt` tfg Egbtrnc Cnbh D`nrh. Xfg >18< Net j`rgsnw ab n >99% tnx `b tfg dgttgrkgbt.Jr`k tfnt takg `bwnrhs, tnxabl hgvgc`pkgbt lnabs fns dggb sf`rt-cavgh dgenusg `jn cnem `j p`cataenc e`bsgbsus nbh dgenusg at wns `jtgb sggb ns `vgr-e`kpcgx nbh b`tyagchabl gbùlf rgvgbug. Ab >175, n bgw E`bsgrvntavg l`vgrbkgbt nd`casfgh tfg>18<¸s tnx. Uakacnrcy, n 89% cgvy abtr`huegh dy Cndùr ab >1:< wns ndnbh`bgh dy

n E`bsgrvntavg l`vgrbkgbt ab >1<>. Xfg cnst kno`r nttgkpt t` tnx hgvgc`pkgbt lnabswns tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Cnbh Xnx Net >1<:, abtr`huegh dy n Cndùr l`vgrbkgbt, ndgttgrkgbt tnx t` dg cgvagh `b abergnsgs ab cnbh vncugs hug t` tfg lrnbtabl `j pcnb-babl pgrkassa`b. At wùch nppcy wfgrg cnbh ab pravntg `wbgrsfap wns s`ch t` pravntghgvgc`pkgbt e`kpnbags. Xfg dgttgrkgbt tnx wns sgvgrgcy k`hagh dy n E`bsgrvn-tavg nhkabastrnta`b tfnt enkg abt` p`wgr ab >1<1 nbh gvgbtunccy sernppgh ab >167(Lnreën-Dgccah`, >1<7= Upnnbs gt ncan, >11:? 594-598= @xcgy, 499:? >98= Ecusn &Kur, 499<? >48->4<= Nctgrknb, 4991? 6, >7-><).

B`wnhnys tfgrg as b` dgttgrkgbt tnx ab tfg WM. Xfg Dnrmgr Tgvagw rge`kkgbhgh ab

4998 tfg abtr`hueta`b j n ‖Ycnbbabl-lnab Uuppcgkgbt‑. Xfg rge`kkgbhnta`b wns tfnttfg tw` r`cgs jucccgh dy pcnbbabl dcalnta`bs (katalntabl tfg harget akpnet j hgvgc`p-kgbt, nbh sfnrabl pnrt `j tfg wabhjncc lnab tfnt neerugs jr`k hgvgc`pkgbt) sfùch dgsgpnrntgh. Xfg rst pnrt, pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs sfùch dg sencgh dnem nbh rgstraetgh t`hgncabl watf tfg harget akpnets `j hgvgc`pkgbts. Xfg sge`bh pnrt, Ycnbbabl-lnab Uup-pcgkgbt, wùch dg usgh t` gxtrnet s`kg `j tfg wabhjncc lnab t` fgcp cènc nutf`ratagst` bnbeg tfg jneacatags eurrgbtcy jubhgh dy hgvgc`pgrs (sgg @xcgy, 499:). Xfg suppcg-kgbt e`bsasts `j nhhabl t` tfg gxastabl bgl`tantgh `dcalnta`bs n efnrlg enceucntgh abnee`rhnbeg watf prgvaùscy sgt eratgran, wfgtfgr tfgsg eratgran nrg ab n hgvgc`pkgbtpcnb r s`kg tfgr hèukgbt. Xfg 4998 Ycnbbabl nbh E`kpucs`ry Yurefnsg Net j`rg-

snw tfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg Ycnbbabl-lnab Uuppcgkgbt, wfgb ats pr`vasa`bs nrg juccyakpcgkgbtgh. Xfas fnh f`wgvgr b`t fnppgbgh ygt ab tfg wabtgr `j 4991-49>9.

:.4.4 Enpturabl vncug abergnsg tfrùlf sgeta`b >9:-nlrggkgbts

Enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab prnetaeg tnmgs pcneg tfrùlf bgl`tanta`b `j pcnbbabl`dcalnta`bs nbh e`bhata`bs (j`r tfg e`btgbts b`wnhnys `j pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs nbhe`bhata`bs, nbh tfg hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb d`tf, sgg ubhgr Jrnkg :e). At wns tfg >154X`wb nbh Eùbtry Ycnbbabl Net tfnt j`r tfg rst takg lnvg t` CYNs tfg p`wgr t` gbtgr

abt` pcnbbabl nlrggkgbts watf cnbh`wbgrs j`r rglucntabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt `r usg `jtfgar cnbh. Abatanccy, tfas pr`vasa`b wns b`t usgh vgry kuef. Ns K``rg stntgh, –…ab



Gblcnbh><6

tfg 47 ygnrs up ubtac >1:6, b` k`rg tfnb 799 nlrggkgbts wgrg knhg. Ab tfg >1<9stfg satunta`b dglnb t` efnblg hrnkntaenccy, wfgb CYNs snw tfg stntut`ry pr`vasa`b ns

nb `pp`rtubaty j`r `dtnababl n ‖pcnbbabl lnab‑ j`r tfgar e`kkubaty (…). Ab rgturb j`rtfg lrnbt `j pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b, tfg hgvgc`pgr wùch dg gxpgetgh t` gbtgr abt` nbnlrggkgbt t` pr`vahg s`kg pudcae dgbgt,..‛ (K``rg 4997? 58:). Xfg usg `j sgeta`b>9:-nlrggkgbts fns e`btabugh t` lr`w ab tfg cnst ygnrs. Xfg pr`p`rta`b `j pcnbbablpgrkassa`bs nee`kpnbagh dy pcnbbabl nlrggkgbts, abecuhabl ubacntgrnc ubhgrtnm-abls, fns rasgb jr`k >,7% `j ncc pgrkassa`bs nbh 4:% j`r kno`r hgvgc`pkgbts ab>11</16, t` :,1% rgspgetavgcy 89% ab 4995/98. Kno`r hgvgc`pkgbts nrg rgsahgbtancsefgkgs `j k`rg tfnb >9 ubats `r enrragh ùt `b n satg fnvabl nb nrgn `j 9.7 fn `rk`rg= `r e`kkgreanc sefgkgs watf k`rg tfnb >,999 k´ ffl``r spneg `r enrragh ùt`b n satg fnvabl nb nrgn `j `bg fn `r k`rg. Kno`r hgvgc`pkgbts, nbh tfg sùtfgrb

nrgns `j Gblcnbh, usunccy e`ccget k`rg `dcalnta`bs tfnb kab`r hgvgc`pkgbts nbh tfgb`rtfgrb pnrt `j tfg eùbtry. Xfg pr`p`rta`b `j e`btraduta`bs ab k`bgy fns lr`wb abrgcnta`b t` e`btraduta`bs ab mabh (Enkpdgcc gt nc., 499>= Hgpnrtkgbt j`r E`kkubatagsnbh Cènc L`vgrbkgbt, 499:? 5-8, ><, 8>-84).

@vgr takg, tfg se`pg `j pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs nbh `dcalnta`bs fns abergnsgh t` ab-ecuhg, dgsahgs pfysaenc abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, ncs` gbvar`bkgbtnc, e`kkubaty nbhsèanc abjrnstrueturg. Xfg usg `j `dcalnta`bs fns gv`cvgh jr`k rgk`vabl pfysaenc e`b-strnabts `b hgvgc`pkgbt nbh katalntabl harget akpnets, t` tfg nkgca`rntabl `j k`rghajjusg sèanc, ge`b`kae nbh gbvar`bkgbtnc akpnets, tfg pr`vasa`b `j e`kkubaty

dgbgts, nbh tfg supp`rt `j wahgr p`caey `dogetavgs. Ab sf`rt, tfgrg fns dggb n sfajtjr`k ‖fnrh‑ t` ‖s`jt‑ abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b? jr`k `b-satg abjrnstrueturg nbh e`bbge-ta`bs watf `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg, t`wnrhs e`btraduta`bs t` njj`rhndcg fùsabl, t` `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh t` jj-satg jneacatags nbh `tfgr pudcae p`caey pr`lrnkkgs(Gbbas, >11<? >157-:). Xfas abergnsg as snah t` dg rgcntgh t` tfg nustgrg bnbeanc gbva-r`bkgbt watfab wfaef cènc nutf`ratags kust `pgrntg (Enkpdgcc gt nc., 4999? <:<). Atas gxpgetgh tfnt ab tfg bgxt ygnrs, tfg pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs kgefnbasks wacc pcny nbakp`rtnbt r`cg ab enpturabl s`kg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pr`t nbh usabl at j`r abvgstabldnem abt` gssgbtanc abjrnstrueturg (Lnccgbt & Xgwhwr-O`bgs, 499<? 4>>-4>5, 47<).

E`btr`vgrsy fns rasgb tfg cnst ygnrs dgenusg nlrggkgbts sggk t` fnvg gbndcgh cèncnutf`ratags t` nlrgg salbaenbt e`btraduta`bs jr`k hgvgc`pgrs tfnt l` dgy`bh knttgrsstraetcy rgcntgh t` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b. Xfas as j`r gxnkpcg tfg p`sata`b `jtfg F`kg Duachabl Jghgrnta`b, tfg rgprgsgbtntavg `j tfg Dratasf fùsabl hgvgc`pgrs(\fatfnmgr, abtgrvagw ab 499<). @tfgr abstatuta`bs nbh gxpgrts sggk t` sfnrg tfas vagwt` s`kg gxtgbt, nbh kuef catgrnturg nbh gvgb rgcgvnbt l`vgrbkgbtnc stuhags nbhrgp`rts nrg abfflugbegh dy at (Hgpnrtkgbt j`r E`kkubatags nbh Cènc L`vgrbkgbt,499:? := Dnrmgr, 4998? ::= E`rmabhncg, 4998? >5->8). Dgenusg j s`kg cglnccy hùdt-juc usg, tfg stntut`ry pr`vasa`b rnasgh d`tf k`rnc nbh cglnc assugs. N skncc bukdgr`j ouhlkgbts fnvg dggb vgry akp`rtnbt ab e`bstrnababl tfg hasergta`bnry jrggh`k

`j cènc pcnbbabl nutf`ratags. Ab turb, tfas ensg cnw fns dggb ‖rgpntrantgh‑ abt` tfgpcnbbabl systgk tfrùlf bgw p`caey luahnbeg, wfaef jèusgh `b prgvgbtabl ndusg.



Gblcnbh ><1

E`bhata`bs nbh `dcalnta`bs wacc dg cglatakntg nbh cnwjuc `bcy aj tfgy nrg e`rrgetcynppcagh (D``tf, 4995? >>5->>7= Tntecajjg gt ncan, 4994? >89->71). Ns D``tf stntgs at,

‖tfg nppnrgbtcy ubjgttgrgh jrggh`ks e`btnabgh ab sgeta`bs `j tfg X`wb nbh EùbtryYcnbbabl Net fnvg ab prnetaeg dggb sudoget t` ouhaeanc serutaby nbh tfg cakats t` has-ergta`bnry dgfnvaùr fnvg dggb sgt‑ (4995? 8).

Cakats t` pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs

Ensg cnw (Fùsg `j C`rhs, Bgwdury HE vgrsus Ugergtnry `j Utntg j`r tfg Gbvar`b-kgbt , >16>) hgvgc`pgh eratgran t` wfaef pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs kust e`kpcy (K``rg,4997? 46:-46<)?• Xfgy kust dg akp`sgh j`r n pcnbbabl purp`sg nbh b t j`r nb uctgra`r `bg=• Xfgy kust jnarcy nbh rgns`bndcy rgcntg t` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pgrkattgh=

• Xfgy kust b`t dg s` ubrgns`bndcg tfnt b` rgns`bndcg nutf`raty eùch fnvg ak-p`sgh tfgk.

Eareucnr >>/17 nkpcagh nbh scalftcy rg`rhgrgh tfgsg eratgran. J`cc`wabl tfas Eareucnr,e`bhata`bs sfùch dg?• Bgegssnry=• Tgcgvnbt t` pcnbbabl=• Tgcgvnbt t` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt t` dg pgrkattgh=• Gbj`regndcg=• Yrgeasg nbh rgns`bndcg ab ncc `tfgr rgspgets

Cakats t` pcnbbabl dcalnta`bs

Xfg >11> Ycnbbabl nbh E`kpgbsnta`b Net (Ugeta`b >9:.>) stntgs tfnt dcalnta`bs enbdg nlrggh?n) Tgstraetabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt r usg j tfg cnbh ab nby spgeagh wny=d) Tgquarabl spgeagh `pgrnta`bs r netavatags t` dg enrragh ut ab, b, ubhgr r `vgr

tfg cnbh=e) Tgquarabl tfg cnbh t` dg usgh ab nby spgeagh wny= `rh) Tgquarabl n suk `r suks t` dg pnah t` tfg nutf`raty `b n spgeagh hntg r hntgs

`r pgra`haenccy.

Eareucnr 97/4997 (Nbbgx D.7) stntgs tfnt Ycnbbabl @dcalnta`bs kust dg?>. Tgcgvnbt t` pcnbbabl=4. Bgegssnry t` knmg tfg pr`p`sgh hgvgc`pkgbt neegptndcg ab pcnbbabl tgrks=5. Hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg pr`p`sgh hgvgc`pkgbt=8. Jnarcy nbh rgns`bndcy rgcntgh ab sencg nbh mabh t` tfg pr`p`sgh hgvgc`pkgbt=

nbh7. Tgns`bndcg ab ncc `tfgr nspgets.

Xfgrg as hasergpnbey ab tfg ouraspruhgbeg ndùt prgrgquasatgs 4 nbh 5, prgrgquasatgs

tfnt wgrg rst abtr`huegh ab >11> (Eareucnr >:/1>), nbh e`btabugh ab Eareucnrs >/1<nbh 97/4997. Ugvgrnc akp`rtnbt ouhlkgbts ab tfg >169s nbh >119s fnvg e`bsahgrgh



Gblcnbh>69

at neegptndcg t` cny h`wb `dcalnta`bs tfnt nrg b`t bgegssnry t` knmg tfg pr`p`sghhgvgc`pkgbt neegptndcg ab pcnbbabl tgrks (prgrgquasatg 4), nbh `dcalnta`bs tfnt nrg

b`t hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b (prgrgquasatg 5), ns c`bl ns prg-rgquasatgs >, 8 nbh 7 nrg sntasgh (K``rg, 4997? 587-581, 578-57<). Xfas cgnvgs tfgh``r `pgb j`r n wahgr rnblg `j e`btraduta`bs, `jtgb cèntgh `jj-satg. Xfgsg e`btradu-ta`bs eùch dg ecnssagh ubhgr tfg j`cc`wabl? trnababl nbh rgeruatkgbt abatantavgs abtfg e`bstrueta`b sget`r nbh p`ssadcy `tfgr sget`rs, t`wb egbtrg akpr`vgkgbt, pud-cae nrt, eùbtrysahg knbnlgkgbt, e`kkubaty j`rgsts, e`btraduta`bs t` eucturnc pcnbs,tfgntrgs, kusguks, gte. (@HYK, 4998d? >:). At as ecgnr tfnt tfgsg dcalnta`bs (bgatfgrbgegssnry t` knmg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt neegptndcg, b`r hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg hgvgc`p-kgbt ab qugsta`b) kny dg sùlft `r `jjgrgh. F`wgvgr, tfg qugsta`b rgknabs wfgtfgrCYNs kny akp`sg tfgk.

Xfgrg nrg `tfgr cakats t` tfg se`pg `j `dcalnta`bs. Eareucnr 97/4997 ecgnrcy hasnp-pr`vgs tfg usg `j pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs s` jnr ns tfgy nrg `bcy usgh j`r e`ccgetabl tfgdgttgrkgbt tfnt rgsucts jr`k hgvgc`pkgbt? –…pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs sfùch bgvgr dgusgh purgcy ns n kgnbs `j sgeurabl j`r tfg cènc e`kkubaty n sfnrg ab tfg pr`ts `jhgvgc`pkgbt, a.g. ns n kgnbs `j sgeurabl n ‖dgttgrkgbt cgvy‑.‛ (Eareucnr 97/4997,Ycnbbabl @dcalnta`bs, Nbbgx D.<). At as akp`rtnbt, f`wgvgr, t` rgkgkdgr tfnt l`v-grbkgbtnc Eareucnrs nbh tfgr p`caey luahnbeg nrg b`t hargetcy cglnccy dabhabl. Xfgarakp`rtnbeg hgravgs jr`k tfg jnet tfnt tfgy abe`rp`rntg prgvaùs ensg cnw nbh tfnttfgy sgrvg ns gvncunta`b eratgran wfgb l`vgrbkgbt rgs`cvgs nppgncs nlnabst hgeasa`bs

`j CYNs. Xfas kgnbs tfnt prnetaeg kalft hgvantg jr`k tfg eratgran sgt ùt fgrg, watfùttfas hgvanta`b dggb bgegssnracy e`bsahgrgh ns accglnc (K``rg, 4997? 57<). Xfas fnp-pgbs `jtgb, ns tfg kgbta`bgh gxnkpcg watf prgrgquasatgs 4 nbh 5 sf`ws.

:.4.5 Uèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl

Xrnhata`bnccy, sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl wns pr`vahgh hargetcy dy cènc nutf`ratags nbhfùsabl nssèanta`bs, nbh jubhgh dy tfg tgbnbts (tfrùlf rgbts) nbh pudcae sudsahags.Gbeùrnlgh dy tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt, watf j`r gxnkpcgs ats Eareucnrs >11>/< nbh

>116/:, sabeg tfg gbh `j tfg >169s n sfajt fns tnmgb pcneg. B`wnhnys hgvgc`pgrsnrg dgabl nsmgh t` pr`vahg njj`rhndcg fùsabl watfab pravntg fùsabl sefgkgs. Xfaskgnbs tfnt hgvgc`pgrs nrg dgabl nsmgh t` sudsahazg sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl watftfg pr`ts neeruabl jr`k tfg jrgg knrmgt fùsabl ab tfg sefgkgs ab qugsta`b (Er``m&\fatgfgnh, 4994? >471-:9). Ycnbbabl `dcalnta`bs enb gstndcasf n kabakuk pgr-egbtnlg `j njj`rhndcg fùsabl, `r n spgeae bukdgr `j njj`rhndcg ubats. Ncs`, pcnb-babl `dcalnta`bs enb hgtgrkabg `b wfaef pnregcs njj`rhndcg fùsabl fns t` dg duact.At as ncs` p`ssadcg t` abecuhg tfg `dcalnta`b t` knmg pnykgbts j`r `jj-satg njj`rhndcgfùsabl, t` dg hgvgc`pgh gcsgwfgrg dy s`kgd`hy gcsg= `r t` abecuhg tfg `dcalnta`bj`r tfg hgvgc`pgr t` pr`vahg `jj-satg cnbh= `r t` faksgcj pr`vahg `jj-satg sèanc/njj`rh-

ndcg fùsabl (Eareucnr 97/4997).



Gblcnbh >6>

Jrnkg :e

E`btgbts `j Ycnbbabl `dcalnta`bs nbh Ycnbbabl e`bhata`bs

Ns kgbta`bgh dgj`rg, pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs l` jurtfgr tfnb pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs, nbhnrg tfg rgsuct `j bgl`tanta`bs. Aj n CYN wasfgs t` `dtnab e`btraduta`bs tfnt l` jurtfgr

tfnb wfnt pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs enb dg, at kust gbtgr v`cubtnry bgl`tanta`bs watf tfghgvgc`pgr. Xfg tfgb nlrggh e`btraduta`bs nrg enccgh pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs. Ycnbbable`bhata`bs nbh `dcalnta`bs enb tfus `vgrcnp nbh e`gxast. Ycnbbabl `dcalnta`bs enb ab-ecuhg n dr`nh rnblg `j e`btraduta`bs?>. E`btraduta`bs ab mabh, a.g. tfg `dcalnta`b j`r tfg hgvgc`pgr t` trnbsjgr cnbh jrgg nbh

t` ubhgrtnmg n dr`nh rnblg j abvgstkgbts? pr`vasa`b j sgrvaegs, duachabl j pudcaeduachabls, sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl, dus r rnacwny stnta`bs, pr`vasa`b j abjrnstrue-

turg nd`vg (r`nhs, surjneabl kntgrancs, jurbaturg, calftabl, gte) nbh dgc`w lrùbh(sgwgrnlg, hrnabnlg, endcgs, papgcabgs, gte), hge`btnkabnta`b `j sàc, e`bstrueta`b`j pcny nrgns, hgk`casfabl `j duachabls nbh e`bstrueta`bs, knbnlgkgbt nbh knab-tgbnbeg `j pudcae `pgb spneg njtgr ats hgcavgry, gte (K``rg, 4997? 461, 58:, 57>-4, 571-5:9= Eareucnr >>/17? Nppgbhax N.45-47, 5>, 54, 56-89, 76, 71= Eareucnr97/4997? Nbbgx D.>6).

4. Ycnbbabl `dcalnta`bs enb ncs` abecuhg pnykgbts ab ensf t` tfg CYN? g.l. e`btradu-ta`bs t` ghuenta`bnc nbh fgnctfenrg jneacatags, j`r pudcae trnbsp`rt, j`r njj`rhndcgfùsabl, j`r trnababl nbh rgeruatkgbt pr`lrnkkgs, j`r t`wb egbtrg akpr`vgkgbts,j`r cadrnry jneacatags, j`r sèanc nbh e`kkubaty jneacatags nbh pnykgbts j e`kpgbsn-

ta`bs (K``rg, 4997? 581, 57>, 571-5:9= Eareucnr 97/4997= @HYK, 4998d? Nppgb-haegs, p. >:, >1).

5. Ycnbbabl `dcalnta`bs enb ncs` abecuhg kggtabl hgnhcabgs j`r tfg e`kpcgta`b `j hg-vgc`pkgbt nbh tfg rgncaznta`b/pnykgbt j tfg `dcalnta`bs.

Xfg e`btgbts `j pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs nrg bnrr`wgr tfnb pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs. Ycnbbable`bhata`bs kny abecuhg tfg rgquargkgbt t` ubhgrtnmg ncs` abvgstkgbts/e`btraduta`bsab mabh, pr`vahgh tfnt tfgsg neta`bs nrg b`t e`bsahgrgh ns n pudcae jubeta`b. Xfg e`b-strueta`b `j sgwgrnlg ubhgr tfg satg t` e`bbget at t` tfg pudcae sgwgrnlg systgk, j`rgxnkpcg, as b`t e`bsahgrgh ns n pudcae jubeta`b nbh kny tfgrgj`rg dg abecuhgh ab n

pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b ns n pcnbbabl e`bhata`b (K``rg, 4997? 419-41>, 418). E`bhata`bsenbb`t abecuhg pnykgbts ab ensf, dut enb abecuhg hgnhcabgs j`r tfg e`kpcgta`b nbh j`rtfg e`kkgbegkgbt j hgvgc`pkgbt.

:.5 Abtr`hueta`b t` tfg stuhagh ensgs ab Gblcnbh

Xfg >11< Drast`c Cènc Ycnb lnvg, j`r ncc tfg stuhagh ensgs, abhaentavg prgserapta`bs.

F`wgvgr, dgj`rg rghgvgc`pkgbt as ncc`wgh, `bg `r k`rg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs fnvgt` dg lrnbtgh, nbh tfgsg abecuhg tfg cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg rglucnta`bs. Xfg pcnb-



Gblcnbh>64

babl pgrkassa`b fns n pfysaenc z`babl jubeta`b dut enb ncs` abecuhg akpcgkgbtnta`bnbh nspgets j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Dgenusg ab ncc tfg ensgs tfgrg wns n bggh

j`r bgw r rgjurdasfgh pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, tfg Eaty j Drast`c abecuhghpcnbbabl e`bhata`bs ab tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b nbh hgeahgh ab nhhata`b t` bgl`tantgpcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs watf tfg hgvgc`pgrs. Fgrg j`cc`ws n dragj abtr`hueta`b t` tfgensgs (sgg lurg 49 j`r nb vgrvagw j tfg ensgs). Xfg rgst j tfg ensg-dnsgh abj`rkn-ta`b fns dggb abecuhgh ab tfg rgst `j tfg sgeta`bs.

Jalurg 49. Cènta`b `j tfg ensgs ab tfg eaty `j Drast`c.

:.5.> Fnrdùrsahg (Enb`b‑s Knrsf), Eaty `j Drast`c

Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖Fnrdùrsahg/Enb`b‑s Knrsf‑ (<.6 fn, 87,999 k´ npnrt-kgbts, <99 ubats, 88,999 k´ `jeg, 59,999 k´ cgasurg nbh jneacatags, sgg lurg 4>) ascèntgh ab tfg eaty egbtrg j Drast`c. At j`rks tfg cnst nbh cnrlgst pnrt j tfg rghgvgc`p-kgbt `j n wahgr nrgn, ncs` enccgh ‖Fnrdùrsahg‑, wfaef e`kprasgs 4< fn `j j`rkgrhèmcnbh nbh abhustranc nrgns. Dgj`rg rghgvgc`pkgbt, tfg satg wns cnrlgcy fflnt nbh

e`btnabgh n bukdgr `j nck`st hasusgh abhustranc abstnccnta`bs. Xfg satg as `bg `j tfgEùbeac‑s knab pra`ratags j`r rglgbgrnta`b, nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b fns n c`bl fast`ry

Fnrdùrsahg / <.6 fn

Kglnd`wc / >.5 fn

Xgkpcg ûny / <.8 fn



Gblcnbh >65

(Nsmgw, >11:= Duatgcnnr, 499<? 61-14). Xfg >11< Drast`c Cènc Ycnb nbh tfg >116 Ycnb-babl Dragj Akpcgkgbtnta`b Yfnsg j`r tfg Fnrdùrsahg rglgbgrnta`b (n suppcgkgbtnry

hèukgbt t` tfg Cènc Ycnb) j`rgsnw tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt j tfg satg abt` n kaxgh usghnrgn watf jeg spneg, fùsabl nbh rgtnac. Ab >111 n hgvgc`pgr (Ergst Baef`cs`b YCE)sudkattgh n rst nppcaenta`b. D`tf tfas nppcaenta`b nbh n sge`bh `bg wgrg rgogetgh.Jabnccy, ab 499>, n tfarh nppcaenta`b j`r ùtcabg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b sueegghgh. Xfgpgrkassa`b enkg hgbatavgcy abt` j`reg ab 4995, njtgr bgl`tanta`bs ubhgr sgeta`b >9:gbhgh watf tfg sgncabl j n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. Njtgrwnrhs, tfg hgvgc`pgr nbhtfg Eùbeac bgl`tantgh s`kg kab`r k`haenta`bs t` tfg utcabg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b.Xfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt rglgbgrnta`b nlgbey Gblcasf Ynrtbgrsfaps supp`rts tfg rghg-vgc`pkgbt `j tfg satg tfrùlf efgnp c`nbs j`r tfg abjrnstrueturg.

Jalurg 4>. Ycnb nrgn hgvgc`pkgbt satg ‖Fnrdùrsahg/Enb`b‑s Knrsf‑ (sùreg? Tgp`rt Fgnh Drast`c

Ycnbbabl Ugrvaegs t` Drast`c Cènc Eùbeac E`kkattgg >< @et`dgr 499>).

Nt tfg k`kgbt j tfg salbabl j tfg Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt ab 4995, tfg cnbh wns wbghdy Uge`bhsatg CXH (51% `j tfg satg), Xrnbse` YCV (1%), Cc`yhs XUD Dnbm YCE (1%),nbh tfg Eaty Eùbeac `j Drast`c (sgvgrnc pc`ts nbh tfg gxastabl strggts, ab t`tnc 85% `jtfg satg). Xfg abjrnstrueturg w`rms e`kkgbegh ab 4998. Ab Oubg 499< k`rg tfnb tfg

fncj `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt wns ncrgnhy e`kpcgtgh `r ubhgr e`bstrueta`b, nbh tfg rsthwgccabls, `jeg spneg, n f`tgc nbh n ensab` wgrg ncrgnhy èeupagh nbh ab usg. Nttfnt takg, Ergst Baef`cs`b, tfg hgvgc`pgr, fnh ncrgnhy dùlft ncc tfg cnbh.

:.5.4 Xgkpcg ûny B`rtf, Eaty `j Drast`c

Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖Xgkpcg ûny‑ (<.8 fn, 87,999 k´ npnrtkgbts, 817 ubats,:>,999 k´ `jeg, nbh <,999 k´ cgasurg nbh jneacatags, sgg lurg 44) as cèntgh t` tfggnst `j tfg eaty egbtrg `j Drast`c. Xfas nrgn fnh dggb j`r tfg cnst ygnrs tfg sudoget `j

rghgvgc`pkgbt, k`st `j tfg takg t` hgvgc`p `jeg duachabls. Xfg satg e`vgrs j`rkgrrnacwny sahabls nbh abhustry, nbh as cnrlgcy fflnttgbgh nbh vnenbt nt tfg k`kgbt `j



Gblcnbh>68

rghgvgc`pkgbt. @bcy n eùpcg `j skncc duachabls nbh n sef``c rgknabgh nt tfnt takg.Xfg sef``c fns dggb abtglrntgh abt` tfg rglgbgrnta`b. Xfg satg as `bg `j tfg Eùbeac‑s

knab pra`ratags j`r rglgbgrnta`b. Xfg >11< Drast`c Cènc Ycnb nbh tfg Eaty EgbtrgUtrntgly (n suppcgkgbtnry hèukgbt t` tfg Cènc Ycnb) j`rgsnw tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt`j k`st `j tfg satg abt` n kaxgh usgh nrgn watf `jeg spneg, fùsabl nbh rgtnac. Hur-abl tfg >119s, vnraùs pcnbbabl nppcaenta`bs fnvg dggb lrnbtgh j`r rghgvgc`pkgbt`j tfg satg. F`wgvgr, nt cgnst jùr `j tfgsg pgrkassa`bs fnvg gxpargh watfùt fnvabldggb akpcgkgbtgh. Xfg egbtrnc WM l`vgrbkgbt nppàbtgh nb Wrdnb Hgvgc`pkgbtE`rp`rnta`b (WHE) j`r tfas nrgn. Xfas WHE t``m `vgr tfg cènc e`kpgtgbegs nbhdùlft pnrt `j tfg cnbh. Njtgr tfg WHE wùbh h`wb ab >11:, Xfg Uùtf \gst `jGblcnbh Tgla`bnc Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlgbey (U\THN), n rgla`bnc pudcae d`hy, t``m `vgrtfnt cnbh. Ab 499>, tfg U\THN, t`lgtfgr watf tfg hgvgc`pgr (Enstcgk`rg Ugeuratags

Cth), sudkattgh n pcnbbabl nppcaenta`b t` rghgvgc`p tfg satg. Xfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`benkg hgbatavgcy abt` j`reg ab 4995, njtgr bgl`tanta`bs ubhgr sgeta`b >9: gbhgh watftfg sgncabl `j n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. Xfg abjrnstrueturg w`rms e`kkgbegh ab4998. Ab Oubg 499< ndùt bg qunrtgr j ncc duachabl wns e`kpcgtgh, tfgr pc`ts wgrgubhgr e`bstrueta`b nbh tfg abjrnstrueturg w`rms j`r tfg rgst j tfg satg wgrg làbl b.

Nt tfg k`kgbt j tfg sudkassa`b j tfg pcnbbabl nppcaenta`b, tfg cnbh wns wbgh dyEnstcgk`rg (8<% `j tfg satg), nb`tfgr hgvgc`pgr (Zgrecutt, 6%), tfg U\THN (47%),nbh tfg Eaty Eùbeac `j Drast`c (tfg gxastabl sef``c, tfnt fns dggb knabtnabgh, >4%=nbh tfg gxastabl strggts, 6%).

Jalurg 44. Ycnb nrgn hgvgc`pkgbt satg ‖Xgkpcg ûny‑ (sùreg? Tgp`rt Fgnh Drast`c Ycnbbabl Ugrvaegs

t` Drast`c Cènc Eùbeac E`kkattgg 7 Oubg 4994).

:.5.5 Kglnd`wc, Eaty `j Drast`c

Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b ‖Kglnd`wc‑ (>.5 fn, >5,799 k´ npnrtkgbts, >68 ubats, >84 ubats/ fn, sgg lurg 45) as cèntgh ab tfg wgst j tfg Eaty `j Drast`c. Xfg satg as watfab tfg eaty,

dut as rgcntavgcy as`cntgh jr`k at dy n dusy falfwny. At fns dggb usgh ab tfg pnst ns ntrnk tgrkabus, kacatnry dnrrnems, e`ch st`rg, nbh j`r calft abhustranc purp`sgs. Uabeg



Gblcnbh >67

tfg >119s up t` tfg stnrt `j tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt, at wns usgh ns n d`wcabl nccgy. Xfg>11< Drast`c Cènc Ycnb nbh tfg 4995 Yr`p`sgh Nctgrnta`bs t` tfg Drast`c Cènc Ycnb (n

suppcgkgbtnry hèukgbt t` tfg Cènc Ycnb) j`rgsnw b` rghgvgc`pkgbt j tfg satg. Ab499:, tfg `wbgr (Xgbpab Cakatgh) sudkattgh nb nppcaenta`b j`r pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bt` rghgvgc`p tfg satg. Xfg Eùbeac lrnbtgh pr`vasa`bnccy tfg pgrkassa`b nt tfg gbh `jtfg snkg ygnr. Xfgb, Xgbpab Cakatgh s`ch tfg satg t` Lg`rlg \akpgy, n e`kkgreanchgvgc`pgr. Xfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b enkg hgbatavgcy abt` j`reg ab 499<, njtgr bgl`-tanta`bs ubhgr sgeta`b >9: dgtwggb tfg Eùbeac nbh Lg`rlg \akpgy gbhgh watf tfgsgncabl j n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. Xfg hgk`cata`b w`rms stnrtgh ab Oubg 499<. Nttfnt takg tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b wns gxpgetgh t` stnrt nt tfg gbh j 499<, nbh tfgduachabl t` dg e`kpcgtgh `bg ygnr cntgr. Xfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b stnrtgh abhgghab tfnt ygnr dut tfg w`rms fnvg hgcnygh cnrlgcy, nbh ab Nprac 49>9 tfg duachabl wns

stacc b`t e`kpcgtgh.

Jalurg 45. Ycnb nrgn hgvgc`pkgbt satg ‖Kglnd`wc‑ (sùreg? Tgp`rt Fgnh Drast`c Ycnbbabl Ugrvaegs t`

Drast`c Cènc Eùbeac E`kkattgg 4< Ugptgkdgr 499:).

:.8 F`w j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab Gblcnbh

enb dg usgh

Xfas efnptgr hgseradgs tfg w`rmabl `j j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl watfab tfg vncugenpturabl kgefnbasks. Xfgrg nrg hajjgrgbt wnys (`r sud-vnrandcgs) ab wfaef tfgsgrucgs ab Gblcnbh enb dg usgh ab nb `pgrnta`bnc wny t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncugabergnsg?• Ergntabl egrtnabty `r ubegrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags

nbh e`btraduta`bs=• Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs (tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b)=



Gblcnbh>6:

• E`bhata`babl tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs (tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b) t` sgeurabl tfgenpturabl j vncug abergnsg=

• K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts=• Wsabl tfg prèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc `j tfg rgcgvnbt dabhablrucgs (tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b).

Fgrg j`cc`ws nb nssgsskgbt `j wfgtfgr gnef `j tfgsg sud-vnrandcgs enb njjget tfgenpturabl j vncug abergnsg.

:.8.> Ergntabl egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`s-

sadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs

Uukknry `j tfg bhablsXfg Dratasf pcnbbabl systgk as b`t hgsalbgh t` pr`vahg egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh, bgatfgrndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, b`r ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs. F`wgvgr, z`bablpcnbs nbh suppcgkgbtnry pcnbbabl luahnbeg `jtgb ergntg s`kg egrtnabty, nctfùlftfas as cakatgh? tf`sg tw` abstrukgbts nrg usunccy vnlug, b`t hgtnacgh, nbh nbywnyCYNs enb nbh usunccy h` hgpnrt jr`k tfgk, ns tfgy nrg b`t cglnccy dabhabl.

Xfg lgbgrnc trgbh as tfnt CYNs nrg abergnsabl tfg egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`s-sadacatags lavgb dy abhaentavg z`babl pcnbs nbh satg-spgeae suppcgkgbtnry p`caeyluahnbeg. Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs, tfgrg wns s`kg egrtnabty. Ab ensgs Fnrdùrsahg nbh

ndùt fncj `j Xgkpcg ûny, tfg >11< Drast`c Cènc Ycnb ergntgh n str`bl gxpgetnta`b`j dgabl ndcg t` rghgvgc`p tfgsg satgs. Ab tfg rgst `j Xgkpcg ûny nbh ab tfg wf`cg`j Kglnd`wc tfgrg wns b` suef gxpgetnta`b. @j tfg tfrgg, bcy ab Fnrdùrsahg hah nsatg-spgeae suppcgkgbtnry pcnbbabl luahnbeg (tfg >116 Ycnbbabl Dragj) ergntg s`kghgtnacgh egrtnabty ndùt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags.

Xndcg >8. Cgvgc `j egrtnabty ab tfg Gblcasf ensgs.

Egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachablp`ssadacatags

Egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs

Fnrdùrsahg s`kg falfXgkpcg ûny c`w C`w j`r 4/5 satg, falf j`r rgbgl`tanta`b >/5 satg

Kglnd`wc b`bg falf

Tglnrhabl tfg `dcalnta`bs t` dg kgt, tfg trgbh t` lavg k`rg egrtnabty sggks ecgnrgr.CYNs nrg abergnsablcy gcnd`rntabl `dcalnta`bs p`caey tfnt nequargs tfg stntus `j sup-pcgkgbtnry luahnbeg. Xfas wns tfg ensg ab Drast`c njtgr tfg nppr`vnc ab 4997 j UYH8,n lgbgrae p`caey hèukgbt ndùt enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Xfnbms t` tfas hèukgbt,egrtnabty wns falf ab pnrt `j ensg Xgkpcg (tfg rgbgl`tanta`b ab 499< `j tfg k`haen-

ta`b j tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b j`r ndùt bg tfarh j tfg satg) nbh ab ensg Kglnd`wc .Xfg >116 Ycnbbabl Dragj, n satg-spgeae hèukgbt, ergntgh egrtnabty j`r Fnrdùrsahg.



Gblcnbh>66

kgbt. Drast`c knhg usg ab ncc tfrgg ensgs `j tfg p`ssadacaty `j hgpnrtabl, nctfùlf tfasfnppgbgh ab hajjgrgbt hglrggs? ab Fnrdùrsahg nbh Xgkpcg tfg hgpnrturg wns cnrlg,

nbh ab Kglnd`wc tfg hgpnrturg wns tfg cnrlgst. Ab nhhata`b, tfg ensgs sf`w tfnt z`b-abl pcnbs nbh suppcgkgbtnry pcnbbabl luahnbeg nrg b`t ncwnys hgtnacgh. Xfg >11<Drast`c Cènc Ycnb as b`t n hgtnacgh pcnb? at abecuhgs bgatfgr tfg knxaknc duachablv`cukg, b`r tfg nkùbt j gnef cnbh usg, b`r tfg duachabl gbvgc`pg nbh ncalbkgbts,gte. Ab Fnrdùrsahg tfg >116 Ycnbbabl Dragj pr`vahgh nhhata`bnc egrtnabty dy spgeajy-abl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags nbh tfg dcalnta`bs t` dg pnah= f`wgvgr, tfas hah b`trgsuct ab hgtnacgh prgserapta`bs. At kalft dg tfnt tfas ensg-dnsgh bhabl (z`babl pcnbsnbh satg-spgeae suppcgkgbtnry pcnbbabl luahnbeg nrg `jtgb b`t hgtnacgh) as b`t nbgxegpta`b ab Gblcnbh. At as ecgnr nbywny tfnt pcnbbabl cnw h`gs b`t prgseradg tfntabhaentavg z`babl pcnbs sfùch dg hgtnacgh.

Xfus, tfgrg as ab tfg Dratasf pcnbbabl systgk nb abtrabsae ubegrtnabty, dut cènc nu-tf`ratags usunccy ergntg s`kg egrtnabty tfrùlf abhaentavg z`babl pcnbs. Nhhata`bnccy,tfgrg as n ecgnr trgbh `j cènc nutf`ratags abergnsabl tfg egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturge`btraduta`bs. At sggks tfnt, nt cgnst sabeg tfg cntg >119s, Gblcasf cènc nutf`ratags nrgabergnsablcy gcnd`rntabl p`caeags `b pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs, p`caey tfnt fns tfg stntus`j e`kpcgkgbtnry pcnbbabl luahnbeg. Xfgsg p`caeags fnvg ecnragh tfg camgcy dcaln-ta`bs tfnt hgvgc`pkgbts fnvg t` jneg, nbh nrg ab tw` hajjgrgbt j`rks?>. Lgbgrae b`b-satg spgeae p`caey j`r ncc tfg tgrrat`ry `r pnrts `j at, g.l. Drast c‑s

Uuppcgkgbtnry Ycnbbabl Hèukgbt Bukdgr 8, UYH8 (‖Nefagvabl Y`satavg Ycnb-

babl tfrùlf tfg usg j Ycnbbabl @dcalnta`bs‑), nh`ptgh ab 4997. Xfas hèukgbtwns akp`rtnbt ab ensg Kglnd`wc nbh pnrt `j Xgkpcg ûny .4. Uatg-spgeae hèukgbts j`r akp`rtnbt hgvgc`pkgbt satgs, g.l. Drast`c‑s >116

Ycnbbabl Dragj. Xfas hèukgbt wns akp`rtnbt ab ensg Fnrdùrsahg.

Egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt nhvaeg fns gbeùrnlgh tfas trgbh, nbh at sggks tfnt tfgsg k`vgsnrg, ab pnrt, n rgsp`bsg t` erataeask. Xfg hgvgc`pkgbt sget`r fns `dogetgh str`blcyt` tfg hgcnys nssèantgh watf bgl`tantabl pcnbbabl nlrggkgbts, nbh tfgrg as n wahge`begrb ndùt tfg cnem `j neeùbtndacaty `j tfg bgl`tanta`b prègss. B`wnhnys, nkno`raty `j cènc nutf`ratags fnvg gbnetgh, ab hajjgrgbt wnys, j`rknc p`caey ndùt

pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs (Enkpdgcc gt ncaa , 4999? <:9, <:5-<:8= Hgpnrtkgbt…, 499:?>1-49).

Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs, tfg satunta`b wns vnragh. Ab Fnrdùrsahg tfgrg wns s`kg egr-tnabty nt tfg takg `j tfg nppcaenta`b prèghurg nbh bgl`tanta`bs (Knref 499>-Jgdru-nry 4995). Xfg >11< Drast`c Cènc Ycnb z`bgh tfg wf`cg satg ns ‖Kno`r rglgbgrnta`bnrgn‑, watf `jegs (b` spgeae duachabl v`cukg), cgasurg/tùrast netavatags, nbh fùs-abl (ndùt 499 hwgccabls). Ab nhhata`b, tfg Eùbeac fnh nppr`vgh ab >116 n YcnbbablDragj tfnt spgeagh tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags (nulkgbtabl tfg bukdgr j hwgccabls t`899) nbh prgseradgh tfg `dcalnta`bs camgcy t` dg pnah (sgg jrnkg :h).



Gblcnbh >61

Jrnkg :h

Xfg `dcalnta`bs ab tfg >116 Ycnbbabl Dragj j`r Fnrdùrsahg

Xfg >116 Ycnbbabl Dragj fns ats rst vgrsa`b ab >118. Xfg Eaty Eùbeac `j Drast`c np-pr`vgh ab tfnt ygnr n Hgvgc`pkgbt Jrnkgw`rm, nbh ab >117 n Ycnbbabl Dragj Akpcg-kgbtnta`b Yfnsg j`r tfg Fnrdùrsahg rglgbgrnta`b tfnt nkgbhgh nbh abtglrntgh tfg

e`btgbts j tfg >118 hèukgbt. Xfg >116 hèukgbt rgvagwgh nbh nkgbhgh tfg >117vgrsa`b, nbh abecuhgh j`r gxnkpcg tfg j`cc`wabl e`btraduta`bs?• Xfg >116 hèukgbt rgnjrkgh tfg prgvaùs rgquargkgbt, dr`nhcy nbh `pgbcy stnt-

gh dy tfg Eùbeac ab n rst pcnbbabl dragj ab >114, j`cc`wabl wfaef pr`ts sfùch‖er`ss-sudsahasg tfg nefagvgkgbt `j tfg gssgbtanc abjrnstrueturg nbh tfg Eùbeac‑scgasurg (…) `dogetavgs…‑ (p. >5, sgg ncs` p. 7>). ‖Cgasurg `dogetavgs‑ abecuhg ab nby

ensg n bnbeanc e`btraduta`b t` tfg e`bstrueta`b `j n b`b-e`kkgreanc cgasurg jneac-aty, satuntgh bgnrdy dut ùtsahg tfg pcnb nrgn ab qugsta`b=• Xfg >116 hèukgbt abecuhgs tfg rgquargkgbt t e`kpcy watf cènc p`caey hèu-

kgbts `b njj`rhndcg fùsabl, knmabl ecgnr tfnt tfg sefgkg wacc fnvg t` abecuhgnjj`rhndcg fùsabl, `j wfaef n pnrt kust dg sèanc rgbtgh (p. 4>).

• Xfg >116 hèukgbt knmgs ecgnr tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr kust pr`vahg hargetcy rgcntghabjrnstrueturg (tfg r`nhs nbh pudcae spneg watfab tfg pcnb nrgn, p. 7>). Jurtfgr `b,at spgeags tfnt g.l. tfg ‖rgkghanta`b j e`btnkabntgh cnbh‑ (Nppgbhax A? a) wacc ncs`dg tfg rgsp`bsadacaty `j tfg hgvgc`pgr. At ncs` gstndcasfgs wfaef hgvgc`pkgbt satgswacc nssukg tfg e`sts j wfaef abjrnstrueturg, nbh gstndcasfgs n rgncaznta`b sefghucg

(Nppgbhax A? aa-vaaa).

Nctfùlf tfg >116 hèukgbt hah b`t sgt h`wb qunbtatags, at sggks tfnt at ergntghgbùlf ecnraty j`r tfg hgvgc`pgr t` nssgss, watfab n egrtnab knrlab, tfg bnbeancjgnsadacaty `j tfg sefgkg. Nsmgh wfgtfgr tfas efàeg wns rgcntgh t` enpturabl vncugabergnsg, nb abv`cvgh pcnbbabl `jegr absastgh tfnt tfg l`nc wns abhggh t` ergntg dg-j`rgfnbh gbùlf egrtnabty ndùt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt vncug nbh e`sts. Dy hàbl s`, tfg`jegr snah, tfg efnbeg tfnt hgvgc`pgrs duy tfg cnbh j`r t`` falf n praeg as rghuegh(sgg sgeta`bs 4.5.5 nbh 4.8.4 j`r k`rg hgtnacs ndùt tfg w`rmabl `j tfg rgsahunc cnbh

praeg kgefnbasks) U` at sggks tfnt Drast`c ergntgh s`kg egrtnabty, ndùt d`tf juturgduachabl p`ssadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs, watf tfg l`nc `j akpr`vabl enpturabl vncugabergnsg. Bgvgrtfgcgss, tfas egrtnabty wns fflgxadcg. Ns snah, tfg Eùbeac eùch hgvantgjr`k d`tf hèukgbts, ns netunccy fnppgbgh sgvgrnc takgs. J`r gxnkpcg, hurabl tfgbgl`tanta`bs, tfg Eùbeac rst nhhgh tfg rgquargkgbt `j 59% `j njj`rhndcg fùsablnbh nulkgbtgh tfg t`tnc bukdgr j hwgccabls jr`k 899 t` <99= njtgrwnrhs at c`wgrghtfg rgquargkgbt j njj`rhndcg fùsabl.

Ab Xgkpcg ûny tfg Eùbeac ef`sg b`t t` hgtnac tfg vnlug hgtgrkabnta`bs j tfg >11<Cènc Ycnb. B` tfgr satg-spgeae suppcgkgbtnry pcnbbabl luahnbeg wns gbnetgh j`r

tfas satg nt tfg takg `j tfg nppcaenta`b prèghurg nbh bgl`tanta`bs (Kny 499>-Kny4995). Xfg >11< Ycnb gstndcasfgh n vnragty `j usgs j`r tfg satg. K`rg tfnb tfg fncj



Gblcnbh>19

`j tfg satg wns hgsalbntgh ns ‖rglgbgrnta`b nrgn‑, ‖kaxgh e`kkgreanc nrgn‑, nbh `bsgvgrnc pc`ts ns d`tf ‖bgw fùsabl satg‑ nbh bgw ‖abhustranc nbh wnrgfùsabl‑ nt tfg

snkg takg. F`wgvgr, tfg rgst `j tfg satg (s`kgtfabl cgss tfnb tfg fncj) wns z`bghns ‖Yraknracy Abhustranc nbh wnrgfùsabl‑, `r fnh b` hgsalbnta`b. Xfas kgnbs tfnts`kgtfabl cgss tfnb fncj `j tfg satg wns b`t j`rgsggb ns dgabl rglgbgrntgh abt` rgsa-hgbtanc nbh `jegs. Xfus, tfg egrtnabty ndùt tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags wns vgry c`w,d`tf dgenusg `j tfg cnem `j hgtnac ab tfg >11< Ycnb, nbh dgenusg tfas Ycnb j`rgsnwrglgbgrnta`b j`r `bcy fncj `j tfg satg. Xfg snkg eùch dg snah ndùt tfg egrtnabtyndùt `dcalnta`bs, dgenusg tfg >11< Ycnb snah b`tfabl ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs. Ateùch dg tfnt tfg e`ccnd`rnta`b dgtwggb tfg Eùbeac nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr ab knmabl nKnstgrpcnb (4999-4995) j`r tfg satg fnh ergntgh s`kg abj`rknc egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh.F`wgvgr, tfg cènc nutf`raty hah b`t j`rknccy nh`pt tfas hèukgbt.

Xfgrg as nb gxegpta`b t` tfg cnem `j egrtnabty ab Xgkpcg ûny . Ab 499< tfg hgvgc`pgrhgeahgh t` nppcy j`r n k`haenta`b `j pnrt `j tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b, rglnrhabldcèms BH>-7 (ndùt `bg tfarh `j tfg satg). Fg nppcagh j`r nb abergnsg ab tfg `jegspneg nbh ab tfg bukdgr j hwgccabls. K`haenta`b kgnbs tfnt pcnbbabl dcalnta`bswacc dg rgbgl`tantgh. Xfg Eùbeac nppr`vgh ab 4997 tfg Uuppcgkgbtnry YcnbbablHèukgbt Bukdgr 8 (UYH8, sgg jrnkg :g). Xfas hèukgbt, tfnt fns tfg stntus `jsuppcgkgbtnry pcnbbabl luahnbeg, hgtnacs tfg `dcalnta`bs t` dg pnah/jucccgh ab nccsefgkgs ab tfg Eaty j Drast`c, k`st j tfg takg ab tfg j`rk j stnbhnrh efnrlgs. Xfus,sabeg 4997, tfg UYH8 j`rks nb gvncunta`b eratgra`b j`r ncc pcnbbabl nppcaenta`bs ab

tfg eaty. Xfnbms t` tfas hèukgbt, wfgb tfg hgvgc`pgr hgeahgh ab 499< t` nppcy j`r nk`haenta`b j tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b ab dcèms BH>-7, fg fnh egrtnabty ndùt tfg`dcalnta`bs camgcy t` dg rgquargh. Bgvgrtfgcgss, tfas egrtnabty as fflgxadcg. Ns snah, tfgEùbeac enb hgvantg jr`k tfas hèukgbt.

Jrnkg :g

Drast`c‑s 4997 UYH8 hèukgbt

Xfg Uuppcgkgbtnry Ycnbbabl Hèukgbt Bukdgr 8 `j tfg Eaty `j Drast`c (‖NefagvablY`satavg Ycnbbabl tfrùlf tfg usg `j Ycnbbabl @dcalnta`bs‑) gstndcasfgs stnbhnrh e`b-

traduta`bs `j tfg j`cc`wabl s`rts? njj`rhndcg fùsabl, ghuenta`bnc nbh rgergnta`bnc jn-eacatags, cnbhsenpg sefgkgs, trnvgc pcnb abatantavgs, pnrm nbh rahg jneacatags, falfwnyabjrnstrueturg w`rms, satg spgeae kgnsurgs, ge`b`kae e`btraduta`b jr`k bgw hgvgc`p-kgbt, nrgns `j pudcae rgnck, pudcae nrt, e`kkubaty j`rgst abatantavg nbh cadrnry jneaca-tags. Gxnkpcgs `j tfgsg stnbhnrh e`btraduta`bs nrg?• Njj`rhndcg fùsabl? tfas nppcags t` rgsahgbtanc hgvgc`pkgbts `j 47 `r k`rg hwgcc-

abls `r `bg fgetnrg `r k`rg ab sazg= tfg hgvgc`pgr as rgquargh t` pr`vahg `b-satgn pgregbtnlg `j tfg t`tnc bukdgr `j ubats, nee`rhabl t` cènc njj`rhndcg fùsablp`caey (59% ab 499<, rgh.), `r gxegpta`bnccy t` pny n suk j`r `jj-satg pr`vasa`b `jnjj`rhndcg fùsabl=

• Ghuenta`bnc jneacatags? tfas nppcags t` rgsahgbtanc hgvgc`pkgbts `j 89 `r k`rg hwgcc



Gblcnbh >1>

abls aj tfgy lgbgrntg nhhata`bnc pupac bukdgrs ab gxegss `j tfg enpneaty `j cèncsef``cs= tfg hgvgc`pgr as usunccy rgquargh t` pny n suk j`r tfg pr`vasa`b j jj-satg jn-

eacatags, `r gxegpta`bnccy t` pr`vahg `b-satg tfgsg jneacatags. Ygr nhhata`bnc pupac ab gx-egss `j tfg cènc enpneaty, tfg hgvgc`pgr fns t` pny n suk? £ 1,>5: pgr sef``c pcnegab n Bursgry `r Yraknry Uef``c, £ >8,58: pgr sef``c pcneg ab n Uge`bhnry Uef``c=

• Cnbhsenpg sefgkgs? tfas nppcags t` nby hgvgc`pkgbt s`rt= tfg hgvgc`pgr as rgquarght` sudkat n Cnbhsenpg Uefgkg t`, nbh rgegavg wrattgb nppr`vnc jr`k, n e`kpg-tgbt pudcae d`hy, dgj`rg e`kkgbeabl hgvgc`pkgbt, nbh t` akpcgkgbt at, pny tfgknabtgbnbeg e`sts hurabl n pgra`h j >4 k`btfs, nbh bnccy trnbsjgr tfg cnbh t` tfgkubaeapncaty jrgg j efnrlg.

Ab Kglnd`wc tfg ubegrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags wns vgry falf,ns tfg Eùbeac fnh bgvgr e`bsahgrgh rglgbgrnta`b. Xfg >11< Drast`c Cènc Ycnb nbhtfg 4995 Yr`p`sgh K`haenta`bs hah b`t j`rgsgg nt ncc tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg satg.Xfas as enccgh n ‖wabhjncc satg‑. Xfas ubegrtnabty wns rgabj`regh dy satg-spgeae eareuk-stnbegs? tfg satg as as`cntgh dy n falfwny nbh wns ab prabeapcg b`t vgry suatndcg j`rrgsahgbtanc usg. F`wgvgr, rglnrhabl juturg e`btraduta`bs, tfg egrtnabty wns vgry falf.Xfas as tfnbms t` tfg jnet tfnt nt tfg takg `j tfg nppcaenta`b prèghurg nbh bgl`tan-ta`bs (Nprac 499:-Nprac 499<), tfg UYH8 hèukgbt ncrgnhy gstndcasfgh tfg `dcaln-ta`bs t` dg jucccgh. Bgvgrtfgcgss, tfas egrtnabty wns fflgxadcg? j`r gxnkpcg, hurabltfg bgl`tanta`bs, tfg Eùbeac c`wgrgh tfg rgquargkgbts j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl

jr`k 59% t` 47%.

Xfg qugsta`b as b`w, wfnt fnvg dggb tfg rgsucts `j tfg cgvgc `j egrtnabty/ubegrtnabtyj`r tfg enpturgh vncug abergnsg. Fgrg, n hastabeta`b as knhg dgtwggb egrtnabty ndùtduachabl p`ssadacatags, nbh egrtnabty ndùt e`btraduta`bs.

:.8.>.4 Gjjgets j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg j Wbegrtnabty ndùt duachabl

p`ssadacatags

Ab lgbgrnc, at sggks tfnt ubegrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags fns ak-pr`vgh tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg (Ecnyh`b nbh Ukatf, >11<= Enkpdgcc gt ncaa,

499>? >6->1= \fatnmgr, abtgrvagw 49<). Xfg ensgs sggk t` e`brk tfas lgbgrnc e`b-ecusa`b. Ensg Kglnd`wc pr`vahgs abtgrgstabl e`becusa`bs. Fgrg, tfg ubegrtnabtyndùt tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags wns tfg cnrlgst `j tfg tfrgg ensgs, ns rglgbgrnta`b `jtfg satg wns b`t j`rgsggb nt ncc. Xfg Eùbeac rgquargh nbh `dtnabgh wfnt eùch dge`bsahgrgh n falf cgvgc `j `dcalnta`bs (sgg sgeta`b :.7 j`r n e`kpnras`b dgtwggb tfghglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg ab tfg tfrgg ensgs). Nck`st ncc p`ssadcg e`btradu-ta`bs stntgh ab UYH8 tfnt nrg rgcgvnbt t` tfas satg, wgrg nefagvgh fgrg. Xfas ensg ase`bsahgrgh watfab tfg Eùbeac‑s pcnbbabl hgpnrtkgbt ns n l``h gxnkpcg j dtnabablsgeta`b >9: dcalnta`bs.

Xfgrg nrg tw` p`ssadcg gxpcnbnta`bs j`r tfas gjjget `j ubegrtnabty ndùt duachabl p`s-sadacatags. Jarst, ubegrtnabty kny rgabj`reg tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j CYNs. D`tf tfg



Gblcnbh>14

abv`cvgh pcnbbabl `jegr nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr‑s nlgbt ab Kglnd`wc nlrgg tfnt tfas ub-egrtnabty lnvg kuef bgl`tanta`b r``k t` tfg Eùbeac. Xfas ensg-dnsgh bhabl ts

watfab n lgbgrnc ahgn, ncrgnhy j`rkucntgh ab vnrandcg H>.> `j tfg enusnc k`hgc `jsgeta`b 4.8.4? aj egrtnabty as falf ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, CYNs fnvg cgss t``jjgr ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs.

Uge`bh, ubegrtnabty ndùt duachabl p`ssadacatags kalft fnvg akpr`vgh enpturabl vnc-ug abergnsg j`r nb`tfgr rgns`b t``. J`r c`w duachabl gxpgetnta`bs kalft c`wgr tfgcnbh praeg (vnrandcg H>.>). Ab Kglnd`wc , ns n e`bsgqugbeg `j tfg ubegrtnabty, tfgsatg fnh b`t dggb tfg sudoget `j spgeucnta`b? b` hgvgc`pgr fnh ygt dggb sgraùscyabtgrgstgh ab duyabl tfg cnbh. At wns tfg j`rkgr `wbgr nbh usgr tfnt bgl`tantgh tfgpcnbbabl pgrkassa`b nbh tfg `dcalnta`bs. Xfas kalft fnvg dggb `bg `j tfg stakuca t`

tfg wbgr-hgvgc`pgr t` e`bsahgr abatanccy n c`wgr cnbh praeg, tfnt as tfg rgsahunc vncug`j tfg cnbh tnmabl abt` neeùbt `bcy tfg netunc usg ns d`wcabl nccgy - tfg kabakukcnbh e`st, ndùt 5-8.7 ₣ kacca`b - dut b`t abecuhabl nby gxpgetnta`b `j urdnb usg.Xfnbms t` tfas, tfg Jabnc pr`t `j tfg hgvgc`pgr wns cnrlg, lavabl fak kuef r``k t`pny (ab k`bgy nbh ab mabh) k`rg e`btraduta`bs tfnb usunc. Xfg t`tnc hgvgc`pkgbte`sts (p`stabls >-< ab Nbbgx 5), tnmabl abt` neeùbt tfg kabakuk cnbh e`st, nkùbt-gh t` earen ₣ 49 kacca`b, nbh tfg t`tnc gstakntgh rgturbs ndùt ₣5<k. Njtgr nlrggabltfg e`btraduta`bs, tfg cnbh`wbgr s`ch fas cnbh t` n hgvgc`pgr j`r ndùt ₣ >> kacca`b.Ab n segbnra` ab wfaef tfg gxpgetnta`bs j`r tfg satg nrg ecgnr dgj`rgfnbh, hgvgc`pgrswùch k`st pr`dndcy fnvg pnah n falf suk j`r tfg cnbh, nbh tfas wùch fnvg rghuegh

tfg bnbeanc r``k nvnacndcg j`r e`btraduta`bs. D`tf ab Xgkpcg ûny nbh Fnrdùr-sahg, hgvgc`pgrs dùlft cnbh jr`k tfg j`rkgr `wbgrs j`r n praeg prgsukndcy falfgrtfnb tfg gxastabl knrmgt vncug `j tfgsg satgs. F`wgvgr, at fns b`t dggb p`ssadcg t`sny wfnt tfg praeg `j cnbh tfgrg wns, j`r hgvgc`pgrs wgrg b`t waccabl t` pr`vahg tfgbgghgh abj`rknta`b.

:.8.>.5 Gjjgets j r enpturabl vncug abergnsg `j Egrtnabty ndùt e`btraduta`bs

Ab lgbgrnc j`r Gblcnbh, tfgrg as gvahgbeg tfnt tf`sg cènc nutf`ratags tfnt fnvg stnbh-nrh efnrlgs, mb`wb dgj`rgfnbh, nrg ndcg t` lnab k`rg `dcalnta`bs (ab bukdgr nbhab tgrks `j tfgar ge`b`kae vncug). Xfas sullgsts tfnt stnbhnrh efnrlgs fnvg n p`satavg

gjjget `b tfg bukdgr nbh ge`b`kae vncug `j `dcalnta`bs (Hgpnrtkgbt…, 499:? >1,44, 4<-46, 78). Xfg bhabls ab tfg ensgs nlrgg watf tfas lgbgrnc `paba`b. Enpturablvncug abergnsg wns falfgr ab tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef egrtnabty wns falfgr? tfus falfgrab Kglnd`wc nbh Fnrdùrsahg, nbh c`wgr ab tfg j`rkgr pgrkassa`b j`r Xgkpcg ûny .J`r Xgkpcg ûny at sggks tfnt tfg rgbgl`tanta`b ab 499<, `beg tfg UYH8 hèukgbtfnh dggb nppr`vgh, `j tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b j`r `bg tfarh `j tfg satg wacc pr`vahgk`rg `dcalnta`bs tfnb tfg rst pgrkassa`b.

Xfgrg nrg tw` p`ssadcy gxpcnbnta`bs j`r tfas nppnrgbt p`satavg gjjget j egrtnabty ndùte`btraduta`bs? at kny rst rgabj`reg tfg bgl`tantabl p`sata`b j CYNs, nbh sge`bh c`wgr

tfg nequasata`b e`st `j tfg cnbh. Tglnrhabl tfg bgl`tantabl p`sata`b? knmabl gxpcaeatp`caey j`r dcalnta`bs kgnbs tfnt dcalnta`bs dge`kg kntgranc t` tfg hgtgrkabnta`b j



Gblcnbh >15

pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b. Xfas ncc`ws cènc nutf`ratags t` sueegssjuccy rgjusg tf`sg nppca-enta`bs tfnt h` b`t jucc tfg rgquargh e`btraduta`bs, nbh ncc`ws tfgk ncs` t` sudoget

tfg nppcaenta`bs t` e`bhata`bs nbh `dcalnta`bs (Enkpdgcc gt nc., 4999? <<5= 499>).N rgprgsgbtntavg `j tfg Gblcasf hgvgc`pgrs e`bsahgrgh tfnt cènc nutf`ratags ergntgstr`bl nrlukgbts j`r p`ssadcg rgjusnc, nbh tfnt tfas pr`vahgs tfgk watf n str`bl stnrt-abl pàbt ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs (\fatnmgr, abtgrvagw 499<). Xfg ensgs sggk t` e`brktfas lgbgrnc e`becusa`b? ab ncc tfrgg ensgs, tfg pudcae `jegrs ab efnrlg e`bsahgrghtfnt n str`bl p`caey dnsg j`r rgquarabl pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs wns vgry akp`rtnbt j`renpturabl vncug abergnsg. Ab Xgkpcg ûny , nt tfg takg `j tfg bgl`tanta`bs tfgrg wnsb` suef str`bl p`caey dnsg, nbh tfg pcnbbabl jegr e`bsahgrgh tfas cnem ns n erueancjnet`r tfnt abfflugbegh bglntavgcy tfg `dcalnta`bs. Hurabl tfg rgbgl`tanta`b `j pnrt `jtfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b ab Nulust 499<, d`tf tfg j`rkgr pcnbbabl `jegr nbh tfg

hgvgc`pgr e`bsahgrgh tfnt `dcalnta`bs wùch turb ùt falfgr hug t` tfg nppr`vnc ab4997 `j UYH8. J`r gxnkpcg, e`btraduta`bs j`r cadrnry sgrvaegs nbh j`r jubhabl enrecuds (abtgbhgh t` c`wgr tfg bggh `j pnrmabl pcnegs `b strggt cgvgc) wgrg b`t p`s-sadcg dgj`rg tfg nppr`vnc `j UYH8. Ncs`, njj`rhndcg fùsabl wacc dgbgt jr`k UYH8.Xfg bhabls ab ùr ensgs nlrgg watf tfg bhabls `j `tfgr stuhags. Ab n ensg stuhy abBgwdury, Dgrmsfarg, tfg cnem `j suef nb `dcalnta`bs p`caey sggks t` fnvg abfflugbeghenpturabl vncug abergnsg bglntavgcy (Enkpdgcc gt nc., 499>? 48). Ab nb`tfgr stuhy `jtfrgg prògets ab C`bh`b, \gykùtf nbh Cavgrp``c, tfg rgsgnrefgrs enkg t` sakacnre`becusa`bs (Ecnyh`b & Ukatf, >11<? 49><).

Tglnrhabl fgcpabl t` c`wgr cnbh praegs? tfg ensgs sggk t` e`brk tfg p`satavg r`cg jegrtnabty ndùt e`btraduta`bs. Ab Kglnd`wc , egrtnabty ndùt n falf hglrgg `j e`btra-duta`bs kalft fnvg dggb rgcgvnbt j`r c`wgrabl tfg Neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts ab tw` wnys.Jarst ab e`kdabnta`b watf tfg ubegrtnabty ndùt tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags gxpcnabghnd`vg? abatanccy tfg rst cnbh`wbgr neegptgh n c`w ‖d``m vncug‑ j`r fas cnbh b`t `bcydgenusg hgvgc`pgrs wfgrg b`t abtgrgstgh ab duyabl fas cnbh, dut pr`dndcy ncs` dg-enusg fg wns nwnrg `j tfg falf cgvgc `j e`btraduta`bs stntgh ab tfg UYH8-hèukgbt.Uge`bh, `beg nt tfg gbh `j 499: tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b wns pr`vasa`bnccy np-pr`vgh, t`lgtfgr watf n cast j e`btraduta`bs tfnt fnh t` dg hgtnacgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbtNlrggkgbt, tfg rst cnbh`wbgr s`ch fas cnbh t` n hgvgc`pgr. Xfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrgg-

kgbt wns b`t ygt sgncgh, s` tfgrg stacc wns, ab tfg`ry, bgl`tanta`b r``k. F`wgvgr, tfghgvgc`pgr mbgw fg fnh b` efàeg tfnb t` sgeurg ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt ncctfgsg e`btraduta`bs. Xfg egrtnabty ergntgh watf tfg pr`vasa`bnc nppr`vnc `j n cast `je`btraduta`bs, dnsgh `b tfg UYH8 hèukgbt, kust fnvg pcnygh n r`cg fgrg. At sggksvgry pcnusadcg tfnt tfg praeg pnah j`r tfg cnbh (₣ >>k) fns tnmgb abt` neeùbt tfg e`b-traduta`bs. Xfg jnet tfnt tfas praeg cgjt bnbeanc r``k j`r ncc tfg e`btraduta`bs sggkst` e`brk tfas (sgg Nbbgx 5). Ab Fnrdùrsahg, egrtnabty fns pr`dndcy ncs` c`wgrghtfg praeg tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr fnh t` pny j`r tfg cnbh, ns hgvgc`pgr nbh cnbh`wbgrsnlrggh tfnt tfas praeg hgpgbhgh b tfg bnc pr`t knrlabs. Ab Xgkpcg uny, at sggkspcnusadcg tfnt tfg cnem j egrtnabty fns abfflntgh tfg cnbh praeg. Ab lgbgrnc, at sggks tfnt

`beg tfg praeg pnah j`r cnbh fns abtgrbncazgh pnrt `j tfg juturg urdnb gxpgetnta`bs, atas hajeuct t` rghueg tf`sg gxpgetnta`bs. Fnrdùrsahg pr`vahgs nb gxnkpcg? wfgb tfg



Gblcnbh>18

Eùbeac nhhgh njtgrwnrhs tfg rgquargkgbt j 59% njj`rhndcg fùsabl, tfg hgvgc`pgrnrlugh tfnt fg fnh b` k`rg bnbeanc r``k t` nee`kk`hntg tfas e`btraduta`b ab fas

duhlgt. Xfg hgvgc`pgr wns b`t waccabl t` pr`vahg abj`rknta`b ndùt tfg cnbh praeg,abj`rknta`b tfnt as erueanc t` neeurntgcy gvncuntg fas nrlukgbts. F`wgvgr, ùr `wbgstaknta`bs ndùt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt vncug nbh e`sts ab Fnrdùrsahg sf`w n cnrlg haj-jgrgbeg dgtwggb tfg gstakntgh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (gxecuhabl cnbh praeg) nbh rgturbs(sgg Nbbgx 5 j`r n e`kpnras`b j hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh pr`ts ab tfg Gblcasf ensgs).Xfas sullgsts tfnt tfgrg kny fnvg dggb gbùlf bnbeanc r``k t` pny 59% njj`rhndcgfùsabl. Xfg pr`dcgk eùch fnvg dggb tfnt tfg 59%-rgquargkgbt enkg t`` cntg, abtfg sgbsg tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr nbh tfg cnbh`wbgrs fnh ncrgnhy abe`rp`rntgh tfg jucchgvgc`pkgbt surpcus ab tfg cnbh praeg. At wns bnccy hgeahgh tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr waccduach 1% `j njj`rhndcg fùsabl.

:.8.4 Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j tfg dabhabl rucgs (tfg pcnbbabl

pgrkassa`b)

Ab Gblcnbh, pcnbbabl cnw, pcnbbabl luahnbeg nbh tfg ouraspruhgbeg knmg at p`s-sadcg t` abecuhg n wahg rnblg `j hgtgrkabnta`bs ab pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs? b`t `bcypfysaenc z`babl nspgets, dut ncs` nspgets rgcntgh t` tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b. J`r k`rghgtnacs ndùt tfg p`ssadcy e`btgbts `j pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs nbh `dcalnta`bs sgg sge-ta`b :.4.


@bg `j tfg p`ssadacatags as t` abecuhg tfg `dcalnta`b t` e`btradutg ab mabh `r ab k`bgysèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl nbh `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfas sggkst` fnvg n p`satavg abfflugbeg `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg, gspgeanccy j`r tfg e`b-strueta`b nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b dy tfg hgvgc`pgr faksgcj `j sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl`b-satg, nbh `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags `jj-satg, dut b`t s` kuef j`r tfghgvgc`pgr e`bstruetabl r trnbsjgrrabl cnbh j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl jj-satg. Nb-`tfgr p`ssadacaty as t` abecuhg hgnhcabgs, dut fgrg tfgrg nrg hajjgrgbegs ab tfgar gjjge-tavgbgss. At as `bcy p`ssadcg t` abecuhg ab Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts hgnhcabgs j`r tfg

e`kpcgta`b `j e`btraduta`bs, dut tfgsg hgnhcabgs nrg bcy ab j`reg beg hgvgc`pkgbte`kkgbegs. Uabeg at as b`t p`ssadcg t` abecuhg hgnhcabgs j`r tfg e`kkgbegkgbt `j hgvgc`pkgbt ab Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts, wfgb pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs abecuhge`kkgbegkgbt hgnhcabgs, tfgsg sggk b`t t` dg vgry gjjgetavg. Xfg e`bsgqugbeg astfnt knby pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs nrg bgvgr akpcgkgbtgh. F`wgvgr, aj hgvgc`pkgbth`gs stnrt, hgnhcabgs j`r tfg e`kpcgta`b `j e`btraduta`bs e`kg abt` j`reg nbh sggkt` dg gjjgetavg ab stndcg knrmgt eareukstnbegs. Xfg e`bsgqugbeg as tfnt `beg e`k-kgbegh, nbh pr`vahgh knrmgt eareukstnbegs rgknab stndcg, hgvgc`pkgbts nbh tfgrgcntgh e`btraduta`bs nrg usunccy akpcgkgbtgh watfab hgnhcabgs. Xfg hajjgrgbeg abgjjgetavgbgss `j e`kkgbegkgbt nbh e`kpcgta`b hgnhcabgs sullgsts tfnt nb`tfgr

sud-vnrandcg nbh n tfarh vnrandcgs kalft dg abfflugbtanc fgrg? tfg sud-vnrandcg as tfgp`ssadacaty `j e`bhata`babl pcnbbabl e`bsgbt t` sgeurabl tfg hgnhcabgs nbh e`btradu-



Gblcnbh >17

ta`bs (sgg bgxt sgeta`b :.8.5), nbh tfg tfarh vnrandcg nrg tfg knrmgt eareukstnbegs(vnrandcg N4, sgg enusnc k`hgc ab sgeta`b 4.8.4). Cgt us sgg ab hgtnac wfnt nrg tfg

p`ssadcg e`btgbts `j pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs, nbh wfnt nrg tfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r enp-turabl vncug abergnsg.

:.8.4.> Abecuhabl sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl

Ycnbbabl pgrkassa`bs enb abecuhg e`btraduta`bs j`r sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl, d`tf`b-satg nbh `jj-satg. Eareucnr 9:/16 prgseradgs tfrgsf`chs j`r sggmabl e`btraduta`bs?usunccy 47 `r k`rg hwgccabls, `r n satg cnrlgr tfnb `bg fn, nd`vg wfaef tfgrg as abprabeapcg tfg `dcalnta`b j`r tfg hgvgc`pgr t` pr`vahg njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Ab AbbgrC`bh`b tfas as >7 hwgccabls/9.7 fn (Lurrnb gt nc., 499<? 89). At sggks ecgnr tfnt abGblcnbh, ab lgbgrnc, pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs nrg abergnsablcy dgabl usgh t` pr`vahg nj-

j`rhndcg fùsabl. J`r gxnkpcg, ab n survgy ab >111 at wns jùbh tfnt <6% `j CYNsfnh spgeae njj`rhndcg fùsabl p`caeags ab hgvgc`pkgbt pcnbs (F`cknbs gt nc, 4999=qu`tgh ab Er``m & \fatgfgnh, 4994? >4<8). At as p`ssadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt tfas lgb-grnc trgbh as ncs` prgsgbt ab Drast`c, wfgrg tfg tfrgsf`ch as 47 hwgccabls, `r n satgcnrlgr tfnb bg fgetnrg rucgs. Knby j tfg abtgrvagwgh pudcae jegrs nbh hgvgc`pgrse`bsahgrgh tfas t` dg s`, nbh tfg ensgs e`brk tfas. Xfg k`rg rgegbt tfg pròget as,tfg falfgr tfg pr`p`rta`b j njj`rhndcg fùsabl. Ab ensgs Xgkpcg ûny nbh Fnrdùr-sahg (pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs hgbatavgcy vncah ab 4995), pcnbbabl nlrggkgbts stntgh tfgpnregcs wfgrg sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl fns t` dg duact nbh n kabakuk pgregbtnlg`j ubats? >8% rgspgetavgcy 1%, tfnt nrg gxpgetgh t` rgsuct ab ndùt <> rgspgetavgcy

:5 ubats. Ab Kglnd`wc (pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b hgbatavgcy vncah ab 499<), tfg pcnbbablnlrggkgbt gstndcasfgh tfg bukdgr `j njj`rhndcg ubats (47%, 8: ubats). At sggks tfnt`tfgr rgegbt nppcaenta`bs nrg bgl`tantabl sakacnr rgquargkgbts ns ab Kglnd`wc . B`bg`j tfg stuhagh ensgs abecuhgh e`btraduta`bs ab k`bgy `r e`btraduta`bs t` `jj-satg nj-j`rhndcg fùsabl.

\fnt fnvg dggb tfg e`bsgqugbegs j tfg jnet tfnt CYNs enb abecuhg sèanc/njj`rhndcgfùsabl ab pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs0 Yrgsukndcy tfas stntut`ry p`wgr, t`lgtfgr watf fnv-abl ergntgh egrtnabty ndùt tfas s`rt `j e`btraduta`b (sgg prgvaùs sgeta`b), as fgcpablt` strgbltfgb tfg CYN‑s bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b. Ncs`, at kust abfflugbeg tfg Neeùbtgh

cnbh e`sts dgenusg `beg suef n e`btraduta`b as abecuhgh ab n pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b,hgvgc`pgrs mb`w at enbb`t dg nvàhgh. Xfg jnet as tfnt CYNs nrg abergnsablcy abecuh-abl sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs nbh tfnt tfg nkùbt `j sèanc/ njj`rhndcg fùsabl dgabl duact ab Gblcnbh fns dggb abergnsabl sabeg 4998. Xfg stuh-agh ensgs sf`w tfg p`satavg gjjget ab Drast`c t``, wfgrg tfg duachabl rntgs `j sèanc/ njj`rhndcg fùsabl nrg falfgr tfnb ab tfg rgst j Gblcnbh (sgg j`r n e`kpnras`b j tfgrgsucts ab gnef ensg, nbh lurgs j`r Drast`c nbh Gblcnbh, sgeta`b :.7). F`wgvgr, tfgkabaknc tfrgsf`ch (47 hwgccabls/cnrlgr tfnb > fn ab Drast`c) sggks t` fnvg hasnhvnb-tnlgs? nee`rhabl t` knby `j tfg abtgrvagwgh (pudcae pnrtags nbh hgvgc`pgrs) knbyhgvgc`pgrs rgknab ubhgr tfg tfrgsf`ch, nctfùlf tfgy eùch hgvgc`p k`rg tfnb 47

hwgccabls. Xfg Eaty `j Drast`c as eurrgbtcy stuhyabl tfg p`ssadacaty `j c`wgrabl tfastfrgsf`ch t` ndùt 8-: hwgccabls.



Gblcnbh>1:

:.8.4.4 Abecuhabl `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags

Ycnbbabl pgrkassa`bs enb ncs` abecuhg e`btraduta`bs j`r `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg

nbh jneacatags. Xfas kalft abecuhg e`btraduta`bs j`r `jj-satg sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl(oust fnbhcgh nd`vg). Yrgsukndcy tfas stntut`ry p`wgr, t`lgtfgr watf fnvabl ergntghegrtnabty ndùt tfas s`rt `j e`btraduta`b (sgg prgvaùs sgeta`b), as fgcpabl t` strgbltf-gb d`tf tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j CYN‑s nbh t` c`wgr tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts.

Tglnrhabl e`btraduta`bs ab cnbh, at sggks b`t t` dg vgry e`kk`b t` abecuhg suef nrgquargkgbt ab pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs. Xfg bhabls ab tfg ensgs supp`rt tfas? ab b`bg`j tfg tfrgg ensgs hah tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b abecuhg tfg `dcalnta`b `r tfg e`bha-ta`b t` pr`vahg cnbh ùtsahg tfg pcnb nrgn. Tglnrhabl e`btraduta`bs j`r tfg e`bstrue-ta`b nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae jneacatags nbh abjrnstrueturg, at sggks tfnt ab tfg

cnst ygnrs CYNs nrg abergnsablcy nsmabl j`r tfas s`rt `j `dcalnta`b. Xfas sggks t` fnvgn p`satavg gjjget ab prnetaeg, nbh ab tfg ensgs tfg rgsucts wgrg vnragh. E`btraduta`bswgrg cnrlgr ab Fnrdùrsahg tfnb ab Kglnd`wc nbh Xgkpcg ûny . Xfas sggks t` dgtfg rgsuct `j tfg hgeasa`b `j tfg Eùbeac ab Fnrdùrsahg t` jèus `b n cnrlg k`bgtnrye`btraduta`b j`r n cgasurg jneacaty cèntgh ùtsahg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg ab qugsta`b.

:.8.4.5 Abecuhabl akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs

Ycnbbabl pgrkassa`bs enb ncs` abecuhg, ns pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs `r `dcalnta`bs, hgnh-cabgs j`r tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, `r j`r tfg pny-kgbt `j e`btraduta`bs. Yrgsukndcy tfas stntut`ry p`wgr as fgcpabl, watf hajjgrabl

sueegss, t` rgabj`reg tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j CYN‑s nbh neegcgrntg tfg rgncaznta`b`j tfg e`btraduta`bs. Xfgrg as n hastabeta`b dgtwggb hgnhcabgs j`r tfg e`kkgbeg-kgbt `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt, nbh hgnhcabgs j`r tfg e`kpcgta`b `j hgvgc`pkgbt nbhe`btraduta`bs.

Hgnhcabgs j`r tfg e`kkgbegkgbt `j hgvgc`pkgbt enbb`t dg abecuhgh ab YcnbbablNlrggkgbts. Uabeg >1:6, p`wgr fns dggb lavgb t` CYNs t` akp`sg hgnhcabgs watfabwfaef tfg hgvgc`pkgbt kust stnrt. F`wgvgr, tfgsg hgnhcabgs enb dg abecuhgh `bcyns pcnbbabl e`bhata`b, dut b`t ns pcnbbabl dcalnta`bs, wfaef kgnbs tfnt tfgsg hgnh-cabgs enbb`t dg abecuhgh ab tfg Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt. Xfas as dgenusg Eareucnr 97/4997

rucgs tfnt dcalnta`bs nrg bcy kgnbt j`r katalnta`b j ubhgsarndcg nspgets j hgvgc`p-kgbt. Nbh aj hgvgc`pkgbt fns b`t e`kkgbegh, tfgrg enb dg b` ubhgsarndcg nspgetst` katalntg. Ab ensgs Xgkpcg ûny nbh Fnrdùrsahg (pgrkassa`bs lrnbtgh ab 4995),pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs abecuhgh n hgnhcabg j vg ygnrs, nbh ab Kglnd`wc (pgrkassa`blrnbtgh ab 499<) tfrgg ygnrs. Aj tfg f`chgr `j tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b h`gs b`t stnrttfg hgvgc`pkgbt watfab tfg hgnhcabg, tfg pgrkassa`b wacc gxparg (K``rg, 4997? 598-597). \fnt nrg tfg e`bsgqugbegs j b`t dgabl ndcg t` abecuhg e`kkgbegkgbt hgnh-cabgs ab tfg Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt0 At sggks tfnt, ab Gblcnbh, e`kkgbegkgbt hgnhcabgsnrg b`t ncwnys nefagvgh. Knby lrnbtgh pgrkassa`bs nrg b`t usgh. At as gstakntgh tfntab 4995/98, 69% `j jucc pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs nbh <7% `j ùtcabg pcnbbabl pgrkas-

sa`bs wgrg netunccy akpcgkgbtgh, nbh tfg rgst b`t (Hgpnrtkgbt…, 499:? 85). Nsmghndùt tfas, tw` gxpgrts e`bsahgrgh tfnt tfas fnppgbgh k`rg jrgqugbtcy s`kg takg



Gblcnbh>16

:.8.5 E`bhata`babl dabhabl rucgs (tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b) b

sgeurabl enpturabl vncug abergnsg

Xfg Gblcasf pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b enb dg knhg e`bhata`bnc `b n e`btrnetunc nlrgg-kgbt (Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt) watf tfg hgvgc`pgr. Abatanccy, tfg Eùbeac nppr`vgs tfgpgrkassa`b pr`vasa`bnccy, abecuhabl tfg pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs nbh `dcalnta`bs tfnt atgxpgets jr`k tfg hgvgc`pgr. Xfg hgbatavg nppr`vnc `j tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b fnp-pgbs bcy njtgr tfg pcnbbabl dcalnta`bs (dut b`t tfg pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs) nrg sgeurghab n Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt. \fnt nrg tfg e`bsgqugbegs j dgabl ncc`wgh t` knmg pcnb-babl e`bsgbt e`bhata`bnc `b sgeurabl tfg pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs, dut b`t `b sgeurabltfg pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs nbh tfus e`kkgbegkgbt hgnhcabgs0 Xfg ensgs (sgg prgvaùssgeta`b) nbh s`kg abtgrvagws sullgst tfnt dgenusg e`kkgbegkgbt hgnhcabgs enbb`t

dg sgeurgh, e`btraduta`bs nrg `jtgb akpcgkgbtgh watf hgcny, `r b`t nt ncc. Ab e`b-ecusa`b, b`t tfg jnet `j dgabl ndcg t` abecuhg e`btraduta`bs ab pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bssggks t` dg gjjgetavg, dut tfg jnet `j dgabl ndcg t` e`bhata`b pcnbbabl e`bsgbt t` sg-eurabl e`btraduta`bs. \atf `tfgr w`rhs, a) dgabl ndcg t` e`bhata`b pcnbbabl e`bsgbtt` sgeurabl tfg e`btraduta`bs rgabj`regs aa) tfg p`satavg gjjget j dgabl ndcg t` abecuhgegrtnab e`btraduta`bs ab pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs b aaa) tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j CYN‑s,`b tfg Neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh `b tfg spggh `j tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b.

:.8.8 K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts


Xfg ralft t` hgvgc`p (a.g. tfg gxecusavg ralft t` hgvgc`p cnbh, `beg pgrkassa`b fnsdggb lrnbtgh) dgc`bls ab Gblcnbh t` tfg cnbh`wbgr. Xfas, t`lgtfgr watf tfg hastradu-ta`b `j tfg `tfgr bgegssnry rgsùregs ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b (pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bsnbh bnbeanc kgnbs), ergntgs n str`bl abtgrhgpgbhgbey dgtwggb cènc nutf`ratagsnbh cnbh`wbgrs. Xfas abtgrhgpgbhgbey lavgs t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfg `pta`b t` wnat,wfaef at as `jtgb usgh t` e`btrnvgbg cènc nutf`ratags‑ rgquargkgbts, nbh `jtgb cgnhst` hgcnyabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt.

:.8.8.> \f` `wbs hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts ab Gblcnbh0Xfg bnta`bncaznta`b j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts kalft fnvg fnh e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg cglnccakats t` enpturabl vncug abergnsg, ns wg snw ab sgeta`b :.4.>. F`wgvgr, tfas fns b`tnctgrgh tfg prabeapcg tfnt cnbh`wbgrs nrg tfg `bcy `bgs tfnt enb hgvgc`p tfgar cnbh.At as tfgrgj`rg ecgnr tfnt tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p dgc`bls gxecusavgcy t` tfg cnbh`wbgr.Ycnbbabl pgrkassa`b nttnefgs t` tfg cnbh, nbh b`t t` tfg hgvgc`pgr. Dgj`rg dgablgbtatcgh t` hgvgc`p, hgvgc`pgrs fnvg t` nequarg tfg cnbh (\accanks & \``h, >118?<6, Tntecajjg, 499>? >74->75= Euccablw`rtf & Bnhab, 499:? >17->1<). F`wgvgr, tfgcnbh`wbgr as cakatgh ab fas ralft t` hgvgc`p, fg fns b` ralft t` nby mabh j ‖kabakuk‑nbh kust nppcy j`r nbh dtnab tfg bgghgh pgrkats. @tfgr cglascnta`b (g.l. e`kpucs`ry

purefnsg) kalft gvgb cgnh t` rgk`vnc `j fas ralft.



Gblcnbh >11

Abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b rgquargs sgvgrnc trnbsneta`bs? >) cnbh purefnsg nbh nssgk-dcabl, 4) bnbeabl, nbh 5) cnbh prgpnrnta`b nbh hgvgc`pkgbt. Dy nbncyzabl wf` fns

tfg e`btr`c `vgr gnef `j tfgsg trnbsneta`bs, at fns dggb p`ssadcg t` hasegrb tfg gxtgbtt` wfaef hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts dgc`bl t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs.

:.8.8.4 Kutunc hgpgbhgbeg `j cènc nutf`ratags nbh cnbh`wbgrs ab Gblcnbh

X` nbncysg tfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb kubaeapncatags nbhcnbh`wbgrs j tfg prnetaenc p`ssadacatags j`r e`btr`ccabl trnbsneta`bs >-5, tfas rgsgnrefhgvgc`pgh nbh nppcagh n k`hgc `j hgpgbhgbeg (sgg tndcg >7= j`r k`rg hgtnacs `j tfgk`hgc, sgg sgeta`b 5.>.>). Ab Gblcnbh tfgrg as n str`bl kutunc hgpgbhgbeg dgtwggbkubaeapncatags nbh hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs, s` tfg p`ssadacatags ab prnetaeg j`r lntf-grabl tfg cnbh (>), lntfgrabl tfg bnbeanc rgsùregs (4), nbh hgvgc`pabl tfg cnbh t`

pr`hueg sgrvaegh pc`ts (5) hgpgbh fgnvacy `b tfg cnbh`wbgr‑s pnssavg e`bsgbt `rnetavg e`ccnd`rnta`b. Xfas str`bl kutunc hgpgbhgbeg as enusgh dy tfg jnet tfnt b`bg`j tfg net`rs e`btr`c ncc tfg bgghgh rgsùregs, nbh dgenusg tfg hgpgbhgbeg as b`tgnsacy nvàhndcg. Xfg cnbh`wbgr e`btr`cs tw` akp`rtnbt rgsùregs - cnbh nbh abvgst-kgbt enpneaty - nbh cènc nutf`ratags hgpgbh `b tfg cnbh`wbgr dgenusg `j tfas. Nsn rucg, watfùt nlrggkgbt ndùt tfg purefnsg nbh nssgkdcy `j cnbh nbh ndùt tfgbnbeabl `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, kubaeapncatags tfnt wnbt tfabls t` fnppgb,fnvg t` e`kpucs`racy purefnsg tfg cnbh. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfg `bcy wny `j nvàhablhgpgbhgbeg `b tfg cnbh`wbgr as pudcae cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt, `r nt cgnst pudcae ab-jrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Dut hàbl tfnt as b`t gnsy? e`kpucs`ry purefnsg nbh pudcae

cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt kgnb n harget pudcae abv`cvgkgbt nbh tfg nssukpta`b `j tfg e`r-rgsp`bhabl bnbeanc e`sts nbh rasms. Jurtfgrk`rg, e`kpucs`ry purefnsg as n sgbsatavg

Xndcg >7. Hgpgbhgbeg nbncysas Gblcnbh.


Hgpgbhgbeg dgenusg jabvgstkgbt enpneaty

Hgpgbhgbeg dgenusg jrglucnt`ry rgsùregs

CYN hgpgbhs `b tfgcnbh`wbgr/

hgvgc`pgr

Hgpgbhgbeg.Hgvgc`pgr/Cnbh`wbgr

`wbs ncc tfg cnbh. Hg-pgbhgbeg as bcy nvàh-ndcg tfrùlf e`kpucs`rypurefnsg, dut tfas as `bcyusgh ab gxegpta`bnc ear-eukstnbegs. Gxpr`pran-ta`b as e`bsahgrgh sc`w,gxpgbsavg nbh rasmy.

Hgpgbhgbeg.Xfg hgvgc`pgr wns ndcg

t` abvgst ab duyabl tfgcnbh nbh hgvgc`pablat. Hgpgbhgbeg as tfusnvàhndcg `bcy aj Drast`cfns gbùlf bnbeanckgnbs. F`wgvgr, Drast`chah b`t fnvg tfg bnb-eanc kgnbs.

Cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr hgpgbhs`b CYN

Hgpgbhgbeg.Xfg CYN lrnbts tfgrgquargh pgrkassa`bs.Hgpgbhgbeg as b`t

nvàhndcg.



Gblcnbh 49>

Xfg ensgs `jjgr s`kg abj`rknta`b tfnt sullgsts tfnt Drast`c hah b`t ‖nsm t`` kuef‑,tfus e`brkabl tfnt rgsastnbeg r neegptnbeg j rgquargkgbts kalft fnvg dggb dnsgh

k`rg `b tfg gxpgetgh cnbh praeg tfnb `b tfg trug jgnsadacaty `j tfg `pgrnta`b. Ab nh-hata`b, tfg ensgs sullgst tfnt tfg gxpgetgh pr`t knrlab (`j tfg hgvgc`pgr) kalft ncs`fnvg dggb rgcgvnbt (sgg p`stabl 6 ab Nbbgx 5 j`r n enceucnta`b `j hgvgc`pkgbt e`stsnbh pr`ts ab tfg Gblcasf ensgs). Ab Kglnd`wc, tfg praeg j tfg cnbh nt tfg k`kgbt jtfg pcnbbabl nppcaenta`b wns rgcntavgcy c`w, ndùt 5-8.7 ₣ kacca`b>. Xfas wns tfnbmst` ubegrtnabty ndùt tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags, wfaef fnh haseùrnlgh hgvgc`pgrsjr`k duyabl tfg cnbh prgvaùscy. Xfas lnvg tfg `wbgr-nppcaenbt r``k t` e`btradutgkuef k`rg tfnb usunc. Xfg t`tnc hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, wfaef abecuhgh tfas c`w cnbhpraeg nbh tfg e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg, nkùbtgh earen ₣ 49 kacca`b, nbh tfg gxpgetghrgturbs earen ₣ 5< kacca`b. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfnbms t` n kabakuk cnbh praeg, n cnrlg

pnemnlg `j e`btraduta`bs fns b`t tfrgntgbgh tfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty `j tfg sefgkg.Xfgsg lurgs sullgst tfnt pr`t knrlabs fnvg dggb cnrlg nbh nb gvgb cnrlgr e`btra-duta`b pnemnlg wùch fnvg dggb bnbeanccy jgnsadcg (5< ― 49 ; ><)= nt cgnst, dgj`rgtfg cnbh`wbgr s`ch fas cnbh t` n hgvgc`pgr j`r ndùt ₣ >> kacca`b. Ab Fnrdùrsahgnbh Xgkpcg ûny, hgvgc`pgrs wgrg rgcuetnbt t` pr`vahg abj`rknta`b. Dnsgh `b `wbgstaknta`bs, at as p`ssadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt tfgrg wns n salbaenbt knrlab dgtwggbhgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (gxecuhabl tfg neeùbtgh cnbh praeg, p`stabls 4-< ab Nbbgx 5?₣ >65k ab Fnrdùrsahg nbh ₣ >55k ab Xgkpcg) nbh tfg t`tnc rgturbs (p`stabl 6?₣ 898k rgspgetavgcy ₣ 891k)4. J`r Fnrdùrsahg, tfgrg as s`kg k`rg gvahgbeg tfntsggks t` e`brk tfg ahgn tfnt Drast`c hah netunccy b`t nsm t`` kuef nbh tfnt cnbh-

`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs kalft fnvg pr`tgh jr`k at. Fgrg tfg hgbatavg cnbh praeg wnsenceucntgh beg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b wns sgeurgh, a.g. njtgr bgl`tantabl tfg e`btradu-ta`bs. D`tf tfg abtgrvagwgh hgvgc`pgr nbh pudcae `jegr e`brkgh tfnt cnbh`wbgrsfnvg bnccy rgegavgh n falfgr praeg j`r tfg cnbh tfnb tfg abatanccy nlrggh dnsae praeg.Xfas kgnbs tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr wns netunccy ndcg t` e`btradutg k`rg tfnb fg hah, dg-enusg fg wùch fnvg dggb ndcg t` pnss tfg e`sts b t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs ab tfg j`rk jn c`wgr cnbh praeg. K`rg rgegbtcy, tfg Eaty `j Drast`c fns abtr`huegh sgvgrnc kgnsurgst` akpr`vg tfg absalfts abt` tfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty `j `pgrnta`bs= (>) tfg Eaty as far-abl spgeancast e`bsuctnbts= nbh (4) hgvgc`pgrs nrg rgquargh b`w t` sudkat n vandacatynpprnasnc t` tfg Fùsabl Hgpnrtkgbt abstgnh j tfg Ycnbbabl Hgpnrtkgbt? tfas nvàhs

tfg huty `j pudcaenta`b `j suef e`kkgreanccy sgbsatavg abj`rknta`b. Xfg Fùsabl Hg-pnrtkgbt gstakntgs tfg suatndcg pgregbtnlg j njj`rhndcg fùsabl.

> Xfas as ndùt ₣ 499-579 pgr k´ `j cnbh, j`r ab t`tnc >5.>98 k´ watf n d`wcabl nccgy `b at.

4 N vgry nppr`xakntg rùlf enceucnta`b as j`r Fnrdùrsahg en. ₣ 4,699 pgr k´ `j cnbh (₣ 449 ? <6,199k´)= nbh j`r Xgkpcg ûny en. ₣ 8,>69 pgr k´ `j cnbh (₣ 4<:k ? ::,999 k´).



Gblcnbh494

:.8.7 Yrèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc `j tfg dabhabl

rucgs (tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b)


At sggks tfnt prèghurnc lunrnbtggs ab Gblcnbh `jjgr hgvgc`pgrs s`kg vncundcg t``cst` rghueg tfg hasergta`b tfnt CYNs fnvg ab hgtgrkababl pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs. Xfge`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg kalft fnvg dggb bglntavg, nbh tfg e`bsg-qugbegs j`r tfg spggh `j akpcgkgbtnta`b nrg ubecgnr. Xfg rgcntavg fflgxadacaty t` k`h-ajy pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs sggks t` fnvg p`satavg gjjgets j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg,wfacg tfg p`ssadacaty `j nppr`vabl rst ùtcabg pgrkassa`bs nbh njtgrwnrhs hgtnacgh`bgs h`gs b`t. Jabnccy, tfg fflgxadacaty ab Gblcnbh t` hgtgrkabg tfg sazg `j tfg hgvgc`p-kgbt nrgn sggks b`t t` dg rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

:.8.7.> Lunrnbtggs j`r tf`sg tnmabl tfg abatantavg

Ab tfg Gblcasf pcnbbabl systgk tfgrg nrg sgvgrnc cglnc lunrnbtggs j`r tfg nppcaenbts`j pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs. Jarst, cènc nutf`ratags nrg dcalgh t` hgeahg ndùt pcnbbablnppcaenta`bs ab n pr`pgr jnsfa`b. Xfas akpcags tfg `dcalnta`b `j pudcaeazabl tfg np-pcaenta`b nbh stnrtabl tfg j`rknc prèghurg. Uge`bh, tfgrg nrg straet hgnhcabgs watfabwfaef cènc nutf`ratags fnvg t` hgtgrkabg tfg nppcaenta`bs, hgnhcabgs tfnt nrg k`rg`-vgr usunccy kgt ab prnetaeg. Nbh tfarh, nppcaenbts enb nppgnc nlnabst n b`b-hgtgrka-bnta`b, `r nlnabst nb ubjnv`rndcg hgtgrkabnta`b `j tfg CYN, t` tfg Ycnbbabl Abspge-t`rntg, wfaef gvncuntgs tfg pcnbbabl kgrats `j CYN‑s hgeasa`bs. Nppgncs rglnrhabl tfg

cglncaty j tfg prèghurgs nrg hgeahgh dy tfg eùrts j cnw (\accanks & \``h, >118?:<). Xfg gjjgets `j tfgsg lunrnbtggs enb dg havahgh abt` e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturablvncug abergnsg, nbh sahg gjjgets j`r tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b.

Tglnrhabl tfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, tfgsg kny dg bglntavg. Nrgprgsgbtntavg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt abhustry e`bsahgrgh tfnt tfg ralft t` n pr`pgr hg-tgrkabnta`b `j pcnbbabl nppcaenta`bs, nbh tfg ralft t` nppgnc, kalft fnvg abfflugbeghbglntavgcy tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b j cènc nutf`ratags dgenusg tf`sg nutf`ratags tfntrgquarg t`` knby `dcalnta`bs nrg e`bjr`btgh watf tfg rasm `j nb nppgnc (\fatnmgr,abtgrvagw 499<). Xfg ralft t` nppgnc sggks t` dg nb akp`rtnbt wny j`r hgvgc`pgrs t`

eùbtgr tf`sg cènc nutf`ratags tfnt nrg rgquarabl cnrlgr e`btraduta`bs. Nsmgh ndùttfas, nb gxpgrt supp`rtgh pnrtcy tfas e`becusa`b. Abhggh, pudcae jegrs sggk t` mggptfg ralft t` nppgnc ab kabh wfgb hgtgrkababl `dcalnta`bs nbh tfgy sggk t` j`cc`wtfg `dcalnta`bs p`caey luahnbeg straetcy ab `rhgr b`t t` rasm c`sabl nb nppgnc. At sggkstfnt tfg tfrgnt j nppgncs kalft e`kg b`t bcy jr`k tfg nppcaenbt. Ab e`kpgtatavg satu-nta`bs, gspgeanccy ab rgtnac hgvgc`pkgbts, hgvgc`pgrs kalft wnbt t` gbsurg tfnt nby`dcalnta`b as pgrjgetcy rgspgetndcg nbh cglatakntg ab `rhgr t` nvàh nppgnc dy `tfgrjrustrntgh e`kpgtat`rs. @tfgr hgvgc`pgrs kalft sggm t` nppgnc nlnabst tfg cglatakney`j tfg pcnbbabl lnabs ns n kgnbs `j tryabl t` jrustrntg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt (Ecnyh`b &Ukatf, >11<? 49>6). Ab p`cgkaenc nppcaenta`bs, at kny dg `tfgr pnrtags (eavae sèagty,

bgalfdùrs,…) tfnt usg tfg nrlukgbt `j accglatakntg `dcalnta`bs t` akpghg hgvgc`p-kgbt (Enkpdgcc gt ncaa , 499>? 44-45). F`wgvgr, tfg gxpgrt put tfg wgalft `j tfg ralft



Gblcnbh 495

t` nppgnc abt` pgrspgetavg? nppgncs nrg gxpgbsavg nbh takg-e`bsukabl, wfaef hakab-asfgs tfgar usndacaty j`r hgvgc`pgrs (Cy`bs, abtgrvagw 499<).

Xfg stuhagh ensgs sggk t` supp`rt tfg nd`vg-kgbta`bgh lgbgrncaznta`b tfnt tfg tfrgnt`j nppgnc stakucntgs cènc nutf`ratags, nbh p`ssadcy hgvgc`pgrs ncs`, t` straetcy j`cc`wp`caey luahnbeg. Cènc nutf`ratags ab tfg stuhagh ensgs hah b`t rasm rgquarabl k`rg`dcalnta`bs tfnb tf`sg straetcy dnsgh `b cènc p`caey. Ab Fnrdùrsahg tfg nppcaenta`bab qugsta`b wns tfg tfarh `bg, njtgr tfg Eùbeac fnh ncrgnhy rgogetgh tw` `tfgr np-pcaenta`bs. Nb abv`cvgh pudcae `jegr e`bsahgrgh tfnt aj tfas tfarh nppcaenta`b wgrgrgjusgh, tfg nppcaenbt wùch fnvg fnh n dal efnbeg t` wab nb nppgnc. Xfg hgvgc`pgre`brkgh tfnt rgjusnc wùch hgbatgcy fnvg cgh t` nppgnc, nbh tfnt fg pr`dndcywùch fnvg w`b at. Ab Xgkpcg ûny, Drast`c sggkgh t` fnvg ncrgnhy rgquargh kuef

(tfg trnbsjgr `j s`kg cnbh j`r n sef``c), tnmabl neeùbt `j tfg p``r p`caey luahnbegnt tfg takg `j tfg bgl`tanta`bs. D`tf tfg pudcae `jegr nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr e`bsahgrghtfnt nb nppgnc nlnabst n rgjusnc `j tfg nppcaenta`b wùch fnvg fnh n l``h efnbeg`j sueegss. Ab Kglnd`wc tfg satunta`b wns hajjgrgbt. Fgrg, tfg spgeae jgnturgs `jtfas satg (as`cntgh, b`t j`rgsggb ab tfg >11< Cènc Ycnb) sggkablcy lnvg l``h rgns`bsj`r rgjusabl tfg nppcaenta`b, aj Drast`c fnh wasfgh t` h` s`. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, tfgEùbeac sggkgh t` fnvg n l``h bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b, ns at hah b`t jgnr nb nppgnc dytfg nppcaenbt. Ncs`, tfg Eùbeac fnh n k`rg lgbgrùs pcnbbabl luahnbeg (tfg UYH8hèukgbt).

Tglnrhabl tfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b, tfgsg nrg b`t ecgnr.@b tfg `bg fnbh, tfg rgprgsgbtntavg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt abhustry e`bsahgrgh tfnttfg ralft t` n pr`pgr hgtgrkabnta`b `j pcnbbabl nppcaenta`bs, nbh tfg ralft t` nppgnc,fnvg stakucntgh hgvgc`pgrs t` sudkat nppcaenta`bs, sabeg tfgy rghueg tfg ubegr-tnabtags (\fatnmgr, abtgrvagw 499<). N e`bsuctgh gxpgrt nlrggh watf tfas e`becusa`b(Fgbbgdgrry, abtgrvagw 499<). @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, nb abergnsabl gkpfnsas dy cèncnutf`ratags `b kggtabl tfg straet hgtgrkabnta`b hgnhcabgs sggks t` fnvg cgh sabeg499> t` nb abergnsg ab rgjusncs. U`kg cènc nutf`ratags sggk b`t t` dg ndcg t` gvncu-ntg ncc nppcaenta`bs pr`pgrcy watfab tfg hgnhcabgs. X` nefagvg tfg cglnc hgnhcabgs, atnppgnrs tfnt s`kg nutf`ratags rgjusg nppcaenta`bs tfnt nrg hajeuct t` gvncuntg nbh

enb tfus cgnh t` b`t nefagvabl tfg hgnhcabgs. Ab turb, tfg abergnsg `j rgjusncs sggkst` dg `bg `j tfg enusgs `j tfg abergnsg `j nppgncs (@jeg `j tfg Hgputy Yrakg Kab-astgr, 4998n? 7-:, 79). Xfg abtgrvagwgh rgprgsgbtntavg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt abhustrywns ab jnvùr `j k`rg fflgxadcg hgnhcabgs, gspgeanccy j`r cnrlgr nppcaenta`bs `j k`rgtfnb 499 hwgccabls. Abstgnh `j tfg eurrgbt hgnhcabgs, tfg cènc nutf`raty nbh tfg np-pcaenbt sfùch dg `dcalgh t` nlrgg nb nh fè sefghucg tfnt ncc`ws n pr`pgr nssgss-kgbt `j tfg nppcaenta`b. Xfg e`bsuctgh gxpgrt e`bsahgrgh tfnt tfg eurrgbt cglascnta`bncrgnhy lavgs knby p`ssadacatags j`r knmabl hgnhcabgs k`rg fflgxadcg. J`r gxnkpcg,hgvgc`pgrs nbh eùbeacs usunccy lgt abv`cvgh ab prg-nppcaenta`b e`bsuctnta`bs tfntncc`w njtgrwnrhs, `beg tfg nppcaenta`b fns dggb sudkattgh, n sk``tf fnbhcabl `j

tfg nppcaenta`b.



Gblcnbh498

:.8.7.4 Jcgxadacaty ab k`hajyabl tfg lrnbtgh pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b

K`haenta`bN k`haenta`b `j tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b, f`wgvgr kab`r at kalft dg, rgquargs nbgw nppcaenta`b, nbh tfg jucc prèghurg fns t` dg e`kpcgtgh nlnab. F`wgvgr, aj tfgk`haenta`b rglnrhs `bcy pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs, tfgrg as b` bggh t` pudcaeazg tfg np-pcaenta`b. Jurtfgr, aj tfg k`haenta`b rglnrhs `bcy pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs, tfg CYN nbhtfg hgvgc`pgr enb nlrgg t` tfg k`haenta`b, watfùt gxtgbhgh prèghurg (K``rg,4997? §§ >>.55-57, >7.69= Eareucnr 97/4997? §N>7). Xfg ensgs sullgst tfnt k`ha-enta`b `j tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b, e`bhata`bs nbh `dcalnta`bs as n rgcntavgcy fflgxadcgabstrukgbt, wfaef enb akpr`vg tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j CYNs nbh tfus abfflugbegp`satavgcy enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Ab Fnrdùrsahg tfg hgvgc`pgr sudkattgh ab 4995

nb nppcaenta`b t` k`hajy, j`r sgvgrnc pc`ts, tfg knab nspgets `j tfg pcnbbabl pgrkas-sa`b lrnbtgh ab tfnt snkg ygnr. Xfg k`haenta`bs j`cc`wgh tfg jucc prèghurg, wfaefcnstgh j`r ndùt `bg ygnr. Xfgsg k`haenta`bs fnh p`satavg e`bsgqugbegs j`r enptur-abl vncug abergnsg, ns tfg Eùbeac nhhgh s`kg k`rg e`btraduta`bs ab k`bgy. Ab 499<tfg hgvgc`pgr `j Xgkpcg ûny nbh tfg Eùbeac gbtgrgh abt` bgl`tanta`bs t` k`hajyj`r `bg tfarh `j tfg satg tfg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b lrnbtgh ab 4995. At sggks tfnt rgbg-l`tanta`b wacc cgnh t` s`kg nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs.

Hgtnackgbt

Hgvgc`pgrs enb nppcy j`r @utcabg Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b nbh hgtnac at njtgrwnrhs. Nb

ùtcabg pgrkassa`b cgnvgs sgvgrnc knttgrs `pgb (k`stcy hgsalb nbh gxtgrbnc nppgnr-nbeg) nbh rgsgrvgs nppr`vnc ndùt tfgk t` n cntgr k`kgbt. At sggks tfnt, up t` rg-egbtcy, tfg sudsgqugbt nppr`vnc `j tfg jucc pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b eùch fnvg e`bsg-qugbegs j`r tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j CYNs nbh tfus j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg?CYNs sggkgh t` dg ndcg t` nhh bgw e`btraduta`bs ubhgr egrtnab eareukstnbegs. F`w-gvgr, rgegbt efnblgs ab cglascnta`b (4998 Net) nbh ab p`caey luahnbeg sggk t` fnvghakabasfgh tfg hasergta`bnry p`wgr j cènc nutf`ratags. Nppcaenta`bs j`r utcabg pgr-kassa`bs kust b`w dg k`rg hgtnacgh tfnb dgj`rg (K``rg, 4997? §>9.>>, §>9.>5). Xfgstuhagh ensgs sggk t` supp`rt tfg ahgn tfnt rgsgrvgh knttgrs h` b`t salbaenbtcy gjjgetnbyk`rg tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j CYNs. Ab Xgkpcg ûny nbh Fnrdùrsahg, quatg

gcnd`rntgh utcabg pgrkassa`bs wgrg lrnbtgh ab 4995. Xfgar hgtnacabl e`begrbgh bcytfg gxtgrbnc nppgnrnbeg j tfg duachabls, cnbhsenpabl (abecuhabl hgtnacgh hgsalb nbhcnyùt `j pudcae spneg) nbh hgtnacgh hgsalb `j rùtgs watfab tfg satg. Xfgsg hgtnacghpgrkassa`bs hah b`t gbtnac nby nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`b.

:.8.7.5 Jcgxadacaty t` hgtgrkabg tfg lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg (tfg pcnb nrgn) j

pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b nee`rhabl t` bgl`tanta`bs watf cnbh`wbgrs

Xfgrg as ab Gblcnbh kuef jrggh`k j`r tfg nppcaenbt t` hgcakat tfg pcnb nrgn `j pcnb-babl pgrkassa`bs. Ab prabeapcg at as tfg nppcaenbt tfnt pr`p`sgs n egrtnab hgcakatnta`b`j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nrgn. Xfg nppcaenbt enb j`cc`w, aj fg wasfgs, tfg pr`pgrty dùbh-

nrags `j fas pc`t. Ab prabeapcg tfas kgnbs tfnt tfg systgk ncc`ws se`pabl pcnbbablpgrkassa`bs nee`rhabl t` tfg bgl`tanta`bs watf gnef cnbh`wbgrs. F`wgvgr, at as tfg



Gblcnbh 497

nppcaenbt tfnt fns tfas jrggh`k, nbh CYNs fnvg b`t kuef jrggh`k fgrg. \fgb e`b-sahgrabl tfg nppcaenta`b, cènc nutf`ratags enb nsm nppcaenbts t` k`hajy tfg pcnb nrgn,

dut aj tfg nppcaenbt h`gs b`t nlrgg, at kalft dg b`t gnsy t` rgjusg tfg nppcaenta`b.Nutf`ratags bggh tfgb l``h nrlukgbts? g.l. n cènc z`babl pcnb r pcnbbabl luahnbegtfnt abecuhgs n pr`p`snc t` hgcakat, `r nt cgnst gbùlf nrlukgbts nbh eratgran j`r tfgbgw hgcakatnta`b= `r wfgb at as ecgnr tfnt tfg nppcaenbt as sudkattabl skncc nppcaen-ta`bs ab `rhgr t` hgvgc`p fas cnbh dat dy dat, j`r gxnkpcg t` nvàh rgnefabl tfg cglnctfrgsf`ch `j 47 hwgccabls pgr sefgkg= `r wfgb tfg pr`p`sgh pcnb nrgn og`pnrhazgstfg usg `j nb nhonegbt pc`t. K`st `j tfg abtgrvagwgh pudcae `jegrs nbh `bg `j tfgabtgrvagwgh hgvgc`pgrs e`bsahgrgh at hajeuct, ab prnetaeg, t` rgjusg pcnbbabl nppcaen-ta`bs `b tfg lrùbh tfnt tfg pcnb nrgn as b`t nppr`prantgcy hgcakatgh.

Nsmgh ndùt tfas, nb gxpgrt e`bsahgrgh tfnt, ab lgbgrnc, `b nccèntgh satgs (satgs tfntnrg j`rgsggb j`r rglgbgrnta`b ab cènc pcnbbabl luahnbeg) cènc nutf`ratags usunccy hg-cakat tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nrgn dgj`rgfnbh, wfacg `b ‖wabhjncc‑ satgs at as tfg hgvgc`pgrswf` usunccy hgcakat tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nrgn (Fgbbgdgrry, abtgrvagw 499<). Xfg ensgssullgst tfnt at as tfg hgvgc`pgr tfnt fns ab prnetaeg tfg k`st p`wgrs t` hgcakat tfgpcnb nrgn, d`tf b nccèntgh nbh `b wabhjncc satgs. Ab Fnrdùrsahg (<.1 fn) tfg >116Ycnbbabl Dragj fnh prgvaùscy hgcakatgh tw` hgvgc`pkgbt nrgns, dut at wns tfg nppca-enbt wf` hgeahgh t` sudkat nb nppcaenta`b j`r d`tf nrgns t`lgtfgr. Ab Xgkpcg ûny (<.8 fn) tfg nppcaenbt j`cc`wgh fas `wb eratgran t` hgcakat tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nrgns, abwfaef pr`pgrty dùbhnrags pcnygh n egbtrnc r`cg. Ab Kglnd`wc (>.5 fn) at wns tfg np-

pcaenbt wf` hgcakatgh tfg pcnb nrgn j`cc`wabl fas pr`pgrty dùbhnrags.

At sggks pcnusadcg tfnt tfas fflgxadacaty fns fgcpgh ab tfg bgl`tanta`b prègssgs, abtfg sgbsg tfnt pr`p`sncs abecuhgh `bcy tf`sg cnbh`wbgrs wf` nrg waccabl t` hgvgc-`p. F`wgvgr, sabeg cènc nutf`ratags sggk b`t t` fnvg kuef jrggh`k t` hgeahg tfgdùbhnrags `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nrgn, tfgrg as b` gvahgbeg `j p`satavg gjjgets j`r enp-turabl vncug abergnsg, b`r h`gs tfas sggk camgcy.

:.7 Xfg netunc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg abGblcnbh

Xfas sgeta`b as ndùt wfgtfgr tfg l`ncs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg fnvg dggb nefagvgh`r b`t, nbh ndùt tfg netunc hastraduta`b j e`sts dgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh pnrtags? wf` fnspnah wfaef pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, nbh p`ssadcy s`kg gxtrns0 \g nssgssncs` wfgtfgr tfg enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs fnvg dggb nefagvgh b takg. Xfg knabsùregs j abj`rknta`b nrg tfg stuhagh ensgs, e`kpcgkgbtgh watf `tfgr wrattgb sùregsnbh abtgrvagws watf rgcgvnbt gxpgrts. Xfg e`becusa`bs nrg sukknrazgh ab tndcg >:.



Gblcnbh49:

X n d c g > : . E ` k p n r a s ` b t n d c g r g s u c t s j ` r e n p t u r a b l v n c u g a b e r g n s g a b G b l c n

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L r g y ? e n s g a b w f a e f t f g h g v g c ` p g r / c n b h ` w b g r e ` b t r a d u t g s t f g k ` s t ` j t f g t f r g g e n s g s .

C a l f t L

r g y ? e n s g a b w f a e f t f g h g v g c ` p g r / c n b h ` w b g r e ` b t r a d u t g s t f g s g e ` b h ` j t f g t f r g g e n s g s .

\ f a t g ? e n s g a b w f a e f t f g h g v g c ` p g r / c n b h ` w b g r e ` b t r a d u t g s t f g c g s s ` j t f g t f r g g e n s g s .

5 ‖ X ` t n c v n c u g r g n c g s t n t g ‑ n r g t f g t ` t n c r g

t u r b s n e e r u a b l j r ` k t f g s g c c a b l ` j t f g b n c r g n c g s t n t g ( t f u s a b e c u h g s t f g s g c c a b l ` j t f g b g w d u a c h a b l s ) .



Gblcnbh 49<


At sggks tfnt, ab lgbgrnc, ncc tfg e`sts `j `b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nrg pnah dy

tfg hgvgc`pgr/cnbh`wbgr. Xfas abecuhgs, ab prabeapcg, e`kpgbsnta`b e`sts tfnt kalftdg pnyndcg t` gxastabl usgrs. U`kgtakgs tfg hgvgc`pgr h`gs b`t trnbsjgr tfg cglnc`wbgrsfap `j tfg rgsuctabl abjrnstrueturg t` tfg cènc nutf`raty, dut mggps tfg cglnc`wbgrsfap j`r faksgcj. Xfas abjrnstrueturg usunccy fns f`wgvgr t` rgknab neegssadcgj`r tfg lgbgrnc pudcae. Xfg systgk `j pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs fns sueegghgh ab lgbgrncab bnbeabl tfg `b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts (Enkpdgcc gt ncan, 4999 nbh499>= Hgpnrtkgbt j`r E`kkubatags nbh Cènc L`vgrbkgbt, 499:). At sggks tfnt hg-vgc`pgrs prgjgr pnykgbt ab mabh t` pnykgbt ab k`bgy, dgenusg tfas kalft dg efgnpgrj`r tfgk nbh dgenusg tfgy fnvg k`rg egrtnabty ndùt tfg hgcavgry j tfg pudcae jneaca-tags. Xfg stuhagh ensgs supp`rt tfas e`becusa`b? ab tfg tfrgg ensgs, tfg hgvgc`pgr pnah

ncc `b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, nck`st ncc ab mabh.

F`wgvgr, ab rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs, tfgrg kalft dg gxegpta`bs t` tfg lgbgrnc e`b-ecusa`b. Ab `bg `j tfg stuhagh ensgs, Fnrdùrsahg, tfg cènc nutf`raty, wfaef s`ch t`tfg hgvgc`pgr pnrt `j tfg cnbh, fnh t` pny pnrt `j tfg e`sts. Jurtfgrk`rg, tfg egbtrncl`vgrbkgbt rglgbgrnta`b nlgbey Gblcasf Ynrtbgrsfaps assugh n efgnp c`nb j`r tfgabjrnstrueturg w`rms. Ab Xgkpcg ûny tfg U\THN, n rgla`bnc pudcae hgvgc`pkgbtnlgbey `wbabl ndùt 47% `j tfg cnbh, kalft fnvg s`ch ats cnbh t` tfg hgvgc`pgrj`r n c`w praeg, n mabh `j abharget sudsahy. E`bsuctgh ndùt tfas, n rgcgvnbt gxpgrte`brkgh tfnt at as b`t nb gxegpta`b tfnt rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs gbeùbtgr nhhata`bnc

cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, nbh tfnt knby CYNs nbh `tfgr pudcae d`hags stacc fnvg sud-stnbtanc pr`pgrtags `b tfgsg satgs. At as vgry e`kk`b tfnt pudcae d`hags usg tfgar cnbht` jneacatntg hgvgc`pkgbt (Fgbbgdgrry, abtgrvagw 499<).

Cnbh bgghgh j`r `b-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags

Tglnrhabl tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r `b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b (gxecuhabl tfg cnbh ub-hgr tfg pudcae duachabls) tfg nvnacndcg catgrnturg supp`rts tfg ahgn tfnt, ab lgbgrnc, tfgsystgk `j pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs fns sueegghgh ab pr`vahabl tfas cnbh jrgg `j efnrlg(Enkpdgcc gt ncan, 4999 nbh 499>= Hgpnrtkgbt j`r E`kkubatags nbh Cènc L`vgrb-kgbt, 499:). F`wgvgr, tfg ensgs e`brk tfas lgbgrnc stntgkgbt `bcy pnrtcy. Fgrg tfg

hgvgc`pgr/cnbh`wbgr pr`vahgs k`st `j tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r `b-satg pudcae abjrnstrue-turg nbh jneacatags, dut pudcae d`hags pr`vahg ncs` nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j at. @bcy abKglnd`wc hah tfg hgvgc`pgr pr`vahg ncc tfg cnbh. Tglnrhabl tfg cglnc `wbgrsfap `jtfg cnbh, s`kgtakgs tfg hgvgc`pgr rgtnabs tfg cglnc `wbgrsfap (ncc tfg pudcae spnegab Kglnd`wc , `bg jtf `j tfg pudcae spneg ab Fnrdùrsahg), nbh s`kgtakgs tfg cèncnutf`raty rgegavgs at jrgg (jùr jtfs j tfg pudcae spneg ab Fnrdùrsahg, ncc tfg pudcaespneg ab Xgkpcg ûny ). E`bsuctgh ndùt tfas, nb gxpgrt e`brkgh tfnt at as e`kk`bab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs tfnt pudcae d`hags pr`vahg pnrt `j tfg bgghgh cnbh(Fgbbgdgrry, abtgrvagw 499<).

Tglnrhabl tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r pudcae duachabls? ab Fnrdùrsahg, tfg `bcy pudcaeduachabl wns n skncc pnvaca`b èeupyabl 9,5% `j tfg t`tnc pcnb nrgn, nbh satuntgh



Gblcnbh496

`b eùbeac cnbh. Ab Xgkpcg ûny , tfgrg wns oust `bg pudcae duachabl? n sef``c è-eupyabl ndùt >7% `j tfg pcnb nrgn, `j wfaef >7% `bcy `bg jtf fns dggb eghgh

j`r jrgg dy tfg hgvgc`pgr. Ab Kglnd`wc tfgrg wgrg b` pudcae duachabls ab tfg pcnbnrgn. At sggks tfgrgj`rg tfnt, nt cgnst ab tfg stuhagh ensgs, hgvgc`pgrs usunccy h` b`te`btradutg watf cnbh j`r pudcae duachabls. Xw` ensg stuhags ab tfg 19‑s (Bgwdury,Dgrmsfarg, 79,999 k´ `jeg spneg, pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b lrnbtgh ab >111= nbh Ufgp-t`b Knccgt, U`kgrsgt, 5:9 hwgccabls, pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b lrnbtgh ab >118) sf`wtfg snkg hajjgrgbtantgh paeturg ns ab ùr ensgs? tfg `jeg sefgkg hah b`t abecuhge`btraduta`bs ab cnbh j`r `b-satg pudcae duachabls, wfgrgns tfg fùsabl sefgkg ab-ecuhgh n e`btraduta`b ab cnbh kgnbt j`r n praknry sef``c watfab tfg satg ab qugsta`b.F`wgvgr, tfgsg ensgs wgrg `j lrggbgch sefgkgs, b`t rglgbgrnta`b (Enkpdgcc gtncaa , 499>? 4>-55).


@bcy ab Fnrdùrsahg nbh Xgkpcg ûny wgrg tfgrg s`kg pudcae duachabls. Ab Fnr-dùrsahg tfg hgvgc`pgr faksgcj wacc duach n skncc pudcae duachabl. Xfg hgvgc`pgr abXgkpcg ûny fns b`t e`btradutgh, gatfgr ab mabh (gxegpt s`kg cnbh, sgg nd`vg) `rab k`bgy, t` tfg rg-duachabl `j tfg gxastabl sef``c. Nsmgh ndùt tfas, nb gxpgrt e`b-sahgrgh tfnt tfas bhabl eùch dg lgbgrncazgh. Wsunccy, bgatfgr tfg hgvgc`pgr b`r tfgrgspgetavg pudcae hgpnrtkgbts sggk t` jnvùr lavabl t` hgvgc`pgrs tfg rgsp`bsadacatyj`r hgvgc`pabl tfg pudcae duachabls. Hgvgc`pgrs usunccy e`begbtrntg b tfg pr`huetsjnkacanr t` tfgk. Nbh tfg pudcae hgpnrtkgbts rgsp`bsadcg j`r tfg pudcae duachabls

prgjgr t` rgknab ab efnrlg `j hgvgc`pabl tfgk (Cy`bs, abtgrvagw 499<).


Ab >111/4999, 1,488 njj`rhndcg ubats wgrg hgcavgrgh tfrùlf pcnbbabl nlrggkgbtsab Gblcnbh. Ab 4999/9> tfas wns 1,44< ubats, ab 499>/94 >9,595 ubats, ab 4994/95>4,<99 ubats, nbh ab 4995/98 >:,569 ubats. At as gstakntgh tfnt tfas wùch dg >7,999/ ygnr dy 4997/499: (@HYK, 4997? 1, 54= Hgpnrtkgbt j`r E`kkubatags nbh CèncL`vgrbkgbt, 499:? 55). Xfg pr`p`rta`b `j njj`rhndcg ubats sgeurgh tfrùlf pcnb-babl nlrggkgbt, ab rgcnta`b t` tfg t`tnc bgw njj`rhndcg ubats wns ab >111/99 4>%,ab 4999/9> 4>%, ab 499>/94 54% nbh ab 4994/95 88% (@jeg `j tfg Hgputy Yrakg

Kabastgr, 4997? 1). Ab lgbgrnc, pr`vasa`b `j sèanc/njj`rhndcg ubats tfrùlf pcnbbabl`dcalnta`bs sggks t` w`rm dgttgr ab lrggbgch tfnb ab rglgbgrnta`b satgs, nbh ncs`dgttgr ab tfg sùtf `j tfg eùbtry tfnb ab tfg b`rtf. N sùreg f`wgvgr sullgsts tfntnjj`rhndcg ubats dtnabgh tfrùlf pcnbbabl nlrggkgbts jtgb pr`t jr`k sèanc fùs-abl lrnbts (Er``m gt nc., 499>? ab Er``m & \fatgfgnh, 4994? >4<8-7). Xfg abtgrvagwswatf pudcae `jegrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs nbh tfg ensgs sullgst tfnt ab Drast`c ab tfg cnstjgw ygnrs, tfg bukdgr j sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl dtnabgh tfrùlf pcnbbabl nlrgg-kgbt as abergnsabl, wfaef eùch gxpcnab tfg rgcntavgcy l``h rgsucts ab tfas eaty. Xfgpgregbtnlgs `j bgw njj`rhndcg hwgccabls (wfgtfgr `dtnabgh tfrùlf pcnbbabl nlrgg-kgbt r b`t) j tfg t`tnc e`kpcgtgh bgw ubats nrg ab Drast`c falfgr tfnb tfg nvgrnlg ab

Gblcnbh? ab 4995 >7% ab Drast`c nbh 1% ab Gblcnbh, ab 4998 45% nbh >>%, ab 49977.:% nbh >>%, nbh ab 499: 44% nbh >5% (sgg tndcg ><).



Gblcnbh 491

B`bg `j tfg stuhagh ensgs abecuhgh e`btraduta`bs ab k`bgy j`r njj`rhndcg fùsabl=ab ncc j tfgk, tfg hgvgc`pgr faksgcj hgvgc`pgh tfg njj`rhndcg ubats watfab tfg satg ab

qugsta`b. Xfg k`rg rgegbt tfg pròget, tfg falfgr tfg pr`p`rta`b `j njj`rhndcg fùs-abl. Ab ensgs Xgkpcg ûny nbh Fnrdùrsahg (pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs hgbatavgcy vncahab 4995) tfg pr`p`rta`b wns >8% rgspgetavgcy 1%. Ab Kglnd`wc (499<) 47%. Xfgj`cc`wabl lurgs nrg kgnbt t` knmg ecgnr tfnt hgvgc`pabl sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsablnetunccy abv`cvgs n bnbeanc efnrlg t` tfg hgvgc`pgrs. Ab Fnrdùrsahg, tfg hgvgc`p-kgbt e`sts `j tfg njj`rhndcg ubats (tfg e`sts `j sgrvabl tfg cnbh nbh e`bstruetabl tfgduachabl, gxecuhabl tfg praeg j cnbh nbh gxecuhabl tfg pcnbbabl dcalnta`bs) nkùbtt` ndùt ₣ 7.7k, nbh tfg nlrggh sgccabl praeg (t` tfg Tglastgrgh Uèanc Cnbhc`rh)wacc dg ndùt ₣ 8.<k. Xfg hgvgc`pgr tfus dgnrs b`t `bcy tfg hajjgrgbeg dgtwggb tfgpraeg j`r tfg sèanc cnbhc`rh nbh tfg jrgg-knrmgt praeg j tfg fùsgs, dut ncs` n sf`rt-

nlg (rgturbs cgss e`sts) `j ndùt ₣ 699,999. Ab Xgkpcg ûny tfas sf`rtnlg wns ndùt₣ 4<9,999, nbh ab Kglnd`wc ndùt ₣ :79,999. Xfg hgvgc`pgrs kust tfus dgnr tfgsge`sts, pcus tfg e`rrgsp`bhabl neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh e`btraduta`bs.

Xndcg ><. E`kpcgtgh njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Eaty `j Drast`c (ncc bgw njj`rhndcg ubats,

tf`sg `dtnabgh tfrùlf pcnbbabl nlrggkgbt nbh tfrùlf `tfgr wnys).

Gblcnbh Eaty `j Drast`c

Tglastgrgh UèancCnbhc`rh‑s ubats(% `j t`tnc e`kpcgtghbgw ubats)

Cènc Nutf`raty‑s ubats(% `j t`tnc e`kpcgtghbgw ubats)

Tglastgrgh UèancCnbhc`rh‑s ubats(% t`tnc e`kpcgtghbgw ubats)

Cènc Nutf`raty‑subats(% t`tnc e`kpcgtghbgw ubats)

>111 ><,<<7 (>4.:%) 78 (9.9%)

4999 >:,:6> (>4.5%) 6< (9.>%)

499> >8,794 (>>.4%) >:9 (9.>%)

4994 >5,591 (1.<%) ><< (9.>%)

4995 >4,644 (6.1%) ><< (9.>%) <4 (>8.6%) 9.9%

4998 >:,:98 (>9.6%) >5> (9.>%) >89 (44.1%) 9.9%

4997 ><,757 (>>.9%) >64 (9.>%) 11 (7.:%) 9.9%499: 49,<74 (>4.1%) 4<< (9.4%) >85 (44.5%) 9.9%

Hgbata`bs?- Njj`rhndcg fùsabl? tf`sg ubats tfnt nrg pr`vahgh t` rgbt (`r `b sfnrgh `wbgrsfap dnsgs) dy Cènc Nutf`ratags `rTglastgrgh Uèanc Cnbhc`rhs.

Uùregs?- Gblcnbh? @wb gcnd`rnta`b, dnsgh `b Y4k/Y4^ rgturbs jr`k cènc nutf`ratags, Bnta`bnc Fùsgduachabl Eùbeac(BFDE), nvnacndcg b-cabg `b fttp?//www.e`kkubatags.l`v.um/abhgx.nsp0ah;>>7:954, cavg tndcg 488 ‖Ygrknbgbthwgccabls e`kpcgtgh, dy tgburg, Gblcnbh, fast`raenc encgbhnr ygnr sgrags‑, vasatgh `b >7 Nulustus 499<.- Eaty j Drast`c? @wb gcnd`rnta`b, dnsgh b Y4k rgturbs jr`k cènc nutf`ratags, rgturbs jr`k Bnta`bnc Fùsgduach-abl Eùbeac (BFDE), nvnacndcg `b-cabg `b fttp?//www.e`kkubatags.l`v.um/abhgx.nsp0ah;>>7:954, cavg tndcg 475‖Utnrts nbh e`kpcgta`bs dy hastraet‑, vasatgh `b >7 Nulustus 499<. Xfg nvnacndcg hntn rgjgr t` 4994-4995, 4995-

4998, 4998-4997 nbh 4997-499:, nbh nrg rgjgrrgh ab tfas tndcg rgspgetavgcy ns 4995, 4998, 4997 nbh 499:.



Gblcnbh4>9

Cnbh nbh k`bgy j`r `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags

At sggks tfnt hgvgc`pgrs h` b`t usunccy e`btradutg cnbh j`r `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg nbh

jneacatags, a.g. tfgy h` b`t usunccy eghg cnbh satuntgh utsahg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugs-ta`b (Hgpnrtkgbt j`r E`kkubatags nbh Cènc L`vgrbkgbt, 499:? 1->9). Xfg bhablsab tfg ensgs supp`rt tfas? ab b`bg `j tfg tfrgg ensgs fns tfg hgvgc`pgr pr`vahgh cnbhùtsahg tfg pcnb nrgn. Xfg satunta`b as hajjgrgbt watf e`btraduta`bs, d`tf ab mabh nbhab k`bgy, j`r tfg e`bstrueta`b `r akpcgkgbtnta`b `j `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags. Xfgsg sggk t` fnvg abergnsgh vgry kuef ab tfg cnst ygnrs (Enkpdgcc gt ncan,4999, 499>= Hgpnrtkgbt j`r E`kkubatags nbh Cènc L`vgrbkgbt, 499:). Nt tfg gbh`j tfg 19‑s, `dcalnta`bs rglnrhabl `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags wgrg ncrgnhyvgry e`kk`b ab Gblcnbh. Xfgrg as n str`bl lg`lrnpfaenc hajjgrgbtanta`b hgpgbhabl`b tfg ge`b`kae pr`spgraty `j cènc nutf`ratags? tfg str`blgr tfg ge`b`ky, tfg k`rg

tfg e`btraduta`bs. Xfus k`rg ab C`bh`b nbh tfg Uùtf Gnst tfnb ab tfg B`rtf (Enkp-dgcc gt ncan, 4999? <:8-<:7, <<4= Hgpnrtkgbt…, 499:? ><->6). Xfg ensgs e`brk tfglgbgrnc ahgn tfnt `dcalnta`bs abecuhg b`wnhnys e`btraduta`bs ab k`bgy j`r `jj-satgpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ab Fnrdùrsahg tfg hgvgc`pgr wacc pny ab k`bgy ne`bsahgrndcg e`btraduta b j`r n cgasurg jneacaty, ndùt 6% j tfg t`tnc vncug j tfg bncrgnc gstntg. Ab Xgkpcg ûny tfas wacc dg ndùt >.7% (j`r `jj-satg falfwnys, pghgstranbnbh eyecg jneacatags, ghuenta`bnc, sèanc nbh e`kkubaty jneacatags nbh n cndùr abatan-tavg), nbh ab Kglnd`wc ndùt 8% (j`r `jj-satg pghgstranb, eyecg nbh pudcae trnbsp`rtjneacatags, trnababl/npprgbtaegsfap pr`lrnkkg, ghuenta`b, rgergnta`bnc nbh cadrnry jn-eacatags).


Abs`jnr ns tfg nd`vg kgbta`bgh pnykgbts j`r `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jn-eacatags nrg b`t rgcntgh t` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b, tfgy kalft dg e`bsahgrgh nsergnkabl `jj pcus vncug. Dut, ab prabeapcg, tfg Gblcasf systgk `j pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bsas b`t kgnbt j`r tfg cènc nutf`ratags t` sfnrg tfg ge`b`kae rgbt lgbgrntgh dy tfglrnbtabl j pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b.


Ugeta`bs :.7 nbh :.: (s` jnr) fnvg nbncyzgh tfg w`rmabl `j dabhabl rucgs watfab tfg

kgefnbasks j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg nbh tfg rgsucts ab prnetaeg. B`w, p`ssadcgsahg gjjgets nrg nssgssgh, watf spgeanc nttgbta`b lavgb t` tfg tgkp` j akpcgkgbtnta`b`j tfg enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs.

Ab sgeta`b :.8.4.5 at fns dggb pàbtgh ùt tfnt pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs, ab lgbgrnc j`rGblcnbh, h` b`t ncwnys sueeggh ab dgabl rgncasgh watfab hgnhcabgs. Knby pcnbbablpgrkassa`bs nrg bgvgr duact, b`t gvgb e`kkgbegh. F`wgvgr, ubtac tfg k`kgbt `jhntn lntfgrabl ab Oubg 499<, tf`sg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs `j wfaef tfg akpcgkgbtn-ta`b as e`kkgbegh sggk t` dg e`kpcgtgh `b takg. Uabeg tfgb, pr`dndcy jugccgh dyubstndcg knrmgt eareukstnbegs, at sggks tfnt duachabl sefghucgs nrg gxpgragbeabl

cnrlg hgcnys, gvgb aj hgvgc`pkgbt ncrgnhy e`kkgbegh. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, `beg nbh ajhgvgc`pkgbt e`kkgbegs, nbh pr`vahgh tfnt knrmgt eareukstnbegs rgknab stndcg,



Gblcnbh 4>>

hgvgc`pgrs sggk t` e`kpcgtg tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, abecuhabl p`s-sadcg pnykgbts ab k`bgy, watfab takg.

:.: Enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt

t` z`babl nbh enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab Gblcnbh

Ugeta`b :.8 lnvg nb nbswgr t` Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5? at abjgrrgh tfg p`s-sadcg enusnc rgcnta`bs dgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t`z`babl‑ nbh tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑. Xfas sgeta`b suk-

knrazgs rst tfg abjgrrgh enusncatags nbh nssgssgs tfgb tfg gjjget `j p`ssadcg tfarhvnrandcgs.

:.:.> Xfg abjgrrgh enusncatags

Xfg bhabls sullgst tfnt tfg j`cc`wabl sud-vnrandcgs enb abfflugbeg p`satavgcy nbh/`rbglntavgcy tfg hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg (sgg ncs` tfg enusnc k`hgc ab sgeta`b4.8.4 nbh Jalurg 48)?• Uud-vnrandcg n, Wbegrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, t`lgtfgr watf

Egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg e`btraduta`bsXfas sggks t` fnvg dggb p`satavg j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b(`j tfg kubaeapncaty) nbh neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, a.g. p`satavg j`r enpturabl vncugabergnsg=

• Uud-vnrandcg d, E`btgbts pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs(>) _`babl nbh nlrggabl sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl= (4) Abecuhabl e`btraduta`bsj`r jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags= (5) Abecuhabl bnbeabl nbh akpcg-kgbtnta`b sefghucgs= tfg rst tw` sggk t` fnvg dggb p`satavg j`r enpturabl vncugabergnsg, pr`dndcy dgenusg tfgy fnvg dggb p`satavg j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcgsbgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty) nbh Neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts. Xfg tfarh

sud-vnrandcg (sefghucgs) sggk t` dg s`kgtakgs p`satavg, dut s`kgtakgs b`t s`gjjgetavg, j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg CYNs) nbh hgcny =• Uud-vnrandcg e, E`bhata`babl pgrkassa`b t` nlrggkgbt

Xfg p`ssadacaty `j knmabl tfg nppr`vnc `j pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b e`bhata`bnc `bsgeurabl tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nbh `tfgr p`ssadcg e`btraduta`bs?tfas sggks t` fnvg dggb p`satavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, pcnusadcy tfrùlfrgabj`reabl tfg p`satavg gjjgets `j sud-vnrandcgs d `b abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs ne-eùbtgh cnbh e`sts, rglucnr pr`t knrlabs (`j tfg hgvgc`pgr) tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sa-ta`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty) nbh hgcny =

• Uud-vnrandcg h, pr`pgrty ralfts

Xfg falf abtgrhgpgbhgbey dgtwggb CYNs nbh cnbh`wbgrs sggks t` fnvg nbglntavg gjjget `b abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg CYN‑s),



Gblcnbh 4>5

neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, rglucnr pr`t knrlabs (`j tfg hgvgc`pgr) nbh hgcny , nbhtfus n bglntavg gjjget `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg=

• Uud-vnrandcg g, Lunrnbtggs j`r tf`sg tnmabl abatantavgXfg ralft t` nppgnc nlnabst tfg hgtgrkabnta`b `r b`b-hgtgrkabnta`b `j pcnbbablnppcaenta`bs kalft dg p`satavg `r bglntavg j`r neegcgrntabl tfg tgkp` `j akpcg-kgbtnta`b (tfus j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcg hgcny ), dut nbywny bglntavg j`r abtgr-kghanry vnrandcg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg hgvgc`pgr), nbh tfus bglntavg j`renpturabl vncug abergnsg=

• Uud-vnrandcg g, Jcgxadacaty ab k`hajyabl lrnbtgh pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bsXfg rgcntavgcy fflgxadacaty t` k`hajy pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs kalft dg p`satavg j`rabtgrkghanry vnrandcg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j CYNs) nbh tfus j`r enpturabl vncugabergnsg.

Xfg bhabls ncs` sullgst tfnt tfg j`cc`wabl sud-vnrandcgs kalft fnvg b` gjjget `b nbyabtgrkghanry vnrandcg nbh/`r tfg hglrgg j enpturgh vncug abergnsg?• Uud-vnrandcg g, Jcgxadacaty ab hgtnacabl ‖n p`stgra`ra‑

Xfas sggks b`t t` dg rgcgvnbt nbyk`rg=• Uud-vnrandcg g, Jcgxadacaty t` se`pg tfg sazg `j tfg pcnb nrgn `j pgrkassa`bs ne-

e`rhabl t` bgl`tanta`bs watf gnef cnbh`wbgrXfas sggks b`t t` dg rgcgvnbt.

Ynrt `j sud-vnrandcg d (tf`sg e`btgbts `j pgrkassa`bs tfnt enb dg sgeurgh tfrùlf nb

nlrggkgbt), nbh sud-vnrandcg e (e`bhata`babl pgrkassa`b t` nlrggkgbt) nrg enusnccyrgcntgh t` gnef `tfgr, ab nb abvgrsg `rhgr ns gxprgssgh. Uud-vnrandcg e sggks t` dg nbakp`rtnbt enusg j tfg gjjgetavgbgss j tf`sg e`btraduta`bs tfnt enb dg sgeurgh ab tfgnlrggkgbt (pnrt j sud-vnrandcg d).

:.:.4 Y`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs

Fgrg, p`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs nrg nssgssgh, rgcntgh rst t` tfg spgeae eareukstnbegsab tfg stuhagh ensgs (vnrandcgs H8 nbh H7 `j tfg enusnc k`hgc ab sgeta`b 4.8.4), nbh

sge`bh t` knrmgt eareukstnbegs (vnrandcg N>). Xfg l`nc as t` gxnkabg tfg p`ssadacatytfnt tfg abjgrrgh enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps turb ùt t` dg spuraùs (sgg j`r k`rg hgtnac sge-ta`b 5.4.>.4).


Ab Fnrdùrsahg nbh Xgkpcg ûny tw` spgeae eareukstnbegs kalft fnvg jnv urgh tfgenpturabl j vncug abergnsg? tfg sazg nbh smaccs j tfg tgnks j pudcae jegrs ab efnrlg,nbh tfg abtgrvgbta`b `j suprn cènc pudcae nlgbeags. Tglnrhabl tfg rst, ab d`tf ensgstfg abtgrvagwgh pudcae `jegrs wgrg fnppy ndùt tfg tgnk `j `jegrs tfnt fnh fnb-hcgh tfg nppcaenta`bs. Xfgsg wgrg cnrlg nppcaenta`bs, wfaef ncc`wgh tfg e`bstatuta`b

`j cnrlgr tgnks watf k`rg rgsùregs. At sggks pcnusadcg tfnt tfas kalft fnvg abfflugbeghp`satavgcy enpturabl vncug abergnsg, gspgeanccy ab Xgkpcg ûny , wfgrg tfgrg wns b`



Gblcnbh4>8

l``h p`caey dnsg j`r `dcalnta`bs. Ab Fnrdùrsahg, tfg abtgrvagwgh hgvgc`pgr hah b`tkgbta`b tfas jnet`r, dut nb`tfgr `bg? ab fas `paba`b, tfg cnem `j val`rùs p`cataenc

cgnhgrsfap ab tfg Eùbeac nt tfnt takg hgcnygh hgvgc`pkgbt. Ab Kglnd`wc tfg pudcae`jegr ab efnrlg e`kpcnabgh ndùt tfg cnem `j rgsùregs t` fnbhcg tfg nppcaenta`b.

Tglnrhabl tfg abtgrvgbta`b `j suprn cènc pudcae nlgbeags, ab Fnrdùrsahg nbh Xgkpcgûny at sggks tfnt tfas abtgrvgbta`b fns abfflugbegh enpturabl vncug abergnsg, dy fgcp-abl t` knmg d`tf prògets k`rg pr`tndcg. Ab Fnrdùrsahg, Gblcasf Ynrtbgrsfap, n egb-trnc l`vgrbkgbt rglgbgrnta`b nlgbey, supp`rtgh tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg satg tfrùlfn efgnp c`nb j`r tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Ab Xgkpcg ûny, tfg Uùtf \gst `j Gbl-cnbh Tgla`bnc Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlgbey (U\THN), n rgla`bnc pudcae d`hy, t``m `vgr tfgcnbh jr`k n Hgvgc`pkgbt E`rp`rnta`b ab >11:, nbh sabeg tfgb fns stakucntgh rglgb-

grnta`b nbh kalft fnvg lavgb nb abharget sudsahy dy sgccabl tfg cnbh j`r n c`w praeg.


Nb`tfgr p`ssadcy tfarh vnrandcg, fùsabl praegs, enb ncs` njjget enpturabl vncug ab-ergnsg (vnrandcg N>, sgg enusnc k`hgc ab sgeta`b 4.8.4) nbh tfg spggh j akpcgkgbtn-ta`b (dgenusg k`rg pr`ts nttrnet k`rg abvgstkgbts, nbh rgk`vg `dstnecgs). Xfas rg-sgnref e`becuhgs tfnt tfg abfflugbeg `j fùsabl praegs fns dggb rgcgvnbt, abfflugbeablenpturabl vncug abergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.

Uabeg >11< fùsabl praegs fnvg rasgb vgry kuef (`jtgb nd`vg >9% gnef ygnr) nd`vg

tfg lgbgrnc k`bgtnry abfflnta`b. Xfas abergnsg t``m pcneg ab Gblcnbh ab lgbgrnc, nbhncs` ab tfg Uùtf-\gst `j Gblcnbh nbh ab tfg Eaty `j Drast`c, nbh e`btabugh tacc 4997.Ab 4997 nbh 499: praegs lrgw k`rg k`hgrntgcy (9% t` 7%) nd`vg tfg lgbgrnc k`b-gtnry abfflnta`b (sgg lurg 47). Xfas kgnbs tfnt ensgs Fnrdùrsahg (nppcaenta`b prèg-hurg nbh bgl`tanta`bs? Knref 499>-Jgdrunry 4995) nbh Xgkpcg ûny (Kny 499>-Kny 4995) stnrtgh ab n takg `j spcgbhah gxpgetnta`bs ndùt knrmgt praegs ab lgbgrnc,nbh spgeaenccy ab Drast`c? >5% abergnsg nd`vg abfflnta`b ab 4999, ><% ab 499>, 49%ab 4994 nbh >5% ab 4995. Ab Kglnd`wc (Nprac 499:-Nprac 499<) tfg gxpgetnta`bskalft fnvg dggb hajjgrgbt, nctfùlf b`t bgegssnracy pgssakastae? >,7% abergnsg nd`vgabfflnta`b ab 4997 nbh :% ab 499:8.

8 Ab 499< praegs ab Drast`c j`r bgw npnrtkgbts wgrg dgtwggb ₣ 5,999 t` 7,999 pgr k4 ffl``r spneg, `rgvgb k`rg. Dgenusg j tfg ubnvnacndacaty j lgbgrnc stntastaes j fùsabl praegs pgr squnrg kgtgr ffl``rspneg, wg fnh t` supp`rt `b nctgrbntavg sùregs?• Ab ensg Kglnd`wc tfg hgvgc`pgr gstakntgh rùlfcy tfg t`tnc praeg `j tfg >56 jrgg-knrmgt npnrt-

kgbts ab ndùt ₣ 58 kacca`b. Ns tfgsg >56 ubats wgrg ndùt >9,999 k´ ffl``r spneg, tfg nvgrnlg asndùt ₣ 5,899/k´ ffl``r spneg. Xfg praegs ab Kglnd`wc kust dg e`bsahgrgh f`wgvgr ns dgc`bl-abl t` n efgnpgr sglkgbt, ns tfas satg as rgcntavgcy as`cntgh nbh cèntgh ùtsahg tfg Eaty Egbtrg`j Drast`c. Ensgs Fnrdùrsahg nbh Xgkpcg ûny nrg cèntgh ab t`p-cènta`bs bgnr dy tfg EatyEgbtrg. Xfgrgj`rg, nb`tfgr sùregs nrg bgegssnry t` lavg nb nppr`xakntg ahgn `j praegs `j bgwnpnrtkgbts ab tfgsg tw` ensgs?

• Ab fùsabl sefgkg Ergsegbt Fnrdùrsahg Nbef`r T`nh , cèntgh dgsahgs ensg Fnrdùrsahg / Enb-b`b‑s Knrsf, praegs `j bgw npnrtkgbts vnry jr`k ₣ 7,999/ k´ ffl``r spneg t` k`rg tfnb ₣ <,999/ k´ffl``r spneg. Uùreg? wb gcnd`rnta`b, dnsgh b eurrgbt sgccabl praegs, fttp?//www.sknrtbgwf`kgs.e`k/hgvgc`pkgbt/Fnrdùrsahg/79::19/>>/lnccgry.nspx, vasatgh `b 44 nulustus 499<.



Gblcnbh 4>7

Jalurg 47. Lr`wtf `j rgnc praegs (kabus lgbgrnc k`bgtnry abfflnta`b) hwgccabls ab Gblcnbh,

tfg Uùtf-\gst nbh tfg Eaty `j Drast`c.

Ab lgbgrnc at sggks ecgnr tfnt tfg abergnsg ab fùsabl praegs fns pcnygh n vgry ak-p`rtnbt r`cg ab ncc tfg ensgs. Nck`st ncc tfg abv`cvgh pgrs`bs wf` wgrg abtgrvagwghe`bsahgrgh tfnt praeg rasgs ab tfg cnst ygnrs fnvg dggb `j enpatnc akp`rtnbeg j`r tfgbnbeanc jgnsadacaty `j d`tf ensgs. Ab Fnrdùrsahg falf knrmgt praegs sggks t` fnvg

ergntgh n cnrlg surpcus dgtwggb tfg cnbh praeg `j tfg prgvaùs usg (j`rkgr hèms nbhabhustranc nrgn, cnrlgcy vnenbt, pudcae pnrmabl) nbh `j tfg juturg usg (fùsabl, `jegnbh s`kg `tfgrs). Xfg hgvgc`pgr hah b`t pr`vahg abj`rknta`b ndùt tfg cnbh praeg,dut `wb gstaknta`bs sullgst tfnt tfg hajjgrgbeg dgtwggb tfg hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (gx-ecuhabl tfg neeùbtgh cnbh praeg, p`stabls 4-< ab Nbbgx 5), nbh tfg rgturbs nrg vgrycnrlg 7. Ab Xgkpcg ûny tfg pudcae `jegr e`bsahgrgh tfnt tfg p``r knrmgt eareuk-stnbegs ab tfg 19‑s wgrg tfg rgns`b tfnt tfg jùr prgvaùscy lrnbtgh pcnbbabl pgr-kassa`bs gxpargh watfùt dgabl usgh. Ncs`, fg nssgssgh tfnt tfg eurrgbt falf praegsergntgh n cnrlg surpcus dgtwggb tfg cnbh praeg `j tfg prgvaùs usg (j`rkgr rnacwnysahabls nbh abhustrags, cnrlgcy fflnttgbgh nbh vnenbt) nbh `j tfg juturg usg (fùsabl,

`jeg nbh s`kg `tfgrs). Fgrg ncs`, tfg hgvgc`pgr hah b`t pr`vahg abj`rknta`b ndùttfg cnbh praeg, dut wb gstaknta`bs sullgst tfnt tfg hajjgrgbeg dgtwggb tfg hgvgc`p-kgbt e`sts, nbh tfg rgturbs as vgry cnrlg:. Ab Kglnd`wc tfg surpcus wns ncs` cnrlgdgtwggb tfg cnbh praeg `j tfg prgvaùs usg (tfg d`wcabl nccgy) nbh `j tfg juturg usg(fùsabl). Fgrg tfg hajjgrgbeg dgtwggb tfg hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh tfg rgturbs as ncs`vgry cnrlg.<

7 N vgry nppr`xakntg nbh rùlf enceucnta`b as j`r Fnrdùrsahg en. ₣ 4,699 pgr k´ `j cnbh (₣ 449k ?<6,199 k´).

: N vgry nppr`xakntg rùlf enceucnta`b as j`r Xgkpcg ûny en. ₣ 8,>69 pgr k´ `j cnbh (₣ 4<:k ?

::,999 k´).< N vgry nppr`xakntg rùlf enceucnta`b as j`r Kglnd`wc en. ₣ >,:99 pgr k´ j cnbh (₣ 4>k ? >5,>98 k´)



Gblcnbh4>:

Xfgsg cnrlg surpcusgs sullgst tfnt tfg ensgs wùch fnvg dggb jgnsadcg watf c`wgrfùsabl praegs ncs`. Xfg abtgrvagwgh hgvgc`pgr `j Fnrdùrsahg e`brkgh tfnt Fnr-

dùrsahg wns ncrgnhy jgnsadcg tgb ygnrs nl`, nbh tfnt tfg praeg rasgs fnvg pr`vahghtfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr watf pr`ts nhhata`bnc t` tfg abatanccy enceucntghpr`ts. Xfg surpcus kalft ab nby ensg fnvg stakucntgh hgvgc`pgrs t` e`btradutg k`rglgbgrùscy. N pudcae `jegr e`bsahgrgh tfnt tfg cnst ygnrs knby `tfgr hajeuct rglgb-grnta`b satgs ab Drast`c fnvg e`kg up, tfnbms t` tfg jnvùrndcg knrmgt eareukstnbegs.Nb abtgrvagwgh gxpgrt ncs` e`bsahgrgh, ab lgbgrnc tgrks j`r Gblcnbh, tfnt praeg rasgsfnvg dggb bg akp`rtnbt jnet`r j`r tfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty j knby prògets. Nee`rh-abl t` tfas gxpgrt, gxpargh pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs fnvg hakabasfgh ab tfg cnst ygnrspnrtcy dgenusg `j tfas (Fgbbgdgrry, abtgrvagw ab 499<).



E

F N Y X G

T

<Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Efnptgrs 7 nbh : fnvg dggb ndùt tfg w`rmabl `j tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`b-abl nbh tfg rgsucts j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Upnb-asf rgla`b `j Zncgbean nbh ab Gblcnbh. Xfg bhabls nrg kgnbt j`r s`kg tfg`rgtaencrgfflgeta`bs ab efnptgr 6 nbh gspgeanccy j`r j`rkucntabl rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfgHutef prnetaeg ab efnptgr 1. Dut dgj`rg tfg rgfflgeta`bs nbh rge`kkgbhnta`bs enb

dg knhg, at as bgegssnry t` gxnkabg tfg w`rmabl `j j`rknc rucgs ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhsncs`. Njtgr ncc, tfg knab l`nc as t` j`rkucntg rge`kkgbhnta`bs abspargh dy tfg gx-pgragbeg ab `tfgr eùbtrags, dut tnmabl neeùbt `j tfg Hutef pcnbbabl systgk nbhcglascnta`b.

Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, nt tfg gbh j tfg >169s akp`rtnbt efnblgs t``m pcneg ab cnbh nbhfùsabl p`caeags, efnblgs tfnt fnvg k`hagh tfg kgefnbasks j`r enpturabl vncugabergnsg. Dgsahgs tfg trnhata`bnc j`rks `j netavg cnbh p`caey, pudcae d`hags nrg pursu-abl b`wnhnys bgw j`rks `j pudcae-pravntg pnrtbgrsfaps t` rghueg tfg bnbeanc rasmsabv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b. Ncs`, cènc pudcae d`hags nrg c``mabl j`r cgss netavg

kgtf`hs `j cnbh p`caey, ab wfaef pravntg pnrtags nssukg tfg rgsp`bsadacaty j`r ak-pcgkgbtabl tfg pcnbs nbh j`r tfg e`rrgsp`bhabl rasms. Ab lgbgrnc at enb dg snah tfntpudcae d`hags b`wnhnys nak j`r n cnrlgr pravntg abv`cvgkgbt ab tfg bnbeabl `j tfgubpr`tndcg pnrts ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b. Ab 4996 tfg cglascntavg jrnkgw`rm tfnt l`v-grbs tfas pravntg abv`cvgkgbt wns k`hagh (j`r k`rg hgtnacs ndùt tfgsg efnblgs abtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, sgg sgeta`bs >.> nbh >.4).

Jrnkg <n

Xfg abstatuta`bnc e`btgxt? bnta`bnc l`vgrbkgbt, pr`vabegs nbh kubaeapncatags

Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs èeupags nb nrgn `j 55.141 mk´ nbh fns k`rg tfnb >: kacca`b



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs449

abfndatnbts. At as n hgegbtrncazgh, ubatnry stntg, watf n systgk `j e`bstatuta`bnc pnrcan-kgbtnry k`bnrefy. Xfgrg nrg twgcvg pr`vabegs ( pr`vabeags) nbh 85> kubaeapncatags

( lgkggbtgb).

Xfg cglascntavg p`wgrs `b pcnbbabl cnw cag praknracy watf tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt nbhpnrcankgbt. Xfgy pr`hueg tfg ‖j`rknc cglascnta`b‑. J`rknc cglascnta`b enb, watfab egr-tnab cakats, trnbsjgr nutf`raty t` assug ‖cglascnta`b ab n kntgranc sgbsg‑ (hgerggs nbh rglu-cnta`bs) t` tfg pr`vabegs nbh t` tfg kubaeapncatags. Ycnbbabl nbh pr`pgrty cnw nbh p`ca-eags `j gnef l`vgrbkgbtnc d`hy nrg sud`rhabntgh t` tfg cnw nbh p`caeags `j tfg falfgrl`vgrbkgbtnc d`hags (Bgghfnk gt nc., >115? 5-<). Ab prnetaeg, f`wgvgr, tfg nut`b`ky`j pr`vabegs nbh kubaeapncatags as akp`rtnbt. J`r n cast `j rgcgvnbt cglascnta`b, rgcntavgt` pcnbbabl, sgg Nbbgx 4.

Ugeta`bs <.> nbh <.4 abtr`hueg tfg e`btgxt j f`w vncug abergnsg as enpturgh ab urdnbrglgbgrnta`b. Ugeta`b <.5 abtr`huegs tfg stuhagh ensgs, nbh sgeta`b <.8 tfg w`rmabl`j tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl watfab tfg vncug enpturabl kgefnbasks. Xfas astfg nbswgr t` Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5? f`w enb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`b-abl abfflugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg0 Xfg qugsta`b fns dggb havahgh abt` sgvgrncsud-qugsta`bs tfnt e`rrgsp`bh t` tfg sud-vnrandcgs n-g (j`r k`rg hgtnacs ndùt tfgsgsud-vnrandcgs, sgg sgeta`b 5.5.5). Gnef j tfg nbswgrs t` tfgsg sud-qugsta`bs e`bsasts`j nb nssgsskgbt j wfgtfgr tfg sud-vnrandcg enb abfflugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

Xfgrg as tfgrgj`rg b`t bg e`becusa`b, dut ns knby e`becusa`bs ns sud-qugsta`bs. Ncctfgsg e`becusa`bs, t`lgtfgr watf tfg bhabls ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, fnvg pr`vahghtfg ablrghagbts j`r tfg bnc e`becusa`bs ab efnptgrs 6 nbh 1. Ugeta`b <.7 nssgssgs tfgrgsucts `j tfg netunc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg, tnmabl neeùbt `j tfg sahg gj-jgets j`r tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b. Jabnccy, sgeta`b <.: sukknrazgs tfg abjgrrghenusncatags dgtwggb tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl nbh enpturabl vncug abergnsg,nbh nssgssgs tfg r`cg `j tfarh vnrandcgs.

<.> Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs as nb akp`rtnbt t`pae ab bnta`bnc nbh cèncpcnbbabl p`caeags. Ab lgbgrnc, tfgrg as prgèeupnta`b tfnt tfg rgcntavg nhvnbtnlgs `jurdnb hgvgc`pkgbt b lrggbgch satgs kalft tfrgntgb gxastabl urdnb nrgns. Utrgbltf-gbabl `j gxastabl eatags nbh t`wbs as tfgrgj`rg tfg l`nc (M`cpr`b, 4999? >-4= M`rtfncsNctgs, 499<? >816). Xfas fns trnbscntgh abt` p`caeags j`r tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j urdnbnrgns nbh j`r tfg stakucnta`b `j bgw duachabl watfab tfg dùbhnrags `j gxastabl eat-ags, knmabl usg `j `ch hgtgra`rntgh urdnb satgs. Xfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt fns tfg l`nctfnt 89% `j tfg bgw fùsabl sfùch dg duact watfab tfg gxastabl eatags (Zr`k, 4998=

4996). Tgegbtcy tfas l`nc fns dggb c`wgrgh t` dgtwggb 47 nbh 89%? dgtwggb 49,999nbh 89,999 hwgccabls pgr ygnr (N_, 499<? 57= Duatgcnnr gt nc., 4996? >4, 58-89).



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 44>

Xfgrg nrg hajjgrgbt s`rts `j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b satgs, gnef `j tfgk watf hajjgrgbt jgn-turgs nbh gnef j tfgk dgabl tfg sudoget `j spgeae urdnb rglgbgrnta`b p`caeags (M`c-

pr`b, 4999? 6-5>)? kuctajubeta`bnc egbtrnc nrgns, k`b`jubeta`bnc rgsahgbtanc hastraetsnbh `ch dr`wbgch satgs.

Kuctajubeta`bnc egbtrnc nrgns

Kuctajubeta`bnc egbtrnc nrgns e`bsast `j egbtrnc nrgns nbh `j satgs nrùbh rnacwny stn-ta`bs. Cènc urdnb rglgbgrnta`b p`caeags j`r d`tf s`rts `j satgs usunccy jèus `b ak-pr`vabl pudcae nbh pravntg jneacatags t` dgttgr sgrvg tfg cènc nbh rgla`bnc p`pucnta`bnbh t` nttrnet rgsahgbtanc jubeta`bs. Ab egbtrnc nrgns, tfg h`kabnbt usgs nrg rgtnac,enjás nbh rgstnurnbts, `jegs, pudcae jneacatags nbh fùsabl. Yr`pgrty `wbgrsfap asvgry jrnlkgbtgh, watf knby skncc `wbgrs nbh s`kg abstatuta`bnc cnbhc`rhs, suef ns

cnrlg rgtnac dusabgssgs nbh st`rgs, abvgst`rs ab rgnc gstntg, nbh fùsabl nssèanta`bs.F`wgvgr, kubaeapncatags nrg `jtgb tfg `bcy sudstnbtanc pnrty. J`r tfg satgs nrùbhrnacwny stnta`bs, tfg h`kabnbt usgs nrg k`rg `r cgss tfg snkg ns ab egbtrnc nrgns, dutrgcntgh t` tfg trnbsp`rt jubeta`b j tfg rnacwny stnta`b. U`kg j tfgsg satgs - tf`sg tfntwacc nee`kk`hntg tfg falf spggh rnacwny - nrg abtgbhgh nbh gxpgetgh t` hgvgc`pabt` egbtgrs `j stnturg. Xfgsg nrg? Drghn, T`ttgrhnk, Xfg Fnlug, Nkstgrhnk, Wtrgeftnbh Nrbfgk. Xfgsg satgs nrg dgabl rglgbgrntgh b`wnhnys, ns tfg ensg Utnta`bsmwnrtagr sf`ws j`r tfg rnacwny stnta`b `j Drghn. Yr`pgrty pnttgrbs nrg usunccy cgss jrnlkgbtghtfnb ab egbtrnc nrgns, watf nck`st ncwnys tw` dal cnbh`wbgrs, tfg kubaeapncaty nbhtfg Hutef Tnacwnys.

Jrnkg <d

Yravntg pnrtags ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b

Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, pudcae `r e`kkgreanc `rlnbasnta`bs usunccy e`btr`c k`st `j tfgcnbh, k`rg ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b tfnb ab lrggbgch hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfgsg abstatuta`b-nc nlgbts nrg pudcae (cènc l`vgrbkgbts), pravntg b`b-pr`t (fùsabl nssèanta`bs,w`bable`rp`rntags) nbh/`r pravntg e`kkgreanc (pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgrs). J`rkgr cnbh`wb-grs kalft dg prgsgbt nt tfg dglabbabl `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt, dut aj prgsgbt tfgy usunccysfnrg bgatfgr rasms b`r h` tfgy pnrtaeapntg ab tfg `pgrnta`b. K`st `j tfg takgs tfgar r`cg

as cakatgh t` tfnt `j pr`vahgrs `j cnbh. Xfnt as, urdnb rghgvgc`pkgbt ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhsas k`st `j tfg takg tfg tnsm `j abstatuta`bnc nlgbts.

Jr`k tfg >119s j`rwnrh, e`kkgreanc pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgrs fnvg dge`kg akp`rtnbt ne-t`rs ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, ns tfg ensgs Hg Jubgb nbh M`p vnb @`st sf`w. E`kkgreanchgvgc`pgrs e`kkassa`b tfg hgvgc`pkgbt `j `jegs nbh hwgccabls j`r sncg t` tfg bncusgr r t` n pr`pgrty abvgstkgbt e`kpnby. \fgb pr`t rntgs abergnsg, hgvgc`pgrs tgbht` nulkgbt tfg pr`p`rta`b j `jegs nbh hwgccabls hgvgc`pgh nt tfgar wb rasm, watfùtfnvabl s`ch tfgk dgj`rg e`kkgbeabl tfg duachabl, nbh vaeg vgrsn. Efurefgs, sp`rtecuds nbh tfg camg usunccy e`kkassa`b tfgar `wb duachabls, ns h` pr`hueta`b rks

(Uglgrgb g.n., 4997? >48). Xfgrg nrg vgry jgw pg`pcg tfnt e`kkassa`b tfgar `wb fùsg.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs444

K`st `j tfg pudcae jneacatags (f`spatncs, f`kgs j`r tfg gchgrcy, ghuenta`b, ubavgrsatags,sèanc fùsabl) nrg e`kkassa`bgh dy b`b-pr`t e`kpnbags watf n rgcalaùs, p`cataenc

`r `tfgr mabh `j sèanc dnemlrùbh. Xfgsg b`b-pr`t `rlnbaznta`bs, prgvaùscy ec`sgcyrgcntgh t` tfg pudcae nhkabastrnta`b hug t` tfgar hgpgbhgbeg b pudcae sudsahags, fnvgdge`kg tfg cnst ygnrs k`rg nut`b`kùs. Xfg k`st akp`rtnbt b`b-pr`t nlgbts ab ur-dnb rglgbgrnta`b nrg tfg fùsabl nssèanta`bs. Xfgsg sèanc cnbhc`rhs hgvgc`p sèancfùsabl gatfgr tfgksgcvgs r tfgy e`kkassa`b pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgrs t` duach at j`r tfgk.Xfgy nrg tfg k`st akp`rtnbt pr`pgrty knbnlgkgbt e`kpnbags ab tfg eùbtry, `wbablnppr`xakntgcy `bg tfarh `j tfg Hutef fùsabl stèm. Wbtac tfg 19s, dgbgtabl jr`kstr`bl pudcae sudsahags, fùsabl nssèanta`bs wgrg tfg cgnhgrs ab fùsabl duachabl.Jr`k >118 b, sabeg pudcae sudsahags hakabasfgh, k`st j tfgk fnvg rgstrueturgh nbh/ `r jusgh watf `tfgrs, nbh fnvg dglub t` hgvgc`p, dgsahgs sèanc fùsabl, e`kkgreanc

rgnc gstntg (Yragkus, >11:). Xfas as tfg ensg ab Mruahgbduurt (Gabhf`vgb), wfgrg n sèanccnbhc`rh as hgvgc`pabl 87% `j tfg t`tnc bukdgr `j hwgccabls ns sèanc fùsabl, nbhtfg rgst ns jrgg knrmgt fùsabl nbh s`kg e`kkgreanc spneg. Ab 4997 tfgrg wgrg 814fùsabl nssèanta`bs (Zr`k, 499<n? >7:).

Ab tfg cnst jgw ygnrs, k`st `j tfg j`rkgr pudcae utacaty e`kpnbags (gbgrly nbh wntgrsuppcy, tgcge`kkubaenta`b, rnacwnys) fnvg dge`kg k`rg nut`b`kùs `r fnvg gvgbdggb pravntazgh. U`kg `j tfgk `wbabl cnbh fnvg dge`kg akp`rtnbt pnrtbgrs ab urdnbrglgbgrnta`b. Ensgs Hg Jubgb nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr nrg nb gxnkpcg `j tfas? fgrg tfgHutef Tnacwnys `wbgh k`st `j tfg cnbh nbh dgenkg tfg abatantabl hgvgc`pgr.

K`b`jubeta`bnc rgsahgbtanc hastraets

N sge`bh entgl`ry `j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b satgs as hastraets watf n prgh`kabnbtcyrgsahgbtanc usg. Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b p`caeags fgrg nak t` strgbltfgb tfg rgsahgbtancusg, nbh tfgrgj`rg pr`vahg fùsabl, jneacatags nbh pudcae spneg `j l``h quncaty. Gs-pgeanccy ab prg-wnr hastraets, tfas kalft abv`cvg tfg rgk`vnc `j `ch jnet`rags tfnt nrgb` c`blgr e`kpntadcg watf fùsabl. Ab tfg cnst jgw ygnrs, tfg Kabastry `j Fùsabl,Ycnbbabl nbh Gbvar`bkgbt fns dggb abtgbsajyabl ats gjj`rts j`r tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j

7: hastraets, nbh k`rg rgegbtcy n bgw sgcgeta`b fns dggb knhg `j 89 hastraets (tfg prneftwaomgb), k`st `j tfgk cèntgh ab k`b`jubeta`bnc rgsahgbtanc nrgns. Xfas rg-sgnref fns knhg n dragj survgy `j tfgsg 7: rglgbgrnta`b hastraets. Dnsgh `b tfas, atas p`ssadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt rglgbgrnta`b tnmgs pcneg prgh`kabnbtcy `b cnbh `wbghdy kubaeapncatags `r fùsabl nssèanta`bs. Tglgbgrnta`b `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh`j nby salbaenbeg fnppgbs `bcy ab n kab`raty `j ensgs nbh e`begrbs skncc satgs?sf`ppabl egbtrgs nbh/`r rgsahgbtanc watf ndùt 79->99 hwgccabls (j`r k`rg hgtnacs`j tfas survgy, sgg Nbbgx 7).

At as p`ssadcg t` hastabluasf dgtwggb tw` s`rts `j k`b`jubeta`bnc rgsahgbtanc hastraets,

prg-wnr nbh p`st-wnr. Yrg-wnr hastraets nrg k`stcy cèntgh bgnr `r ab tfg kuctajube-ta`bnc egbtrnc nrgns kgbta`bgh nd`vg. Knby j tfgk fnvg dggb tfg sudoget j rglgb-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 445

grnta`b twaeg? rst pfysaenc rglgbgrnta`b jr`k tfg kah->1<9s t` >119 (M`rtfncs Nctgs,499<? >79>), nbh sge`bh b`wnhnys nlnab, g.l. ensg Mruahgbduurt . Yr`pgrty `wbgr-

sfap as usunccy jrnlkgbtgh, gvgb tfùlf prgvaùs pfysaenc rglgbgrnta`b fns e`begb-trntgh pr`pgrty t` s`kg gxtgbt? kubaeapncatags nbh fùsabl nssèanta`bs fnvg dge`kgtfg k`st akp`rtnbt cnbh`wbgrs. Xfg abergnsgh vncug j tfg cnbh njtgr rg-hgvgc`pkgbtas usunccy c`wgr tfnb ab kuctajubeta`bnc egbtrnc nrgns.

Njtgr tfg 4bh \\ nbh ubtac >1<9, kubaeapncatags nbh fùsabl nssèanta`bs hgvgc-`pgh >.: kacca`b bgw fùsgs nrùbh tfg gxastabl eatags, k`st `j tfgk sèanc fùs-abl. Xfg hgtgra`rnta`b b`wnhnys ab tfgsg hastraets as gvahgbt nbh fns cgh tfg egbtrncnbh cènc l`vgrbkgbts t` abatantg nbh stakucntg cnrlg rglgbgrnta`b prògets. Xfgsgp`st-wnr hastraets wgrg duact ab n systgkntae wny dy kubaeapncatags nbh fùsabl ns-

sèanta`bs, supp`rtgh dy egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt sudsahags. Xfgy abe`rp`rntgh knby `jtfg hgsalb prabeapcgs `j tfg E`blræs Abtgrbnta`bnux h‑Nrefatgeturg K`hgrbg (EANK).Xfg knab efnrnetgrastaes `j tfgsg rgsahgbtanc hastraets nrg k`b`jubeta`bncaty, duachabls`j rgpgntgh k`rpf`c`ly cèntgh ab tfg kahhcg `j kuef lrggb, c`w duachabl hgbsaty,kuef r`nh abjrnstrueturg, knby pudcae jneacatags nbh n prgh`kabnbeg `j sèanc fùs-abl. Yr`pgrty `wbgrsfap as e`begbtrntgh? kubaeapncatags `wb tfg pudcae abjrnstrue-turg nbh jneacatags, nbh s`kgtakgs ncs` tfg cnbh ubhgr tfg hwgccabls, wfaef as lavgbab cgnsgf`ch (grjpneft ) t` fùsabl nssèanta`bs. E`rp`rnta`bs `wb tfg kno`raty `jtfg hwgccabls nbh s`kgtakgs ncs` tfg cnbh. Ab nhhata`b, s`kg abvgst`rs `wb s`kgcnbh nbh duachabls (g.l. sf`ppabl egbtrgs) nbh tfgrg nrg ncs` s`kg `wbgr-èeupagrs

(d`tf fùsabl nbh jnet`rags). Xfg abergnsgh vncug `j tfg cnbh njtgr rglgbgrnta`b asc`wgr tfnb ab kuctajubeta`bnc egbtrnc nrgns. Jr`k >1<9 t` >111, nb`tfgr 4.< kacca`bhwgccabls wgrg hgvgc`pgh, b`t bcy nrùbh tfg gxastabl eatags, dut ncs` nrùbh sknccsudurdnb t`wbs, gspgeanccy ab tfg wgstgrb pnrt `j tfg eùbtry. Xfas takg k`rg nttgb-ta`b wns pnah t` tfg quncaty j fùsabl. Lgbgrnccy spgnmabl, tfg rglgbgrnta`b j tfgsghastraets as b`t ygt n p`caey assug.

@ch dr`wbgch satgs

N tfarh entgl`ry `j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b satgs as `ch dr`wbgch satgs. At as p`ssadcg t`hastabluasf dgtwggb tfg j`cc`wabl? dusabgssgs nbh tfgr s`rts j ge`b`kae-abhustranc

netavatags (ensg M`p vnb @`st )= lns nbh gcgetraeaty jnet`rags= fnrdùr nrgns= rnacwnyabjrnstrueturg (ensgs Hg Jubgb nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr )= nbh f`spatncs, l`vgrbkgbtduachabls nbh kacatnry satgs. Ab tfg wf`cg `j tfg eùbtry tfgrg nrg ndùt 45,999 fn`j `ch dusabgss gstntgs tfnt kalft dg tfg sudoget `j rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg bgxt ygnrs(Duatgcnnr gt nc., 4996? >9->>= L`rhaob gt nc., 499<? 7). Tglgbgrnta`b nck`st ncwnysabv`cvgs rgpcneabl tfg gxastabl usgs watf bgw `bgs. Yr`pgrty `wbgrsfap vnrags dut asab lgbgrnc efnrnetgrazgh dy tfg prgsgbeg `j cnrlg abstatuta`bnc pudcae `r pravntg pnr-tags e`btr`ccabl tfg pr`pgrty? tfas as egrtnabcy tfg ensg ab tfg tfrgg kgbta`bgh ensgs.Xfg abergnsgh vncug `j tfg cnbh njtgr rglgbgrnta`b as c`w wfgb tfg gxastabl usgs nrgknabtnabgh nbh falfgr wfgb rgpcnegh dy fùsabl nbh `jegs (M`rtfncs Nctgs, 499<?

>794).



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs448

<.4 Enpturabl vncug abergnsg nbh ats cglnc cakats ab tfg

Bgtfgrcnbhs

Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfg bnbeabl `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, ab urdnb rg-lgbgrnta`b b pravntgcy wbgh cnbh, as dnsgh `b e`btraduta`bs jr`k d`tf kubaeapnca-tags nbh hgvgc`pgrs. Xfgsg e`btraduta`bs kalft dg ab mabh `r ab k`bgy nbh nrg usunccynlrggh ab pravntg cnw hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts. Xfas wns tfg ensg ab ncc tfg stuhaghprògets. Xfgsg nlrggkgbts nrg enccgh fgrg ‖pravntg cnw‑ dgenusg tfgy nrg b`t rglu-cntgh ab pcnbbabl cnw nbh dgenusg tfgy nrg cglnccy gbj`regndcg ubhgr pravntg cnw.Uabeg tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net (\gt ruaktgcaomg rhgbabl ) at fns dggb p`ssadcg,watfab egrtnab cakats, t` akp`sg n e`btraduta`b watfùt tfg bggh `j n hgvgc`pkgbt

nlrggkgbt. Jrnkg <e lavgs nb vgrvagw j tfg dabhabl rucgs nbh tfgr pcnbbabl hèu-kgbts tfnt nrg rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs.

Jrnkg <e

Abhaentavg pcnbs nbh tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs

Nt tfg cènc cgvgc, Hutef kubaeapncatags fnvg tfg e`kpgtgbeg t` prgpnrg nbh nppr`vgz`babl pcnbs, d`tf `j nb abhaentavg nbh `j n dabhabl efnrnetgr. Tglnrhabl tfg abhaen-tavg pcnbs, tfgsg fnvg b` cglnccy dabhabl j`reg, bgatfgr j`r tfg eatazgb b`r j`r kubaeapncpcnbbabl hèukgbts. Xfgy nrg `jtgb nh fè hèukgbts, b`t hgbgh ab pcnbbabl cnw?

tfas wns tfg ensg ab ncc tfg stuhagh prògets. Ycnbbabl cnw prgseradgs `bcy `bg s`rt `jabhaentavg pcnb? Utrueturg Ycnbs (Utruetuurpcnb), `jtgb usgh ab prnetaeg, nctfùlf b`ts` kuef ns tfg nh fè hèukgbts. Xw` j tfg jùr stuhagh sefgkgs abecuhgh, dgsahgsnh fè hèukgbts, n Utrueturg Ycnb. Utrueturg Ycnbs kalft e`vgr tfg wf`cg kubaea-pncaty `r oust n pnrt `j at (Mcnnssgb, 4999? 67-66), nbh fnvg dggb rgpcnegh ab 4996 dyUtrueturg Zasa`bs (Utruetuurvasag).

Kubaeapncatags fnvg ncs` tfg e`kpgtgbeg t` knmg nbh nh`pt Cnbh-usg Ycnbs (Dgstgk-

kablspcnb), wfaef enb e`vgr tfg wf`cg kubaeapncaty (nctfùlf tfas h`gs b`t fnppgb`jtgb) `r n pnrt `j at (fnppgbs k`st jrgqugbtcy? j`r gxnkpcg, T`ttgrhnk fns `vgr 899

Cnbh-usg pcnbs, nbh Baokglgb `vgr 699= Duatgcnnr gt nc, 499<? 78). Kubaeapncatagsnrg `dcalgh t` e`vgr tfg tgrrat`ry ùtsahg tfg duact-up nrgn watf cnbh-usg pcnbs, nbhsabeg tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net tfg wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry. Nb akp`rtnbt pnrt`j tfg cnbh usg pcnb fns n cglnccy dabhabl efnrnetgr? tfas as tfg pnrt tfnt hgtgrkabgstfg usg p`ssadacatags `j cnbh nbh rgnc gstntg. N cnbh usg pcnb abecuhgs nb Gxpcnbnta`b(Ycnbt`gcaeftabl ), n Knp (Ycnbmnnrt ), nbh tfg Cnbh-usg Tglucnta`bs (Ycnbv``rsefrajtgb).Xfg Tglucnta`bs e`btnab nt cgnst n hgbata`b j tfg pgrkattgh cnbh usgs (h`gcgabhgb`k-sefraovabl ), nbh p`ssadcy nb @utcabg Hgbata`b (Dgsefraovabl ab F``jhcaobgb). Xfg Knpnbh tfg Tglucnta`bs fnvg n cglnccy dabhabl efnrnetgr, nbh tfg Gxpcnbnta`b ab prabeapcgfns b`t. F`wgvgr, tfg Gxpcnbnta`b kalft dg rgcgvnbt ab tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef Knp nbh

Tglucnta`bs cgnvg r``k j`r abtgrprgtnta`b (Znb _ubhgrt, >11:? 1<-16)



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 447

N cnbh usg pcnb enb dg hgtnacgh `r ùtcabg. Nrtaecg >>.> `j tfg `ch Yfysaenc YcnbbablNet, nbh 5.: `j tfg 4996 Net, lavg t` tfg kubaeapncaty tfg p`ssadacaty `j stntabl ab tfg

cnbh-usg pcnb tfg `dcalnta`b t` nhh hgtnacs cntgr. Aj tfg kubaeapncaty stntgs ab tfg cnbh-usg pcnb tfnt at fns t` dg hgtnacgh cntgr, at dge`kgs nb ‖@utcabg Cnbh-usg pcnb watf`dcalnta`b `j jurtfgr gcnd`rnta`b‑ (Lc`dnnc dgstgkkablspcnb kgt uatwgrmablspcaeft ). Absuef n pcnb, n pnrt `r tfg wf`cg pcnb nrgn as lavgb utcabg dabhabl cnbh-usg rglucnta`bs( lc`dncg dgstgkkablgb). Ncs`, suef n pcnb fns t` abecuhg tfg rucgs tfnt wacc rglucntg tfghgtnacabl. Xfgb, cntgr, tfg kubaeapncaty fns tfg `dcalnta`b t` hgtnac, j`cc`wabl tfg rucgslavgb ab tfg pcnb, tfg ùtcabg rglucnta`bs up t` tfg hgtnacgh cgvgc `j n b`rknc cnbh-usgpcnb. Hntn jr`k >16< ubtac >115 sf`w tfnt hgtnacabl @utcabg cnbh-usg pcnbs as usghjrgqugbtcy (Znb Hnkkg & Zgrhnns >11:? <1-69). Ab tfg ensgs Utnta`bsmwnrtagr nbhMruahgbduurt, tfg cnbh usg pcnb abecuhgh ùtcabg rglucnta`bs, e`vgrabl `bg skncc pc`t

rgspgetavgcy nck`st ncc tfg pcnb nrgn.

D`tf tfg egbtrnc nbh pr`vabeanc l`vgrbkgbts kalft jrggzg r k`hajy tfg cnbh usg pcnbs`j kubaeapncatags, nbh gvgb rgpcneg tfgk watf tfgar `wb hèukgbts? ab prnetaeg, tfash`gs b`t fnppgb `jtgb. Xfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt gxgreasgs tfas e`btr`c tfrùlf jùrYfysaenc Ycnbbabl Abspget`rntgs (Abspgetag Tuaktgcaomg @rhgbabl ), nbh tfg pr`vabegsncs` fnvg abspget`rs. Wbtac tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net, pr`vabeanc l`vgrbkgbtsfnh t` nppr`vg ncc cnbh usg pcnbs hgbatavgcy. Uabeg tfgb, pr`vabegs b` c`blgr fnvg t`nppr`vg tfgk, dut tfgy rgtnab tfg p`wgr t` abtgrvgbg.

Xfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net stntgs hgnhcabgs j`r tfg prèghurgs j`r n cnbh-usg pcnb. Yrg-vaùs t` tfg k`haenta`b `j tfg Net ab 4996, aj tfgrg wgrg bgatfgr `dogeta`bs b`r np-pgncs nlnabst tfg pcnb, tfg hgbatavg nppr`vnc `j tfg pr`vabeg fnh t` tnmg pcneg watfab6 k`btfs njtgr pudcasfabl tfg hrnjt cnbh-usg pcnb. Aj tfgrg wgrg `dogeta`bs nbh/`r np-pgncs nlnabst tfg pcnb, tfg hgbatavg nppr`vnc eùch gxtgbh up t` tfartggb k`btfs. Ablgbgrnc, prèghurgs sggk t` jncc watfab tfgsg tgrks. Ensgs Hg Jubgb, M`p vnb @`st (6k`btfs gnef) nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr (>4 k`btfs) jgcc watfab tfgsg hgnhcabgs, ensg Mrua-hgbduurt t``m n cattcg c`blgr (>8 k`btfs). Xfg 4996 Net fns sf`rtgbgh tfg hgnhcabg.B`wnhnys n cnbh usg pcnb kust dg hgbatavgcy nppr`vgh >4 wggms njtgr tfg ec`sg `jtfg e`bsuctnta`b pgra`h.

Ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, at as p`ssadcg t` nppr`vg, abstgnh `j n b`rknc cnbh usg pcnb, nb-`tfgr sakacnr hèukgbt? nb Wrdnb Tgbgwnc Ycnb (Utnhsvgrbaguwablspcnb). B`bg j tfgstuhagh ensgs usgh tfas. Xfg 4996 Net lnvg t` pr`vabegs nbh egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt ncs`tfg e`kpgtgbeg `j knmabl nbh nppr`vabl n Cnbh usg Ycnb (Abpnssablspcnb).

Xfg 4996 Net abtr`huegh n bgw s`rt `j pcnb, tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs Ycnb (Gx-

pcàtntagpcnb). Ab ensg tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j n cnbh usg pcnb akpcags e`sts j`r pudcae



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs44:

abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, nbh tfgsg nrg b`t sgeurgh>, tfg kubaeapncaty kust nppr`vg,t`lgtfgr watf tfg cnbh usg pcnb, n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. D`tf hèukgbts

kust dg prègssgh t`lgtfgr. Xfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb kust abecuhg? n knpwatf tfg hgcakatnta`b `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg, n hgserapta`b `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`va-sa`b w`rms, nbh n enceucnta`b `j tfg e`sts, rgvgbugs, akpcgkgbtnta`b tgrks nbh tfgwny tfg e`sts kust dg efnrlgh nk`bl tfg cnbh`wbgrs (gxpcàtntag`pzgt ). Ab nhhata`b, atenb abecuhg nhhata`bnc prgserapta`bs rgcntgh t` tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg, sèanc fùsablnbh pnregcs kgnbt j`r wbgr-èeupagrs duachabl tfgar wb fùsg (Faoknbs & J`mmgkn,4996? 451-489). Xfg prgserapta`bs `j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nrg cglnccydabhabl wfgb pcnbbabl nppcaenta`bs nrg ouhlgh. Ncc tfg stuhagh ensgs jncc ubhgr tfgpcnbbabl cnw prgvaùs t` tfg 4996 Net, nbh b`t `bg `j tfgk abecuhgh n Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb, b`r n pr`vabeanc `r bnta`bnc cnbh usg pcnb.

Cnbh usg pcnbs `j nby s`rt enb dg hgpnrtgh jr`k. Kno`r hgpnrturgs (vraostgccabl/pr`-

ogetdgscuat ) dgenkg n e`kk`b nctgrbntavg `r e`kpcgkgbt t` tfg cnbh-usg pcnb (Xf`-kns gt nc., >165, qu`tgh ab Jncuha, >16<? >>:, >67= D`sef & Fnbgknnygr, >114, qu`t-gh ab Drglknb & Uagvgrs, 4994 nbh Duatgcnnr gt nc., 499<? 78= Drúemabl & Lggst, >164,qu`tgh ab Duatgcnnr gt nc., adahgk= Znb hgr Tgg, 4999? 49, 4:). Ab ensgs Hg Jubgb,Mruahgbduurt nbh M`p vnb @`st, tfg kubaeapncaty, t`lgtfgr watf knmabl n bgw cnbhusg pcnb, nppr`vgh hurabl tfg prèghurg ncs` kno`r hgpnrturgs jr`k tfg `ch gxastablpcnb j`r n pnrt `j tfg satg, ab rhgr t` dg ndcg t` stnrt tfg w`rms s`kg k`btfs dgj`rg tfge`kpcgta`b `j tfg prèghurg j`r tfg bgw cnbh usg pcnb.

<.4.> Dgttgrkgbt dgc`bls t` tfg cnbh`wbgr

Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfg vncug abergnsg `j cnbh, enusgh dy n efnblg t` tfg pgrkattghcnbh usg ab tfg dabhabl rucgs (j`r gxnkpcg jr`k abhustranc cnbh t` rgsahgbtanc nbh `j-egs), jnccs t` tfg cnbh`wbgr (Bgghfnk, 499<n? >78->77). Xfgrg as b` cglnc prabeapcgab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, ns j`r gxnkpcg ab tfg Upnbasf >1<6 E`bstatuta`b, wfaef nemb`wc-ghlgs tfg prabeapcg `j n pudcae sfnrg ab tfg vncug abergnsg lgbgrntgh dy pudcae p`ca-

eags `r dy efnblgs `j tfg dabhabl rucgs (sgg sgeta`b 7.5.>). Xfg Dratasf >18< X wb nbhEùbtry Ycnbbabl Net, wfaef bnta`bncazgh tfg dgttgrkgbt tfnt neerugs jr`k efnblgs`j tfg dabhabl rucgs, kalft sgrvg ncs` ns gxnkpcg dut fns b`wnhnys b` rgnc e`bsg-qugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg (sgg efnptgr :.4.>).

F`wgvgr, ab lgbgrnc tfg cglascnt`r fns tfg p`wgr t` knmg rucgs ndùt vncug enpturabl?tfgrg as b` cglnc `dstnecg ns c`bl ns tfg cglascnt`r stnys watfab tfg dùbhnrags `j tfg

> Xfg hgbata`b ab tfas rgsgnref j ‖pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags‑ as dr`nhgr tfnb tf`sg e`sts tfntkust dg sgeurgh. At as hajeuct f`wgvgr t` prgeasgcy hgbg tf`sg e`sts tfnt kust dg sgeurgh dgenusgtfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net h`gs b`t hgbg tfgk ecgnrcy. Xfgy e`kprasg ab nby ensg pfysaencabtgrvgbta`bs, neta`bs nbh w`rms nbh jncc nbywny watfab tfg hgbata`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags lavgb ab tfas rgsgnref.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 44<

Hutef Lgbgrnc Nhkabastrntavg Net ( Nclgkgbg wgt dgstuursrgeft ) nbh abtgrbnta`bncXrgntags nbh E`bvgbta`bs, camg tfg Gur`pgnb E`bvgbta`b `b Fuknb Talfts. F`wgvgr,

`bcy t` n cakatgh gxtgbt fns tfg cglascnt`r usgh tfg p`wgr t` knmg suef cglascnta`b.Xfg bgw 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net enb dg e`bsahgrgh ns `bg `j tfg jgw gxnkpcgs`j cglascnta`b rglucntabl enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Nb`tfgr gxnkpcg as tfg k`ha-enta`b ab 4998 `j tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net t` ncc`w kubaeapncatags t` nlrgg watfhgvgc`pgrs tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr pny tfg e`kpgbsnta`b j`r tfg hgergnsg ab ge`b`kaevncug `j surrùbhabl pr`pgrtags tfnt nrg e`bsgqugbeg `j tfg nppr`vnc `j n bgw cnbhusg pcnb ( pcnbsefnhg). Xfg netunc cglnc p`ssadacatags j`r tfg l`vgrbkgbt t` enpturgtfg abergnsgh vncug ab ensg `j pravntg hgvgc`pkgbt nrg knabcy cakatgh t` e`st rge`v-gry. ‖E`st rge`vgry‑ as tfg rge`vgry, tfrùlf e`btraduta`bs jr`k pravntg hgvgc`pgrs,`j tf`sg e`sts tfnt nrg hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg rgncaznta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh

jneacatags tfnt dgbgt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Hgvgc`pgrs kalft e`btradutg gatfgr dy rgncas-abl tfas abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags hargetcy, `r pnyabl pudcae d`hags t` h` s`. Xfas fnsb`t efnblgh watf tfg bgw 4996 Net. J`r k`rg hgtnacs ndùt e`st rge`vgry nbh `tfgrj`rks `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg, sgg sgeta`b >.8.

<.4.4 Enpturabl vncug abergnsg tfrùlf pravntg cnw nlrggkgbts

Ab tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef kubaeapncatags knmg e`sts j`r pr`vahabl abjrnstrueturg, tfgrg astfg p`ssadacaty `j knmabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt (Gxpcàtntag`vgrggbm`kst ) watf

tfg hgvgc`pgr ab `rhgr t` rge`vgr (s`kg `j tf`sg) e`sts. Xfas nlrggkgbt h`gs b`t jnccubhgr tfg kgbta`bgh entgl`ry ‖pravntg cnw‑ dgenusg ats e`btgbts nrg rglucntgh ab tfgYfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net nbh tfg Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Tglucnta`b (Gxpcàtntagvgr`rhgb-abl ). Xfg nlrggkgbt kust dg dnsgh b tfg cènc Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Tglucnta`b, wfaefstntgs tfg e`bhata`bs nbh tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg abecuhgh. Xfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Netprgvaùs t` tfg 4996‑s k`haenta b stntgh ab nrtaecg 84 s`kg cakatnta`bs t` tfg e`ststfnt eùch dg abecuhgh ab tfg cènc Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Tglucnta`b (sgg jrnkg <h). Ajtfg cènc l`vgrbkgbt bgl`tantgh n falfgr e`btraduta`b, wfaef gxegghgh tfg cakats `jtfg cènc Tglucnta`b, n ouhlg eùch rgseabh tfg e`btrnet. Ab suef n ensg, tfg cènc l`v-grbkgbt fnh t` rgjubh tfg wf`cg e`btraduta`b (Hg \`cjj & Kuþ`z, 499<? 755-758).

Jrnkg <h

Cakatnta`bs t` e`sts ab cènc Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Tglucnta`b prgvaùs t` 4996 Net

• Xfg bnbeanc e`btraduta`b fnh t` dg cakatgh t` n e`btraduta`b t` tfg e`sts `j sgrvae-abl tfg cnbh. Xfas abecuhgs tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg hg-vgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b. Xfg e`sts `j, j`r gxnkpcg, `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg kny b`t dgrge`vgrgh. Zncug enpturabl tfnt gxegghs tfg rge`vgry `j tfg bnkgh e`sts wns b`tncc`wgh=

• Xfg hgvgc`pgr‑s e`btraduta`bs ab cnbh fnh t` dg cakatgh t` tfnt cnbh tfnt as bgghgh

j`r tfas `b-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs446

Xfg satunta`b as hajjgrgbt ab tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef tfg kubaeapncaty as b`t hargetcy ab-v`cvgh ab pr`vahabl abjrnstrueturg, wfaef as ab tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef tfg kubaeapncaty

abeurs b` e`sts j`r tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Ab tfgsg ensgs, kubaeapncatags nbh hg-vgc`pgrs nrg jrgg t` knmg nb`tfgr s`rt `j Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt (@vgrggbm`kst 4),ab wfaef tfgy nlrgg tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr pr`vahgs pudcae abjrnstrueturg, `r njj`rhndcgfùsabl, gte. Xfgrg nrg jgwgr cakatnta`bs t` tfgsg nlrggkgbts tfnb t` tfg `tfgr s`rt,dgenusg tfgy nrg b`t l`vgrbgh dy tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net. Ab prabeapcg, kubaeapnc-aty nbh hgvgc`pgr enb nlrgg nby e`btraduta`b, ncs` j`r `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg, ns c`blns tfg hgvgc`pgr faksgcj pr`vahgs tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg. F`wgvgr, aj e`btraduta`bse`bsast `j n pnykgbt t` tfg kubaeapncaty j`r tfg e`sts knhg, tfg nd`vg kgbta`bghsystgk `j tfg Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Tglucnta`bs, abecuhabl ats cakatnta`bs, nppcags.

Nb akp`rtnbt hajjgrgbeg watf Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean as tfnt pcnbbabl e`bsgbt (tfg np-pr`vnc `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb, `r tfg hgpnrturg jr`k at, `r lrnbtabl tfg duachabl pgrkat)enbb`t j`rknccy dg knhg e`bhata`bnc b n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt j nby s`rt. \atftfg rst s`rt `j nlrggkgbt, tfg kubaeapncaty enb nsm j`r e`btraduta`bs ab gxefnblgj`r pr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg, dut b`t ab gxefnblg j`r lrnbtabl n pcnbbabl e`bsgbt.Xfg sge`bh s`rt `j nlrggkgbt kust dg v`cubtnry. Ab bgatfgr ensg kny tfg kubaeapnc-aty, j`rknccy, e`bhata`b tfg lrnbtabl `j pcnbbabl e`bsgbt `b sgeurabl abvgstkgbts `rakpcgkgbtnta`b j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.

<.4.5 Xfg 4996‑s b`vgctags

Ab 4996, n bgw Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net, wfaef abecuhgh n bgw Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbtNet (Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt ), nbh n bgw Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg (Dgscuat p hg ruaktg-caomg rhgbabl ) enkg abt` j`reg. Xfas net abtr`huegh akp`rtnbt b`vgctags j`r enpturablvncug abergnsg (sgg Hg \`cjj, 499<)? (>) tfgy abtr`hueg tfg p`ssadacaty j akp`sabl btfg cnbh`wbgrs n e`btraduta`b watfùt tfg bggh j tfg kubaeapncaty atsgcj knmabl tfge`sts, nbh watfùt tfg bggh j`r n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt= nbh (4) tfgy lavg k`rghgtnac ndùt tfg s`rts `j e`sts tfnt enb dg akp`sgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs.

E`st rge`vgry tfrùlf pudcae cnw (Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb)Ab ensg tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j n cnbh usg pcnb akpcags e`sts j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg

4 Xfas s`rt `j Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt rgegavg hajjgrgbt bnkgs, dut ats e`btgbts nrg b`t ecgnrcyrglucntgh nbywfgrg, s` e`btrnets watf tfg snkg bnkg enb dg vgry hajjgrgbt ab hgtnacabl nbhprnetaenc e`bsgqugbegs. Wsunccy, e`btrnets watf ùtcabg hgtgrkabnta`bs kalft rgegavg tfg bnkgAbtgbtag`vgrggbm`kst , Unkgbwgrmabls`vgrggbm`kst `r @btwammgcabls`vgrggbm`kst . E`btrnets watfk`rg hgtnacgh hgtgrkabnta`bs usg t` rgegavg tfg bnkg Tgncasntag`vgrggbm`kst .



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 441

nbh jneacatags, nbh tfgsg e`sts fnvg b`t dggb sgeurgh5, tfg kubaeapncaty kust nppr`vgn Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb t`lgtfgr watf tfg cnbh usg pcnb. N Hgvgc`pkgbt

e`btraduta`bs pcnb enceucntgs tfgsg e`sts, nbh tfg kubaeapncaty enb knmg lrnbtabltfg duachabl pgrkat e`bhata`bnc `b n e`btraduta`b. Xfas as tfg rst takg tfnt pcnbbable`bsgbt (ab tfas ensg, `bcy tfg lrnbtabl `j tfg duachabl pgrkat, b`t tfg nppr`vnc `jtfg cnbh usg pcnb `r hgpnrturg jr`k at) enb dg j`rknccy knhg e`bhata`bnc `b sgeur-abl `r pnyabl n e`btraduta`b. \fgb n cnbh`wbgr sudkats n duachabl nppcaenta`b, tfgkubaeapncaty enb rgjusg tfg duachabl pgrkat aj tfg e`btraduta`b nee`rhabl t` tfg Hg-vgc`pkgbt e`btraduta bs pcnb j`r tfg nrgn fns b`t dggb sgeurgh `r pnah (Hg \`cjj &Kuþ`z, 499<? 757). Xfg bgw 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg rglucntgs tfg e`sts tfntenb dg abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (sgg jrnkg <g).

Jrnkg <g

Cast `j p`ssadcy e`sts ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb

Xfg bgw 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg prgseradgs ab nrtaecgs :.4.5 t` :.4.:, nbh:.4.>> tfg s`rts `j e`sts8 tfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb(Zr`k, 4996? >91->45, >5>->51= Mcnnssgb, 4996? 578-5:4= Dnnrhgwaom, 4996? <76-<71). At as gxpgetgh tfnt tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt wacc hgtnac s``b s`kg `j tfgsg nrtaecgs(nrtaecg :.4.8.l-o, rglnrhabl jubhnkgbtnccy tfg prgpnrnta`b j pcnbs). Xfgsg nrg tfg e`ststfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb?>n. Yudcae abjrnstrueturg watfab r ab tfg akkghantg surrùbhabls `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt

satg? r`nhs, sgwgrnlg, pnrms, pudcae duachabls, gte. Ncs`, ab ensg tfg bgw cnbh usgpcnb hakabasfgs tfg ge`b`kae vncug j surrùbhabl pr`pgrtags, tfg e`kpgbsnta`be`sts t` tfg `wbgrs ( pcnbsefnhg)=

4n. Yudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags satuntgh watfab tfg pcnb nrgn, wfaef sgrvg tfasnbh nt cgnst nb`tfgr hgvgc`pkgbt sefgkg (d`vgbwaomsg v``rzagbablgb)= at as f`w-gvgr b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr aj, wfgb satuntgh ùtsahg tfg pcnb nrgn, tfgsg pudcae abjrn-strueturg nbh jneacatags enb ncs` dg e`bsahgrgh ns d`vgbwaomsg v``rzagbablgb, `rabstgnh ns d`vgbpcnbsg m`stgb (sgg ubhgr)=

5n. E`btraduta`bs t` a) `tfgr sefgkgs (d`vgbpcnbsg vgrgvgbabl ) `r t` aa) abvgstkgbtss`kgwfgrg gcsg (d`vgbpcnbsg m`stgb)? a) rgjgrs t` e`btraduta`bs t` ubpr`tndcg

sefgkgs rub dy pudcae `r pravntg pnrtags s`kgwfgrg gcsg watfab `r ùtsahg tfg

5 E`sts nrg ‖sgeurgh‑ wfgb tfgrg as egrtnabty tfnt tfgrg as, `r wacc dg, bnbeanc kgnbs nvnacndcg t` pnytfgk. Xfas egrtnabty enb dg ergntgh ab hajjgrgbt wnys? a) \fgb tfgrg as n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt`r nby `tfgr j`rk `j pravntg cnw e`btrnet tfnt e`kkats nby pnrty t` pny= aa) \fgb nby pudcae d`hye`kkats atsgcj t` sudsahy tfg e`sts= aaa) \fgb tfg kubaeapncaty fns tfg cnbh nbh fns enceucntghtfnt tfg pr`ts `j sgccabl tfg cnbh wacc e`vgr tfg e`sts. Ab tfas tfarh ensg, tfg kubaeapnc gxgeutavgp`wgr (Durlgkggstgr gb \gtfùhgrs) `r tfg Cènc Eùbeac (Lgkggbtgrnnh ) kust nppr`vg tf`sgenceucnta`bs nbh abecuhg tfgk ab tfg kubaeapnc duhlgt.

8 At kalft dg tfnt tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb h`gs b`t abecuhg tfg e`sts nbh e`btraduta`bs nssuef, a.g. ns n suk j k`bgy r n e`btraduta`b. Abstgnh, at enb abecuhg at ns nb dcalnt`ry prgserapta`btfnt ab jnet kgnbs tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr kust knmg n e`st `r e`btraduta`b. G.l. tfg pcnb enb z`bg cnbhj`r sèanc fùsabl, wfaef enb e`st tfg hgvgc`pgr k`bgy.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs459

kubaeapncaty= aa) rgjgrs t` e`btraduta`bs t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags satunt-gh utsahg tfg pcnb nrgn. Bgatfgr a b`r aa nrg bgegssnracy hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg hg-

vgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b. D`tf s`rts `j e`btraduta`bs enb dg n e`btraduta`b ab mabh,(tfg hgvgc`pgr faksgcj kalft e`bstruet tfg abjrnstrueturg r jneacaty), n pnykgbt abk`bgy kgnbt j`r nb spgeae ubpr`tndcg sefgkg r j`r n spgeae abjrnstrueturg rjneacaty, r n pnykgbt ab k`bgy t` n jubh7 kgnbt j`r k`rg tfnb bg spgeae abvgst-kgbt. Xfas jubh enb dg usgh t` e`btradutg t` d`tf a nbh aa (e`bjgr` nrtaecg :.>5.<4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net= _ubhgrt, 4996? 8<4= Dnnrhgwaom, 4996? <:4-<:5)=

8n. Uèanc fùsabl watfab tfg pcnb nrgn? pgregbtnlg nbh/`r bukdgr, cènta`b, nhserap-ta`b t` nccènta`b rucgs j`r tfg tgbnbts nbh duygrs `j sèanc rgbtgh fùsabl nbhsèanc fùsabl j`r sncg, ns c`bl ns tfgsg nccènta`b rucgs hgravg tfgar stntus jr`kfùsabl cglascnta`b nbh cènc rglucnta`bs (Zr`k g.n. 4996? >51= Mcnnsgb, 4991-

49>9? efnptgr >>.5.8, e`bsuctgh `b >>/94/49>9= Baocnbh, abtgrvagw ab 49>9)=7n. Xfg cnbh tfnt as bgghgh j`r ncc tfgsg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags? tfg cnbh-`wbgrs kust dg e`kpgbsntgh watf tfg knrmgt vncug `j tfgar cnbh, nbh tfas e`k-pgbsnta`b enb dg abecuhgh ns n e`st ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb.

:. Lrggb nbh bnturg nrgns (pnrms, wntgr, gte) tfnt fnvg dggb c`st ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbtsatg (vgrc`rgb lglnbg bntuurwnnrhg, lr`gbv``rzagbablgb gb wntgrv``rzagbablgb),wfaef kust dg e`kpgbsntgh watf bgw lrggb nrgns ab `r ùtsahg tfg satg.

F`wgvgr, b`t ncc tfg e`sts abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb enb dg

efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Jarst, `bcy tfg e`sts `j e`bstrueta`b `j tfg abjrnstrueturgenb dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs, dut b`t tfg e`sts j knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b`j tfas abjrnstrueturg. \atf `tfgr w`rhs, at as b`t p`ssadcg t` efnrlg n e`btraduta`bkgnbt j`r rubbabl n pudcae abjrnstrueturg j`r n spgeae pgra`h `j takg njtgr basfablats e`bstrueta`b (Zr`k gt nc, 4996? >>>->>4). @bcy knabtgbnbeg e`sts `j sàc hge`b-tnkabnta`b kgnsurgs kalft dg efnrlgh (Baocnbh, abtgrvagw ab 49>9).

Uge`bh, hurabl tfg e`bsahgrnta`b `j tfg bgw Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net, tfg pnrcankgbtrgogetgh tfg p`ssadacaty `j efnrlabl j`r tfg sèanc jneacatags (knntsefnppgcaomg v``r-zagbablgb), usabl ns gxnkpcgs j sèanc jneacatags ghuenta`bnc jneacatags nbh sèanc wgc-

jnrg jneacatags (wgczaob). Xfas kgnbs tfnt hgvgc`pgrs enbb`t dg rgquargh t` e`btradutgbgatfgr t` tfg e`bstrueta`b `j tfg duachabls, b`r t` tfg knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b`j tfgsg duachabls (tfus ncc e`sts gxegpt tfg cnbh e`sts) `j sèanc jneacatags (Znb hgbDrnbh, abtgrvagw 4996).

Xfarh, nrtaecg :.>5.7 `j tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net gstndcasfgs tfg eratgran tfntl`vgrb tfg hglrgg t` wfaef tfg e`sts enb dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs? pr`t ( pròt ) ,nttradutndacaty (t`grgmgbdnnrfgah ) nbh pr`p`rta`bncaty ( pr`p`rta`bncatgat ). Xfas kgnbstfnt sgvgrnc e`sts enbb`t dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs?

7 Ab Hutef, tfg e`rrget tgrk j`r ‖jubh‑ as ‖rgsgrvg‑ dgenusg at as enccgh s` ab tfg Dgscuat Dgfggr gbZgrnbtw``rhabl . F`wgvgr, tfg p`pucnr tgrk as ‖j`bhs‑ (Dnnrhgwaom, 4996? <:>).



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 45>

• Xfg e`sts j tfnt pnrt `j abjrnstrueturg sgrvabl n wahgr nrgn, abecuhabl tfg cnbhubhgr tfg abjrnstrueturg, tfnt h` b`t jucc tfgsg eratgran=

• B`w (Nutukb 4991) tfgrg as b` ubnbakaty ndùt f`w straet tfg tfrgg cglnc eratg-ran sfùch dg abtgrprgtgh wfgb nssgssabl wfgtfgr tfg e`btraduta`bs t` 5n (`tfgrsefgkgs `r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags -d`vgbpcnbsg vgrgvgbabl rgspge-tavgcy d`vgbpcnbsg m`stgb) enb dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Aj tfg eratgran nrgabtgrprgtgh vgry straetcy, at as qugsta`bndcg wfgtfgr tfgsg e`btraduta`bs enb dgefnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs, ns tfg rgcnta`b watf tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`bas b`t harget. Gspgeanccy tfg e`btraduta`bs t` `tfgr sefgkgs wùch fnrhcy kggttfg eratgran (e`bjgr` Znb hgb Drnbh, abtgrvagw 4996= Zr`k gt nc, 4996? >>7=Dnnrhgwaom, 4996? <71-<:>= Lr``t, 4991? 8:7-8::).

• At as qugsta`bndcg wfgtfgr ncc tfg e`sts `j rgjurdasfabl gxastabl `ch abjrnstrueturg

wùch kggt tfgsg eratgran. Kubaeapncatags kalft dg dcalgh t` nssukg pnrt j tfge`sts wfgb tfg gxastabl abjrnstrueturg as `ch nbh tfg rgspgetavg kubaeapnc d`hyncrgnhy fns rgsgrvgh s`kg kgnbs j`r ats rgbgwnc (Zr`k gt nc, 4996? >>4= Mcnns-sgb, 4996? 576).

• B`t ncc tfg e`sts `j pcnb prgpnrnta`b (tfg knmabl `j pcnbs nbh stuhags, nbh tfgprgpnrnta`b nbh e`btr`c `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b) enb dg efnrlgh t` tfgcnbh`wbgrs. N eareucnr (kabastgraícg rglgcabl ) j tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt wacc pr`-vahg k`rg hgtnacs ndùt wfaef `j tfgsg e`sts enb nbh enbb`t dg efnrlgh (Zr`kgt nc., 4996? >>:->>6, >44, >:>)=

Jùrtf, rglnrhabl tf`sg e`sts tfnt fnvg dggb ncrgnhy knhg, tfgsg enb `bcy dg efnrlghab ensg tfg kubaeapncaty, nt tfg takg tfnt tfg e`sts wgrg knhg, hah knhg gxpcaeatab tfg kubaeapnc duhlgt wfaef pnrt `j tfg e`sts sfùch dg efnrlgh ab tfg juturg t`tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b. Aj tfg kubaeapncaty hahb‑t, tfgb tfgsg e`sts enbb`t dgefnrlgh, gvgb aj tfgy jucc tfg tfrgg cglnc eratgran (Zr`k gt nc, 4996? >>7->>:).

Jajtf, aj tfg enceucntgh pr`ts h` b`t e`vgr tfg e`sts abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb, tfg hgeat (e`sts kabus pr`ts) enbb`t dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh-`wbgrs. Aj tfgrg as n hgeat, tfas kalft dg hug t` tfg kgtf`h `j nssgsskgbt `j tfgneeùbtgh vncug `j tfg cnbh. Cnbh as abecuhgh ns e`st ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btra-

duta`bs pcnb j`r n praeg gquavncgbt t` tfg praeg tfnt sfùch dg gstndcasfgh ab ensg`j gxpr`pranta`b. Xfas gxpr`pranta`b praeg j`cc`ws n rgsahunc kgtf`h `j enceucnta`b,wfaef abecuhgs tfg vncug abergnsg hug t` rgz`babl, netunccy tfg praeg `j cnbh fns t`dg nssgssgh tnmabl abt` neeùbt ncc tfg pr`ts tfnt wacc neerug njtgr hgvgc`pkgbt, a.g.ncc tfg abergnsgh vncug. Xfas kgnbs tfnt tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts ab Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnbs wacc dg kuef falfgr tfnb tfg kabakuk cnbh e`sts, s` falf tfntn hgeat wacc dg e`kk`b. \atf `tfgr w`rhs, tfg kgtf`h `j enceucnta`b `j tfg cnbhe`sts ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnbs akpcags tfnt nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j tfgvncug abergnsg cgnms nwny t` tfg `wbgr. Ab rglgbgrnta`b satgs tfas pr`dcgk as w`rsg,ns cnbh praegs ab prgvaùs trnbsneta`bs nrg usunccy abfflntgh. Ns tfg praeg ab prgvaùs

trnbsneta`bs sgrvg ns e`kpcgkgbtnry sùregs t` tfg rgsahunc kgtf`h `j nssgsskgbt,tfas bnccy e`btradutgs t` abfflntabl tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts cnrlg nd`vg tfg kabakuk



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs454

cnbh e`sts. Ab nhhata`b, ab rglgbgrnta`b satgs hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nrg `jtgb falfgr hugt` tfg gxastgbeg `j prgvaùs abstnccnta`bs nbh duachabls, e`btnkabntgh sàc nbh tfg

camg (vnrandcg N4). Ab sf`rt, at as camgcy tfnt hgeats wacc dg e`kk`b, gspgeanccy ab ur-dnb rglgbgrnta`b (Hagpgrabm, 4991? 1->9). Ab ur paba`b, tfg rst salbs njtgr bg ygnr`j nppcaenta`b j tfg 4996 Ycnbbabl Net e`brk tfas e`becusa`b. N rgegbt gvncunta`b`j tfg rst rgsucts ab prnetaeg ab tfg rst ygnr njtgr tfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg 4996 Nete`brks tfas e`becusa`b t`` (Ycnbdurgnu v``r hg Cggj`klgvabl, 49>9? :5-:8)

E`st rge`vgry tfrùlf pravntg cnw (nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt)

Xfgrg as tfg p`ssadacaty tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr nlrggs t` pny tfg e`sts dgj`rg tfg nppr`vnc`j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. Xfas enb dg gstndcasfgh ab wfnt as enccgh nb‖nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt‑ (nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kst ). Aj tfg e`sts nrg ab tfnt

wny sgeurgh, tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb h`gs b`t bggh t` dg nppr`vgh. Nbnbtgra`r nlrggkgbt kny abecuhg k`rg e`btraduta`bs tfnb tf`sg efnrlgndcg t` cnbh-`wbgrs tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. Jarst, nb nlrggkgbt enb sgeurgtfg ncrgnhy kgbta`bgh e`sts tfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab n pcnb, dut b`t efnrlgh t` tfgcnbh`wbgrs. Uge`bh, nb nlrggkgbt kny sgeurg ncs` s`kg tfgr e`sts tfnt enbb`t dgabecuhgh ab n pcnb. Jrnkg <j casts d`tf s`rts `j nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs.

Jrnkg <j

Nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs

Xfg j`cc`wabl e`sts enbb`t dg efnrlgh t` cnbh`wbgrs ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btradu-ta`bs pcnb, dut kny dg sgeurgh tfrùlf nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt (Zr`kgt nc, 4996? 4>-44, 5>, 55, 56, 8>-84, 87-86, 79, 74, >:9= Mcnnssgb, 4996? 5<1-569=Dnnrhgwaom, 4996? <7:-<:7= Lr``t, 4991? 8:8, 8:7= Baocnbh, abtgrvagw ab 49>9)?>-7d. Xfg e`sts tfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, dut enbb`t

dg efnrlgh t` cnbh`wbgrs? knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b e`sts j abjrnstrueturg,tf`sg e`sts tfnt h` b`t kggt tfg tfrgg eratgran (pr`t, nttradutndacaty, pr`p`rta`b-ncaty), tf`sg tfnt nrg ncrgnhy knhg dut nrg b`t efnrlgndcg dgenusg suef as b`tknhg gxpcaeat ab tfg kubaeapnc duhlgt, r tf`sg e`sts tfnt nrg b`t e`vgrgh dy tfgenceucntgh pr`ts. Xfg knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j pudcae duachabls

enbb`t, ab prabeapcg, dg efnrlgh dgenusg tfgy enbb`t dg e`bsahgrgh ns dgc`bl-abl t` cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt ( lr`bhgxpcàtntag). At as f`wgvgr b`t ecgnr aj, wfgb tfgpudcae duachabls nrg prgseradgh ns n ‖spntanc hgvgc`pkgbt‑ (sgg ubhgr), at as p`s-sadcg `r b`t t` nlrgg b`t `bcy n e`btraduta`b j`r ats e`bstrueta`b, dut ncs` j`r atsknabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b (Mcnnssgb, 4991-49>9? efnptgr >>.5.6, e`bsuctghnt >>-94-49>9= Baocnbh, abtgrvagw ab 49>9). Nb`tfgr pgb qugsta`b as wfgtfgr atas p`ssadcg t` nlrgg e`btraduta`bs (`j nby mabh? t` tfg e`bstrueta`b, knabtgbnbeg`r gxpcàtnta`b e`sts) j`r ‖sèanc jneacatags‑ (Knntsefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgb). Nt`bg sahg tfg nd`vg-kgbta`bgh pnrcankgbtnry stntgkgbt, nlnabst tfas p`ssadacaty,wns ab prabeapcg kgnbt j`r tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, dut kalft ncs`

hgtgrkabg tfg p`ssadcg e`btgbts `j nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. Nt tfg



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 455

`tfgr sahg, tfg 4996 Net nbh Hgergg ncc`w kubaeapncatags nbh cnbh`wbgrs t`sgnc n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt nbh h` b`t cakat wfnt n e`btraduta`b j`r ‖spntanc

hgvgc`pkgbts‑ kalft abecuhg, s` aj sèanc jneacatags nrg prgseradgh ns ‖spntanc hg-vgc`pkgbt‑ tfgrg eùch dg tfg p`ssadacaty `j nsmabl n e`btraduta`b b`t `bcy j`rtfgar e`bstrueta`b, dut ncs` j`r tfgar knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b (ejr. Znb hgbDrnbh, abtgrvagw ab 4996= Baocnbh, abtgrvagw ab 49>9) :.

8d. Nhhata`bnc rgquargkgbts j`r sèanc rgbtgh fùsabl, nhhata`bnc t` tf`sg tfnt enbdg abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (8n). G.l. abhaenta`bs `j knxa-knc praegs `j tfg hwgccabls t` dg s`ch t` tfg fùsabl nssèanta`bs, nccènta`brucgs gvgb aj b`t hgravgh jr`k fùsabl cglascnta`b `r cènc rglucnta`b, gte. Ncs`,nhhata`bnc rgquargkgbts j`r sèanc fùsabl j`r sncg, g.l. abhaenta`bs `j tfg knxa-knc sgccabl praegs t` tfg duygrs ab ensg `j b` prgvaùs rgla`bnc nlrggkgbt `b

tfas knttgr, nbh nccènta`b rucgs rglnrhabl tfg sgcgeta`b j tfg duygrs gvgb aj b`thgravgh jr`k fùsabl cglascnta`b `r cènc rglucnta`b.<. E`btraduta`bs t` ‖Upntanc hgvgc`pkgbt‑ (ruaktgcaomg `btwammgcabl ) satuntgh ùt-

sahg tfg sefgkg ab qugsta`b. At as b`t ecgnr wfnt gxnetcy ruaktgcaomg btwammgcabl kgnbs. Xfg e`begpt as stacc vnlug nbh kalft abecuhg n cnrlg vnragty `j pudcae jn-eacatags? g.l. pnrms, lrggb nbh rgergnta`bnc nrgns, wntgr st`rnlg w`rms, cnbhsenpgw`rms, abhustranc nrgns t` dg rglgbgrntgh, abjrnstrueturg nbh p`ssadcy s`kg s`rts`j pudcae duachabls (g.l. eucturnc jneacatags), nbh ns c`bl ns tfgy e`begrb pfysaencjubeta`bs rgcntgh t` urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfg e`btraduta`b eùch knydg b`t bcyj`r tfg e`bstrueta`b `j tfg jneacaty, dut ncs` j`r ats knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b.

Ns kgbta`bgh nd`vg, at as b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfg e`btraduta`bs kalft e`begrb‖sèanc jneacatags‑. Xfg e`btraduta`b enb dg b`t `bcy j`r spgeae pudcae jneacatags,dut ncs` j`r nb ubpr`tndcg sefgkg rub dy pravntg pnrtags.

: K`rg spgeaenccy, tfg cglnc qugsta`b as ns j`cc`ws? ab Hutef cnw, pravntg cnw nlrggkgbts enbb`t abprabeapcg abecuhg e`btraduta`bs tfnt l` jurtfgr tfnb wfnt pudcae cnw prgseradgs j`r n Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb. F`wgvgr, tfgrg nrg gxegpta`bs t` tfas (Znb T`ssuk, 4997? >st t` <tf pnlg)?

― Ab ensg pudcae cnw knmgs gxpcaeat tfnt kubaeapncaty nbh cnbh`wbgrs nrg ncc`wgh t` nlrgg

e`btraduta`bs ab n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt. Xfas as tfg ensg fgrg, ns nrtaecgs :.>4.4.n nbh:.48.> Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net prgseradg tfnt kubaeapncatags nbh cnbh`wbgrs enb nlrgg, ab nhgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt, e`btraduta`bs j`r tfg ‖cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt‑ ( lr`bhgxpcàtntag), tfasabecuhabl ncs` e`btraduta`bs j`r ‖spntanc hgvgc`pkgbts‑. Xfas kgnbs tfnt at sfùch dg p`ssadcg t`nlrgg e`btraduta`bs j`r tfg e`bstrueta`b, nbh knydg ncs` j`r tfg knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b`j ‖sèanc jneacatags‑ (knntsefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgb)=

― F`wgvgr, Hutef cnw ncs` rge`lbazgs tfnt tfgrg kalft dg nb ‖ubneegptndcg e btrnhaeta`b‑(`bnnbvnnrhdnrg h``rmruazabl ab Hutef) watf pudcae cnw ab ensg n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt abecuhgsn e`btraduta`b tfnt l`gs nlnabst tfg ‖kgnbabl‑ `j tfg cnw (strgmmabl vnb hg pudcagmrgeftgcaomgrglgcabl ). Xfg ‖kgnbabl‑ `j n cnw as j`r gxnkpcg tfg abtgbta`b tfnt tfg cglascntavg p`wgr fnhwfgb at nppr`vgh tfg cnw. Ns ab tfas ensg tfg Hutef Ynrcankgbt gxpcaeatcy rgogetgh tfg p`ssadacaty`j efnrlabl cnbh`wbgrs watf nby e`st `j ‖sèanc jneacatags‑ (gxegpt tfg e`sts `j pr`vahabl tfgcnbh j`r tfg sèanc jneacaty), tfg qugsta`b rgknabs `pgb wfgtfgr e`btraduta`bs t` sèanc jneacatags(e`bstrueta`b, knabtgbnbeg `r gxpcàtnta`b) wùch b`t akpcy nb ‖ubneegptndcg e`btrnhaeta`b‑watf pudcae cnw.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs458

6. Ergnkabl `jj pcus vncug? ab ensg tfg kubaeapncaty gbtgr abt` nlrggkgbt watftfg cnbh`wbgr t` hgvgc`p fas cnbh ab suef n wny tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty dgnrs

bnbeanc rasms (dgenusg at atsgcj abvgsts ab pudcae abjrnstrueturg, `r duys tfg cnbh`r pnrt `j tfg cnbh, gte), kubaeapncaty nbh cnbh`wbgr enb ncs` nlrgg tfnt tfgkubaeapncaty wacc sfnrg tfg pr`ts. Uuef nb nlrggkgbt enb fnvg n vnragty `jj`rks, hgpgbhabl `j tfg bnturg `j tfg kubaeapnc abv`cvgkgbt (dùwecnak-`vgrggbm`kst nbh pudcagm-pravntg snkgbwgrmabls`vgrggbm`kst ). Xfas l`gs tfusjurtfgr tfnb e`st rge`vgry (Baocnbh, abtgrvagw ab 49>9). Ns tfas rgsgnref naks`bcy nt e`st rge`vgry, tfas p`ssadacaty `j ergnkabl `jj pcus vncug wacc dg b`t fnb-hcgh nby k`rg ab tfg rgst `j tfg sgeta`bs. F`wgvgr, ns at as b`t prgeasgcy ecgnrwfnt at kgnbs tfnt nb abjrnstrueturg as ‖rgcntgh‑ t` tfg satg ab qugsta`b, ab prnetaegtfgrg kalft dg wnys j ergnkabl jj pcus vncug dy rgquarabl e`btraduta`bs ubhgr

4, 5 nbh, spgeanccy, <. Xfg dùbhnry dgtwggb wfaef abjrnstrueturg `bg eùche`bsahgr ns ‖rgcntgh‑ nbh wfaef b`t as b`t gnsacy hgbgh, b`r as tfgrg nlrggkgbtndùt at.

Netunccy, d`vgbpcnbsg vgrgvgbabl , d`vgbpcnbsg m`stgb (5n) nbh ruaktgcaomg `bt-wammgcablgb (<) nrg kgnbt j`r vgry sakacnr s`rts `j abvgstkgbts. Ncc tfrgg kalft e`bsast`j n e`btraduta`b ab mabh, n pnykgbt j`r n spgeae abvgstkgbt, `r n pnykgbt t` n jubhtfnt enb dg usgh j`r sgvgrnc abvgstkgbts. Xfg hajjgrgbeg as tfnt 5n kalft jucc (`r b`t)tfg tfrgg cglnc eratgran sgt ùt nd`vg nbh tfus dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfrùlfn Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, wfacg ruaktgcaomg btwammgcablgb wacc dy hgbata`b

bgvgr jucc tfgsg eratgran nbh tfus enb `bcy dg efnrlgh tfrùlf nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`p-kgbt Nlrggkgbt.

Ab sf`rt, n kubaeapncaty enb rge`vgr k`rg e`sts ab nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrgg-kgbt tfnb tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. At as ubegrtnab wfgtfgr tfgnppr`vnc j n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb kalft njjget tfg e`btgbts j nb ncrgnhygxastabl nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. Ab prabeapcg, tfg Nlrggkgbt enbb`t e`b-trnhaet nby `j tfg prgserapta`bs abecuhgh ab tfg Ycnb (Zr`k gt nc, 4996? 58= Mcuwgr,4996? >54). Xfas kgnbs tfnt s`kg j tfg e`btraduta`bs nlrggh ab tfg Nlrggkgbt kalft

dg buccagh ab ensg n Ycnb dge`kgs nppr`vgh.

Xfg e`sts tfnt enb dg sgeurgh ab nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt nrg lrgntgr tfnbtf`sg ncc`wgh ubhgr tfg `ch cènc Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Tglucnta`b. Ab `tfgr w`rhs,ab tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef kubaeapncatags tfgksgcvgs pr`vahg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags, nbh tfgy rgquarg cnbh`wbgrs t` e`btradutg, nb nbtgra`r nlrggkgbt akpcagsnb gbcnrlgkgbt `j tfg p`ssadacatags j`r e`st rge`vgry. Xfas kalft dg hajjgrgbt wfgb nkubaeapncaty h`gs b`t rgquarg nby pnykgbt ab k`bgy, dut h`gs rgquarg tfnt tfg hg-vgc`pgr rgncazgs ab mabh tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfgsg ensgs jgcc dgj`rg4996 ubhgr tfg `ch ‖pravntg cnw‑ Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt (@vgrggbm`kst ). At as b`t

ecgnr wfgtfgr tfg p`ssadcg e`btraduta`bs ab tfg bgw nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrgg-kgbt nrg lrgntgr `r b`t.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 457

<.5 Abtr`hueta`b t` tfg stuhagh ensgs ab

tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Ab k`st `j tfg stuhagh ensgs, abhaentavg pcnbs j`rgsnw rglgbgrnta`b. F`wgvgr, dgj`rgrglgbgrnta`b t``m pcneg, tw` knttgrs bgghgh t` dg rgs`cvgh. Jarst, dgenusg ab ncc tfgstuhagh ensgs bgw pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags wgrg bgghgh, tfg kubaeapnca-tags bgl`tantgh watf tfg hgvgc`pgrs nd`ut tfgar e`btraduta`b nbh sgncgh `bg `r k`rgHgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts j tfg sge`bh s`rt kgbta`bgh nd`vg (`vgrggbm`kst )<. Nbhsge`bh, tfg gxastabl dabhabl rucgs fnh t` dg k`hagh dgenusg tfgy hah b`t j`rgsggtfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg satg? n bgw cnbh usg pcnb fnh t` dg nppr`vgh, nbh ab s`kgensgs, j`r s`kg pc`ts, ncs` `bg `r k`rg hgpnrturgs jr`k tfg gxastabl cnbh usg pcnb.

Fgrg j`cc`ws n dragj abtr`hueta`b t` tfg ensgs (j`r nb `vgrvagw, sgg lurg 4:). Xfg rgst`j tfg ensg-dnsgh abj`rknta`b fns dggb abecuhgh ab tfg rgst `j tfg efnptgr.

Jalurg 4:. C`enta`b `j tfg ensgs ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs.

< @bcy ab tw` ensgs wns at p`ssadcg t` rgnh tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt, nbh j tfgk at wns p`ssadcg`bcy ab bg t` knmg n e`py nbh mggp tfas e`py j`r cntgr nbncysas. Dnsgh b tfg abharget gvahgbeg, wge`becuhg f`wgvgr tfnt ncc `j tfgk dgc`bl t` tfg pravntg cnw-s`rt `vgrggbm`kst .

Utnta`bsmwnrtagr, Drghn / >: fn

Mruahgbduurt, Gabhf`vgb / >< fn

Hg Jubgb, Nkstgrhnk / 6 fn

M`p vnb @`st, Lr`bablgb / 7 fn



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs45:

<.5.> Hg Jubgb, Nkstgrhnk

Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖Hg Jubgb‑ (6 fn, 7:7 npnrtkgbts, <9 ubats/fn, ndùt4,799 k´ jeg spneg, sgg lurg 4<) as cèntgh t` tfg gnst j tfg egbtrg j Nkstgrhnk.Nt tfg dglabbabl `j tfg >169s, tfg satg nttrnetgh tfg nttgbta`b `j tfg pcnbbabl hgpnrt-kgbt `j tfg Nkstgrhnk Kubaeapncaty. Ab >11>, tfg Utrueturg Ycnb `j Nkstgrhnk, nbabhaentavg z`babl pcnb, pr`p`sgh tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg wf`cg satg. Nt tfnt takg,tfg satg fnh dggb ndnbh`bgh nbh pnrts wgrg cgnsgh t` vnraùs tgbnbts (Znb Lgbh &C``s nbh tfgrs), wf` usgh tfg duachabls j`r wnrgfùsabl nbh st`rnlg. Abatanccy HutefTnacwnys, `wbgr `j k`st `j tfg cnbh, wns bgatfgr abtgrgstgh ab hgvgc`pabl tfg satgb`r ab sgccabl at t` tfg kubaeapncaty. Xfas satunta`b rgknabgh ubefnblgh ubtac ADE, ne`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr, sf`wgh nb abtgrgst. Xfg rst nh fè, satg-spgeae abhaentavg

pcnb `b wfaef tfg eurrgbt hgvgc`pkgbt as dnsgh wns nppr`vgh ab >115 (B`tn vnbWatlnblspubtgb ‖Eznnr Ygtgrduurt-@`st‑ ). Xfg gxastabl dabhabl rucgs hah b`t j`rgsggrglgbgrnta`b, tfus n bgw Cnbh-Wsg pcnb fnh t` dg nppr`vgh, wfaef eeurrgh hgba-tavgcy ab 4999.

Jalurg 4<. Knp `j 4999 Cnbh usg Ycnb.

Xfg Hutef Tnacwnys `wbgh k`st `j tfg cnbh, tfg kubaeapncaty `wbgh s`kg pc`ts nbhtfg gxastabl pudcae spneg, nbh s`kg pravntg abhavahuncs wbgh vnraùs tfgr pc`ts. Ab>11<, njtgr salbabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt watf tfg kubaeapncaty, Hutef Tnacwnyss`ch k`st `j ats cnbh t` tfg pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgr, ADE. Ab >111 tfg kubaeapncaty salbghn sge`bh Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt, tfas takg watf ADE. Ab 4994 Fgaoknbs, nb`tfgre`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr, dùlft ADE, nbh ab Onbunry 4996 Fgaoknbs wns stacc ab efnrlg`j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Nt tfnt takg akpcgkgbtnta`b wns ab eùrsg nbh k`rg tfnb tfgfncj `j tfg hwgccabls wgrg ncrgnhy abfndatgh.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 45<

<.5.4 Mruahgbduurt B``rh , Gabhf`vgb

Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖Mruahgbduurt B``rh‑ (>< fn, :79 hwgccabls, sablcg jnk-acy nbh npnrtkgbts, 87 ubats/fn, pcus s`kg `jegs, sgg lurg 46) as cèntgh ab tfgsùtf-gnst `j Gabhf`vgb. Xfg bgalfdùrf``h wns duact ab tfg >159s. Nt tfg gbh `j tfg>119s tfg rst abhaentavg nh fè, satg-spgeae pcnbs wgrg knhg j`r rglgbgrnta`b. @js`kg 679 gxastabl fùsgs, nck`st ncc `j tfgk sèanc fùsabl, <79 ubats fnvg dggb `rwacc dg hgk`casfgh, cgnvabl s`kg >99 ubats ubtùefgh. @j tfg :79 bgw hwgccabls,ndùt 87% wacc dg sèanc fùsabl.

Ab >118 tfg Gabhf`vgb Kubaeapncaty s`ch tfg (jrggf`ch ralfts t` tfg) cnbh ubhgr tfgsèanc fùsabl t` Xruh` (Xruh` Utaeftabl ), n fùsabl nssèanta`b, nbh sabeg tfgb wb-

grsfap fns dggb havahgh. Xruh` `wbs nck`st ncc tfg duachabls nbh tfg cnbh ubhgrtfgk (79% `j tfg pcnb nrgn), wfacg tfg kubaeapncaty rgtnabs `wbgrsfap `j `bg pudcaeduachabl nbh n pcnylrùbh (4%) nbh tfg pudcae spneg (51%). Xfg >99 fùsgs tfntrgknab ubtùefgh (1% `j pcnb nrgn) nrg `wbgh pravntgcy. Xruh` nbh tfg kubaeapnc-aty sgncgh n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt ab 4998, nbh tfg bgw Cnbh-Wsg Ycnb wns np-pr`vgh hgbatavgcy ab 4997. Dy B`vgkdgr 499<, >61 hwgccabls fnh dggb hgcavgrghnbh abfndatgh nbh >18 hwgccabls wgrg ubhgr e`bstrueta`b. Yfnsg 5 as gxpgetgh t`stnrt nt tfg gbh `j 4991, nbh pfnsg 8 ab 49>>.

Jalurg 46. Knp 4997 Cnbh usg Ycnb.

<.5.5 M`p vnb @`st, Lr`bablgb

Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖M`p vnb @`st‑ (7 fn, 859 hwgccabls, knabcy npnrtkgbts,ndùt 67 ubats/fn, pcus ndùt 8,999 k´ e`kkgreanc spneg, sgg lurg 41) as cèntght` tfg gnst `j tfg egbtrg `j Lr`bablgb. Xfg satg as satuntgh nc`blsahg n knab r`nh (tfgU`btwgl ) tfnt wacc dge`kg tfg knab e`bbgeta`b dgtwggb tfg eaty egbtrg nbh n juturg

lrggbgch sefgkg, Kggrstnh . Xfg satg usgh t` dg èeupagh dy n w``h-prègssable`kpnby nbh n lns stnta`b, dut nt tfg takg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt abatantavg ab 4999 tfg



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs456

satg wns b` c`blgr ab usg. @bcy vg hwgccabls wgrg èeupagh, nbh tfgsg wacc b`t dghgk`casfgh dut wacc dg nee`kk`hntgh ab tfg rglgbgrnta`b. Xfg U`btwgl nbh n skncc

r`nh wacc dg rgjurdasfgh.

Ab ats >11: Utrueturg Ycnb, tfg Lr`bablgb Kubaeapncaty j`rgsnw tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt jtfas satg ns n kaxgh-usg sefgkg knabcy j`r fùsabl nbh watf s`kg e`kkgreanc jneaca-tags. Bgl`tanta`bs watf tfg hgvgc`pgr erystnccazgh ab tfg 4997 Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrgg-kgbt. Xfg bgw cnbh-usg pcnb wns hgbatavgcy nppr`vgh ab 499:.

Xfg abatanc pr`pgrty satunta`b, dgj`rg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt abatantavg t``m pcneg, wns nsj`cc`ws? Fùtlrùp-Y`bt Ggegb `wbgh :9% `j tfg cnbh, tfg kubaeapncaty `wbghk`st `j tfg pudcae spneg (5<%), nbh sgvgrnc pravntg abhavahuncs `wbgh tfg rgst (8%).

Ab 4999 Onnp F`ccgstgccg, nb abtgrkghanry/pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgr, t``m tfg abatantavg t`rghgvgc`p tfg satg. Fg dùlft tfg cnbh dgc`blabl t` tfg w``h-prègssabl e`kpnby.Njtgr lgbgrnc hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks fnh dggb bgl`tantgh watf tfg kubaeapncaty, tfg cnbhwns rgs`ch, rst ab 499> t` pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgr ADE, nbh nlnab ab 4994 t` Fgaoknbs,nb`tfgr pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgr tfnt fnh dùlft ADE. Ab @et`dgr 499<, Fgaoknbs wnspr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg.

Jalurg 41. Knp 499: Cnbh usg Ycnb.

<.5.8 Utnta`bsmwnrtagr , Drghn

Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b pròget ‖Utnta`bsmwnrtagr‑ (>: fn, ndùt 69,999 k´ npnrtkgbts,:79 ubats, 87 ubats/fn, pcus >89,999 k´ `jeg spneg, s`kg sf`ps, n bgw rnacwnystnta`b nbh 79,999 k´ pnrmabl, sgg lurg 59) as cèntgh t` tfg b`rtf `j tfg egbtrg `jDrghn. Xfg pcnb nrgn abecuhgs tfg gxastabl Egbtrnc rnacwny stnta`b nbh ats surrùbh-

abls. Xfg nrgn tfnt wacc gjjgetavgcy dg rghgvgc`pgh as >8 fn, dgenusg ndùt 4.7 fn `jrnacwny cnbh wacc rgknab ubtùefgh. Xfg stnta`b wacc dg e`kpcgtgcy rgduact. Xfg gxast-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 451

abl usg as knabcy rgcntgh t` tfg rnacwnys, dut tfas jubeta`b fns egnsgh ab k`st `j tfgpcnb nrgn. B`wnhnys tfgrg as, dgsahgs tfg rnacwny stnta`b nbh rnac trnems, s`kg abjrn-

strueturg j`r dus st`ps, pnrmabl pcnegs, ndnbh`bgh cnbh, n skncc lrggb nrgn nbh n f`-tgc. Xfgrg nrg s`kg duachabls (tfg f`tgc nbh stnta`b), dut k`st `j tfg nrgn as b`t duact.

Uabeg tfg >169s, Drghn Kubaeapncaty fns hgvgc`pgh abhaentavg pcnbs j`r tfg rglgb-grnta`b `j tfg satg abt` n kaxgh-usg sefgkg j`r pudcae trnbsp`rt (rnacwnys nbh dus),fùsabl, `jegs nbh jneacatags. Ab >116, tfg Hutef bnta`bnc l`vgrbkgbt hgsalbntghtfg satg ns bg j tfg sax ‖Bgw Mgy Yrògets‑ (Baguw Ucgutgcpròget, BUY ). Mgy prògetsnrg rnacwnys stnta`bs t` dg e`bbgetgh t` tfg falf-spggh rnacwnys bgtw`rm. D`tf bn-ta`bnc nbh pr`vabeanc l`vgrbkgbts nrg abv`cvgh ab tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg satg, j`rgxnkpcg, dy lavabl sudstnbtanc sudsahags. Bgl`tanta`bs dgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh pnrtags

(kubaeapncaty, bnta`bnc nbh pr`vabeanc l`vgrbkgbts, nbh tfg knab cnbh`wbgr HutefTnacwnys) fnvg ncrgnhy erystnccazgh abt` sgvgrnc hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts.

Xfg pr`pgrty as havahgh dgtwggb Hutef Tnacwnys, spgeaenccy BU Znstl`gh nbh BUTnacabjrnstrust (t`lgtfgr 69% j tfg pcnb nrgn), tfg kubaeapncaty j Drghn (tfg gxastablpudcae spneg, >>%, nbh s`kg pc`ts, 7%? ab t`tnc >:%) nbh n pravntg hgvgc`pgr nbh nsupgrknrmgt (t`lgtfgr 5%). Xfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgh tfg bgw Cnbh-usg pcnb ab Kny499<, nbh ab Hgegkdgr 499< tfg pr`vabeanc l`vgrbkgbt nppr`vgh at hgbatavgcy. Nttfg gbh `j 499<, w`rm `b abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b fnh stnrtgh `b tfg b`rtfgrb sahg`j tfg rnacwny, nbh hgcavgry `j tfg cnst duachabls as gxpgetgh s`kgtakg ab 49>: (ejr.

Mrnddgb & Bgghfnk, 4996).

Jalurg 59. Knp 499< Cnbh usg Ycnb.

<.8 F`w j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab tfg

Bgtfgrcnbhs enb dg usgh

Xfas efnptgr hgseradgs tfg w`rmabl ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs `j tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbtt` z`babl watfab tfg vncug enpturabl kgefnbasks. Xfgrg nrg hajjgrgbt wnys (`r sud-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs489

vnrandcgs) ab wfaef tfgsg rucgs enb dg usgh ab nb `pgrnta`bnc wny t` enpturg k`rg `jtfg vncug abergnsg?

• Ergntabl egrtnabty `r ubegrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatagsnbh e`btraduta`bs=

• Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j tfg dabhabl rucgs=• Knmabl tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc `b sgeurabl enpturabl vncug ab-

ergnsg=• K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts=• Wsabl tfg prèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc j tfg dabhabl rucgs.

Fgrg j`cc`ws nb nssgsskgbt `j wfgtfgr gnef `j tfgsg sud-vnrandcgs enb njjget enptur-

abl vncug abergnsg.

<.8.> Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags

nbh e`btraduta`bs


Hutef kubaeapncatags enb nbh usunccy h` nppr`vg ab gnrcy stnlgs abhaentavg z`bablpcnbs tfnt smgtef tfg juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags. Xfas kalft dg n Utrueturg pcnb`r nb nh fè hèukgbt. Dabhabl rucgs (cnbh usg pcnb r hgpnrturgs jr`k at) nrg usunccy

nppr`vgh njtgr tfg bgl`tanta`bs watf hgvgc`pgrs fnvg dggb sueegssjuccy e`kpcgtgh.Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs, abhaentavg pcnbs ergntgh s`kg egrtnabty, `r gxpgetnta`bs, ndùttfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags. F`wgvgr, tfgy ergntgh nck`st b` egrtnabty ndùt tfgjuturg e`btraduta`bs. Xfg gxegpta`bs wgrg Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr? fgrgtfgrg wns s`kg egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt tfg e`sts nbh ndùt wf` sfùch pnytfgk. Xfas egrtnabty nr`sg hurabl tfg pcnb prègss, b`t dgj`rg, dut ab nby ensg dgj`rgbgl`tanta`bs fnh cgh t` hgbatavg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts. At sggks tfnt spgeaeeareukstnbegs gxpcnab tfg gxegpta`bncaty `j d`tf ensgs? ab Mruahgbduurt tfg spgeaeeareukstnbeg wns tfg spgeanc rgcnta`b dgtwggb tfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr, nfùsabl nssèanta`b= nbh ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr tfg spgeanc bnturg `j tfg pròget atsgcj, n

bnta`bnc abjrnstrueturg BUY-pròget. Ab d`tf ensgs, kubaeapncatags ergntgh s`kg egr-tnabty ndùt tfg vncug enpturabl l`ncs, bnkgcy t` cakat tfg pudcae e`btraduta`bs t` n‖cukp suk‑ ab Mruahgbduurt, nbh pr`dndcy watf k`rg nkdataùs l`ncs ab Utnta`bsm-wnrtagr. At sggks tfnt ab ‖b`rknc‑ pravntg cnbh sefgkgs (g.l. Hg Jubgb nbh M`p vnb@`st), usunccy tfgrg as b` egrtnabty nt ncc, dgj`rgfnbh, ndùt tfg juturg `dcalnta`bs(Zgrhnns nbh J`mmgkn, abtgrvagws 499<). Xndcg >6 sukknrazgs tfg cgvgc `j egrtnabtyab gnef ensg.

Xfg bhabls sullgst tfnt egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags kny dg bgl-ntavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg dgenusg at wgnmgbs tfg bgl`tantabl p`sata`b j ku-

baeapncatags nbh kalft fnvg nb abfflnta`bnry gjjget b tfg praeg `j cnbh. Ab nhhata`b, tfgbhabls sullgst n bglntavg gjjget `j ubegrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs, dgenusg



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 48>

`j tfg snkg rgns`bs. Cgt us sgg ab hgtnac wfgtfgr pudcae d`hags ergntg egrtnabty `rubegrtnabty ndùt wfnt, ab wfaef s`rt `j hèukgbts, nbh wfnt nrg tfg abjgrrgh e`b-

sgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

Xndcg >6. Cgvgc `j egrtnabty, dgj`rg bgl`tanta`bs t``m pcneg, ndùt duachabl p`ssadacatags nbh

ndùt `dcalnta`bs ab tfg Hutef ensgs.

Egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachablp`ssadacatags


Hg Jubgb, Nkstgrhnk U`kg Zgry c`w

Mruahgbduurt, Gabhf`vgb U`kg U`kg

M`p vnb @`st, Lr`bablgb U`kg B`bgUtnta`bsmwnrtagr, Drghn U`kg U`kg

<.8.>.> Dabhabl rucgs nrg nppr`vgh njtgr bgl`tanta`bs, s` ab gnrcy stnlgs `bcy

abhaentavg hèukgbts lavg s`kg egrtnabty

B` cglnccy dabhabl rucgs dgj`rg bgl`tanta`bs

Xfg Hutef pcnbbabl systgk as supp`sgh t` dg ‖pcnb-cgh‑, ab tfg sgbsg tfnt tfg cnbh

usg pcnb as supp`sgh t` dg nppr`vgh dgj`rg bgl`tanta`bs tnmg pcneg. F`wgvgr, tfgrgas b` cglnc dcalnta`b b kubaeapncatags t` nppr`vg tfg cnbh usg pcnb dgj`rgfnbh, nbhn rgcntavgcy fflgxadcg usg as ncc`wgh (sgg jrnkg <l). Ab prnetaeg tfas fns trnbscntgh abt`tfg jnet tfnt Hutef kubaeapncatags, nt cgnst wfgb e`bjr`btgh watf e`kprgfgbsavg ur-dnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts, usunccy wnat ubtac tfg bgl`tanta`bs watf hgvgc`pgrs/ cnbh`wbgrs nrg basfgh. \fgb bgl`tanta`bs nrg basfgh nbh, k`stcy njtgr n Hgvgc-`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt as sgncgh, kubaeapncatags k`hajy tfg dabhabl rucgs, tfnt as, tfgyprègss nbh nppr`vg n bgw cnbh-usg pcnb t` rgpcneg tfg `ch `bg, `r tfgy nppr`vg nhgpnrturg jr`k tfg `ch bg (abtgrvagws watf Zgrhnns nbh J`mmgkn, 499<= Zr`k gt nc,4996? :<). Xfas sullgsts tfnt, ab prnetaeg, tfg Hutef pcnbbabl systgk w`rms sakacnrcy

t` tfg Dratasf ‖hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh‑ systgk, ab tfg sgbsg tfnt dabhabl rucgs nrg nppr`vgh`bcy njtgr tfg hgvgc`pkgbt abatantavg fns tnmgb pcneg nbh bgl`tanta`bs fnvg gbhghsueegssjuccy. J`r hgtnacs ndùt tfg hastabeta`b dgtwggb pcnb-cgh nbh hgvgc`pkgbt-cghpcnbbabl systgks, sgg sgeta`b 4.5.>.

Xfg stuhagh ensgs supp`rt tfas lgbgrnc e`becusa`b. Xfg kubaeapncatags nppr`vgh tfgbgw dabhabl rucgs njtgr tfg bgl`tanta`bs fnh dggb e`kpcgtgh. Xfgy hah s` dgenusg jtfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Kubaeapncatags snw tfg cnbh usg pcnbns tfg bnc pfnsg `j tfg pcnbbabl prègss, dgenusg cnbh `r k`st `j at wns ab pravntgfnbhs nbh kubaeapncatags eùch b`t stggr tfg prègss tfrùlf tfg `wbgrsfap `j cnbh.

Kubaeapncatags wnatgh ubtac s`kg e`sts fnh dggb sgeurgh, dgj`rg nppr`vabl tfg cnbhusg pcnb `r hgpnrturgs jr`k at.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs484

Jrnkg <l

Jcgxadcg cglnc rucgs rglnrhabl tfg pcneg j tfg cnbh usg pcnb ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs

Jarst, n cnbh usg pcnb `r n hgpnrturg jr`k at enb dg nhnptgh t` tfg dùbhnrags `j tfghgvgc`pkgbt. Bgatfgr tfg cnw b`r tfg ouraspruhgbeg gstndcasfgs lgbgrnc cakatnta`bst` tfg kabakuk lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg (pcnb nrgn). Xfas enb e`vgr n wf`cg kubaeapncaty(h`gs b`t èeur vgry `jtgb) `r oust n jgw pc`ts (‖p`stnlg stnkp‑ pcnbs ― p`stzglgcpcnb).Hgpnrturgs e`vgr ab prnetaeg usunccy oust `bg `r sgvgrnc pc`ts, dut ncs` cnrlg hgvgc`p-kgbts (D`sef & Fnbgknnygr >114? qu`tgh ab Drglknb & Uagvgrs 4994= Znb Hnkkg &Zgrhnns >11:? <5-<6). Ab tfgr w`rhs, kubaeapncatags enb jrggcy hgcakat tfg dùbhnrags`j tfg pcnb nrgn. Uge`bh, tfgrg as b` cglnc prgserapta`b tfnt hgtgrkabgs wfgb tfg cnbhusg pcnb sfùch dg nppr`vgh, ab rgcnta`b t` tfg rgst `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss. Xfgrgas b` prgserapta`b wfgtfgr at sfùch dg nppr`vgh 7, >9 `r V ygnrs/wggms dgj`rg tfg

hgvgc`pkgbt prègss tnmgs pcneg.

Xfgrg kalft dg gxegpta`bs t` tfas lgbgrnc e`becusa`b. Xw` gxpgrts pàbt ùt tfnt abs`kg ensgs kubaeapncatags nppr`vg rst, dgj`rg tfg bgl`tanta`bs, nb ùtcabg cnbh-usgpcnb watf dcalnta`b j jurtfgr hgtnacabl. @beg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt fns dggbsgncgh, tfgy hgtnac tfg ùtcabg pcnb (Hg \`cjj nbh Znb _ubhgrt, abtgrvagws ab 4996).Ensgs Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr sf`w abhggh tfg usg `j ùtcabg cnbh usgpcnbs. F`wgvgr, tfgy wgrg nppr`vgh njtgr tfg bgl`tanta`bs fnh gbhgh sueegssjuccy.@bcy ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr hah tfg nppr`vnc `j ùtcabg cnbh usg rglucnta`bs j`r n skncc

pc`t (5% `j tfg t`tnc pcnb nrgn) prgeghg tfg bgl`tanta`bs.

U`kg egrtnabty tfrùlf abhaentavg pcnbs

Abstgnh `j nppr`vabl dabhabl rucgs ab gnrcy stnlgs, Hutef kubaeapncatags usunccy np-pr`vg abhaentavg z`babl pcnbs. Xfgy kalft dg nh fè j`r n spgeae satg, `r nrgn, `rtfgy kalft e`vgr tfg wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry `r n cnrlg pnrt `j at. Ycnbbabl cnwrglucntgs bg s`rt j abhaentavg pcnb, tfg Utrueturg Ycnb, wfaef wns rgpcnegh ab 4996dy tfg Utrueturg Zasa`b. K`rg e`kk`b nrg abhaentavg pcnbs watf n j`rk, e`btgbtsnbh nppr`vnc prèghurg tfnt nrg b`t rglucntgh ab pcnbbabl cnw (g.l. B`tn vnb Wat-

lnblspubtgb, Utghgbdùwmubhal Ycnb/vasag, @btwammgcablspr`lrnkkn, Yr`lrnkkn

vnb Gasgb, Knstgrpcnb¶ gte.). Xfg cgvgc `j egrtnabty `jjgrgh dy tfgsg abhaentavg pcnbs,wfgtfgr tfgy nrg rglucntgh ab pcnbbabl cnw r b`t, as cakatgh. Xfas as dgenusg (>) tfgynrg b`t usunccy vgry hgtnacgh, nbh (4) dgenusg dabhabl pcnbs enb nbh usunccy h` hg-pnrt jr`k tfgar hgtgrkabnta`bs.

Ab Hg Jubgb sgvgrnc abhaentavg pcnbs fnvg prgeghgh tfg salbabl `j tfg rst Hgvgc`p-kgbt Nlrggkgbt ab >11<. Ab >11> tfg Utrueturg Ycnb `j Nkstgrhnk j`rgsnw tfg rghg-vgc`pkgbt `j tfg wf`cg satg, nbh ab >115 tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgh n satg-spgeaehèukgbt (B`tn vnb Watlnblspubtgb ‖Eznnr Ygtgrduurt-@`st‑ ) tfnt gstndcasfgh knbynspgets j tfg juturg pr`lrnkkg (879-799 hwgccabls, j wfaef 59% sèanc fùsabl, j-

egs nbh w`rm-pcnegs, tfg satunta`b j k`st j tfg pudcae spneg ―abecuhabl n pnrm -, nbhn cast j pudcae jneacatags nbh duachabls). Xfas kgnbs tfnt tfgrg wns s`kg egrtnabty ndùt



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 485

tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags. Tglnrhabl tfg juturg `dcalnta`bs, tfg >115 hèukgbthgtgrkabgh t` s`kg gxtgbt tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts? 59% sèanc fùsabl, n pnrm nbh

s`kg pudcae duachabls. F`wgvgr, at hah b`t sny nbytfabl ndùt wf` sfùch pny tfgk.

Ab Mruahgbduurt sgvgrnc abhaentavg pcnbs fnvg prgeghgh tfg salbabl `j tfg Hgvgc`p-kgbt Nlrggkgbt ab 4998. Ab >111 tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgh n satg-spgeae hèu-kgbt (Knstgrpcnb), wfaef gstndcasfgh tfnt :59 t` <<9 fùsabl ubats eùch dg duacttfgrg. Ab 499> tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgh nb`tfgr satg-spgeae pcnb hèukgbt (Yr`-

lrnkkn vnb Gasgb), wfaef spgeagh t` s`kg gxtgbt tfg pr`lrnkkg? :79 fùsablubats (`j wfaef 599 sèanc fùsgs nbh ><7 ‖kahhcg-gxpgbsavg‑ ubats), n supgrknrmgtnbh p`ssadcy n pudcae duachabl. Xfas hèukgbt ncs` vnlugcy hgseradgh tfg pudcaespneg. Nct`lgtfgr, tfas kgnbs tfnt tfgrg wns s`kg egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl

p`ssadacatags. Ab nhhata`b t` tfgsg tw` hèukgbts, nb`tfgr hèukgbt fns dggb akp`r-tnbt? ab 4999 tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Gabhf`vgb nbh ncc tfg fùsabl nssèanta`bs ab tfgeaty nlrggh tfg bnbeanc e`btraduta`b wfaef tfg kubaeapncaty wùch lavg j`r urdnbrglgbgrnta`b ab tfg eaty, wfaef abecuhgh Mruahgbduurt . J`cc`wabl tfas nlrggkgbt, tfgkubaeapncaty wùch e`btradutg ₣ 1 kacca`b t` tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j Mruahgbduurt , nbhtfg fùsabl nssèanta`b wns rgsp`bsadcg j`r tfg rgst `j hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts. Xfnbmst` tfas hèukgbt, at fns dggb sabeg 4999 ecgnr wfnt wns làbl t` dg tfg kubaeapnce`btraduta`b, nbh tfnt tfg fùsabl nssèanta`b sfùch pny tfg rgst. Hutef fùsablnssèanta`bs nbh kubaeapncatags fnvg ab lgbgrnc n ec`sg rgcnta`bsfap nbh nrg usgh t`sgncabl suef nlrggkgbts.

Ab M`p vnb @`st sgvgrnc abhaentavg pcnbs fnvg prgeghgh tfg salbabl `j tfg Hgvgc`p-kgbt Nlrggkgbt ab 4997. Ab >11: tfg Utrueturg Ycnb `j Lr`bablgb j`rgsnw ‖fùsgnbh dusabgss‑ `b tfas satg (p. :8), nbh ab >111 nbh 4998 `tfgr hèukgbts e`brkghtfas z`babl, watfùt spgeajyabl at vgry kuef. Ab 4998 n pcnb j`r n wahgr nrgn tfnbtfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b (Ggksmnbnncz`bg ― vgrdabhabl ab Utnh. Ggb vasag `p hg`btwammgcabl vnb hg Ggksmnbnncz`bg) knhg tfas ùtcabg z`babl k`rg spgeae? earen899 ubats j`r tfg satg (p. 89). Xfas kgnbs tfnt tfgrg wns s`kg egrtnabty ndùt tfg ju-turg duachabl p`ssadacatags. Tglnrhabl tfg juturg dcalnta`bs, tfgrg wns b` egrtnabty ntncc, ns tfg kgbta`bgh hèukgbts spgeagh bgatfgr nby spgeae ubpr`tndcg gcgkgbts

b`r nby e`st nccènta`b prabeapcg.

Ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr sgvgrnc abhaentavg pcnbs fnvg prgeghgh tfg salbabl `j tfg Hgvgc-`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt ab 499:. Xfg kubaeapncaty j Drghn fns prgpnrgh sabeg tfg >169spcnbs j`r tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg satg abt` n kaxgh-usg sefgkg j`r pudcae trnbsp`rt(rnacwnys nbh dus), fùsabl, `jeg nbh jneacatags. Xfgsg pcnbs wgrg rgvatncazgh wfgbtfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt hgsalbntgh tfg satg ns Bgw Mgy Yròget (BUY), abatanccy ab>116, nbh hgbatavgcy ab Onbunry 4999. Xfas knhg ecgnr tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadaca-tags `j tfg satg. Ab 4995 tfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt nppr`vgh tfgKnstgrpcnb Egbtrnc Drghn (Knstgrpcnb Egbtrnnc Drghn), n hèukgbt tfnt spgeagh

tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags? 79,999 k´ ffl``r spneg j`r fùsabl, dgtwggb 899 nbh :79ubats= 49,999 k´ fflgxadcg, prgjgrndcy j`r fùsabl= 69,999 k´ j`r `jeg, gbcnrlgndcg



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 487

‖cgss t` `jjgr‑. Hgvgc`pgrs kalft eùbt `b tfnt. Ab nhhata`b, at kalft fnvg stakucntghtfg abergnsg `j tfg cnbh praeg. Nb abtgrvagwgh gxpgrt sullgstgh tfnt kubaeapncatags

kalft dg b`t nwnrg `j tfgsg bglntavg gjjgets `j ergntabl gxpgetnta`bs ab tfg gnrcystnlgs (Zgrhnns, abtgrvagw 499<).

<.8.>.5 Gjjgets `j egrtnabty ndùt e`btraduta`bs? c`wgrabl cnbh praeg

Tglnrhabl tfg egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs, tfg stuhagh ensgs sf`w s`kg haj-jgrgbegs dgtwggb tf`sg watfùt egrtnabty (Hg Jubgb nbh M`p vnb @`st ) nbh tf`sgwatf s`kg egrtnabty (Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ). Xfg hajjgrgbegs ab vncugenpturabl dgtwggb tfg jùr ensgs nrg b`t vgry cnrlg, dut Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bsm-wnrtagr stnbh ùt. D`tf ensgs abecuhgh nb akp`rtnbt e`btraduta`b jr`k tfg hgvgc`pgrt` pudcae l`ncs? 87% ubats j`r sèanc fùsabl ab Mruahgbduurt , tfg e`sts j wfaef wacc

dg pnah dy tfg hgvgc`pgr (n fùsabl nssèanta`b), nbh n bgw rnacwnys nbh dus stnta`bab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr , tfg e`sts `j wfaef wacc knabcy dg pnah watf pudcae sudsahags, duttfg hgvgc`pgr (Hutef Tnacwnys) pnys n kab`r pnrt nbh wacc pr`vahg ncc tfg bgghghcnbh. Hg Jubgb ncs` abecuhgs sèanc fùsgs (59% `j tfg ubats), dut tfgy sggk t` dgsudsahazgh dy pudcae d`hags (j`r n e`kpnras`b j tfg rgncazgh vncug enpturabl nk`bltfg ensgs, sgg sgeta`b <.7). Ab lgbgrnc, tfg abtgrvagwgh pudcae jegrs nbh hgvgc`pgrsab Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr , gxpcaeatcy `r akpcaeatcy gkpfnsazgh tfnt egr-tnabty ndùt e`btraduta`bs (tfg 4999 nlrggkgbt rgspgetavgcy tfg 4995 Dusabgss ensg)fns akpr`vgh enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Ab M`p vnb @`st , nb abtgrvagwgh hgvgc`pgrsullgstgh tfnt ubegrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg `dcalnta`bs fns ncc`wgh cnbh`wbgrs t`

‖hrnab‑ k`st `j tfg vncug abergnsg dy nsmabl n falf praeg j`r tfgar pr`pgrty. Fgrg cnbhfns dggb s`ch tfrgg takgs, nbh ab tfg sge`bh trnbsneta`b ab 499> tfg hgvgc`pgr pnahndùt ₣ >4k, wfaef as kuef falfgr tfnt tfg gstakntgh knrmgt vncug `j tfg prgvaùsusg (abhustranc cnbh), ndùt ₣ 5.:k.

N p`ssadcy gxpcnbnta`b j`r tfas nppnrgbtcy p`satavg gjjget `j egrtnabty ndùt juturg`dcalnta`bs b vncug enpturabl rgjgrs t` cnbh praeg kgefnbasks. Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbhndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs enb fgcp hgvgc`pgrs t` pny tfg ralft praeg j`r cnbh (j`rk`rg hgtnacs ndùt tfas ge`b`kae nrlukgbts, sgg sgeta`b 4.5.5). Xfas eùch gxpcnabtfg c`w enpturgh vncug abergnsg ab Hg Jubgb nbh M`p vnb @`st , nbh tfg rgcntavgcy

falfgr vncug enpturabl ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr . Ab tfgsg tfrgg ensgs, cnbh fns dggb trnbs-jgrrgh hurabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss. Ab Hg Jubgb nbh M`p vnb @`st tfg praeg`j cnbh ab tfg trnbsneta`bs wns nlrggh dgj`rg tfgrg wns nby egrtnabty ndùt juturg`dcalnta`bs, dgj`rg tfg bgl`tanta`bs tfus. Xfas kalft fnvg abergnsgh tfg praeg j cnbh.Ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr tfg satunta`b wns tfg `pp`satg? tfg praeg `j cnbh wns nlrggh `begtfgrg wns s`kg egrtnabty ndùt juturg dcalnta`bs, wfaef kalft fnvg k`hgrntgh cnbhpraeg abergnsgs. Mruahgbduurt sggks f`wgvgr t` dg cgss suatndcg j`r tfas gxpcnbnta`b,ns fgrg nck`st ncc tfg cnbh wns ncrgnhy ab tfg `wbgrsfap `j tfg hgvgc`pgr, nbh fns b`tdggb trnbsjgrrgh. Nhhata`bnccy, at sggks pcnusadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt tfg falfgr cgvgc `jegrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr nbh Mruahgbduurt knhg tfgsg

e`btraduta`bs n stnrtabl pàbt ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs, rgabj`reabl tfus tfg bgl`tanta`bp`sata`b `j tfg kubaeapncaty.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs48:

<.8.4 Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs

Uukknry `j tfg bhablsXfg rnblg `j cglnccy dabhabl prgserapta`bs tfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab tfg cnbh usg pcnbnbh hgpnrturgs jr`k at nrg rgknrmndcy skncc, wfgb e`kpnrgh watf Zncgbean nbh Gbl-cnbh. Ycnbbabl cnw nbh tfg ouraspruhgbeg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs fnvg e`bsahgrndcy cakat-gh tfg cglnccy dabhabl hgtgrkabnta`bs tfnt cnbh usg pcnbs nbh hgpnrturgs enb abecuhg?`bcy pfysaenc z`babl nspgets, nbh b` hgvgc`pkgbt-`ragbtgh nspgets suef ns e`btradu-ta`bs nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs. At as ncs` rgknrmndcg tfnt, up t` 4996, cnbh usgpcnbs nbh hgpnrturgs eùch b`t rgquarg sèanc fùsabl. Xfgsg cakatnta`bs sggk ab tfgstuhagh ensgs t` fnvg njjgetgh bglntavgcy enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Xfg 4996 YfysaencYcnbbabl Net fns abtr`huegh n bgw s`rt `j dabhabl pcnb, tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btradu-

ta`bs pcnb, wfaef enb abecuhg hgvgc`pkgbt-`ragbtgh nspgets. Cgt us sgg ab hgtnac wfntnrg tfg p`ssadcy e`btgbts j tfg cnbh usg pcnb, tfg hgpnrturgs jr`k at, nbh tfg Hgvgc`p-kgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, nbh wfnt nrg tfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

<.8.4.> Y`ssadcg e`btgbts `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb, dgj`rg tfg 4996 Yfysaenc

Ycnbbabl Net

Wp t` 4996, tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net (nrtaecg >9.>) nbh tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg(nrtaecg >4.>.n), t`lgtfgr watf tfg ouhaeanc serutaby, fnh hgbgh tfg cakats `j tfg p`s-sadcg e`btgbts `j tfg cnbh-usg pcnb nbh hgpnrturgs jr`k at. Xfg cnbh-usg rglucnta`bsfnh t` dg hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg duachabl nbh/`r tfg usg `j tfg cnbh nbh tfg duachabl.

Xfas kgnbs tfnt abharget rgcnta`bsfaps wgrg b`t ncc`wgh, j`r gxnkpcg tfnt at as ncc`wght` duach `bcy wfgb n r`nh sf`wb ab tfg cnbh-usg pcnb fnh dggb e`bstruetgh (Mcnns-sgb, 4999? >9<->96). Xfg rglucnta`bs fnh ncs` t` dg ‖spntanccy rgcgvnbt‑ (ruaktgcaom `r pcnb`c`lasef rgcgvnbt ) (Yragkus nbh Cùw, 4999? 76-71). Xfgsg cakatnta`bs kgnbttfnt cnbh usg rglucnta`bs kalft e`begrb cattcg k`rg tfnb tfg ùtcabg hgsalb `j tfg ab-jrnstrueturg nbh tfg duachabl (duachabl cabg, fgalft, wahtf nbh hgptf `j tfg duachabl)nbh tfg lgbgrnc z`babl (fùsabl, sf`ps, `jegs, abhustry, trnje r`nhs, pudcae pnrms,enbnc, pnrmabl pcneg, gte). Ugg jrnkg <f.

Jrnkg <fCakatnta`bs t` tfg e`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs dgj`rg tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net

Xnmabl neeùbt j tfg kgbta`bgh cakats, up t` 4996, tfg cglnccy dabhabl pnrts (tfg Tglu-cnta`bs nbh tfg Knp) `j cnbh usg pcnbs nbh hgpnrturgs jr`k at eùch b`t e`btnab tfgj`cc`wabl nspgets (sgg, nk`bl `tfgrs kgbta`bgh dgc`w? Bgghfnk, 4999)?• Uèanc fùsabl? at wns b`t p`ssadcg t` abecuhg sèanc fùsabl (Hg Lr``t nbh Znb hgr

Zggb, 4995? ::9-::>= Znb hgr Tgg, 4999? :97-:9<). Abhggh, b`bg `j tfg jùr stuh-agh ensgs abecuhgh sèanc fùsabl ab tfg Tglucnta`bs. Ab Mruahgbduurt tfg Gxpcnbn-ta`b hah tfas, dut tfas as tfg b`b-cglnccy dabhabl pnrt `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb=

• @dcalnta`bs? at wns b`t p`ssadcg t` abecuhg nby mabh `j bnbeanc rgturb `r e`btra-

duta`b ab mabh, b` knttgr wfgtfgr tfgy wgrg abtgbhgh j`r `b-satg `r `jj-satg abjrn-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 48<

strueturg (Hg Lr``t nbh Znb hgr Zggb, 4995? :77= Hg O`bl, >111? 75<). J`r gxnkpcgat wns b`t p`ssadcg t` rgquarg ab tfg cnbh usg pcnb nbh hgpnrturgs jr`k at tfnt tfg hg-

vgc`pgr fns t` pny nbh/`r t` e`bstruet faksgcj tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.• Jabnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs? at wns b`t p`ssadcg t abecuhg tgkp`rncrglucnta`bs, a.g. wfgb t` e`kkgbeg `r t` basf hgvgc`pkgbt. B`bg `j tfg jùrstuhagh ensgs abecuhgh hgnhcabgs ab tfg Tglucnta`bs. Ab Mruahgbduurt nbh Utnta`bs-mwnrtagr `bcy tfg Gxpcnbnta`b abecuhgh s`kg vnlug hgnhcabgs.

Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs (ncc `j wfaef jncc ubhgr tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net dgj`rg 4996)tfgsg cakatnta`bs kalft fnvg fnh n bglntavg abfflugbeg `b tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `jtfg kubaeapncaty, nbh tfus `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Ab Hg Jubgb nbh Utnta`bs-

mwnrtagr, tfg kubaeapncaty abecuhgh ab hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts rgquargkgbts tfnteùch b`t dg abecuhgh ab tfg dabhabl rucgs? ab Hg Jubgb akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs,k`st `j wfaef fnvg b`t dggb jucccgh, nbh ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr rgquargkgbts rglnrhablsèanc fùsabl, wfaef wacc pr`dndcy b`t dg jucccgh. Nee`rhabl t` pudcae `jegrs abefnrlg `j tfg cglnc njjnars ab d`tf ensgs, tfgsg rgquargkgbts kalft fnvg dggb cglnccygbj`regndcg aj tfgy fnh dggb abecuhgh b`t `bcy ab tfg nlrggkgbts dut ncs` ab tfgTglucnta`bs `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb.

<.8.4.4 Y`ssadcy e`btgbts `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb nbh Hgvgc`pkgbt

e`btraduta`bs pcnb, sabeg 4996

Xfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net fns nhhgh tfg p`ssadacaty j abecuhabl ab tfg cnbh usgpcnb atsgcj nbh hgpnrturgs jr`k at rglucnta`bs rglnrhabl sèanc fùsabl, dut tfg `tfgrcakatnta`bs rgknab. Nrtaecgs 5.>.> nbh 5.>9.5 j tfg Net ncc`w abecuhabl ab n cnbh usgpcnb r hgpnrturgs jr`k at cnbh-usg rglucnta`bs rglnrhabl tfg ‖pgrj`rkndacaty‑ (uatv`gr-dnnrfgah ) `j tfgar prgserapta`bs6. Nrtaecg 5.>.4, cah > `j tfg 4996 Yfysaenc YcnbbablHgergg spgeags wfnt nrg ‖pgrj`rkndacaty‑-rglucnta`bs? rglucnta`bs rglnrhabl tfg p`s-sadacaty j gstndcasfabl tfg pgregbtnlg (dut b`t tfg cènta`b) j tfg t`tnc hwgccabls tfntkust dg usgh j`r njj`rhndcg fùsabl (j`r rgbt nbh j`r sncg) nbh j`r sgcj-duach fùsabl(Zr`k, 499<d= Zr`k, 499<e? :-<)1.

Xfg 4996 Net abtr`huegh n bgw s`rt `j cglnccy dabhabl pcnb, tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`b-traduta`bs pcnb. Xfas abecuhgs n enceucnta`b j hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, nbh enb abecuhg abnby ensg tfg j`cc`wabl nspgets?

6 –(…) Hgzg rglgcs (rglgcs kgt fgt ``l `p hg dgstgkkabl, rgh.) mubbgb tgvgbs strgmmgb tgb dgf`gvgvnb hg uatv`grdnnrfgahvnb ab fgt pcnb `plgb`kgb dgstgkkablgb (…).‛ (nrtaecg 5.>.> 4996 YfysaencYcnbbabl Net).– Nnb fgt dgscuat (ggb nnb ggb DY v``rnjlnnbh prògetdgscuat, rgh.) mubbgb v``rsefrajtgb gbdgpgrmablgb w`rhgb vgrd`bhgb, wgcmg tgvgbs mubbgb strgmmgb tgb dgf`gvg vnb hg uatv`grdnnrfgah vnb fgt pròget , (…)‛ (nrtaecg 5.>9.5 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net).

1 –Xgb dgf`gvg vnb hg uatv`grdnnrfgah mnb ggb dgstgkkablspcnb gasgb dgvnttgb kgt dgtrgmmabl t`tsèancg fuurw`bablgb, sèancg m``pw`bablgb `j pnrtaeucagr phrneftlgvgrsefnp.‛ (nrtaecg 5.>.4, cah> Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg).



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs486

• Cnbh j`r sèanc fùsabl nbh `tfgr e`btraduta`bs? at abecuhgs n enceucnta`b `j tfghgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, nbh rucgs j`r tfg nccènta`b j tfgsg e`sts t` gnef pc`t. At enb

ncs` abecuhg n hajjgrgbtanta`b dgtwggb sèanc fùsabl j`r rgbt, sèanc fùsabl j`rsncg nbh jrgg knrmgt fùsabl, nbh enb nccèntg tfgsg entgl`rags t` gnef pc`t nbhprgseradg tfg bukdgr j ubats. J`r hgtnacs ndùt tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg abecuhgh abtfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, nbh tf`sg tfnt enbb`t, sgg sgeta`b <.4.5=

• Jabnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs.

Ab suk, tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net pnrtcy rgpnars tfg cakatgh e`btgbts j dabhablrucgs ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Nb abtgrvagwgh gxpgrt snah tfnt tfg p`ssadacaty `j rgquarabln egrtnab pgregbtnlg j sèanc fùsabl ab tfg cnbh usg pcnb wacc stakucntg kubaeapnca-tags t` gbj`reg sèanc fùsabl rgquargkgbts (Zgrhnns, abtgrvagw 499<). At sggks camgcy

tfnt n sakacnr p`satavg gjjget enb dg gxpgetgh jr`k tfg p`ssadacaty j abtr`hueabl tfgre`btraduta`bs nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb.

<.8.5 Knmabl dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc b sgeurabl enpturabl

vncug abergnsg

Ns wg snw nd`vg ab sgeta`b <.8.>.>, kubaeapncatags usunccy wnat ubtac s`kg e`btradu-ta`bs fnvg dggb sgeurgh dgj`rg prègssabl nbh nppr`vabl tfg dabhabl rucgs tfnt knmgtfg abtgbhgh hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadcg. At sggks ns aj tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg dabhabl rucgs

wns pnrt `j tfg lnkg hurabl tfg bgl`tanta`bs. Kubaeapncatags knmg ecgnr t` hgvgc`p-grs tfnt s`kg e`btraduta`bs kust dg sgeurgh dgj`rg tfg cnbh usg pcnb `r hgpnrturgsjr`k at nrg nppr`vgh. F`wgvgr, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfg cglnc r``k j`r knmabl tfgnppr`vnc `j dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc `b sgeurabl enpturabl vncug abergnsg as bnr-r`wgr tfnb ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh. Xfas prnetaeg j kubaeapncatags as hasputndcg jr`kn cglnc pàbt `j vagw dgenusg sgeurabl e`btraduta`bs jr`k tfg hgvgc`pgr, `r xablhgnhcabgs, enbb`t dg e`bsahgrgh ns ‖spntanccy rgcgvnbt‑. Xfgrgj`rg, at as b`t p`ssadcgj`r tfg kubaeapncaty t` j`rknccy knmg tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Cnbh usg Ycnb e`bhata`bnc`b nefagvgkgbt `j n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt ab wfaef tfg hgvgc`pgr e`kkats atsgcjt` jucc abvgstkgbt nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs.


Xfgrg as nb nctgrbntavg wny j e`bhata`babl tfnt enb fgcp t` vgre`kg tfas sf`rte`kabl`j tfg Hutef pcnbbabl systgk? e`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg ge`b`kae jgnsadacaty `r pgr-j`rkndacaty (ge`b`kasefg uatv`grdnnrfgah ) rgquargkgbts j tfg cnbh usg pcnb. Xfg sahggjjgets fgrg as tfnt, njtgr nlrggkgbt, tfg cnbh usg pcnb stacc kust j`cc`w tfg e`kpcgtgprèghurg (wfaef akpcags n rasm j hgcny nbh k`haenta`bs), tfnt hgvgc`pgrs kalft gns-acy nppgnc t` tfg ouhlgs, nbh tfnt tfas nctgrbntavg knmgs at vgry hajeuct j`r tfg kubaea-pncaty t` duach up n ecgnr pudcae haseùrsg. Xfg bgw 4996 Net enb dg usgh t` hakabasft` s`kg gxtgbh tfg cnst tw` sahg gjjgets dy knmabl n hrnjt `j Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btradu-

ta`bs pcnb (dut b`t nppr`vabl at) t` knmg ecgnr tfnt `bcy nb nlrggkgbt enb knmg tfghgvgc`pkgbt ge`b`kaenccy jgnsadcg. Xfas nctgrbntavg wny enb fgcp t` `vgre`kg tfas



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 481

sf`rte`kabl `j tfg Hutef pcnbbabl systgk, a.g. at enb fgcp t` strgbltfgb tfg bgl`tan-ta`b p`sata`b j tfg kubaeapncaty, nbh tfus t` dgttgr tfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsg. Xfg

`tfgr p`ssadacaty j`r tfg kubaeapncaty as t` nppr`vg n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnbnbh e`bhata`b tfg lrnbtabl `j tfg duachabl pgrkat (tfus b`t tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Cnbhusg pcnb) b pnykgbt j n e`btraduta`b. F`wgvgr, tfas drabls knby hasnhvnbtnlgs? tfgkubaeapncaty kalft dg `dcalgh t` nhvnbeg abvgstkgbts watfùt ygt fnvabl rgegavgh ncctfg e`btraduta`bs, kust nssukg n fgnvy nhkabastrntavg prèghurg, dgnr s`kg e`st-ab-ergnsabl rasms, nbh ncs` tfg rasm j hgcny ab ensg tfg cnbh`wbgrs h` b`t wnbt t` nppcy j`rduachabl pgrkat `b takg. Ab nhhata`b, nppr`vabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb ab-v`cvgs tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty enbb`t rge`vgr ncc tfg e`sts. Cgt us sgg tfas ab k`rg hgtnac.

<.8.5.> E`bhata`babl tfg cnbh usg pcnb nbh hgpnrturgs jr k at abhargetcy

tfrùlf tfg Gxpcnbnta`bXfg rst nctgrbntavg as abharget? e`btraduta`bs enb dg e`bsahgrgh ns gssgbtanc j`r tfgge`b`kae jgnsadacaty `r pgrj`rkndacaty (ge`b`kasefg uatv`grdnnrfgah ) `j tfg akpcg-kgbtnta`b. Xfg Gxpcnbnta`b j cnbh usg pcnbs, tfnt pnrt j tfg hèukgbt tfnt h`gs b`tfnvg n cglnccy dabhabl efnrnetgr, enb abecuhg e`bsahgrnta`bs rgcntgh t` tfg jgnsadacaty`j tfg pcnb? g.l. tfg e`bhata`bs tfnt nrg bgghgh t` akpcgkgbt tfg pcnb, bgegssnrye`btraduta`bs, gte. Xfgrgj`rg, aj tfg hgvgc`pgr h`gs b`t nlrgg t` knmg e`btraduta`bs,tfg kubaeapncaty enb rgjusg t` abatantg tfg nhkabastrntavg prèghurg `j nppr`vnc `jtfg cnbh usg pcnb `r hgpnrturg jr`k at, nrluabl tfnt akpcgkgbtnta`b as b`t jgnsadcg.Xfg kubaeapnc hgeasa`b enb rgjgr t` tfas pnrnlrnpf (Hg \`cjj, Znb _ubhgrt, F`gmstrn,

Znb hgb Drnbh, abtgrvagws 4996). At as vgry akp`rtnbt tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty fnbhcgsn e`fgrgbt haseùrsg, wfaef as tfnt bgl`tanta`bs nrg kgnbt t` knmg jgnsadcg tfg ak-pcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb. Aj ns n rgsuct `j b` nlrggkgbt tfg pcnb dge`kgsubjgnsadcg, tfg kubaeapncaty fns b` `tfgr efàeg tfnb t` rgjusg t` abatantg tfg nhkab-astrntavg prèghurg j k`haenta`b j tfg dabhabl rucgs.

F`wgvgr, tfas abharget e`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg Gxpcnbnta`b kalft fnvg s`kg bgln-tavg sahg gjjgets?>. Yrèghurnc rasms? njtgr tfg sgncabl `j Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt, tfg cnbh usg pcnb

(`r hgpnrturg jr`k at) kust j`cc`w tfg e`kpcgtg prèghurg, wfaef akpcags n rasm

`j hgcny nbh k`haenta`bs dgenusg `j `dogeta`bs nbh nppgncs. J`rknccy spgnm-abl, nlrggkgbts enbb`t rgstraet tfg r``k `j tfg Cènc Eùbeac t` hgeahg `b tfgpcnb. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, kubaeapncatags sgnc tfg nlrggkgbt dut kalft b`t dg ndcgt` nvàh k`haenta`bs t` tfg cnbh usg pcnb, `r t` nvàh hgcny. Xfus, nlrggkgbtsnrg ncwnys sudogetgh t` tfg rasm, b`t ubtfabmndcg, tfnt tfg cnbh usg pcnb as cntgrk`hagh, `r ats nppr`vnc hgcnygh, wfaef enb buccajy pnrtcy `r t`tnccy tfg Hgvgc-`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt (Zr`k gt nc, 4996? 7>). Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs tfas f`wgvgr hahb`t sggk t` dg n pr`dcgk? tfg cnbh usg pcnbs fnvg dggb prègssgh watfab tfgcglnc hgnhcabgs nbh watfùt cnrlg k`haenta`bs=

4. Nppgnc rasms? sfùch n kubaeapncaty rgjusg t abatantg tfg nhkabastrntavg prèg-

hurg j nppr`vnc j tfg cnbh usg pcnb r hgpnrturg jr`k at dgenusg tfg hgvgc`pgrh`gs b`t nlrgg t` e`btraduta`bs nbh sefghucgs, tfgrg as ncwnys n rasm `j nb np-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs479

pgnc t` tfg eùrts (ejr. Lgrratsgb, 49>9? 4:). Xfg rgns`b as tfnt tfas abharget wny`j e`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg ge`b`kae jgnsadacaty pnrnlrnpf as b`t tfg snkg ns

gbukgrntabl, `pgbcy, ab n kubaeapnc hgeasa`b, tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt tfg hgvgc-`pgr fns t` knmg. Hutef kubaeapncatags enbb`t dgfnvg s` `pgbcy, nbh bggh t`pr`pgrcy nbh enrgjuccy nrlug wfy akpcgkgbtnta`b as b`t jgnsadcg nbh tfus wfynppr`vnc as b`t p`ssadcg. Xfas as b`t ncwnys gnsy. Aj akpcgkgbtnta`b sggks jgnsa-dcg, kubaeapncatags enbb`t usg tfas nrlukgbt `j ge`b`kae jgnsadacaty t` rgjusg tàbatantg tfg nhkabastrntavg prèghurg>9, gvgb aj hgvgc`pgrs fnvg b`t nlrggh t` ncctfg rgquargh e`btraduta`bs>>. Xfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg 4996 Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbtNet knmgs n rgjusnc `b tfgsg lrùbhs gvgb k`rg hajeuct? ns tfg kubaeapncaty asb`w gbtatcgh t` knmg n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, ab tfg`ry tfg jgnsadac-aty enb dg lunrnbtggh, s` tfg kubaeapncaty enb b` c`blgr nrlug ubjgnsadacaty `j

tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b (tfus? cnem `j nlrggkgbt watf tfg hgvgc`pgr) ns n rgns`b j`rrgjusabl t` abatantg tfg nhkabastrntavg prèghurg=5. Erghadacaty `j tfg kubaeapncaty‑s pudcae haseùrsg? n t`` e`kpcgx nrlukgbtnta`b

enb tfrgntgb tfg erghadacaty `j tfg kubaeapncaty‑s pudcae haseùrsg. Dgenusg hargetnbh pgb e`bhata`babl as b`t ncc`wgh, tfg pudcae haseùrsg kalft ab prnetaeg bgght` fahg s`kg `j tfg ‖rgnc rgns`bs‑ j`r tfg nppr`vnc `r rgjusnc `j cnbh usg pcnbs.

<.8.5.4 E`bhata`babl tfg Cnbh usg Ycnb nbh hgpnrturg jr`k at abhargetcy

tfrùlf tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs Ycnb

Xfg 4996 Net ergntgh nb`tfgr nctgrbntavg wny `j abharget e`bhata`babl. Aj tfg hgvgc-

`pgr h`gs b`t v`cubtnracy e`kkat faksgcj t` e`btraduta`bs nbh sefghucgs (g.l. ab nbnbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt), tfg kubaeapncaty enb knmg n hrnjt Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb `j ncc bgghgh abvgstkgbts ab pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ajtfg hrnjt knmgs ecgnr tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty enbb`t rge`vgr ncc tfg e`sts tfrùlf tfgHgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb>4, kubaeapncatags enb `pgbcy rgjusg t` prègss nbhnppr`vg at, nrluabl tfnt tfgy enbb`t dgnr tfas hgeat (Zr`k, 4996? >9:). Xfg nppr`vnc`j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb as cabmgh t` tfg nppr`vnc j tfg cnbh usg pcnb?aj tfg nppr`vnc `j tfas pcnb akpcags e`sts, nbh tfgsg e`sts nrg b`t sgeurgh ab nhvnbeg

>9 @r aj tfgy h`, tfgy wacc rasm c`sabl tfg ensg aj tfg hgvgc`pgr drabls at t` tfg eùrts `j oustaeg.

>> N rgegbt sgbtgbeg accustrntgs vgry wgcc f`w hajeuct at enb dg j`r n Kubaeapncaty t` e`bstruet n e`fgrgbthaseùrsg? ab Hg Cuttg tfg Kubaeapncaty nefagvgh n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt watf n hgvgc`pgr wf``wbgh pnrt `j tfg pcnb nrgn. F`wgvgr, sgvgrnc skncc cnbh`wbgrs rgjusgh t` pny t` tfg hgvgc`pgrtfgar e`btraduta`b t` tfg e`sts. Xfg Kubaeapncaty rgjusgh tfgb t` k`hajy tfg Cnbh usg pcnb j`r tfgsgspgeae cnbh`wbgrs, nrluabl tfnt pnyabl tfnt e`btraduta`b wns bgegssnry t` lunrnbtgg tfg ge`b`kaejgnsadacaty `j tfg Cnbh usg pcnb. F`wgvgr, tfg ouhlg sgbtgbegh nlnabst tfg Kubaeapncaty watf tfgnrlukgbt tfnt tfg ge`b`kae jgnsadacaty wns ncrgnhy lunrnbtggh watf tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbttfnt wns nlrggh watf tfg hgvgc`pgr ]Zz. NDTU 4< Onbunry 49>9 (Hg Cuttg), br. 499696455/>/T>[.

>4 At as ncrgnhy snah tfnt Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnbs, gspgeanccy ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, fnvg`jtgb n bnbeanc hgeat. Xfas as knabcy dgenusg ncc tfg cnbh as abecuhgh ns e`st j`r n praeg tfntabecuhgs tfg abergnsgh vncug, sgg sgeta`b <.4.5. Ab tfgr w`rhs, tfg cglnc rucgs j`r tfg gcnd`rnta`b j nHgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb ‖ergntg‑ n hgeat dy neeùbtabl cnbh j`r tfg falfgst p`ssadcg praeg.\facg n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb kust neeùbt tfg cnbh j`r at falfgst vncug, kubaeapncatynbh hgvgc`pgr enb jrggcy nlrgg, ab nb Nbtgraùr Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt, n c`wgr vncug nbh tfusknmg n pròget jgnsadcg tfnt j`cc`wabl n pcnb wns b`t.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 47>

(ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt `r ab nby `tfgr wny>5), n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bspcnb kust dg nppr`vgh. Dy e`bhata`babl tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btradu-

ta`bs Ycnb t` lunrnbtggs tfnt tfg hgeat wacc dg e`vgrgh, ab jnet tfg kubaeapncaty enbe`bhata`b tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb t` tfg hgvgc`pgr e`vgrabl tfas hgeat. Ajtfg hgvgc`pgr nlrggs ab nb nbtgra`r Nlrggkgbt t` sgeurg tfg e`sts, tfg kubaeapncatyenb nppr`vg tfg cnbh usg pcnb watfùt bgegssnracy nppr`vabl ncs` tfg Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb (ejr. abtgrvagws watf Znb hgb Drnbh nbh F`gmstrn, 4996).

Xfas nctgrbntavg kalft hakabasf tw` `j tfg kgbta`bgh sahg gjjgets. Jarst, tfg efnbeg`j hgvgc`pgrs nppgncabl sueegssjuccy kalft hakabasf (sahg gjjget 4) dgenusg tfg ku-baeapncaty enb dgttgr nrlug tfg b`b-jgnsadacaty. Uge`bh, kubaeapncatags enb dg `pgbndùt tfgar hgeasa`b (sahg gjjget 5). F`wgvgr, tfas nctgrbntavg kalft ncs` ergntg n bgw

sahg gjjget? aj tfg hgvgc`pgr nlrggs ab nb Nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt t` sgeurg`bcy tfg hgeat `j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (a.g. tf`sg e`sts tfnt enbb`t dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfrùlf tfas pcnb), dut b`t tf`sg e`sts tfnt enb dgefnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs, kubaeapncatags enbb`t nbyk`rg nrlug ge`b`kae jgnsadac-aty t` rgjusg. Bnkgcy, tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg efnrlgh nrg tfg`rgtaenccy lunrnbtggh, a.g.cnbh`wbgrs nrg supp`sgh t` pny tfgk njtgrwnrhs, wfgb dtnababl n duachabl pgrkat.Tgkgkdgr tfnt ab nb Nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt kubaeapncaty nbh hgvgc`pgrenb nlrgg k`rg e`btraduta`bs tfnb ncc`wgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. Abnby ensg, sahg gjjget > rgknabs? njtgr tfg sgncabl `j nb Nbtgra`r Nlrggkgbt, tfg cnbhusg pcnb stacc fns t` dg prègssgh, wfaef akpcags tfg rasm `j k`haenta`bs nbh hgcny.

<.8.5.5 E`bhata`babl tfg duachabl pgrkat hargetcy nbh `pgbcy

Xfg 4996 Net fns abtr`huegh tfg p`ssadacaty `j e`bhata`babl tfg duachabl pgrkat abnb `pgb nbh harget wny? aj tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgs n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bspcnb, at as p`ssadcg b`w t` e`bhata`b tfg lrnbtabl `j tfg duachabl pgrkat `b tfg pny-kgbt `j n e`btraduta`b. Xfas èeurs ns j`cc`ws? tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnbenceucntgs tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh nccèntgs tf`sg e`stst` gnef pc`t. Xfg duachabl pgrkat as e`bhata`bnc `b pnyabl tfas e`btraduta`b nbh `bs`kg rgquargkgbts ndùt tfg pnykgbt. Aj pnykgbt h`gs b`t tnmg pcneg, nbh tfg hg-vgc`pgr fns b`t sgeurgh tfg e`btraduta`b ab tfgr wnys, tfg kubaeapncaty enb rgquarg

tfg k`bgy, st`p tfg duachabl, nbh bnccy enbegc tfg duachabl pgrkat. F`wgvgr, np-pr`vabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb fns s`kg sahg gjjgets?>. Tasms?

Xfg kubaeapncaty kalft dg `dcalgh atsgcj t` bnbeg abvgstkgbts ab tfg pudcaeabjrnstrueturg ab nbtaeapnta`b `j e`ccgetabl tfg e`sts cntgr=

>5 E`sts nrg ‖sgeurgh‑ wfgb tfgrg as egrtnabty tfnt tfgrg as, `r wacc dg, bnbeanc kgnbs nvnacndcg t` pnytfgk. Xfas egrtnabty enb dg ergntgh ab hajjgrgbt wnys? a) \fgb tfgrg as n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt`r nby `tfgr j`rk `j pravntg cnw e`btrnet tfnt e`kkats nby pnrty t` pny= aa) \fgb nby pudcae d`hye`kkats t` sudsahy tfg e`sts= aaa) \fgb tfg kubaeapncaty fns tfg cnbh nbh fns enceucntgh tfnt tfgpr`ts `j sgccabl tfg cnbh wacc e`vgr tfg e`sts. Ab tfas tfarh ensg, tfg kubaeapnc gxgeutavg p`wgr(D&\ ) `r tfg Cènc Eùbeac (Lgkggbtgrnnh ) kust nppr`vg tf`sg enceucnta`bs nbh abecuhg tfgk abtfg kubaeapnc duhlgt.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs474

Xfg kubaeapncaty fns t` prgpnrg tfg pcnb j`cc`wabl egrtnab lunrnbtggs nbhefgems? tfas as nb akp`rtnbt tnsm nbh akpcags n rasm j`r tfg kubaeapncaty,

suef ns tfg rasm `j nppgncs nlnabst tfg npprnasnc nbh nssgsskgbt kgtf`hs`j pr`ts nbh e`sts (Zr`k, 4996? 55-58= M`rtfncs Nctgs, 4996? 495). Nt tfgdglabbabl `j 49>9 knby kubaeapncatags stacc nrg strullcabl watf tfg cnem `jmb`wcghlg nbh smaccs bgegssnry t` knmg tfgsg pcnbs=

Cnbh`wbgrs fnvg t` pny bcy njtgr nppcyabl j`r tfg duachabl pgrkat, s` aj b``bg nppcags t` duach, tfg e`sts wacc b`t dg rgeùpgh, `r rgeùpgh watf hgcny.Xfas t`` akpcags n bnbeanc rasms j`r tfg kubaeapncaty `r nby `tfgr pnrty abefnrlg `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags (Zr`k, 4996? 46)=

Aj tfg kubaeapncaty wnbts t` dcalg cnbh`wbgrs t` nppcy j`r duachabl pgrkatsj`cc`wabl tfg sefghucgs abecuhgh ab tfg Gxpcàtnta`b Ycnb, tfg `bcy wny

`j hàbl tfnt as t` usg gxpr`pranta`b, wfaef akpcags tfg `dcalnta`b t` pnye`kpgbsnta`b j`r tfg falfgst knrmgt vncug `j tfg cnbh, wfaef abecuhgs tfgabergnsgh vncug hug t` tfg juturg usg `j tfg cnbh=

Xfg nppr`vnc `j n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb kalft buccajy s`kg prg-serapta`bs j nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt, ns tfg Nlrggkgbt enbb`te`btrnhaet tfg prgserapta`bs `j suef n pcnb (Zr`k gt nc, 4996? 58= Mcuwgr,4996? >54). U` tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb kalft buccajy s`kg e`b-traduta`bs nlrggh ab tfg Nlrggkgbt.

4. B`t ncc tfg e`sts enb dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs (j`r k`rg hgtnacs sgg efnptgr<.4.5). Xfgsg abecuhg?

E`sts `j knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jn-eacatags= E`sts j`r sèanc jneacatags= E`sts tfnt h` b`t kggt tfg tfrgg eratgran `j pr`t , nttradutndacaty nbh pr`p`r-

ta`bncaty, suef ns knby e`sts `j abjrnstrueturg sgrvabl wahgr nrgns, nbh/`rcèntgh jj-satg=

N p`ssadcg hgeat (jrgqugbt ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b)= Nhhata`bnc e`sts j`r sèanc fùsabl, rgcntgh t` rgquargkgbts tfnt enbb`t dg

abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, suef ns b`t dgabl ndcg t`prgseradg tfg knxaknc sgccabl praeg j sèanc fùsabl j`r sncg ab ensg tfgrg as

b` rgla`bnc nlrggkgbt `b tfas= E`sts j`r ‖Upntanc hgvgc`pkgbt‑ (ruaktgcaomg `btwammgcablgb) satuntgh ùt-

sahg tfg sefgkg ab qugsta`b nbh b`t bgegssnracy rgcntgh t` at.

<.8.8 K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts


Xfg ralft t` hgvgc`p (a.g. tfg gxecusavg ralft t` hgvgc`p cnbh, `beg pgrkassa`bs fnvgdggb lrnbtgh) dgc`bls ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs t` tfg cnbh`wbgr. Xfas, t`lgtfgr watf tfg

hastraduta`b `j tfg `tfgr rgsùregs wfaef nrg bgegssnry j`r urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, erg-ntgs n str`bl abtgrhgpgbhgbey dgtwggb kubaeapncatags nbh cnbh`wbgrs? kubaeapnca-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 475

tags fnvg tfg stntut`ry p`wgrs `vgr dabhabl rucgs, nbh cnbh`wbgrs fnvg tfg bnbeanckgnbs nbh tfg gxecusavg ralft t` hgvgc`p tfg cnbh. Xfas abtgrhgpgbhgbey lavgs t`

tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfg `pta`b t` wnat, wfaef at as `jtgb usgh t` `pp`sg kubaeapncatags‑rgquargkgbts, nbh `jtgb cgnhs t` n hgcny ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs.

<.8.8.> \f` `wbs hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs0

Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts dgc`bl, ab prabeapcg, t` tfg cnbh`wbgr. Nc-tfùlf ab prnetaeg kubaeapncatags usunccy jggc rgsp`bsadacaty j`r tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`-vasa`b, tfas as b`t, ns suef, rglucntgh dy cnw. Hutef pcnbbabl cnw h`gs b`t gxpcaeatcyrgjgr t` abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b ns n pudcae tnsm, rgsp`bsadacaty `r ralft. Xfg pr`pgrtyralfts `j cnbh`wbgrs nrg praknracy hgbgh ab tfg Eavac E`hg (wfaef, ab prabeapcg,lavgs tfg `wbgr ubcakatgh ralfts) nbh nrg njtgrwnrhs cakatgh dy tfg cnw nbh tfg wny

tfnt as w`rmgh ùt ab dabhabl rucgs. Xfgrg as b` mabh `j ‖kabakuk duachabl ralft‑ j`rtfg cnbh`wbgr. Xfgsg rucgs, f`wgvgr, ab b` wny njjget tfg wbgr‑s ralft t` dg tfg bcy`bg gbtatcgh t` hgvgc`p wfntgvgr tfg dabhabl rucgs nbh tfg cnws j`rgsgg `b fas pc`t.Xfas abecuhgs d`tf tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh tfg duachabl. @beg tfg cnbh`wbgrnppcags j`r nbh `dtnabs tfg bgghgh pgrkats, tfg cnbh`wbgr enb gxecuhg `tfgrs jr`kd`tf pr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg nbh duachabl `b tfg cnbh (Bgghfnk, 499<n? >74).

Dy nbncyzabl wf` fns tfg e`btr`c `vgr gnef `j tfg trnbsneta`bs ab abjrnstrueturg pr`-vasa`b, at fns dggb p`ssadcg t` hasegrb tfg gxtgbt t` wfaef hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts dgc`blt` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Xfg trnbsneta`bs nrg? >) cnbh purefnsg nbh nssgkdcabl, 4) bnbe-

abl nbh 5) cnbh prgpnrnta`b nbh hgvgc`pkgbt.

<.8.8.4 Kutunc hgpgbhgbeg `j cènc nutf`ratags nbh cnbh`wbgrs ab tfg

Bgtfgrcnbhs

X` nbncysg tfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg p`wgr rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb kubaeapncatags nbhcnbh`wbgrs j tfg prnetaenc p`ssadacatags j`r e`btr`ccabl trnbsneta`bs >-5, tfas rgsgnrefhgvgc`pgh n k`hgc `j hgpgbhgbeg (sgg tndcg >1= j`r k`rg hgtnacs `j tfg k`hgc, sggsgeta`b 5.>.>). Xfgrg wns ab ncc tfg jùr Hutef ensgs stuhagh n kutunc hgpgbhgbegdgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh net`rs, nbh tfas hgpgbhgbeg wns vgry str`bl. At sggks tfnttfg p`ssadacatags ab prnetaeg j`r nssgkdcabl tfg cnbh (trnbsneta`b >), lntfgrabl tfg

bnbeanc rgsùregs (trnbsneta`b 4), nbh abhargetcy, hgvgc`pabl tfg cnbh t` pr`huegsgrvaegh pc`ts (trnbsneta`b 5) hgpgbh fgnvacy `b tfg cnbh`wbgr‑s pnssavg e`bsgbt`r netavg e`ccnd`rnta`b. Xrnbsneta`bs > nbh 4 nrg hargetcy hgpgbhgbt `b nlrggkgbtdgtwggb tfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfg hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs, nbh trnbsneta`b 5 as ncs`hgpgbhgbt, dut abhargetcy dgenusg at enbb`t tnmg pcneg watfùt trnbsneta`bs > nbh 4.Xfas as dgenusg b`bg j tfg net`rs e`btr`cs ncc tfg bgghgh rgsùregs nbh dgenusg tfghgpgbhgbeg as b`t nvàhndcg.

Xfg kubaeapncaty hgpgbhs `b tfg cnbh`wbgrs

@b tfg `bg fnbh, tfg cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr e`btr`cs tw` akp`rtnbt rgsùregs, cnbh

nbh abvgstkgbt enpneaty, wfaef knmg tfg kubaeapncaty hgpgbhgbt `b fak. Ab tfg`rytfg kubaeapncaty fns s`kg abstrukgbts t` nvàh tfas hgpgbhgbeg? n pudcae prg-gkp-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs478

ta`b ralft (v``rmgursrgeft ) t` nequarg tfg cnbh (stgp >), tfg Yr`t Xnx (Dnntdgcnstabl )t` lntfgr bnbeanc kgnbs (stgp 4), `r gxpr`pranta`b t` nssgkdcy tfg cnbh (stgp >).

F`wgvgr, tfgsg abstrukgbts fnvg cakatnta`bs. Xfg prg-gkpta`b akpcags n hgpgbhgbeg`j pudcae d`hags b tfg cnbh`wbgr? prg-gkpta`b rgquargs tfnt tfg cnbh`wbgr wnbts t`sgcc fas pr`pgrty. Xfg Yr`t Xnx enb dg nppcagh d`tf ab duact-up urdnb nrgns, wfgtfgrtfg dgbgttgh sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs nrg duact `r b`t, nbh ncs` ab lrggbgch hg-vgc`pkgbts (Mcnnssgb, 4994? 4:8-4:6). Xfas tnx f`wgvgr pcnys n knrlabnc r`cg abvncug enpturabl ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs? at as rnrgcy usgh (Lr`gtgcngrs, 4998? >57= Zr`k,4996? >1). Tglnrhabl gxpr`pranta`b, at as `bcy pgrkattgh aj at as ‖bgegssnry‑ (‖b``h-znmgcaom‑, j`rkgr nrtaecg <1 E`kpucs`ry purefnsg Net dgj`rg k`haenta`b 49>9). Ajn cnbh`wbgr as waccabl t` kggt tfg spgeaenta`bs `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb, nbh aj fg asenpndcg j hgvgc`pabl tfg cnbh, tfg ouraspruhgbeg e`bsahgrs tfnt tfgrg as b` bgegssaty

t` gxpr`prantg tfg cnbh? tfg cnbh`wbgr enb rgncasg tfg bgw hgvgc`pkgbt faksgcj. Xfassegbnra` as enccgh ‖sgcj rgncasnta`b‑ (zgcjrgncasntag). F`wgvgr, tfg spgeaenta`bs `j tfgcnbh usg pcnb nrg b`t ncwnys ubnkdaluùs (Yragkus & Cùw, 4995? 5<>), b`t ab tfgcnst pcneg dgenusg suef pcnbs enb bgatfgr abecuhg e`btraduta`bs b`r bnbeabl nbhakpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs. B`rknccy, nb nlraeucturnc cnbh`wbgr wacc b`t dg ndcg t`jucc tfg spgeaenta`bs. F`wgvgr, aj fg sgccs fas cnbh t` n pravntg hgvgc`pgr `r n duach-abl e`kpnby, `r aj fg hgeahgs t` e``pgrntg watf suef nb `rlnbasnta`b, tfg satunta`befnblgs. Ab tfnt ensg, tfg nppr`prantg eùrt wacc hgeahg tfnt tfgrg as b` bgegssaty j`rgxpr`pranta`b. Nc`bl `tfgr nspgets tfnt ab prnetaeg kalft fnkpgr gxpr`pranta`b (g.l.p`cataenc sgbsatavatags, `r prèghurnc rasms), tfg cglnc eratgran tfnt gxpr`pranta`b fns t`

jucc, nbh spgeanccy tfg eratgra`b tfnt gxpr`pranta`b as b`t bgghgh aj tfg cnbh`wbgrenb faksgcj hgvgc`p tfg cnbh, fns fnkpgrgh nb akp`rtnbt bukdgr j gxpr`pranta`bs.Dy hgecnrabl tfnt fg as enpndcg `j nbh waccabl t` akpcgkgbt tfg dabhabl rucgs, tfgcnbh`wbgr enb nvàh gxpr`pranta`b. Netunccy, at as b`t e`kk`b t` gxpr`prantg cnbh abtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs j`r tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b j cnbh-usg pcnbs. Gxpr`pranta`b as usgh bcyab gxegpta`bnc eareukstnbegs, nbh tfgb j`r oust n jgw pc`ts. J`r gxnkpcg, ab Drghn(ensg Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ), tfgrg fns dggb b` gxpr`pranta`b `j cnbh jr`k hgvgc`pgrs abrgegbt ygnrs. Xfg bgw 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net kalft abergnsg tfg p`ssadacatags j`rkubaeapncatags t` nppcy gxpr`pranta`b. Xfg bgw Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb enbabecuhg e`btraduta`bs nbh bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs. Xfas enb knmg

cgss nkdaluùs tfg spgeaenta`bs ubhgr wfaef sgcj rgncasnta`b enb tnmg pcneg, s`cnbh`wbgrs wf` h` b`t nppcy j`r duachabl pgrkats (nbh pny tfg e`rrgsp`bhabl e`b-traduta`b) watfab tfg sefghucgs abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs Ycnb enbb` c`blgr nrlug tfnt tfgy nrg waccabl t` akpcgkgbt tfg pcnb (Zr`k, 4996? 49:-49<).

Uukknrazabl, ns n rucg, kubaeapncatags tfnt wnbt hgvgc`pkgbt t` tnmg pcneg dut h`b`t rgnef nb nlrggkgbt watf tfg cnbh`wbgrs (ndùt tfg purefnsg nbh nssgkdcy `jcnbh nbh ndùt tfg bnbeabl j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b) fnvg tfg bcy nctgrbntavg`j tryabl t` e`kpucs`racy purefnsg tfg cnbh nbh pny j`r tfg w`rms.

Xfg cnbh`wbgrs hgpgbh `b tfg kubaeapncaty @b tfg tfgr fnbh, cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgrs hgpgbh b tfg kubaeapncaty dgenusg j ats



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 477

rglucnt`ry p`wgrs `j nppr`vabl tfg dabhabl rucgs nbh lrnbtabl tfg duachabl pgrkat.Xfas hgpgbhgbeg ncs` enb dg cndgccgh ns str`bl dgenusg at as b`t nvàhndcg= pudcae

d`hags nrg tfg `bcy net`rs wf` enb gxgreasg tfgsg rglucnt`ry p`wgrs.

Xndcg >1. Hgpgbhgbeg nbncysas ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs.


Hgpgbhgbeg dgenusg jabvgstkgbt enpneaty

Hgpgbhgbeg dgenusg jrglucnt`ry rgsùregs

Kubaeapncaty hgpgbhs`b tfg cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr

Hgvgc`pgrs `wb k`st `jtfg cnbh. Hgpgbhgbeg as`bcy nvàhndcg tfrùlfgxpr`pranta`b. F`wgvgr,

gxpr`pranta`b as n rnrgabstrukgbt, nbh ‖sgcjrgncasnta`b‑ lavgs prgjgr-gbeg t` hgvgc`pgr.

Kubaeapncatags h` b`tfnvg bnbeanc kgnbs tàbvgst, s` hgvgc`pgrs nrg`bcy `bgs wf` eùch

abvgst. @bcy ab Drghnwns tfg kubaeapncatyrgnhy t` nssukg s`kgbnbeanc rasms.

Cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgrhgpgbhs bKubaeapncaty

Xfg kubaeapncaty np-pr`vgs tfg cnbh-usg pcnbnbh hgpnrturgs jr`k at,nbh lrnbts tfg duachablpgrkats. Hgpgbhgbeg asb`t nvàhndcg.

E`bsgqugbegs `j tfg str`bl kutunc hgpgbhgbey

Xfg e`bsgqugbegs ab prnetaeg j tfas str`bl kutunc hgpgbhgbey nrg salbaenbt. Cnbh-`wbgrs /hgvgc`pgrs fnvg tfg `pta`b `j b`t nlrggabl watf tfg e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg`r `tfgr hgvgc`pkgbt rgquargkgbts `j tfg kubaeapncaty. Ns hgvgc`pgrs h` b`t ncwnyse`btr`c ncc tfg cnbh, nbh tfus hgpgbh b vnraùs cnbh`wbgrs, at kalft tnmg s`kg takgt` rgnef nb nlrggkgbt watf ncc tfg cnbh`wbgrs ndùt tfg hgsarndcg (j`r tfg cnbh`wb-grs) praeg `j cnbh. Xfas stakucntgs tfg rnasabl `j tfg praeg `j cnbh. Nb nlrggkgbt watfncc tfg cnbh`wbgrs hgpgbhs `b tfg gxpgetnta`b tfnt dy hgcnyabl bgl`tanta`bs, pr`tsj`r tfg hgvgc`pgr nbh tfg praeg `j cnbh eùch abergnsg ab tfg juturg. \fgtfgr at as tfg

hgvgc`pgr wf` `wbs tfg cnbh nbh hgeahgs t` wnat, `r at as `bg `r k`rg cnbh`wbgrswf` hgeahg b`t t` sgcc t` tfg hgvgc`pgr? kubaeapncatags kalft dg e`bjr`btgh watfhgvgc`pgrs tfnt nrg b`t waccabl, nbh knydg b`t ndcg, t` nlrgg watf tfg rgquargh e`b-traduta`b pnemnlg. Xfas kalft njjget bglntavgcy tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b j kubaeapnca-tags, ns tfgy kalft dg j`regh t` c`wgr tfg e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg aj tfgy wnbt t` rgnefnb nlrggkgbt. Ncs`, tfas enb hgcny hgvgc`pkgbt dgenusg bgl`tanta`bs nrg pr`c`blgh.Cgt us sgg ab hgtnac tfg bhabls ab tfg ensgs.

Jabhabls ab Hg Jubgb (`bcy npnrtkgbts)

Hutef Tnacwnys, tfg j`rkgr cnbh`wbgr, bgl`tantgh watf tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Nk-

stgrhnk jr`k tfg dglabbabl `j tfg 19‑s tacc tfg salbabl `j nb ùtcabg Hgvgc`pkgbtNlrggkgbt ab Knref >11<. At sggks tfnt tfas sgka-nut`b`kùs pudcae e`kpnby fnh



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs47:

ef`sgb sgvgrnc takgs t` wnat. Hurabl n pgra`h `j sgvgrnc ygnrs, bgl`tanta`bs hah b`tsueeggh? tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgh ab >118 nbh >117 tw` satg-spgeae abhaentavg

pcnbs (Utghgbdùwmubhalg Yr`lrnkkns vnb Gasgb), dut Hutef Tnacwnys rgogetghd`tf pcnbs, nrluabl tfnt tfgy wgrg bnbeanccy b`t jgnsadcg. Jr`k >118 t` >11<, tfgnvgrnlg bnta`bnc praegs `j bgw fùsabl lrgw ab cabg watf `r nd`vg tfg lgbgrnc abffln-ta`b, watf n pgnm `j >4% nd`vg abfflnta`b ab >11: (sgg lurg 5> j`r praegs `j bgwhwgccabls ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, nbh j`r ncc hwgccabls ab tfg pr`vabeg j B`rtf F`ccnbh,wfgrg Nkstgrhnk cags). Xfas kgnbs tfnt hgcnyabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt fnh b` bglntavgbnbeanc e`bsgqugbegs j`r Hutef Tnacwnys, ncs` dgenusg tfgy fnh `wbgh tfg cnbhj`r k`rg tfnb >99 ygnrs, s` tfgrg wgrg b` bnbeanc e`sts `j wnatabl.

Jalurg 5>. Lr`wtf `j rgnc praegs (praeg abergnsg kabus lgbgrnc k`bgtnry abfflnta`b) `j hwgccabls ab tfg

Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh tfg pr`vabegs `j B`rtf-F`ccnbh, B`rtf-Drndnbt nbh Lr`bablgb.

Ab >11<, njtgr salbabl tfg rst ùtcabg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt, tfg Hutef Tnacwnyss`ch k`st j tfg cnbh t` ADE, n pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgr. Hurabl tfg j`cc`wabl tw` ygnrs ADEnbh tfg kubaeapncaty bgl`tantgh, nbh tfgy sgncgh n sge`bh Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbtab Ugptgkdgr >111. Xfg nvgrnlg bnta`bnc praegs `j bgw fùsabl lrgw spgetneucnrcynt tfnt takg? 4.8% nd`vg abfflnta`b ab >11<, 1.>% ab >116 nbh :.:% ab >111. Nee`rh-abl t` n pudcae `jegr, Hutef Tnacwnys nbh ADE nlrggh tfnt ADE wùch pny tfg praegnbh rgegavg j`rknccy tfg cnbh nt tfg k`kgbt j stnrtabl tfg duachabl, b`t dgj`rg. Xfaskgnbs tfnt dgsahgs dgbgtabl jr`k lgbgrnc praeg rasgs, ADE hah b`t fnvg t` pny abtgr-

gst efnrlgs ubtac tfg stnrt `j tfg duachabl w`rms= s` wnatabl wns, jr`k nb ge`b`kaepàbt j vagw, nb abtgrgstabl pta`b. Hurabl tfg bgl`tanta`bs, tfg hgvgc`pgr sggks t`



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 47<

fnvg dggb ecgnr tfnt fg wùch b`t neegpt fnrh hgnhcabgs. Xfg abhaentavg pcnbs nbhtfg nlrggkgbts abecuhg sefghucgs, dut nck`st b`bg `j tfgk fns dggb jucccgh, nbh

tfg efnbegs t` akp`sg tfgk tfrùlf tfg eùrts sggk t` dg c`w. Xw` abv`cvgh pudcae`jegrs e`bsahgrgh tfnt aj tfg kubaeapncaty fnh fnh tfg efàeg t` gxecuhg tfg hgvgc-`pgr‑s `pta`b t` wnat, tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss kalft fnvg dggb jnstgr.

Xfg jùrtf k`kgbt nt wfaef tfg hgvgc`pgr ecgnrcy sggks t` fnvg usgh fas `pta`b t`wnat wns tfg stnrt `j tfg duachabl. Nctfùlf tfg hgvgc`pgr fnh duachabl pgrkats j`rncc tfg duachabls sabeg Oubg 499>, fg `bcy stnrtgh watf tfg rst duachabls ab tfg suk-kgr `j 4994, nbh fg wnatgh ndùt vg ygnrs dgj`rg stnrtabl tfg duachabls ab tfg rgst`j tfg satg. Xfg bgl`tanta`bs dgtwggb ADE nbh tfg netunc hgvgc`pgr, Fgaoknbs, fnvgpcnygh fgrg n ecgnr r`cg. Fgaoknbs dùlft ADE ab tfg sukkgr `j 4994 nbh hgeahgh

t` sudkat bgw nppcaenta`bs t` k`hajy tfg ncrgnhy lrnbtgh duachabl pgrkats j`r tfgrgknabhgr `j tfg duachabls, nrluabl tfnt tfgy wgrg bnbeanccy b`t jgnsadcg. Duachabltfgsg hwgccabls stnrtgh hurabl 4997 nbh 499:, wfgb nvgrnlg praegs fnh dglub t`rasg nlnab.

Dgsahgs enusabl hgcny, at sggks pcnusadcg tfnt tfg `pta`b t` wnat fns wgnmgbgh tfgbgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j tfg kubaeapncaty, nbh tfus hakabasfgh vncug enpturabl. XfgKubaeapncaty `j Nkstgrhnk sggkgh w`rragh ndùt tfg tgkp` `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt.Knby pudcae l`ncs gstndcasfgh ab tfg rst abhaentavg pcnb `j >115 fnvg bnccy b`tdggb abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts `j >11< nbh >111. Xfg akprgssa`b

nrasgs tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty fns lrnhunccy rghuegh vncug-enpturabl rgquargkgbts hur-abl tfg pcnbbabl prègss ab `rhgr t` nefagvg nb nlrggkgbt watf tfg hgvgc`pgr.

Jabhabls ab Mruahgbduurt (sablcg-jnkacy hwgccabls nbh npnrtkgbts)

Xruh`, n sèanc cnbhc`rh nbh `wbgr `j ndùt tfg fncj `j tfg cnbh (tfg rgst wns pudcaespneg, `wbgh dy tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Gabhf`vgb), bgl`tantgh watf tfg kubaeapncatyjr`k tfg sge`bh fncj `j tfg 19‑s tacc 4998. Ab >116, abtgbsg e`bsuctnta`b watf tfgbgalfdùrf``h cgh t` n rst satg-spgeae abhaentavg pcnb. Ab Kny 4998, bgl`tanta`bsgbhgh watf tfg salbabl `j n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. Jr`k >11< tacc 4994, nvgrnlgpraegs `j ncc bgw hwgccabls ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs lrgw spgetneucnrcy, watf 4999 dgabl

tfg rge`rh ygnr (48% abergnsg nd`vg abfflnta`b). Ab 4995 nbh 4998 tfg abergnsg nd`vgabfflnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs kalft fnvg dggb bglntavg, dut ab tfg pr`vabeg `j B`rtf-Drndnbt, wfgrg Gabhf`vgb cags, tfg abergnsg wns k`hgrntgh (>% ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhsnbh 4.7% ab B`rtf-Drndnbt j`r sablcg jnkacy fùsgs, nbh 9% rgspgetavgcy >% j`rnpnrtkgbts). K`rg`vgr, dgenusg Xruh` fnh rgegavgh tfg cnbh j`r jrgg ab >118 tfgrgwgrg b` abtgrgst efnrlgs ab ensg `j hgcny. Ab suk, at sggks ecgnr tfnt wnatabl wns,jr`k nb ge`b`kae pàbt `j vagw, nb abtgrgstabl `pta`b. F`wgvgr, wg hah b`t bhgvahgbeg `j spgeae hgeasa`bs `j Xruh` t` usg ats `pta`b t` wnat nbh hgcny. Ncs`, at asb`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfg pta`b t` wnat fns njjgetgh vncug enpturabl salbaenbtcy, ns tfgcukp-suk e`btraduta`b jr`k tfg kubaeapncaty (ndùt ₣>9k) wns ncrgnhy ecgnr nbh

nlrggh ab 4999. Xfus, sabeg 4999 tfg r``k j`r bgl`tantabl e`btraduta`bs wns quatgbnrr`w.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs476

Jabhabls ab M`p vnb @`st (npnrtkgbts)

Ab 4999, tfg pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgr Kr. F`ccgstgccg, wf` fnh nlrggh watf tfg j`rkgr

cnbh`wbgr Fùtlr`gp-Y`bt Ggegb wfnt sggks t` fnvg dggb nb `pta`b t` duy tfgcnbh, abatantgh bgl`tanta`bs watf tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Lr`bablgb. Njtgr tfg sgccabl `jtfg cnbh ab 499> (F`ccgstgccg s`ch tfg cnbh t` ADE), nbh ab 4994 (Fgaoknbs dùlftADE), bgl`tanta`bs gbhgh watf tfg salbabl j n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt ab Oubg 4997.Ab 499> nbh 4994, tfg bnta`bnc nvgrnlg praegs `j bgw hwgccabls abergnsgh nd`vgabfflnta`b dy ndùt :% gnef ygnr. J`r npnrtkgbts ab tfg pr`vabeg `j Lr`bablgb ncs`,praegs abergnsgh nd`vg abfflnta`b hurabl 4995 (8.7%), 4998 (<%) nbh 4997 (1.7%).Xfgrg as b`t kuef abj`rknta`b nvnacndcg ndùt tfg praeg `j cnbh, nbh wfgtfgr ADE nbhFgaoknbs fnh t` pny abtgrgst efnrlgs `r b`t, dut dnsgh `b tfg cnrlg praeg abergnsgshurabl tfg bgl`tanta`b prègss (4999-4997), at sggks rgns`bndcg t` e`becuhg tfnt

wnatabl, jr`k nb ge`b`kae pàbt `j vagw, wns nb abtgrgstabl `pta`b.

Xfg `pta`b t` wnat sggks t` fnvg hgcnygh tfg prègss. Hurabl tfg bgl`tanta`bs dg-twggb F`ccgstgccg nbh ADE (ndùt 4999-499>) F`ccgstgccg kalft fnvg ef`sgb t` hgcnysgccabl ubtac tfgsg bgl`tanta`bs gbhgh. Xfg satunta`b tfnt r`sg njtgr Fgaoknbs dùlftADE ab 4994 as ecgnrgr. Fgaoknbs hgeahgh t` ‖rghgbg‑ tfg pcnb, ns tfas hgvgc`pgrusgh `tfgr pr`t eratgran tfnb ADE. Xfas cgh t` tfg rg-knmabl tfg pcnbs, s`kgtfablsakacnr t` wfnt fnppgbgh ab Hg Jubgb. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, Fgaoknbs usgh ats `pta`b t`wnat ab `rhgr t` efnblg tfg pcnbs (Duatgcnnr gt nc., 4996? 76= Abtgrvagw watf Uglgrgb,4996).

At sggks tfnt tfg `pta`b t` wnat fns b`t `bcy hgcnygh, dut ncs` wgnmgbgh tfg bgl`tan-ta`b p`sata`b j tfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfus c`wgrgh enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Jr`k tfgdglabbabl j tfg bgl`tanta`bs, tfg hgvgc`pgr nrlugh tfnt tfgrg wns b` kuef bnbeancr``k ab tfg pròget, knmabl ecgnr t` tfg kubaeapncaty tfnt tfgrg wgrg b`t knby vncugenpturabl p`ssadacatags. Xfg kubaeapncaty, wfaef fns b`t fnh neegss t` tfg bnbeancenceucnta`bs j tfg hgvgc`pgr, sggks t` fnvg nssukgh, ab tfg gnrcy stnlgs, tfnt at eùchb`t nsm kuef jr`k tfg hgvgc`pgr. Ncs`, tfg kubaeapncaty neegptgh sgvgrnc rghueta`bsab tfg e`sts j`r pudcae spneg (Duatgbcnnr gt nc., 4996? >>5->>8). Xfg kubaeapncaty knyfnvg neegptgh dgenusg at wns ab n furry? tfg satg abfflugbegs tfg aknlg `j tfg nrgn,

wfaef as satuntgh dgtwggb tfg fast`rae eaty nbh tfg bgw lrggbgch sefgkg Kggrstnh .

Jabhabls ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr (npnrtkgbts nbh jegs)

Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ab Drghn as pgeucanr, e`kpnrgh watf tfg `tfgr ensgs. Fgrg, tfg Ku-baeapncaty `j Drghn dùlft tfg cnbh jr`k tfg hgvgc`pgr (Hutef Tnacwnys), pr`vahgstfg abjrnstrueturg, nbh sgccs tfg cnbh dnem. Xfg kubaeapncaty nbh Hutef Tnacwnys wgrgsabeg tfg 19‑s abv`cvgh ab lgttabl tfas pròget neegptgh= t`lgtfgr tfgy c`ddagh dy tfgEgbtrnc L`vgrbkgbt t` lgt Drghn hgsalbntgh ns n Bgw Mgy Yròget. F`wgvgr, at sggkstfnt sgraùs bgl`tanta`bs dgtwggb tfg pudcae d`hags nbh tfg Hutef Tnacwnys `bcyenkg njtgr tfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt fnh rgnefgh nb nlrggkgbt

ndùt tfg pudcae sudsahags ab Jgdrunry 4994. Ab 4995, tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgh tfgKnstgrpcnb Egbtrnc Drghn (Knstgrpcnb Egbtrnnc Drghn), wfaef abecuhgh n dusabgss



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs4:9

jgnsadacaty, neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, pr`t knrlabs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr nbh hgvgc`pkgbte`sts, t`lgtfgr watf tfg abatanc pr`t, sfùch dg mb`wb. F`wgvgr, abj`rknta`b ndùt

tfas as n sgbsatavg knttgr, nbh usunccy hgvgc`pgrs h` b`t hasec`sg suef abj`rknta`b. Ky`wb gstaknta`bs pr`vahgh abtgrgstabl abj`rknta`b (j`r nb `vgrvagw `j hgvgc`pkgbte`sts nbh pr`ts ab tfg Hutef ensgs, sgg Nbbgx 8). Ab Mruahgbduurt , nee`rhabl t` l-urgs lavgb dy tfg hgvgc`pgr (k`st `j p`stabls >-<) nbh dy `wb gstaknta`bs (p`stabl6, t`tnc rgturbs), at as b`t ecgnr wfnt tfg pr`t knrlab wns. Xfg hgvgc`pgr‑s bnc pr`tkalft dg ndùt ₣48k, dut tfas gxecuhgs n kabakuk cnbh praeg (wfaef tfg hgvgc`pgrhah b`t fnh t` pny dgenusg fg `dtnabgh tfg cnbh j`r jrgg ab >118). Ab M`p vnb @`st ,nee`rhabl t` lurgs lavgb dy tfg hgvgc`pgr (Fgaoknbs), fas bnc pr`t as vgry bnrr`w?₣>>4k kabus ₣>>9k ; ₣4k. F`wgvgr, ky `wb gstaknta`bs sullgst tfnt tfgrg kalftdg n cnrlgr bnc pr`t, ndùt ₣41k. Xfas sullgsts tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgrs‑ bnbeanc `d-

ogeta`bs t` tfg kubaeapncaty‑s rgquargkgbts kalft b`t dg str`bl. Ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ,nee`rhabl t` ky `wb gstaknta`bs, tfgrg as n ecgnr bnc pr`t j`r Hutef Tnacwnys?₣869/749 kabus 579/5:9k; ₣>49/>69k. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfas gstaknta`b sullgststfnt tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Drghn eùch fnvg nsmgh j`r k`rg e`btraduta`bs j`r pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.

D`tf p`ssadcg gxpcnbnta`bs `j tfg bhabls ab tfg stuhagh ensgs sggk t` dg lgbgrncaz-ndcg. Xfgy cnrlgcy kntef watf sgvgrnc gxpgrts‑ vagw ndùt tfg lgbgrnc satunta`b aburdnb hgvgc`pkgbt ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Ab lgbgrnc, j`r tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef cnbh`wb-grs gxgreasg tfgar `pta`b t` wnat, gxpgrts lavg tfg j`cc`wabl p`ssadcg rgns`bs? (>) at as

n wny `j eùbtgrnetabl tfg rgquargkgbts `j kubaeapncatags, suef ns tf`sg rgcntgh t`vncug enpturabl. Nb`tfgr sùreg e`brks tfnt hgvgc`pgrs tfrgntgbabl t` watfhrnwn pcnb aj kubaeapncatags h` b`t c`wgr rgquargkgbts as b`t gxegpta`bnc ab tfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs (Duatgcnnr gt nc., 4996? ><, 18-1:, >96->>9, >>4->>8)= (4) hgvgc`pgrs gxpgetfalfgr sgccabl praegs aj tfgy wnat= (5) tfgy gxpget t` sustnab tfg knrmgt praegs dyrnta`babl tfg hgcavgry `j bgw hwgccabls= nbh (8) at kalft dg fnbhy wfgb e`bjr`btghwatf knby prògets nt tfg snkg takg. Upgeaenccy j`r urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, tw` nh-hata`bnc rgns`bs nrg kgbta`bgh? (7) cnbh as fgrg `wbgh dy knby cnbh`wbgrs, ousts`kg j wf`k prgjgr t` wnat= (:) hgvgc`pgrs nrg e`bjr`btgh watf falfgr hgvgc`pkgbte`sts, s` tfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty as absgeurg (Znb hgb Drnbh gb F`gmstrn, abtgrvagws

ab 4996). Nb abtgrvagwgh rgprgsgbtntavg `j tfg hgvgc`pgrs nrlugh sakacnrcy wfgb fgsnah tfnt hgvgc`pkgbt wns `jtgb hgcnygh dgenusg kubaeapncatags rgquarg t`` kuef(J`mmgkn, abtgrvagw 499<).

<.8.7 Yrèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc `j dabhabl

rucgs


Xfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net fns abtr`huegh efnblgs ab tfg lunrnbtggs lavgb t`

abatant`rs. Jr`k 4996 `bwnrhs, kubaeapncatags nrg `dcalgh t` hgtgrkabg watfab galftwggms nb nppcaenta`b j`r k`haenta`b `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb. Xfas kalft njjget enptur-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 4:>

abl vncug abergnsg. @b tfg `bg fnbh, tfas kgnsurg eùch hakabasf tfg jrggh`k `jkubaeapncatags ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs, nbh tfus w`rsgb tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg.

@b tfg `tfgr fnbh, at eùch gbeùrnlg hgvgc`pgrs t` sudkat k`rg nppcaenta`bs, nbhneegcgrntg tfus tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b. Tglnrhabl tfg p`ssadacatags t` k`hajy nbh hgtnactfg dabhabl rucgs, nbh t` nhnpt tfg lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg `j tfg pcnb nrgn ab `rhgr t`jneacatntg tfg bgl`tanta`bs? tfas fflgxadacaty sggks b`t t` njjget tfg enpturabl `j vncugabergnsg salbaenbtcy, dut kalft dg rgcgvnbt j`r tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b. Jabnccy,rglnrhabl tfg p`ssadacaty `j hgtnacabl nb ùtcabg cnbh usg pcnb, tfas kalft p`tgbtanccy`jjgr, ab s`kg ensgs, s`kg bgl`tanta`b r``k j`r kubaeapncatags.

<.8.7.> Lunrnbtggs j`r tf`sg tnmabl tfg abatantavg

Wbhgr tfg 4996 Net kubaeapncatags, k`rg tfnb dgj`rg, kalft dg b`w `dcalgh t` tnmg

n j`rknc hgeasa`b ndùt nb nppcaenta`b t` k`hajy tfg dabhabl rucgs (vgrz`gm t`t dg-stgkkablswaozalabl ), nbh tfas kust fnppgb watfab galft wggms (nrtaecg 5.1 j`r n k`ha-enta`b `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb nbh 5.>4 j`r n hgpnrturg). Xfg kubaeapncaty kust nrlugats hgeasa`b pr`pgrcy, wfaef kgnbs tfnt tfg hgeasa`b kust dg ab nee`rhnbeg watftfg p`caey stntgh ab tfg cnbh usg pcnb nbh ab tfg Utrueturg Zasa`b, aj suef hèukgbtgxasts. Xfg kubaeapncaty enb rgjusg tfg nppcaenta`b watfab tfg pgra`h `j galft wggms=njtgrwnrhs fg as supp`sgh t` fnvg nlrggh watf tfg nppcaenta`b. Aj tfg kubaeapnc-aty bgvgrtfgcgss rgjusgs njtgr tfas pgra`h tfg nppcaenbt enb nppgnc t` tfg eùrts. @jeùrsg, tfg nppcaenbt enb nbywny nppgnc nlnabst tfg hgeasa`b `j rgjusabl, wfgtfgr atfns tnmgb pcneg watfab `r njtgr tfg pgra`h j galft wggms. Netunccy, tfas as bgw? dgj`rg

tfg 4996 Net nppgnc wns b`t p`ssadcg, nbh b`w at as. Xfas kgnbs tfnt n kubaeapncatyenbb`t alb`rg suef nb nppcaenta`b, tfnt at as `dcalgh t` nssgss gnef nppcaenta`b, nbhenbb`t rgoget watfùt n pr`pgr nrlukgbtnta`b (Xwgghg Mnkgr hgr Utntgb-Lgbgrnnc(4995? 5>= Zr`k, 499<e? 5>-54= Duurgb gt nc, 4991? >>:). At as b`t p`ssadcg t` gkpara-enccy nssgss wfgtfgr tfg b`vgcty abfflugbegh enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab tfg stuhaghensgs, dgenusg tfg ensgs jgcc ubhgr tfg prgvaùs Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net. F`wgvgr, atsggks pcnusadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt tfg b`vgcty `j tfg 4996 Net wacc fnvg s`kg e`bsg-qugbegs j`r vncug enpturabl. N e`bsuctgh gxpgrt snah tfg j`cc`wabl (Hg \`cjj, abtgr-vagw 4996)? b tfg bg fnbh, ab s`kg spgeae ensgs, tfg r``k t` rgjusg nppcaenta`bseùch hgergnsg, nbh tfas eùch wgnmgb tfg bgl`tantabl p`sata`b `j tfg kubaeapncaty.

J`r gxnkpcg, at eùch dg tfnt b` pr`pgr nrlukgbts eùch dg jùbh t` rgjusg nb np-pcaenta`b dgenusg tfg cnbh usg pcnb nbh/`r tfg Utrueturg Zasa`b ncrgnhy j`rgsgg tfghgvgc`pkgbt. @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, tfg b`vgcty kalft rghueg tfg rasms tfnt hgvgc`pgrsfnvg t` dgnr, nbh tfgrgj`rg stakucntg hgvgc`pkgbt abatantavgs, wfaef kalft akpcynb neegcgrnta`b `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss. Xfgrg as f`wgvgr b` ubnbakaty ndùtwfgtfgr tfas nspget kalft dg rgcgvnbt (Zgrhnns, abtgrvagw ab 4996).

<.8.7.4 Jcgxadacaty t` k`hajy nbh hgtnac njtgrwnrhs nppr vgh dabhabl rucgs

Xfgrg as ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfg p`ssadacaty t` k`hajy (waozalabl ) nbh hgpnrt (vraostgc-cabl/prògetdgscuat ) jr`k tfg cnbh usg pcnb j`cc`wabl n sf`rtgr prèghurg tfnb aj n

bgw cnbh usg pcnb kust dg nppr`vgh, nbh tfgrg as ncs` tfg p`ssadacaty `j hgtnacablnjtgrwnrhs nb ùtcabg cnbh usg pcnb (uatwgrmabl ).



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs4:4

K`haenta`b `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb j`cc`wabl n sf`rt prèghurg (waozalabl)

Xfgrg as tfg p`ssadacaty `j k`hajyabl tfg cnbh usg pcnb watfùt fnvabl t` knmg nbh

nppr`vg n bgw `bg, j`cc`wabl n kuef sf`rtgr prèghurg. Xfas fnppgbs ns j`cc`ws?tfg cnbh-usg pcnb enb prgseradg tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty enb k`hajy at cntgr (nrtaecg >>.>`j tfg `ch Net, nrtaecg 5.: bgw Net). Hntn jr`k >16< ubtac >115 sf`w tfnt tfas wny`j k`haenta`b wns usgh vgry `jtgb (Znb Hnkkg & Zgrhnns >11:? <1-69). At sggkstfnt b`wnhnys tfas j`rk `j k`haenta`b as e`kk`b t``. Ensgs M`p vnb @`st nbhUtnta`bsmwnrtagr abecuhgh at ab tfgar cnbh usg pcnb. Yudcae `jegrs ab tfg kubaeapnca-tags `j Lr`bablgb nbh T`ttgrhnk e`brk tfnt at as stacc n jrgqugbtcy usgh abstrukgbt(Abtgrvagws watf H`ccabln nbh Gldgrts, 499<).

Xfg cnbh-usg pcnb kust tfgb prgseradg tfg cakats t` tfg k`haenta`b. Ouraspruhgbeg

fns hgvgc`pgh tfg eratgra`b tfnt n cnbh-usg pcnb tfnt abecuhgs tfg p`ssadacaty j k`ha-enta`b kust abecuhg ncs` nb `dogetavg hgcakatnta`b (`dogetagvg dglrgbzabl ) `j tfgk`haenta`b. Xfg ouraspruhgbeg fns ncs` hgbgh f`w jnr n k`haenta`b enb l`.Cnbh usgs enb dg rgpcnegh dy bgw `bgs, `r tfg ncc`wgh duachabl v`cukg enb dg ab-ergnsgh, pr`vahgh tfnt tfg cnbh-usg pcnb stntgs gxpcaeatcy tfg nctgrbntavg cnbh usgs nbhv`cukg, nbh pr`vahgh tfnt tfg bgw cnbh usgs nbh v`cukg h` b`t efnblg salbaenbtcytfg strueturg `j tfg pcnb (Znb hgr Tgg 4999? 846, 857= Mcnnsgb, 4994? ><7, ><1= ab-tgrvagw watf Y`rrgy, 499<= Hntndnsg Mcuwgr, 499:)>8.

Ab ensg M`p vnb @`st tfg 499: cnbh usg pcnb j`rgsggs tfg p`ssadacaty d`tf `j rgz`b-

abl tfg cnbh usg (rgz`babl tfg lavgb rgsahgbtanc usg abt` e`kkgreanc jneacatags) nbh jk`hajyabl tfg duachabl gbvgc`p (k`hajyabl tfg lavgb duachabl gbvgc`pg, rgcèntabltfg duachabl satgs, nbh gvgb abtr`hueabl bgw duachabls, pr`vahgh tfnt bàsg buasnbegrgknabs ubhgr tfg cglnc cakats). Ab ensg Utnta`bsmwnrtagr tfg 499< cnbh usg pcnb prg-seradgs sgvgrnc p`ssadacatags j`r k`haenta`b tfnt akpcy n efnblg `j cnbh usg? nbylavgb usg enb dg rgz`bgh abt` e`bstrueta`bs ns knsts, nbtgbbn‑s, gte, `j b` k`rgtfnb 79 kgtgr fgalft. At as p`ssadcg t` knmg suef n e`bstrueta`b up`b tfg duachabl,dut ncs` t` sudstatutg n duachabl j`r suef n e`bstrueta`b. Nb`tfgr p`ssadacaty, cakatght` n spgeae pc`t, as t` rgz`bg tfg lavgb usgs fùsabl, `jeg spneg nbh e`kkgreancjneacatags abt` f`tgc.

F`wgvgr, at sggks ecgnr tfnt ab tfg ensgs, tfas p`ssadacaty j k`haenta`b hah b`t cgnht` k`rg e`btraduta`bs. Xfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts wgrg ncrgnhy sgncgh dgj`rg tfgnppr`vnc `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb. K`haenta`bs `j tfg pcnb fnvg b`t cgh ab tfg stuhagh

>8 Gxnkpcgs `j tfas nrg?• Xfg kubaeapncaty `j \`gbshrgeft wns ndcg t` efnblg tfg gxastabl cnbh-usg jr`k dusabgss nrgn

t` fùsabl, njtgr tfg prgsgbt e`kpnbags k`vgh t` `tfgr cènta`b ]Zz. NDTU 41 Kny >117(\`gbshrgeft), br. J9>.18.9599[=

• Ukncc kubaeapncatags tfnt nrg ncc`wgh t` duach `bcy t` nee`kk`hntg tfgar `wb p`pucnta`b enbusg k`haenta`b t` rg-z`bg cntgr t` fùsabl, wfgb tfg bgw fùsabl as bgghgh. Xfas wns tfg ensgab tfg kubaeapncatags `j _ggvnbl nbh Cggbhg ]Zz. NDTU 5 Nprac >11< (_ggvnbl), brs. G9>.1<.998:nbh J9>.1<.994:= NDTU : Oucy >116 (Cggbhg), br. G9>.1:.9>:7[.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 4:5

ensgs t` rgbgl`tanta`bs j tfg e`btraduta`bs. F`wgvgr, tfas p`ssadacaty j k`haenta`bkalft jneacatntg akpcgkgbtnta`b, ns at ergntgs fflgxadacaty t` efnblg tfg pr`lrnkkg t`

nhnpt t` efnblabl eareukstnbegs. Xfas enb dg akp`rtnbt j`r hgvgc`pgrs wfgb rgnetablt` k`rg jnvùrndcg p`ssadacatags hurabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss.

Hgpnrturg jr`k tfg cnbh usg pcnb j`cc`wabl n sf`rtgr prèghurg (vraostgccabl/

prògetdgscuat)

Kno`r hgpnrturgs jr`k tfg cnbh usg pcnb nrg p`ssadcg (j`cc`wabl nrtaecgs >1 nbh >1n`j tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net prgvaùs t` 4996, nbh efnptgr 5.5 `j tfg bgw Net), nbhnrg vgry e`kk`b ab prnetaeg. Xfg hgpnrturg enb efnblg sudstnbtanccy tfg pgrkattghcnbh usgs nbh duachabl v`cukg. Ab ensgs Hg Jubgb, Mruahgbduurt nbh M`p vnb @`st tfg kubaeapncatags prègssgh, t`lgtfgr watf tfg bgw cnbh usg pcnb, kno`r hgpnrturgs

jr`k tfg `ch cnbh usg pcnb j`r pnrt `j tfg satg? n skncc pc`t kgnbt j`r `jegs ab HgJubgb, nbh ndùt `bg qunrtgr `j tfg pcnb nrgn ab Mruahgbduurt nbh M`p vnb @`st .F`wgvgr, tfg hgpnrturgs hah b`t cgnh t` k`rg e`btraduta`bs, nhhata`bnc t` tf`sg nc-rgnhy nlrggh ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs tfnt prgeghgh tfg nppr`vnc j tfg bgw cnbh usg pcnb.Abstgnh, ab Mruahgbduurt nbh M`p vnb @`st tfg hgpnrturgs fnvg neegcgrntgh tfg e`k-kgbegkgbt `j tfg w`rms dy ndùt fncj n ygnr `r k`rg. Xfas ncc`wgh lrnbtabl tfg rstduachabl pgrkats watfùt fnvabl t` wnat j`r tfg hgbatavg nppr`vnc `j tfg bgw cnbhusg pcnb. Ab Hg Jubgb tfas wns b`t ecgnr? tfg hgpnrturg wns lrnbtgh `b B`vgkdgr4999, wfacg tfg cnbh usg pcnb wns hgbatavgcy nppr`vgh `bg k`btf gnrcagr. F`wgvgr,hgpnrturgs enb dg usgh ab nb`tfgr wny tfnb ab tfg stuhagh ensgs. Abstgnh `j dgabl

prègssgh pnrnccgc t` n bgw cnbh usg pcnb t` nbtaeapntg tfg lrnbtabl j n duachabl pgr-kat, at enb dg nbh as jtgb usgh nc`bg, ns n wny j ncc`wabl tfg rglgbgrnta`b j tfg satgwatfùt fnvabl t` nppr`vg n bgw cnbh usg pcnb. At sggks rgns`bndcg t` e`becuhg tfntsuef n usg `j tfg cglnc p`ssadacaty `j hgpnrturg fns sakacnr gjjgets `b enpturabl vncugabergnsg ns wfgb prègssabl n b`rknc bgw cnbh usg pcnb (sgg sgeta`bs <.8.> t` <.8.5).

Hgtnacabl tfg utcabg Cnbh usg Ycnb (uatwgrmabl)

Cnbh usg pcnbs enb abecuhg ùtcabg cnbh usg rglucnta`bs tfnt enb dg hgtnacgh njtgr-wnrhs (Lc`dnnc DY kgt uatwgrmablspcaeft ). Xfg hgtnacabl j`cc`ws n sf`rt prèghurg.Xfg cnw>7 nbh tfg ouraspruhgbeg>: hgcakat tfg ‖kabakuk‑ e`btgbts j tfg ùtcabg cnbh-

usg rglucnta`bs nbh prgseradg tfnt tfg pcnb kust stntg tfg `dogetavg hgcakatnta`b (`d- ogetagvg dglrgbzabl ) j`r tfg hgtnacabl. Xfas kgnbs tfnt tfg hgtnacabl kust tnmg pcnegwatfab gstndcasfgh cakats (Znb _ubhgrt 4998? >86= Znb hgr Tgg, 4999? 858). Ns n e`b-sgqugbeg `j tfgsg cakats, tfg hgtnacabl enbb`t abtr`hueg ‖bgw‑ cnbh-usg p`ssadacatags,

>7 Nrtaecg >5.4 >167 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg= Gxpcnbnt`ry Kgk`rnbhuk `j tfg >167 YfysaencYcnbbabl Net (Xwgghg Mnkgr zattabl >177-7:, b`. 4, p.p. >8->7).

>: MD >1 Jgdrunry >164 (B`rl), ab Dùwrgeft >164, p. 7>>= Njhgcabl rgeftsprnnm 8 Oubg >167(Nkstgrhnk), ab Dùwrgeft >167, p. 1>7= NDTU 1 oubg >116 (Nkstgrhnk), ab ND >116, 556, nbh abLst. >111, <>97/:= Njhgcabl rgeftsprnnm 8 Oubg >167 (Nkstgrhnk), ab Dùwrgeft >167, p. 1>7= FT45 Ugptgkdgr >166 (Yurkgrgbh), ab Dùwrgeft >161, p. >>5= MD > Ugptgkdgr >16< (T`zgbdurl), br.1, ab Dùwrgeft >166, p. 5>= NDTU 1 oubg >116 (Nkstgrhnk), ab ND >116, 556, nbh ab Lst. >111,<>97/:.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs4:8

b`r enb at gxecuhg nby j tfg p`ssadcg cnbh-usgs prgseradgh ab tfg utcabg rglucnta`bs.F`wgvgr, at enb sfajt tfg usg p`ssadacatags dgtwggb hajjgrgbt pc`ts nbh as tfgrgj`rg p`-

tgbtanccy abtgrgstabl ab bgl`tanta`bs watf tfg cnbh`wbgrs.

Ab Mruahgbduurt tfg cnbh usg pcnb, nppr`vgh ab Nprac 4997, prgseradgs ùtcabg cnbhusg rglucnta`bs j`r k`st j tfg pcnb nrgn. Xfg hgtnacabl j`r tfg rst fncj j tfg satg wnsnppr`vgh ab Onbunry 499<, nbh njjgetgh salbaenbtcy tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags? tfggxnet bukdgr j hwgccabls, j`r wfaef tfg 4997 pcnb gstndcasfgh n kabakuk bukdgr`j :79= tfg duachabl v`cukg, j`r wfaef tfg pcnb gstndcasfgh s`kg gcgkgbts `j tfgduachabl gbvgc`pg, watfùt xabl n knxaknc bukdgr `j k´= nbh s`kg `tfgr p`s-sadacatags. F`wgvgr, hgtnacabl fns b`t fnh e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsgdgenusg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts wgrg ncrgnhy sgncgh dgj`rg tfg nppr`vnc j tfg

cnbh usg pcnb. Ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr tfg satunta`b as hajjgrgbt. Fgrg `bcy 5% `j tfg pcnbnrgn as e`vgrgh dy ùtcabg cnbh usg rglucnta`bs, wfaef fnvg b`t dggb hgtnacgh nt tfgk`kgbt `j hntn lntfgrabl. Xfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt sgncgh dgj`rg tfg nppr`vnc`j tfg cnbh usg pcnb hah b`t abecuhg tfg cnbh`wbgrs `j tfas pnrt `j tfg pcnb nrgn. Atas ubecgnr wfgtfgr hgtnacabl wacc dg prgeghgh dy bgl`tanta`bs nbh tfus t` nhhata`bncenpturabl vncug abergnsg, dut p`tgbtanccy at eùch `jjgr s`kg bgl`tanta`b r``k t` tfgkubaeapncaty t` nsm s`kg e`btraduta`bs t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs.

<.8.7.5 Jcgxadacaty t` nhnpt tfg lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg (tfg pcnb nrgn) j tfg

dabhabl rucgs nee`rhablcy t` bgl`tanta`bs watf cnbh`wbgrs

At sggks tfnt cnbh usg pcnbs nbh hgpnrturgs jr`k tfgk enb dg quatg fflgxadcy nhnptght` tfg bgl`tanta`b prègss. Bgatfgr tfg cnw b`r tfg ouraspruhgbeg gstndcasfgs lgbgrnccakatnta`bs t` tfg kabakuk sazg `j tfg pcnb nrgn, wfaef kgnbs tfnt tfgy enb dg nsskncc ns n spgeae pc`t (D`sef & Fnbgknnygr >114? qu`tgh ab Drglknb & Uagvgrs4994= Znb Hnkkg & Zgrhnns >11:? <5-<6). Ncs`, ab prabeapcg tfgrg as b` knxakncbukdgr `j pc`ts, wfaef kgnbs tfnt, aj bgegssnry, n pcnb `r hgpnrturg enb dg knhgj`r gnef pc`t, b` knttgr f`w knby pc`ts tfgy nrg. Xfg ouraspruhgbeg lavgs b` lgbgrnceratgra`b j`r hasnppr`vabl hgvgc`pkgbts dnsgh `b hajjgrgbt skncc pcnbs. @b tfg e`b-trnry><, tfg usg `j knby skncc dabhabl pcnbs as vgry e`kk`b. Hntn jr`k >16< ubtac>115 sggk t` e`brk tfas. Ab tfnt pgra`h, k`rg tfnb 79% j ncc tfg cnbh-usg pcnbs ab

tfg pr`vabeg `j Lgchgrcnbh wgrg skncc pcnbs (Znb Hnkkg & Zgrhnns >11:? <:-<6).Njtgr >115 tfg usg `j skncc dabhabl pcnbs fns rgknabgh vgry e`kk`b ab prnetaeg.

Xfg stuhagh ensgs rgjgr t` cnrlgr satgs, j nt cgnst 7 fn (M`p vnb @`st ). Ab ncc j tfgk tfgkubaeapncaty wns jrgg t` hgcakatntg tfg pcnb nrgn. Xfgy hah s` vgry enrgjuccy, j`cc`w-abl k`st `j tfg takg e`bsahgrnta`bs rgcntgh t` tfg pr`pgrty dùbhnrags. Ab lgbgrnc atsggks pcnusadcg tfnt tfas fflgxadacaty fns fgcpgh t` jneacatntg tfg tgkp` j akpcgkgbtn-ta`b, ab tfg sgbsg tfnt pr`p`sncs abecuhgh `bcy tf`sg cnbh`wbgrs waccabl t` hgvgc`p.

>< Njhgcabl Tgeftsprnnm Tnnh vnb Utntg 4> Knref >11> (T``sgbhnnc gb Baspgb), ab ND >114 p. 575.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 4:7

<.7 Xfg netunc hglrgg `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg ab

tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Xfas efnptgr jèusgs `b wfgtfgr tfg enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs nrg nefagvgh `rb`t nbh b tfg hastraduta`b j e`sts dgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh pnrtags? wf` fns pnah wfaefpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, nbh p`ssadcy s`kg gxtrns0 \g c``m ncs` nt wfgtfgrtfg l`ncs fnvg dggb nefagvgh `b takg. Xfg knab sùregs `j abj`rknta`b nrg tfg jùrensgs, e`kpcgkgbtgh watf `tfgr wrattgb sùregs nbh abtgrvagws watf rgcgvnbt gx-pgrts. Xfg e`becusa`bs nrg sukknrazgh ab tndcg 49.


Ab ncc tfg stuhagh ensgs, pudcae d`hags e`btradutgh fgnvacy t` `b-satg abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b e`sts. Ab Hg Jubgb tfg kubaeapncaty nssukgh nb akp`rtnbt pnrt? tfg rgjur-dasfabl `j nb nhonegbt r`nh (watf n ecgnr, dut b`t gxecusavg, `b-satg efnrnetgr), nbhpnrt `j tfg pudcae spneg (pnrmabl pcnegs nbh pnrt `j n pnrm). Xfg hgvgc`pgr pnah tfge`sts j tfg pudcae spneg watf nb gxecusavg b-satg efnrnetgr nbh tfg tfgr pnrt j tfgpnrm. Ab Mruahgbduurt tfg kubaeapncaty pnah ndùt `bg tfarh `j tfg e`sts nbh s`kgnhhata`bnc e`sts j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg satuntgh watfab tfg pcnb nrgn tfnt sgrvgs nwahgr nrgn. Xfg hgvgc`pgr (n fùsabl nssèanta`b) e`btradutgh tw` tfarhs>6. Ab M`pvnb @`st tfg kubaeapncaty pnah n skncc pnrt `j tfg pudcae spneg, nbh tfg jucc e`sts `jrgjurdasfabl n knab r`nh satuntgh watfab tfg pcnb nrgn dut sgrvabl n wahgr nrgn. Xfg

egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt sudsahazgh 47% `j tfg sàc hge`btnkabnta`b e`sts, wfaef wgrgb`t vgry falf. Xfg hgvgc`pgr pnah tfg rgst? e`bstruetabl k`st `j tfg `b-satg pudcaespneg nbh p`ssadcy pnyabl kab`r hnknlg e`kpgbsnta`b t` bgalfdùrs. Ab Utnta`bsm-wnrtagr, sudsahags jr`k tfg kubaeapncaty, pr`vabeg nbh egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt e`vgrghndùt tw` tfarhs `j tfg e`sts? tfg pudcae r`nhs nbh spneg watfab tfg satg, nbh pnrt `j`tfgr `b-satg abjrnstrueturg (sàc hge`btnkabnta`b, prgpnrnta`b `j pcnbs). Xfg hgvgc-`pgr (Hutef Tnacwnys) pnah ndùt `bg tfarh `j tfg e`sts. Xfg bgw rnacwny nbh dusstnta`bs (satuntgh watfab tfg pcnb nrgn, dut sgrvabl n kuef wahgr nrgn) nrg e`bsahgrghdgc`w.

At sggks tfnt, ab lgbgrnc, tfgsg bhabls enbb`t dg e`bsahgrgh nb gxegpta`b. Yudcaed`hags ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs usunccy e`btradutg fgnvacy, ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, t` `b-satg abjrnstrueturg. D`tf n stuhy `j tfg pnrtaeapnta`b `j fùsabl nssèanta`bs ab 5>rglgbgrnta`b satgs (Hg Mnk & Bgghfnk, 499>? :1), nbh n k`rg rgegbt stuhy j galftensgs j pravntg cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b satgs (Duatgcnnr gt nc., 4996=Uglgrgb, abtgrvagw 4996) abecuhg sakacnr bhabls. B`t `bcy tfg kubaeapncaty, dutncs` `tfgr l`vgrbkgbtnc cgvgcs, e`btradutg fgnvacy, watf sudsahy pr`lrnkkgs (g.l.Abvgstgrablsduhlgt Utghgcaomg Zgrbaguwabl ). Abtgrvagwgh gxpgrts e`brk tfas (Zgr-hnns nbh Znb \nlgbablgb, abtgrvagws 4996). Xfgsg e`becusa`bs eàbeahg watf tfgrge`kkgbhnta`b knhg dy tfg Kabastry j`r Fùsabl, Ycnbbabl nbh tfg Gbvar`bkgbt

>6 Nbh ab nhhata`b pr`vahgh bgw nee`kk`hnta`b j`r ncc tfg j`rkgr abfndatnbts.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs4::

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Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 4:<

`vgr tfg nccènta`b `j e`sts ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b dgtwggb kubaeapncatags, fùsablnssèanta`bs, rgnc gstntg abvgst`rs, e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs nbh abfndatnbts `wbabl

tfgar fùsg ab hg rglgbgrnta`b nrgns. Nee`rhabl t` tfas rge`kkgbhnta`b, pudcae d`h-ags ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b sfùch dg bnbeanccy rgsp`bsadcg j`r tfg rgjurdasfabl j tfgpudcae abjrnstrueturg, nt cgnst wfgb tfg pudcae spneg as `ch nbh bgghs rgjurdasfabl t`drabl at t` eurrgbt quncaty stnbhnrhs (Zr`k, 4997? 44-45).

Cnbh bgghgh j`r `b-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags

Tglnrhabl tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r `b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b (gxecuhabl tfg cnbhbgghgh j`r pudcae duachabls), ab tfg stuhagh ensgs pudcae d`hags pr`vahgh k`st, `rnb akp`rtnbt pnrt, `j at (r`nhs, pudcae spneg). Ab Hg Jubgb tfg kubaeapncaty pr`vahghn r`nh nt tfg d`rhgr dut watfab tfg pcnb nrgn `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb, nbh pnrt `j tfg

pnrm. Xfg hgvgc`pgr pr`vahgh tfg cnbh j`r tfg pudcae spneg tfnt fns n ecgnr `b-satgefnrnetgr, nbh j`r pnrt `j tfg pnrm. Ab Mruahgbduurt tfg kubaeapncaty pr`vahgh k`st`j tfg bgghgh cnbh, nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr n kab`r pnrt. Ab M`p vnb @`st tfg gstaknta`bhgpgbhs `b wfgtfgr s`kg nhonegbt r`nhs (satuntgh watfab dut nt tfg d`rhgrs `j tfgpcnb nrgn) nrg abecuhgh `r b`t? tfg kubaeapncaty pr`vahgh k`rg tfnb tfg fncj `j tfgbgghgh cnbh aj tfg nhonegbt r`nhs nrg abecuhgh ab tfg enceucnta`b, nbh n kab`r pnrtaj gxecuhgh. Ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr tfg kubaeapncaty pr`vahgh `bg tfarh `j tfg cnbh j`r`b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr (Hutef Tnacwnys) tfg `tfgr tw`tfarhs. Xfg bgw rnacwny stnta`b as b`t abecuhgh fgrg, j`r tfas as e`bsahgrgh dgc`w ns`jj-satg abjrnstrueturg. At sggks tfnt, ab lgbgrnc, tfgsg ensg-dnsgh bhabls enbb`t dg

e`bsahgrgh nb gxegpta`b. Yudcae d`hags ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b,usunccy pr`vahg k`st r nt cgnst nb akp`rtnbt pnrt j tfg cnbh tfnt as bgghgh j`r `b-satgpudcae abjrnstrueturg. Kubaeapncatags usunccy wb cnbh ab suef nrgns. K`st `j tfg takgtfas cnbh as j`rkgr pudcae spneg, s`kgtakgs b`rknc pc`ts. N rgegbt stuhy supp`rtstfas, nbh ncs` tfnt kubaeapncatags b`t bcy pr`vahg j`rkgr pudcae spneg, dut jtgb ncs`duachabl pc`ts tfnt wgrg ncrgnhy pudcae `r fnvg dggb dùlft j`r tfg purp`sg `j rg-lgbgrnta`b (Duatgcnnr gt nc., 4996? 64, >99= Uglgrgb, abtgrvagw 4996). Ugvgrnc gxpgrtse`brk tfas (Uglgrgb, Zgrhnns nbh Znb \nlgbablgb, abtgrvagws 4996). Nlnab, tfgsge`becusa`bs eàbeahg watf tfg prabeapcgs `j nccènta`b `j e`sts rge`kkgbhgh dy tfgKabastry (Zr`k, 4997? 4>-45). Nctfùlf tfnt hèukgbt rgjgrs gxpcaeatcy `bcy t` tfg

e`sts nbh b`t t` tfg cnbh, ats lgbgrnc prabeapcg tfnt pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh pudcaespneg nrg tfg rgsp`bsadacaty `j pudcae d`hags abecuhgs tfg cnbh ubhgr tfgk.

Ab ncc stuhagh ensgs tfg kubaeapncaty rgegavgh jrgg tfg wbgrsfap ralfts vgr tfg pud-cae abjrnstrueturg nbh tfg cnbh ubhgr at (tfg cnbh tfnt wns b`t ncrgnhy ats pr`pgrty). Xfasncs` sggks t` dg n lgbgrncazndcg e`becusa`b, nctfùlf tfgrg nrg gxegpta`bs. Xfgrg nrgensgs ab wfaef pudcae abjrnstrueturg bnccy dge`kgs sfnrgh wbgrsfap j tfg `wbgrs`j tfg rgnc gstntg, j`r gxnkpcg pudcae spneg satuntgh nd`vg pnrmabl lnrnlgs (Uglgrgbnbh Zgrhnns, abtgrvagws 4996).

Tglnrhabl tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r pudcae jneacatags (tfg cnbh ubhgr tfg pudcae duachabls)?tfg stuhagh ensgs h` b`t abecuhg pudcae duachabls `j nby mabh watfab tfg pcnb nrgn `j



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs4:6

tfg cnbh usg pcnb. At sggks tfnt ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ab Drghn sgvgrnc pudcae d`hags wacc`pgb nb `jeg ab tfg bgw stnta`b (eùrt `j oustaeg, p`st `jeg). F`wgvgr, tfas enbb`t

dg e`bsahgrgh ns enpturabl vncug abergnsg dgenusg tf`sg pudcae d`hags wacc fnvg t`pny tfg b`rknc e`kkgreanc praeg j`r tfg `jeg spneg tfgy nrg pcnbbabl t` usg. Xfgbgw rnacwny stnta`b as e`bsahgrgh dgc`w. Hntn jr`k nb `wb survgy `j 7: urdnb rg-lgbgrnta`b hastraetssullgst tfnt tfgsg ensg-dnsgh bhabls nrg b`t nb gxegpta`b wfgbprògets nrg cgh dy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs (`j tf`sg hastraets n kab`raty, sgg Nbbgx 7).B`bg `j tfg stuhagh rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs cgh dy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs `b pravntgcy`wbgh cnbh abecuhg pravntgcy bnbegh pudcae duachabls. At sggks tfnt, ab lgbgrnc, aburdnb rglgbgrnta`b `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh cgh dy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs ab tfgBgtfgrcnbhs, tfas as b`rknc. Xfg cnbh bgghgh j`r pudcae duachabls, aj tfgy gxast, as usu-nccy pr`vahgh dy tfg rgspgetavg pudcae d`hy. Nlnab, tfas kntefgs watf tfg kgbta`bgh

rge`kkgbhnta`b `j tfg Kabastry. Xfnt hèukgbt stntgs tfnt ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b,pudcae d`hags sfùch dg rgsp`bsadcg j`r tfg pudcae duachabls. Nctfùlf b` gxpcaeatrgjgrgbeg as knhg t` tfg cnbh ubhgr pudcae duachabls, at sggks ecgnr tfnt tfg Kabas-try e`bsahgrs tfnt pudcae d`hags nrg ncs` rgsp`bsadcg j`r nequarabl tfg bgghgh cnbh(Zr`k, 4997? 44, 48). @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, at sggks t` dg e`kk`b tfnt fùsabl ns-sèanta`bs e`btradutg t` pudcae jneacatags suef ns enrg jneacatags r tfgr duachabls watfn pudcae jubeta`b, nctfùlf spgeae lurgs nrg b`t nvnacndcg.


Xfas fns ncrgnhy dggb fnbhcgh nd`vg t`lgtfgr watf tfg cnbh tfnt as bgghgh j`r tfg

pudcae duachabls.


@j tfg jùr stuhagh ensgs, `bcy Mruahgbduurt nbh Hg Jubgb abecuhgh sèanc/njj`rh-ndcg fùsabl. Ab Mruahgbduurt tfg hgvgc`pgr, n fùsabl nssèanta`b, wacc hgvgc`pndùt tfg fncj `j tfg t`tnc bukdgr `j ubats ns sèanc hwgccabls. Xfg hgvgc`pgr dgnrstfus tfg hajjgrgbeg dgtwggb tfg praeg `j gnef ubat (dghraojswnnrhg) nbh tfg jrgg knr-mgt praeg. Dgsahgs tfg sèanc rgbtgh ubats, tfg hgvgc`pgr wacc sgcc ndùt bg qunrtgr jtfg hwgccabls j`r n knxaknc sgccabl praeg j ₣ 489,999 bnc praeg (praeg j >->-4995,t` dg uphntgh gnef ygnr). F`wgvgr, at as b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfas eùch dg e`bsahgrgh

ns n e`st t` tfg hgvgc`pgr, ns wg h` b`t mb`w wfgtfgr tfas praeg (₣489,999) as dgc`wtfg praeg ab tfg jrgg knrmgt. Ab Hg Jubgb tfg hgvgc`pgr duachs s`kg sèanc fùsabl(cgss tfnb `bg tfarh `j tfg ubats). F`wgvgr, fgrg tfg hgvgc`pgr rgegavgs nb akp`rtnbtpudcae sudsahy jr`k tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt, tfus at as b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfg hgvgc`pgrnetunccy sudsahazgs tfg sèanc ubats, pr`dndcy b`t.

Xfg bhabls ab tfg kgbta`bgh `wb survgy `j 7: rglgbgrnta`b hastraets sggk t` e`b-rk tfg gxegpta`bncaty `j ensg Hg Jubgb. B`bg `j tf`sg sefgkgs tfnt wgrg jùbh t`



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 4:1

dg cèntgh `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh nbh akpcgkgbtgh dy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs 49

abecuhgh nby sèanc fùsabl. At sggks tfnt, ab lgbgrnc, ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg

Bgtfgrcnbhs, e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs bgatfgr hgvgc`p sèanc fùsabl, b`r h` tfgypny tfg e`sts `j at. Uèanc fùsabl sggks t` dg n tnsm nck`st gxecusavgcy j`r fùsablnssèanta`bs. N rgegbt stuhy j galft urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ensgs nlrggs (Duatgcnnr gt nc.,4996= Uglgrgb, abtgrvagw 4996). Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, sèanc fùsabl k`st j tfg takg asduact bcy ab tf`sg prògets wfgrg fùsabl nssèanta`bs r pudcae d`hags e`btr`c (pnrt`j) tfg cnbh, suef ns ab Mruahgbduurt . Xfas e`becusa`b kntefgs watf tfg kgbta`bghrge`kkgbhnta`b `j tfg Kabastry. Xfas stntgs tfnt at as tfg fùsabl nssèanta`b, ab ur-dnb rglgbgrnta`b, wfaef as bnbeanccy rgsp`bsadcg j`r tfg hgeat tfnt as akpcagh ab tfghgvgc`pkgbt `j sèanc fùsgs (Zr`k, 4997? 45).

Cnbh nbh k`bgy j`r `jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatagsTglnrhabl pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags satuntgh ùtsahg tfg pcnb nrgn? `j tfgjùr stuhagh ensgs, bcy ab tw` j tfgk hah tfg hgvgc`pgr e`btradutg t` tfas, nbh tfgb`bcy k`hgstcy. Ab Mruahgbduurt tfg hgvgc`pgr e`btradutgh ₣ 9.7k t`wnrhs n pudcaejneacaty satuntgh utsahg tfg pcnb nrgn. Ab Hg Jubgb tfg hgvgc`pgr pr`vahgh ndùt fncj`j n pnrm (cnbh nbh e`sts `j e`bstrueta`b) satuntgh ùtsahg tfg pcnb nrgn `j tfg cnbhusg pcnb, dgtwggb tfg bgw duachabl nbh tfg gxastabl bgalfdùrf``h. F`wgvgr, tfgcnbh usg pcnb fgrg wns hgcakatgh vgry talftcy, nbh netunccy tfas pnrm sgrvgs ecgnrcynbh knabcy tfg bgw duachabl ab tfg pcnb nrgn. Ab lgbgrnc at sggks tfnt tfg e`becu-sa`b as lgbgrncazndcg tfnt hgvgc`pgrs ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh

h` b`t e`btradutg salbaenbtcy t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg `r jneacatags cèntgh ùtsahgtfg pcnb nrgn. Ab tfg kgbta`bgh survgy `j 7: urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hastraets, b`bg `jtf`sg prògets cèntgh `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh nbh akpcgkgbtgh dy e`kkgreanchgvgc`pgrs abecuhgh e`btraduta`bs j`r `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg, wfgtfgr tfas wns satu-ntgh ùtsahg `r absahg tfg pcnb nrgn. M`cpr`k (4999? 5>-75) nbh n rgegbt stuhy `jgalft ensgs (Duatgcnnr gt nc., 4996? 19= Uglgrgb, abtgrvagw 4996) nlrgg watf tfas. Ncs`,tfas e`becusa`b sggks t` t watf tfg kgbta`bgh rge`kkgbhnta`b `j tfg Kabastry.Xfas h`gs b`t gvgb kgbta`b tfg p`ssadacaty `j efnrlabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`bwatf pudcae abjrnstrueturg cèntgh gcsgwfgrg. K`rg`vgr, tfnt hèukgbt j`cc`ws tfgprabeapcg tfnt pudcae abjrnstrueturg as tfg rgsp`bsadacaty `j pudcae d`hags (sgg nd`vg).

F`wgvgr, at sggks ncs` tfnt, s`kgtakgs, urdnb rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs h` e`btradutg t``jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags watf n k`bgtnry pnykgbt t` n jubh (J`bhsD`vgbwaomsg Z``rzagbablgb). E`btraduta`bs, aj tfgy nrg knhg, eùch dg dgtwggb ₣8.7nbh ₣>9 j`r gvgry squnrg kgtrg `j sgrvaegh duachabl pc`t (Znb \nlgbablgb, Utnut-tgbgr, abtgrvagws 4996).

49 F``lrnvgb, Zae`bn, @baxwgl >-5 (ab tfg eaty `j Wtrgeft)= Mnbncgbgacnbh/Xrnbswaom, \abmgcegbtruk(ab Wtrgeft)= Kncdurlgb, \abmgcegbtruk Hragscnl (ab Nrbfgk)= _uacgb/@bhagp, wabmgcegbtrukT`mnhg (ab Wtrgeft)= Fguvgc, \UUX (ab Drghn)= Yrgsamfnnj, \gchnkcnnb (ab Nrbfgk). @b tw``tfgrs tfg satunta`b wns hùdtjuc, j`r cnbh wns pravntg `wbgh dut wacc dg nequargh dy n Yudcae-pravntg Ynrtbgrsfap (Dgrffl` Gs, ab Gblgc`), `r cnbh wns `bcy pnrtcy pravntg `wbgh (EgbtruklgdaghMnbncgbgacnbh, ab Wtrgeft)



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs4<9

Tglnrhabl pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags satuntgh watfab tfg pcnb nrgn, dut sgrv-abl n wahgr nrgn (tfnt as wfy tfgy nrg e`bsahgrgh fgrg jj-satg)? sefgkgs kalft abecuhg

tfgsg ab tfgar pcnb nrgn. Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs tfas wns s`kgtakgs ecgnr, s`kgtakgs b`t,nbh ab nby ensg hgvgc`pgrs hah b`t e`btradutg kuef, gxegpt ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr . AbHg Jubgb n strggt satuntgh nt tfg d`rhgr dut watfab tfg pcnb nrgn fns dggb rgjur-dasfgh. Xfg hgvgc`pgr wacc b`t e`btradutg t` tfas. Ab Mruahgbduurt sgvgrnc strggts satu-ntgh nt tfg d`rhgrs dut watfab tfg pcnb nrgn wacc dg rgjurdasfgh. Xfg hgvgc`pgr waccb`t e`btradutg salbaenbtcy? tfg cnbh wns ncrgnhy pudcae (tfg gxastabl r`nhs) nbh tfgkubaeapncaty wacc pny k`st `j tfg e`sts `j rgjurdasfabl. Ab M`p vnb @`st n strggt satu-ntgh nt tfg d`rhgr dut watfab tfg pcnb nrgn wacc dg rgjurdasfgh. Xfg hgvgc`pgr waccb`t e`btradutg= tfg kubaeapncaty pr`vahgs tfg cnbh (tfg gxastabl r`nh) nbh pnys tfgrgjurdasfabl e`sts. Ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr n bgw strggt nbh, gspgeanccy, tfg bgw rnacwny

nbh dus stnta`b wacc ecgnrcy sgrvg n wahgr nrgn. K`st j tfg e`sts (b`t tfg cnbh) wacc dgpnah watf pudcae sudsahags. Xfg hgvgc`pgr (Hutef Tnacwnys) wacc e`btradutg watf n rgc-ntavgcy kab`r nkùbt t` tfg e`sts `j tfg bgw rnacwny stnta`b, dut wacc pr`vahg ncc tfgcnbh bgghgh j`r tfas stnta`b nbh k`st `j tfg cnbh j`r tfg bgw pudcae strggts. Ab sf`rt,ab tfg stuhagh ensgs, hgvgc`pgrs pny, aj tfgy pny nt ncc, `bcy n skncc `r knrlabnc pnrt`j tfg e`sts j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags satuntgh watfab tfg pcnb nrgn tfntsgrvg n wahgr nrgn. Ncs`, pudcae d`hags pr`vahg k`st j tfg bgghgh cnbh, watf tfg gx-egpta`b `j Utnta`bsmwnrtagr . Xfg kgbta`bgh survgy `j 7: urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hastraetse`brks tfgsg ensg-dnsgh bhabls? tfg survgygh sefgkgs `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbhnbh akpcgkgbtgh dy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs abecuhg, nt tfg k`st, `bcy n cattcg pudcae

spneg hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg sefgkg. Nb gxpgrt e`brkgh tfnt ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b`b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh tfg e`btraduta`b `j pravntg pnrtags t` tfas as usunccy k`hgst(Znb \nlgbablgb, abtgrvagw ab 4996). Nbh, nlnab, tfgsg e`becusa`bs sggk t` t watftfg kgbta`bgh rge`kkgbhnta`b `j tfg Kabastry (Zr`k, 4997)? pudcae abjrnstrueturgas n rgsp`bsadacaty `j pudcae d`hags.


Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs, pudcae d`hags, ns suef nbh b`t ns cnbh`wbgrs, rgegavg b` sfnrg`j tfg pr`ts. Xfg gxegpta`b kalft dg Utnta`bsmwnrtagr , wfgrg tfg kubaeapncaty dgnrss`kg rasms ab tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh kalft gbo`y s`kg pr`t. Ncs`, tfg ku-

baeapncaty wacc dtnab tfg knrmgt vncug j tfg juturg usg p`ssadacatags j`r ats cnbh, wfaefas ndùt 7-<% `j tfg t`tnc pcnb nrgn. Dut ab lgbgrnc, ab ensg `j rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs`b pravntgcy wbgh cnbh, kubaeapncatags h` b`t rgegavg n sfnrg ab tfg pr`ts j `pgrn-ta`bs (Uglgrgb, Zgrhnns nbh Znb \nlgbablgb, abtgrvagws ab 4996).


B`w wg tnmg abt` neeùbt p`ssadcg sahg gjjgets, `j wfaef spgeanc nttgbta`b fns dggblavgb t` tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg enpturabl vncug abergnsg l`ncs. Ab tfgstuhagh ensgs, aj cnbh usg pcnbs abecuhg akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs (Mruahgbduurt nbhUtnta`bsmwnrtagr ), tfgsg nrg vgry vnlug nbh nrg abecuhgh ab tfg Gxpcnbnta`b, tfg pnrt

`j tfg pcnb tfnt as b`t cglnccy dabhabl. Xfg cglnccy dabhabl pnrts j cnbh usg pcnbs enb-b`t abecuhg hgnhcabgs j`r tfg stnrt r e`kpcgta`b j hgvgc`pkgbt. Ab Hg Jubgb, Mrua-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 4<>

hgbduurt nbh sggkablcy ncs` ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr , at wns tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt(b`t tfg Cnbh usg pcnb) tfnt abecuhgh ecgnr hgnhcabgs j`r tfg hgcavgry `j pudcae abjrn-

strueturg nbh jneacatags. Hgnhcabgs, aj gxastabl (wfgtfgr ab tfg b`t cglnccy dabhabl pnrt`j tfg cnbh usg pcnbs nbh/`r ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt e`btrnets) wgrg r wacc dg s`kgtakgsjucccgh (pfnsgs > nbh 4 ab Mruahgbduurt ) nbh s`kgtakgs b`t (tfg hgnhcabgs j`r k`st`j tfg sefgkg ab Hg Jubgb, abecuhgh ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt). At sggks tfntab ncc `j tfg ensgs tfgrg wgrg nck`st b` hgnhcabgs tfnt wgrg vgry fnrh, ab tfg sgbsgtfnt hgcny `j stnrt `r hgcavgry `j hgvgc`pkgbt wùch cgnh t` salbaenbt snbeta`bs j`rtfg hgvgc`pgr. J`r gxnkpcg, ab Hg Jubgb tfg hgcny wns vgry salbaenbt, watfùt tfasdrablabl nby hasnhvnbtnlgs j`r tfg hgvgc`pgr. Nb abtgrvagwgh pudcae `jegr e`bsah-grgh ab tfas ensg tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty wùch b`t fnvg fnh kuef efnbeg t` wab n cg-lnc suat b tfas pàbt. Ab Mruahgbduurt tfg hgnhcabgs, abecuhgh ab tfg nlrggkgbt, sggk

ncs` b`t vgry fnrh. Xfg gxegpta`b eùch dg Utnta`bsmwnrtagr . Dnsgh `b abtgrvagws, atsggks tfnt tfg hgnhcabgs abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt (wfaef wns b`tnvnacndcg t` kg) kalft fnvg cglnc e`bsgqugbegs? tfg hgvgc`pgr wacc dg `dcalgh t`sgcc fas cnbh j`r n c`w praeg aj fg hgcnys k`rg tfnb tw` ygnrs tfg nequasata`b `j tfgsgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts. Ab sf`rt, hgnhcabgs, aj gxastabl, wgrg b`t vgry fnrh, watf tfggxegpta`b j Utnta`bsmwnrtagr .

Xfgsg ensg-dnsgh bhabls sggk b`t t` dg nb gxegpta`b ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b abtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Hgnhcabgs, aj tfgy nrg knhg, nrg vgry s`jt, nbh hgcny as e`kk`b.Uefgkgs ab wfaef cnbh usg pcnbs fnvg dggb nppr`vgh, dut ab wfaef tfgrg nrg sal-

baenbt hgvgc`pkgbt hgcnys, nrg b`t nb gxegpta`b nt ncc. Ncs`, tfgrg nrg ensgs mb`wb`j hgvgc`pkgbt tfnt fns bgvgr stnrtgh, `r stnrtgh `bcy njtgr knby ygnrs `j hgcny nbh`bcy njtgr hgvgc`pkgbt tgrks, nbh s`kgtakgs ncs` tfg cnbh usg pcnb, fnvg dggb sud-stnbtanccy rghgbgh (Uglgrgb, abtgrvagw 4996). At sggks ecgnr tfnt hgcny as vgry e`k-k`b ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (Uglgrgb, Znb hgb Drnbh, F`gmstrn,abtgrvagws ab 4996).

<.: Enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt

t` z`babl nbh enpturabl vncug abergnsg abtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Ugeta`b <.8 lnvg nb nbswgr t` Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5? at abjgrrgh tfg p`ssa-dcg enusnc rgcnta`bs dgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`b-abl‑ nbh tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑. Xfas efnptgr sukknrazgsrst tfg abjgrrgh enusncatags nbh tfgb nssgssgs tfg gjjget `j p`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs.



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs4<4

<.:.> Xfg abjgrrgh enusncatags

Xfg bhabls sullgst tfnt tfg j`cc`wabl sud-vnrandcgs enb abfflugbeg p`satavgcy nbh/`rbglntavgcy tfg hglrgg `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg (sgg ncs` tfg enusnc k`hgc ab sge-ta`b 4.8.4 nbh lurg 54)?• Uud-vnrandcg n, U`kg Egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, t`lgtfgr

watf Wbegrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg e`btraduta`bs? tfas kalft fnvg dggb bglntavgj`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty) nbh neeùbt-gh cnbh e`sts, nbh tfus bglntavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg=

• Uud-vnrandcg d, E`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs? b`t dgabl ndcg t` abecuhg `dcalnta`bsnbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs sggks t` fnvg abfflugbegh bglntavgcy abtgrkgha-nry vnrandcg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty)=

• Uud-vnrandcg e, Knmabl dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc `b nlrggkgbt? tfg abhargetp`ssadacatags `j e`bhata`babl tfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl rucgs t` sgeurabl pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags enb dg p`satavg j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcg bgl`tanta`b

p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty), nbh tfus `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg. F`wgvgr,cglnc cakatnta`bs t` tfgsg abharget p`ssadacatags fnvg s`kg bglntavg gjjgets=

• Uud-vnrandcg h, Yr`pgrty ralfts? tfg abtgrhgpgbhgbey dgtwggb kubaeapncatags nbhcnbh`wbgrs sggks t` fnvg n bglntavg gjjget `b abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts (falfgr e`sts), rglucnr pr`t knrlabs (bglntavg j`r enpturabl vncug ab-ergnsg, dut p`satavg j`r tfg hgvgc`pgr), bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty),nbh hgcny =

• Uud-vnrandcg g, Lunrnbtggs j`r tf`sg tnmabl abatantavg? tfg `dcalnta`b, abtr`hueghab 4996, t` hgtgrkabg nb nppcaenta`b watfab galft wggms kalft dg bglntavg j`rabtgrkghanry vnrandcg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty), dut p`satavg j`rabtgrkghanry vnrandcg hgcny =

• Uud-vnrandcg g, Jcgxadacaty ab k`haenta`b/hgpnrturg dabhabl rucgs? (>) tfg rgcn-tavg fflgxadacaty t` k`hajy tfg cnbh usg pcnb (waozalabl ) sggks `bcy t` dg p`satavgj`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcg hgcny . (4) Xfg p`ssadacaty j hgpnrtabl jr`k tfg gxastablcnbh usg pcnb (vraostgccabl/prògetdgscuat ), wfgb usgh ns e`kpcgkgbt t` tfg bgwcnbh usg pcnb, enb njjget p`satavgcy abtgrkghanry vnrandcg hgcny =

• Uud-vnrandcg g, Jcgxadacaty hgpnrtabl dabhabl rucgs? tfg p`ssadacaty `j hgpnrtabl

jr`k tfg gxastabl cnbh usg pcnb (vraostgccabl/prògetdgscuat ), dut b`t ns n e`kpcg-kgbt t` tfg bgw cnbh usg pcnb, enb fnvg, tfg snkg ns sud-vnrandcgs n, d nbh e,n p`satavg gjjget b abtgrkghanry vnrandcgs neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh bgl`tanta`b

p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty)=• Uud-vnrandcg g, Jcgxadacaty hgtnacabl ‖n p`stgra`ra‑? at as b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfg p`s-

sadacaty `j nppr`vabl ùtcabg cnbh usg rglucnta`bs nbh hgtnacabl tfgk njtgrwnrhs( lc`dncg dgstgkkabl kgt uatwgrmablspcaeft ) fns e`bsgqugbegs j`r enpturablvncug abergnsg, dut ab s`kg ensgs at kalft p`tgbtanccy `jjgr s`kg bgl`tanta`br``k t` kubaeapncatags. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, at kalft strgbltfgb abtgrkghanry vnrandcgbgl`tanta`b p`sata`b (`j tfg kubaeapncaty)=

• Uud-vnrandcg g, Jcgxadacaty t` nhnpt tfg sazg `j tfg pcnb nrgn nee`rhabl t` bgl`tan-ta`bs watf gnef cnbh`wbgr? tfas kalft dg rgcgvnbt j`r abtgrkghanry vnrandcg hgcny .



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 4<5

J

a l u r g 5 4 . U e f g k g ` j t f g a b j g r r g h e n u

s n c r g c n t a ` b s a b t f g B g t f g r c n b h s d g t w g g b a b h g p g b h g b t v n r a n d c g ‖ j ` r k n c r

u c g s r g c g v n b t t ` z ` b a b l ‑ , t f g a b t g r k g

h a n r y

v n r a n d c g s n b h t f g h g p g b h g b t v

n r a n d c g ‖ e n p t u r a b l v n c u g a b e r g n s g ‑ .



H g c n y




E N Y X W T A B L Z N C W G A B E T G N U G

N e t a ` b s a b j c u g b e a b l h a s t r a d u t a ` b a b a t a n c p r ` j a t

( H ) ?

> . Y u d c a e d ` h a g s u s a b l p ` w g r s e g r t n a b c y ?

- U u d - v n r a n d c g n ? u b e g r t n a b t y - e g r t n a b t y

- U u d - v n r a n d c g d ? b n r r ` w e ` b t g b t s d a b h a b

l r u c g s

- U u d - v n r a n d c g e ? a b h a r g e t e ` b h a t a ` b a b l / c a k a t s t ` e ` b h a t a ` b a b l

4 . @ w b g r s u s a b l p r ` p g r t y r a l f t s ( s u d - v n r a n d

c g h )

5 . Y u d c a e d ` h a g s u s a b l p ` w g r s p r ` e g h u r g

- U u d - v n r a n d c g g ? l u n r n b t g g s j ` r t f ` s g t n m

a b l a b a t a n t a v g

- U u d - v n r a n d c g g ? j c g x a d a c a t y k ` h a j a e n t a ` b

/ h g p n r t u r g

p n r n c c g c t ` b g w c n b h u s g p c n b

- U u d - v n r a n d c g g ? j c g x a d a c a t y h g p n r t u r g

w a t f ` u t b g w c n b h u s g p c n b

- U u d - v n r a n d c g g ? j c g x a d a c a t y h g t n a c k g b t ‖ n

p ` s t g r a ` r a ‑

- U u d - v n r a n d c g g ? j c g x a d a c a t y s a z a b l p c n b n r g n

3 A b h g p g b

h g b

t v n r a n d

c g 2

3 A b t g r k g h

a n r y v n r a n

d c g 2

3 H g p g b

h g b

t v n r a n d c g 2



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs4<8

<.:.4 Y`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs

Fgrg tfg gjjget `j `tfgr, p`ssadcg tfarh, vnrandcgs as nssgssgh, rgcntgh rst t` tfg spg-eae eareukstnbegs ab tfg stuhagh ensgs (vnrandcgs H8 nbh H7 j tfg enusnc k`hgc absgeta`b 4.8.4), sge`bh t` knrmgt eareukstnbegs (vnrandcg N>) nbh tfarh t` prgsukghfalf hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (vnrandcgs N4 nbh N5). Xfg l`nc as t` abvgstalntg tfg p`ssadac-aty tfnt tfg abjgrrgh enusnc rgcnta`bsfaps turb ùt t` dg spuraùs (sgg sgeta`b 5.4.>.4j`r k`rg hgtnac ndùt tfas kgtf`h`c`laenc nppr`nef).


Ab Gabhf`vgb, tfg kubaeapncaty, nt tfg takg `j tfg bgl`tanta`bs ndùt tfg rghgvgc`p-kgbt j Mruahgbduurt , wns usgh t` akpcgkgbtabl tfg pudcae spneg atsgcj. D`tf tfg ab-

tgrvagwgh hgvgc`pgr nbh n pudcae `jegr e`bsahgrgh tfnt at t``m s`kg gjj`rt t` rgnefnb nlrggkgbt ndùt f`w tfg hgvgc`pgr sfùch dg ncc`wgh t` tnmg `vgr tfas tnsm. Xfaskalft fnvg hgcnygh tfg prègss.

Ab tw` ensgs, abv`cvgh pnrtags e`bsahgrgh tfnt abtgrbnc `rlnbaznta`bnc nspgets kalftfnvg dggb rgcgvnbt. Xfas as tfg ensg ab Mruahgbduurt , wfgrg nee`rhabl t` d`tf tfghgvgc`pgr nbh n pudcae jegr, n cnem j e`btabuaty ab tfg kubaeapnc rlnbaznta`b hg-cnygh tfg prègss. Ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ncs` tfg hgvgc`pgr bnkgh tfas ns n hgcnyabl jne-t`r. Ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr nb abv`cvgh pudcae `jegr e`bsahgrgh tfnt tfg gkpc`ykgbt `jsmaccgh knbnlgrs ab d`tf tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt nbh ab tfg kubaeapncaty abfflugbegh

vncug enpturabl p`satavgcy.

Ab tw` ensgs, abv`cvgh pnrtags e`bsahgrgh tfnt n l``h pgrs`bnc rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggbtfg hgvgc`pgr nbh tfg kubaeapncaty kalft fnvg spgghgh tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss. AbMruahgbduurt d`tf tfg hgvgc`pgr nbh n pudcae `jegr e`bsahgrgh tfnt tfg l``h rgcn-ta`bsfap dgtwggb d`tf fns dggb rgcgvnbt. Ab M`p vnb @`st , tfg hgvgc`pgr e`bsahgrghtfnt n l``h rgcnta`bsfap nt knbnlgranc cgvgc kalft fnvg dggb `j akp`rtnbeg.

Ab M`p vnb @`st tfg rgk`vnc `j n lns ccabl stnta`b wns n rgcgvnbt hgcnyabl jnet`r(abtgrvagw watf Uglgrgb, 4996).


At fns ncrgnhy dggb e`bsahgrgh nd`vg tfnt rasabl fùsabl praegs kalft fnvg stakucntghtfg usg j tfg pta`b t` wnat ab k`st j tfg stuhagh ensgs. J`r cnbh`wbgrs, wnatabl wnsnb abtgrgstabl pta`b jr`k tfg ge`b`kae pàbt j vagw ns tfg rasabl j fùsabl praegstrnbscntgh abt` rasabls `j tfg pr`ts (ab tfg j`rk `j falfgr neeùbtgh cnbh praegs nbh/ `r falfgr rglucnr nbh bnc pr`t knrlabs). Knrmgt eareukstnbegs, t`lgtfgr watf tfgpr`pgrty ralfts j cnbh`wbgrs, wfaef lnvg tfgk tfg pta`b t` wnat nbh hgcny hgvgc`p-



Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs 4<7

kgbt, fnvg tfus abfflugbegh cnrlgcy tfg dgfnvaùr `j tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh tfg rgsucts`b tfg bnccy enpturgh vncug abergnsg (j`r k`rg hgtnacs sgg <.8.8.4) 4>.

Jabnbeanc jgnsadacaty

At fns ncrgnhy dggb e`bsahgrgh tfnt ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs s`kg abv`cvghpnrtags pgregavg tfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty ns n pr`dcgk, n pr`dcgk tfnt kalft fnvgstakucntgh tfg usg `j tfg `pta`b t` wnat ab sgvgrnc ensgs. U`kg `j tfg abv`cvgh hg-vgc`pgrs fnh tfg wasf `r tfg bggh t` ubhgrtnmg takg-e`bsukabl bgl`tanta`bs t` gb-cnrlg r gbsurg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty (sgg <.8.8.4). Xfas tfarh vnrandcg as kgbta`bgh ns nlgbgrnc pr`dcgk ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhsab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, falf cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (wfaef e`bsast `j tfg neeùbtghcnbh e`sts, tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, tfg pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts, tfg sàc hg-

e`btnkabnta`b e`sts, tfg e`kpgbsnta`b e`sts nbh tfg e`btraduta`bs, sgg sgeta`b 4.8.5j`r nb gxpcnbnta`b `j tfgsg s`rts `j e`sts), ab e`kdabnta`b watf n c`w abatanc pr`t,kalft enusg hgcny nbh tfg c`wgrabl `j rgquargkgbts dgenusg bnc pr`ts kalft dgabsujeagbt.

4> Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs, praegs j`r bgw npnrtkgbts (wfaef nrg k`st `j tfg bgw duachabls) vnry jr`kndùt ₣ 4,999 t` 5,999 pgr k´ ffl``r spneg, hgpgbhabl `b tfg cènta`b, nbh knydg gvgb falfgr abNkstgrhnk?• M`p vnb @`st , ab Lr`bablgb? dnsgh `b tfg sgccabl drèfurg `j tfg hgvgc`pgr, at wns p`ssadcg t`

nssgss tfg praegs `j tfg npnrtkgbts t` dg ndùt ₣ 4,799/k´ ffl``r spneg.• Utnta`bsmwnrtagr , ab Drghn? dnsgh b tfg t`tnc gxpgetgh rgturbs lavgb dy tfg hgvgc`pgr, at wns p`s-

sadcg t` nssgss tfnt tfg praegs `j tfg bgw npnrtkgbts eùch dg ndùt ₣ 4,999/k´ ffl``r spneg. Xfasgstaknta`b sggks c`w wfgb e`kpnrgh watf praegs ab tfg egbtrg j Drghn, wfgrg Utnta`bsmwnrtagr as cèntgh. Yraegs `j bgw npnrtkgbts ab tfg egbtruk `j Drghn vnry jr`k ₣ 4,515/k´ ab sefgkg\UUX (nratfkgtae nvgrnlg `j praegs `j >1 npnrtkgbts, `b-cabg satg e`bsuctgh `b 1/>/96), t`₣ 4,777/k´ ab ‖Nnb hg mnhg‑ (praeg `j tfg `bcy npnrtkgbt t` sgcc wfgb satg e`bsuctgh `b 1/>/96),nbh ₣ 4,:99/k´ ab ‖Zastn Dncunrtg‑ (praeg `j tfg tw` npnrtkgbts t` sgcc wfgb satg e`bsuctgh `b1/>/96).

• Hg Jubgb, ab Nkstgrhnk? fgrg praegs kust fnvg dggb falfgr, ns praegs ab Nkstgrhnk nrg salba-enbtcy falfgr tfnb ab Drghn nbh Lr`bablgb.

• Mruahgbduurt ? at wns b`t p`ssadcg t` `dtnab praegs pgr k´ ffl``r spneg.



E

F N Y X G

T

6E`becusa`bs

Xfg l`ncs j tfas rgsgnref nrg tw` j`ch. Jarst wg wnbt t` cgnrb f`w t` usg tf`sg j`rkncrucgs tfnt nrg rgcgvnbt t` z`babl t` akpr`vg e`st rge`vgry ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. ‖J`rkncrucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ nrg ncc tf`sg j`rknc rucgs j`r tfg gxgreasg `j d`tf cglnccydabhabl rucgs (g.l. n cnbh usg pcnb), abecuhabl tfg akpcaenta`bs j`r pr`pgrty ralfts abcnbh, nbh b`b-cglnccy dabhabl p`caey hèukgbts. ‖E`st rge`vgry‑ rgjgrs t` tfg rge`v-

gry, tfrùlf e`btraduta`bs jr`k pravntg hgvgc`pgrs, `j tf`sg e`sts tfnt nrg rgcntgh t`tfg rgncaznta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnt dgbgt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt.Uge`bh wg wnbt t` hrnw e`becusa`bs j`r tfg tfg`rgtaenc rgfflgeta`bs sgt ut ab efnptgr4, rgfflgeta`bs tfnt fnvg cnah tfg jùbhnta`bs, t`lgtfgr watf tfg hgbata`b `j tfg pr`d-cgk ab efnptgr >, j`r tfg rgsgnref qugsta`bs nbh tfgar pgrnta`bncaznta`b ab efnptgr 5.Xfg rst l`nc (akpr`vabl e`st rge`vgry ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs) as nefagvgh ab efnptgr 1ab tfg j`rk j rge`kkgbhnta`bs t` dg nppcagh ab Hutef urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt prnetaegnbh cglascnta`b. Xfg sge`bh l`nc (tfg`rgtaenc rgfflgeta`bs) as nefagvgh ab tfas efnptgr 6.D`tf efnptgrs rgst `b tfg bhabls `j efnptgrs 7 t` <.

Efnptgr 4, dnsgh `b p`caey bgtw`rm catgrnturg nbh eurrgbt hgdntgs `b pr`pgrtyralfts ab cnbh nbh fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl, hgvgc`pgh tw` spgeae kgtf`hs `j ‖Bgt-w`rm knbnlgkgbt‑ j`r abfflugbeabl tfg abtgrneta`bs watfab tfg p`caey bgtw`rms aburdnb rglgbgrnta`b, nbh j`r abfflugbeabl tfg ùte`kgs j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg.Xfgsg tw` kgtf`hs fnvg dggb abecuhgh ab n k`hgc tfnt gxpcnabs tfg vnraùs enu-sncatags `j enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Xfg kgtf`hs fnvg ncs` dggb j`rkucntgh nstw` fyp`tfgsgs, wfaef fnvg dggb tgstgh gkparaenccy. Xfg rst spgeucntgs ndùt tfggjjgets `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg `j tfg hgbata`b `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh nbhf`w tfas abfflugbegs tfg p`wgr rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh pudcae nbh pravntgpnrtags. Xfg sge`bh spgeucntgs ndùt tfg gjjgets `j tfg egrtnabty ergntgh dy dabh-

abl rucgs nbh b`b-dabhabl p`caey hèukgbts hurabl hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs. Ab tfgenusnc k`hgc n tfarh spgeucnta`b enkg up tfnt fns ncs` dggb gkparaenccy tgstgh? tfg



E`becusa`bs4<6

nssukpta`b tfnt tfg fflgxadacaty ab prèghurgs eùch dg rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncugabergnsg.

Y`wgr ab tfg p`caey bgtw`rms

At sggks tfnt tfg rst tw` fyp`tfgsgs kalft abhggh dg vncah. Ndùt tfg tfarh nssukp-ta`b, at fns b`t dggb p`ssadcg t` abjgr ecgnr nbh lgbgrncazndcg rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggbfflgxadacaty nbh tfg rgsucts `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Xfg bhabls ab ncc eùbtragssullgst tfnt tfg vnrandcgs bnkgh ab tfg rst tw` fyp`tfgsgs nrg abhggh rgcgvnbt j`renpturabl vncug abergnsg, dgenusg tfgy enb abfflugbeg tfg abtgrneta`bs watfab tfgp`caey bgtw`rms ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b. Yudcae d`hags ab Gblcnbh nbh gspgeanccy abZncgbean sggk, tfnbms t` tfgsg t``cs, t` pcny n r`cg tfnt ts dgttgr ab tfg trnhata`bncabtgr`rlnbaznta`bnc nppr`nef tfnb ab tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef. Ab `tfgr w`rhs,

pudcae d`hags knbnlg t` pcny n r`cg wfaef as k`rg egbtrnc fagrnrefaenc tfnb tfnt `j nkgrg e``rhabntabl d`hy.

Kubaeapncatags ab Gblcnbh nbh gspgeanccy ab Zncgbean prgseradg dgj`rgfnbh nbh uba-cntgrnccy ecgnr rgquargkgbts nbh `dcalnta`bs t` dg jucccgh dy pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgrsnbh cnbh`wbgrs. Xfnt as, pudcae d`hags sgt tfg l`ncs tfnt hgvgc`pgrs nbh cnbh`wbgrskust jucc, watfùt prgvaùscy nlrggabl tfas watf tfgk. Xfgsg rgquargkgbts nrg tfgd`tt`k-cabg hurabl tfg bgl`tanta`bs. Xfas rgsucts ab n falf cgvgc `j enpturgh vncugabergnsg. Ab Zncgbean, kubaeapncatags l` jurtfgr tfnb ab Gblcnbh, ns tfg Zncgbeanbkubaeapncatags b`t `bcy sgt ubacntgrnccy tfg l`ncs, dut tfgy fnvg ncs`, tfnbms t` n

e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, p`wgrs t` sgcget tfg hgvgc`pgr tfgy prg-jgr, aj bgegssnry dy-pnssabl tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh watfùt tfg bggh `j duyabl `r gx-pr`prantabl tfg cnbh.

Erataeasks j tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef

Xfgsg bhabls supp`rt n rst e`becusa`b rglnrhabl tfg nhvèntgh r`cg j pudcae d`h-ags ab tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef. Xfg h`kabnbt r`cg `j pudcae d`hags ab urdnb rg-lgbgrnta`b, gspgeanccy ab Zncgbean, ecgnrcy h`gs b`t t watfab tfg r`cg tfnt tfg p`caeybgtw`rm catgrnturg lavgs tfgk, nbh at ubhgrkabgs s`kg `j tfg dnsae nssukpta`bs `jtfnt catgrnturg? tfnt net`rs nrg bgegssnracy abtgrhgpgbhgbt, tfnt pudcae d`hags kust ns-

sukg n k`rg k`hgst r`cg nbh enbb`t dg h`kabnbt. Xfg bhabls sullgst tfnt pudcaed`hags ab Zncgbean nbh, t` n cgssgr gxtgbt ab Gblcnbh, nrg ecgnrcy b`t prakus abtgr

pnrgs? `b tfg e`btrnry, tfgy nrg ndcg t` ubacntgrnccy sgt ùt vncug enpturabl l`ncs nbhakp`sg tfgar akpcgkgbtnta`b. Nb akp`rtnbt dnsas j`r tfas h`kabnbt r`cg as tfg p`s-sadacaty ab Zncgbean `j nvàhabl kutunc hgpgbhgbey dgtwggb pudcae d`hags nbh hg-vgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs. Xfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef kalft fnvg absujeagbtcy w`rmghùt tfg dnsae ahgn tfnt ubhgrcags tfg r`cg tfnt at nhvèntgs j`r pudcae d`hags. Xfas dnsaeahgn as tfnt tfg l`vgrbkgbt ncwnys hgpgbhs `b pravntg net`rs dgenusg tfgsg fnvg nvgt` p`wgr `b p`caey-knmabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b. Ab Zncgbean, pudcae d`hags enbgjjgetavgcy nvàh tfas vgt` p`wgr tfrùlf e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Xfas bhabl

sfùch stakucntg n rge`bsahgrnta`b `j tfg dnsae nssukpta`bs ab tfg nhvèntgh r`cg `jpudcae d`hags ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt.



E`becusa`bs 4<1

Xfg rgst `j tfas efnptgr sukknrazgs tfg bhabls j`r gnef eùbtry, e`kpnrgs tfgk nbhgbukgrntgs tfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg tfg`rgtaenc rgfflgeta`bs. Fgrg wg j`cc`w tfg bnrrntavg

strueturg sgt ut ab sgeta`b 5.5.5, wfaef hastabluasfgh dgtwggb tfg j`cc`wabl sud-vnrandcgs?>. Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs=4. Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j tfg cglnccy dabhabl rucgs=5. Knmabl tfg cglnccy dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl fas e`b-

traduta`bs=8. K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts.

6.> Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl

p`ssadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs

Dabhabl rucgs nbh ncs` abhaentavg p`caey hèukgbts enb ergntg egrtnabty ndùt juturgduachabl p`ssadacatags nbh ndùt tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt hgvgc`pgrs wacc fnvg t` knmg.Egrtnabty enb dg ergntgh dgj`rg, hurabl, `r njtgr bgl`tanta`bs watf hgvgc`pgrs. Xfgrgnrg akp`rtnbt hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb tfg stuhagh eùbtrags. Upnab nbh tfg rgla`b j Zn-cgbean dgc`bl t` n lrùp `j ‖pcnb-cgh eùbtrags‑, ab wfaef tfgrg as nb akp`rtnbt cgvgc`j cglnccy dabhabl egrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss. Xfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs ncs` dgc`bls tfg`rgtaenccy t` tfas pcnb-cgh systgk. F`wgvgr, ab prnetaeg tfgrg as

fflgxadacaty, ns n e`bsgqugbeg `j wfaef tfg Hutef pcnbbabl systgk sf`ws sakacnratagswatf tfg ‖hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh‑ pcnbbabl systgk. Ab tfas systgk, efnrnetgrastae `j tfg WM,dabhabl rucgs nrg nppr`vgh njtgr bgl`tanta`bs basf, b`t dgj`rg. Xfas as tfg prnetaeg abtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, b`t `bcy ab rgegbt ygnrs, dut ncs` jr`k nt cgnst tfg gnrcy >169‑s. Xfashgvanta`b `j tfg Hutef systgk jr`k tfg tfg`rgtaenc w`rmabl `j tfg pcnb-cgh k`hgc (nk`hgc wfaef tfg Hutef cglascnta`b prg-supp`sgs) sggks b`t t` dg nb gxegpta`b abtgr-bnta`bnccy (j`r n e`kpnras`b `j tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs watf `tfgr galft \gstgrb Gur`pgnbeùbtrags, sgg sgeta`b 8.>). Cgt us c``m nt tfg bhabls ab Zncgbean, Gblcnbh nbh tfgBgtfgrcnbhs ab k`rg hgtnac?

Egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatagsKubaeapncatags usunccy ergntg egrtnabty ab tfg gnrcy stnlgs, ab hajjgrgbt hglrggs, ndùttfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, tfnt as ndùt wfnt tfg cnbh`wbgr wacc dg ndcg t`duach. Ab Zncgbean tfas fnppgbs tfrùlf tfg nppr`vnc `j lgbgrnc cnbh usg pcnbs tfntkust e`vgr tfg wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry. Xfgsg pcnbs nrg falfcy hgtnacgh nbh cglnccydabhabl. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Gblcnbh, kubaeapncatags usunccy nppr`vg abhaentavg,b`t cglnccy dabhabl pcnbs, wfaef ergntg s`kg egrtnabty. Gxnkpcgs `j tfgsg hèukgbtsab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nrg B`tn vnb Watlnblspubtgb, Utghgbdùwmubhal Ycnb/Zasag,@bt-wammgcablspr`lrnkkn, Yr`lrnkkn vnb Gasgb, Knstgrpcnb, Utruetuurpcnb, Utrue-tuurvasag, gte= nbh ab Gblcnbh Cènc Ycnbs, Hgvgc`pkgbt Ycnbs, gte. Xfgsg hèukgbts,

dgsahgs dgabl `j nb abhaentavg efnrnetgr, abecuhg `jtgb kuef k`rg vnlug nbh ùtcabgprgserapta`bs tfnt tfg Upnbasf lgbgrnc pcnbs. \atfab tfgsg ecgnr hajjgrgbegs, tfgrg



E`becusa`bs469

sggks t` dg f`wgvgr n trgbh t` abergnsg egrtnabty, nt cgnst ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh.Xfas trgbh as vasadcg ab Zncgbean sabeg tfg >169s nbh, k`rg rgegbtcy, ab Gblcnbh. C`-

enc pudcae d`hags tgbh t` abergnsg egrtnabty ab `rhgr t` akpr`vg trnbspnrgbey nbhneeùbtndacaty ab tfgar pcnbbabl hgeasa`bs. Dnsgh b tfgsg bhabls, n rst e`becusa`bas tfnt pnrt `j tfg catgrnturg `b e`kpnrntavg pcnbbabl systgks ab Gur`pg kny b`t fnvghastabluasfgh neeurntgcy gbùlf tfg netunc hajjgrgbegs ab tfas vnrandcg dgtwggb bn-ta`bnc pcnbbabl systgks, nt cgnst watf rglnrh t` tfg Upnbasf vgrsus Gblcasf nbh Hutefsystgks. Xfas catgrnturg fns tgbhgh t` e`becuhg n e`bvgrlgbeg ab tfas tfnt h`gs b`tkntef ùr bhabls nbh jubhnkgbtnccy e`btrnhaets tfg catgrnturg ab Upnab, wfaef fnsrgpgntghcy ecnakgh tfg sablucnraty `j tfg Upnbasf pcnbbabl systgk dgenusg at `jjgrsab vgry gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs n kuef falfgr cgvgc j egrtnabty ndùttfg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags tfnb nby `tfgr Gur`pgnb eùbtry (e`bjgr` Gur`pgnb

E`kkassa`b, >11<= Bnhab & Utgnh, 4996? 89, 88-87= E`kasaõb hg Gxpgrt`s s`drgWrdnbask`, >11:? 5>-8<= Lnreën-Dgccah`, >111).

Nb`tfgr e`becusa`b as tfnt k`rg egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh kny rgsuct ab cgss pudcae vncugenpturabl. At sggks tfnt kubaeapncatags tfnt prgseradg duachabl p`ssadacatags gnrcy ab tfghgvgc`pkgbt prègss kalft stakucntg cnbh praeg abergnsgs nbh kalft c`sg n vncundcgbgl`tanta`b t``c. Xfas sggks t` cgnh t` cgss enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg. F`wgvgr, tfassud vnrandcg (egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags) sggks t` abtgrnet ec`sgcywatf tfg j`cc`wabl sud vnrandcg (egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs, sgg ubhgr). Egr-tnabty ndùt duachabl p`ssadacatags kalft dg bglntavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, dut

aj nee`kpnbagh dy egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs, at h`gs b`t bgegssnracy fnvgt` dg bglntavg.


Xfg hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb Zncgbean, Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nrg cnrlgr wfgbc``mabl nt tfg egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt tfg juturg e`btraduta`bs, tfnt as, tfg egr-tnabty ndùt wfnt tfg cnbh`wbgr wacc fnvg t` e`btradutg t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags. Ab Zncgbean tfgrg as ab tfg gnrcy stnlgs kuef egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btradu-ta`bs tfrùlf (>) cglnc kabaknc stnbhnrhs j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, (4)cènc p`caey nbh (5) tfg nppr`vnc `j cglnccy dabhabl Lgbgrnc cnbh usg pcnbs. Xfas egr-

tnabty fns egrtnabcy gbcnrlgh tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg e`kpnrgh t` dgj`rg tfgabtr`hueta`b `j tfgsg kgnsurgs. Gblcasf kubaeapncatags usunccy ergntg, abergnsablcyab tfg cnst ygnrs, s`kg egrtnabty tfrùlf tfg nppr`vnc `j (>) satg-spgeae abhaentavgpcnbs tfnt gstndcasf tfg e`btraduta`bs j`r tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b, nbh (4) b`bsatg-spgeae abhaentavg p`caey hèukgbts ndùt lgbgrae pudcae vncug enpturabl tfntgstndcasf stnbhnrh e`btraduta`bs j`r tfg wf`cg kubaeapncaty. Xfg nppr`vnc `j tfgsglgbgrae hèukgbts fns dggb stakucntgh ab rgegbt ygnrs dy tfg egbtrnc Dratasf l`vgrb-kgbt, nbh fns abfflugbegh tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg p`satavgcy. Ab tfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs, k`st `j tfg takg tfgrg as b` egrtnabty nt ncc, bgatfgr ergntgh tfrùlf cglnccydabhabl b`r abhaentavg hèukgbts. Nbh aj tfgrg as s`kg egrtnabty, at as cakatgh. Ab tw`

`j tfg Hutef ensgs, tfg juturg e`btraduta`bs wgrg ecgnr bgatfgr dgj`rg bgl`tanta`bst``m pcneg, b`r dgj`rg tfg praeg j cnbh wns gstndcasfgh. Ab tfg tfgr tw` Hutef ensgs



E`becusa`bs 46>

tfgrg wns s`kg egrtnabty, dut tfas wns hug t` gxegpta`bnc eareukstnbegs. Xfas ubegr-tnabty sggks t` c`wgr tfg gxtgbt `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg.

Xndcg 4>. Hglrgg j egrtnabty ab Zncgbean, Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùtduachabl p`ssadacatags

Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùte`btraduta`bs

Zncgbean Ncwnys, kuef egrtnabty Ncwnys, kuef egrtnabty

Gblcnbh U`kgtakgs, s`kg egrtnabty U`kgtakgs, s`kg egrtnabty

Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs Ncwnys, s`kg egrtnabty Nck`st bgvgr, nbh cakatgh egrtnabty

Xndcg 44. Gjjgets egrtnabty `b enpturgh vncug abergnsg.

Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùte`btraduta`bs

B` egrtnabty ndùt juturge`btraduta`bs

Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbhndùt duachabl p`ssadacatags

+ s`kg enpturabl vncug abergnsg

-cgss enpturabl vncug abergnsg

B` egrtnabty ndùtjuturg duachabl p`ssadacatags

++ k`rg enpturabl vncug abergnsg

+ s`kg enpturabl vncug abergnsg

++ ? k`rg enpturabl vncug abergnsg+ ? s`kg enpturabl vncug abergnsg- ? cgss enpturabl vncug abergnsg

Xfg gxpcnbnta`b j`r tfg p`satavg gjjget wfaef egrtnabty fns `b e`btraduta`bs as tfrggj`ch? (>) egrtnabty kny rghueg tfg praeg `j cnbh, ns hgvgc`pgrs h` abhggh tnmg neeùbt`j tfg juturg e`btraduta`bs wfgb enceucntabl tfg praeg t` dg pnah t` tfg cnbh`wbgr,nbh c`wgr cnbh praegs nulkgbt tfg bnbeanc r``k j`r e`btradutabl t` pudcae abjrn-strueturg nbh jneacatags= (4) egrtnabty kalft ncs` abfflugbeg tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts

(tfnt as, tfg praeg nt wfaef tfg cnbh as gbtgrgh abt` tfg neeùbts j`r tfg rglgbgrnta`bpròget) nbh tfg rglucnr pr`t knrlab `j tfg hgvgc`pgr. Xfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`st nbhtfg rglucnr pr`t knrlabs nrg `jtgb b`t sgt nt tfg stnrt `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs. Nttfnt takg, hgvgc`pgrs `jtgb fnvg s`kg r``k t` sgt tfgk falfgr `r c`wgr. N hgvgc`pgre`bjr`btgh watf n falf e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg wacc tgbh t` neeùbt tfg cnbh j`r nc`wgr praeg ab tfg neeùbts, nbh neegpt tfnt tfas hgvgc`pkgbt satg wacc b`t e`btradutgkuef t` p`ssadcg c`ssgs `b `tfgr satgs. E`bvgrsgcy, n hgvgc`pgr e`bjr`btgh watf nc`w e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg wacc tgbh t` neeùbt tfg cnbh j`r n falfgr praeg. Tglnrh-abl rglucnr pr`t knrlabs, hgvgc`pgrs enb e`bsahgr nt tfg dglabbabl `j hgvgc`pkgbtprègss tfg sazg `j tfg pr`t, wfaef kny vnry jr`k 7% t` 49% `r k`rg. @beg tfg

praeg `j cnbh nbh tfg rglucnr pr`t knrlab fnvg dggb gstndcasfgh, c`wgrabl tfgk asusunccy e`kpcaentgh. (5) N tfarh gxpcnbnta`b j`r tfg p`satavg gjjget j egrtnabty b e`b-



E`becusa`bs464

traduta`bs as tfnt egrtnabty strgbltfgbs tfg p`caey dnsg nbh tfg k`rnc nutf`raty j`r tfgpudcae jegrs t` rgquarg e`btraduta`bs, s` e`btraduta`bs h` b`t bggh t` dg abtr`huegh

ns s`kgtfabl bgw ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs. Xndcgs 4> nbh 44 sukknrazg tfg bhabls.

Tgsucts `j tgstabl tfg 4bh fyp`tfgsas

\atfab tfg enusnc k`hgc gxpcnabgh ab sgeta`b 4.8.4, tfg sge`bh fyp`tfgsas as tfntn k`haenta`b `j `bg `j tfg e`btgxt vnrandcgs (j`rknc rucgs ndùt egrtnabty ndùthgvgc`pkgbt tgrks, vnrandcg D4) eùch k`hajy tfg neta`bs `j tfg abv`cvgh net`rs(f`w tfg cènc pudcae d`hags usg tfgar j`rknc p`wgrs ndùt egrtnabty b hgvgc`pkgbttgrks, vnrandcg H>). Xfg sge`bh fyp`tfgsas spgeucntgs tfgrgj`rg tfnt?

Ergntabl ubegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs ndùt juturg duachabl

p`ssadacatags, nbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs, enb abfflugbeg enpturabl vncugabergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.

Xfg bhabls sggk t` e`brk tfas. Ab tfg stuhagh ensgs, ergntabl egrtnabty `r cgnvablubegrtnabty `pgb sggks t` fnvg fnh akp`rtnbt e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg rgsahunc praegkgefnbasks `j tfg cnbh nbh j`r tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j gnef pnrty. Xfas enb dgrgcgvnbt ab tfg hgdntg ab tfg pcnbbabl pr`jgssa`b ndùt tfg bggh j`r fflgxadacaty. Xfashgdntg `jtgb jèusgs `b tfg e`bsgqugbegs `j sèa`-ge`b`kae hybnkaes ab pcnbbablprnetaeg, nbh tgbhs t` gkdrneg fflgxadacaty ns tfg s`cuta`b j`r tfg ubprghaetndacaty `jtfgsg hybnkaes. Jcgxadacaty as nhvèntgh ns tfg wny `j nefagvabl n b`b-cabgnr nbh

kucta-cnygrgh hgeasa`b-knmabl systgk. F`wgvgr, tfg bhabls ubhgrcabg tfg akp`r-tnbeg `j tfg e`bvgrsg? bnkgcy tfg abfflugbeg `j pcnbbabl prnetaeg `b ge`b`kae hy-bnkaes tfnt nrg egbtrnc t` tfg ute`kg j pcnbbabl prègssgs. Xfnt as, t`` kuef fflgx-adacaty, nt cgnst rglnrhabl tfg pravntg e`btraduta`bs, enb njjget bglntavgcy tfg quncatynbh qunbtaty j pravntg e`btraduta`bs t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ab suk, tfgbhabls sullgst tfnt tfgrg kust dg n egrtnab cgvgc j egrtnabty ndùt e`btraduta`bs, ab`rhgr t` strgbltfgb tfg `dcalnta`bs `b tfg pravntg sget`r j`r tfg rgncaznta`b `j pudcaeabjrnstrueturg.

6.4 Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j cglnccy dabhabl rucgs

Dabhabl pcnbs kalft dg usgjuc ab bgl`tanta`bs aj tfg kubaeapncaty enb abecuhg ab tfgkb`t bcy tfg pfysaenc z`babl, dut ncs` nspgets rgcntgh t` tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgb-tnta`b j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. H` dabhabl pcnbs rglucntg bcy n hgsarghbnc paeturg, watfùt stntabl wf` as rgsp`bsadcg j`r ats akpcgkgbtnta`b0 @r ncs` tfg`dcalnta`bs tfnt kust dg jucccgh dy tfg hgvgc`pgr0 Xfg bhabls sullgst tfnt tfas sud-vnrandcg kalft dg rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

D`tf ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, pcnbbabl cnw knmgs at p`ssadcg t` abecuhg ab dabhablpcnbs n wahg rnblg `j rgquargkgbts?



E`becusa`bs 465

• Uèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl? d`tf ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh at as p`ssadcg t` prg-seradg sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab tfg dabhabl pcnbs=

• @b-satg nbh jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags? d`tf ab Zncgbean nbh Gbl-cnbh at as p`ssadcg t` prgseradg tfg `dcalnta`b t` e`btradutg t` `b-satg nbh `jj-satgpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ab Gblcnbh, kubaeapncatags enb ncs` prgseradge`btraduta`bs j`r tfg duachabl, knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j pudcaeduachabls, abecuhabl tf`sg `j sèanc jneacatags (j`r gxnkpcg ghuenta`b nbh sèancsgrvaegs).

• Abvgstabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs? ab d`tf eùbtrags, dabhabl pcnbs ab-ecuhg sefghucgs nbh hgnhcabgs watfab wfaef e`btraduta`bs kust dg knhg.

Ncc tfgsg p`ssadacatags nrg p`satavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs,

ubtac tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net, b`bg j tfgsg rgquargkgbts eùch dg prgseradghab tfg dabhabl pcnbs>. Njtgr tfg gxpc`rnt`ry rgsgnref ndùt tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh nb-`tfgr galft \gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags, wg prgsukgh tfnt tfg jnet tfnt, ab tfg Bgtf-grcnbhs tfgsg rgquargkgbts eùch b`t dg prgseradgh ab tfg dabhabl pcnbs, wùch dgbglntavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Xfg bhabls e`brk tfas.

Xfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg 4bh fyp`tfgsas

Xfas bhabl enb dg usgh t` rgbg tfg 4bh fyp`tfgsas (ab dcnem cgttgrs tfg nhhata`b)?

Ergntabl ubegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs ndùt juturg duachabl

p`ssadacatags, nbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs (spgeanccy aj at as p`ssadcg tàbecuhg ncc tfg e`btraduta`bs ns `dcalnt`ry ab cglnccy dabhabl rucgs) enb abfflugbegenpturabl vncug abergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.

6.5 Knmabl dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc `b tfg hgvgc`pgr

sgeurabl fas e`btraduta`bs

Xfg hgbata`b j rgcgvnbt vnrandcgs fnbhcgh nt tfg stnrt `j hntn lntfgrabl rgjgrrgh bcyt` tfg p`ssadcg e`btgbts `j dabhabl pcnbs ns n hgtgrkabnbt sud-vnrandcg. F`wgvgr,tfg bhabls s``b sf`wgh tfnt at kalft dg abgjjgetavg t` h` b` k`rg tfnb prgserad-abl e`btraduta`bs nbh tgkp`rnc hgnhcabgs, dgenusg tfgar gjjgetavgbgss hgpgbhs `bnb`tfgr sud-vnrandcg? wfgtfgr dabhabl pcnbs enb dg knhg e`bhata`bnc `b sgncabl nHgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt.

> Xfg 4996 Net kalft fnvg abtr`huegh s`kg efnblgs, dut tfgy enkg t`` cntg j`r tfg hntn lntfgrabl`j tfas rgsgnref. J`r nb nssgsskgbt `j wfgtfgr tfg 4996‑s b`vgctags eùch akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `jvncug abergnsg, sgg sgeta`b 1.4.



E`becusa`bs468

Xfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl pcnbs e`btnababl lgbgrùs vncug enpturabl nrrnblgkgbtsnbh straet hgnhcabgs, ns suef, h`gs b`t nut`kntaenccy kgnb tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgrs wacc

abhggh akpcgkgbt tfgk. At as akp`rtnbt t` rgkgkdgr tfnt b`b-jucckgbt `j nrrnblg-kgbts nbh hgnhcabgs kny cgnh t` b` `r nck`st b` snbeta`bs. Ab `rhgr t` sgeurg tfgakpcgkgbtnta`b, nhhata`bnccy tfg hgvgc`pgr bgghs t` dg dùbh t` h` tfnt. Gblcnbhnbh Zncgbean dgc`bl t` n lrùp `j eùbtrags ab wfaef at as p`ssadcg t` e`bhata`b, abn j`rknc, `pgb nbh harget wny, tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg dabhabl pcnbs t` n hgvgc`pkgbtnlrggkgbt. Xfas fnppgbs ns j`cc`ws? rst tfg dabhabl pcnbs (Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b abGblcnbh, Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnkkg ab Zncgbean), abecuhabl tfg e`btraduta`bsnbh hgnhcabgs, nrg nppr`vgh, dut bcy pr`vasa`bnccy, j`cc`wabl gxtgbsavg prèghurgs.Xfg kubaeapncaty tfgb pgbcy e`bhata`bs tfg hgbatg nppr`vnc j tfgsg dabhabl pcnbst` nb nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgs tfgsg e`btraduta`bs nbh hgnhcabgs. \fgb tfg nlrgg-

kgbt as sgncgh, tfg kubaeapncaty, watfùt tfg bggh `j jurtfgr prèghurgs, nppr`vgstfg hèukgbts hgbatgcy. Aj suef nb nlrggkgbt as b`t rgnefgh, tfg dabhabl pcnbsbgvgr e`kg ab j`reg. @j tfg babg stuhagh eùbtrags, `bcy Atncy sggks t` sf`w sakacnrjgnturgs t` Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh (j`r nb abtgrbnta`bnc e`kpnras`b, sgg sgeta`b 8.4.5).Xfas ecgnr nbh `pgb e`bhata`babl sggks t` fnvg akpr`vgh tfg enpturabl `j vncugabergnsg, nbh spgeanccy tfg spggh `j pcnb akpcgkgbtnta`b. Ab Zncgbean tfas wns vgryecgnr? tfg lgbgrncaznta`b `j tfas stntut`ry p`wgr sabeg >118 fns salbaenbtcy neegcgr-ntgh urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt.

Ab prnetaeg, Hutef kubaeapncatags `jtgb e`bhata`b tfg Cnbh usg pcnb nbh hgpnrturgs

jr`k at t` sgeurabl e`btraduta`bs. F`wgvgr, tfgrg as b` j`rknc p`ssadacaty `j hàbls` ab nb `pgb nbh strnalftj`rwnrh wny, wfaef wg tfabm kalft fnvg n bglntavg abfflu-gbeg? >) dgenusg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, njtgr nb nlrggkgbt fns dggb rgnefgh, tfg Cnbhusg pcnb kust j`cc`w nb gxtgbsavg prèghurg (abecuhabl pudcae pnrtaeapnta`b), wfaefkgnbs tfnt tfgrg as tfg rasm tfnt tfg pcnb dge`kgs nbbuccgh `r sgraùscy k`hagh= 4)at akpcags tfg rasm `j tfg hgvgc`pgr nppgncabl t` tfg eùrts dgenusg `j nb akpr`pgrusg j stntut`ry p`wgrs= nbh 5) at knmgs at vgry hajeuct j`r tfg kubaeapncaty t` j`cc`wnb `pgb nbh trnbspnrgbt pudcae haseùrsg, dgenusg nb `pgb e`bhata`babl kalft dgaccglnc (sgg sgeta`b <.8.5.>).

Xfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg 4bh fyp`tfgsasXfas bhabl enb dg usgh t` rgbg tfg 4bh fyp`tfgsas (ab dcnem cgttgrs tfg nhhata`b)?

Ergntabl ubegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs ndùt juturg duach-abl p`ssadacatags, nbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs (spgeanccy aj at as p`ssadcg tàbecuhg tfg e`btraduta`bs ns `dcalnt`ry ab cglnccy dabhabl rucgs , nbh aj at as p`ssadcg

`pgbcy nbh strnalftj`rwnrhcy t` knmg tfg nppr`vnc `j tfgsg rucgs e`bhata`bnc `bn hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgs tfg e`btraduta`bs) enb abfflugbeg enpturablvncug abergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.



E`becusa`bs 467

6.8 K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts

Ugeta`b 4.4 fnbhcgh tfg rgegbt hgdntg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Upnab ndùt tfg p`s-sadacaty `j spcattabl hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts jr`k cnbh `wbgrsfap. Nb gxpc`rnt`ry stuhyab sgeta`b 8.8 `j tfgsg nbh nb`tfgr sgvgb \gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags (Gblcnbh,Lgrknby, Jrnbeg, Atncy, Jcnbhgrs, Hgbknrm nbh Uwghgb) sf`wgh tfnt b`bg `j tfgkeùch spcat pr`pgrty ralfts ab tfnt wny, s` tfgrg wgrg b` p`ssadacatags `j hàbl gkpara-enc rgsgnref `b tfas. F`wgvgr, tfg gxpc`rnt`ry stuhy ncs` sf`wgh tfg sablucnraty `jn k`haenta`b ab >118 `j tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b ab tfg Upnbasf rgla`b `jZncgbean, wfaef eùch dg e`bsahgrgh ns n calft j`rk `j spcattabl. Xfnbms t` tfas k`ha-gh cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b tfgrg as sgpnrntgh jr`kpr`pgrty ralfts. Netunccy, tfg Zncgbeanb >118‑s b`vgcty turbgh ùt t` dg tfg rgsuct `j

tfas vgry snkg hgdntg ndùt spcattabl hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts jr`k cnbh `wbgrsfap.

Uukknry `j tfg bhabls nbh tfg rgsucts `j tgstabl tfg >st fyp`tfgsas

Xfgsg prgcakabnry bhabls abspargh tfg rst fyp`tfgsas ab tfas rgsgnref, wfaef wnsndùt tfg gjjgets j k`hajyabl tfg j`rknc rucgs b pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh (suef ns tfgZncgbeanb cnbh rgnhoustkgbt h`gs) b tfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsg?

N spgeae j`rk `j spcattabl tfg pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh (sgpnrntabl abjrnstrueturg pr`va-sa`b jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts) enb k`hajy tfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfaps ab tfg bgtw`rm j net`rsabv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, nbh tfas enb akpr`vg enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

Xfg bhabls `j tfg ab-hgptf rgsgnref ab Zncgbean, Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs e`b-rk tfg fyp`tfgsas. Xfg hgbata`b j pr`pgrty ralfts ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs,wfaef h` b`t fnvg n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b j`r urdnb nrgns, sggks t` njjgettfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg ab n bglntavg wny. Xfgrg as n str`bl abtgrhgpgbhgbey`j cènc nutf`ratags nbh cnbh`wbgrs? nutf`ratags fnvg tfg stntut`ry p`wgrs `vgr pcnb-babl e`bsgbt, dut cnbh`wbgrs fnvg tfg bnbeanc kgnbs nbh tfg gxecusavg ralft t`hgvgc`p tfg cnbh. Xfas abtgrhgpgbhgbey lavgs t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfg `pta`b t` wnat,wfaef at as jtgb usgh t` e`kdnt cènc nutf`ratags‑ rgquargkgbts, nbh cgnhs jrgqugbtcyt` hgcnyabl hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs. Ab nhhata`b, tfg bhabls sullgst tfnt abtgrhg-

pgbhgbey cgnhs t` nb abgjeagbt nbh scullasf hgvgc`pkgbt prègss, ab wfaef e`stsnrg ubbgegssnry falf nbh hajjgrgbt net`rs knbnlg t` nppr`prantg pnrt `j tfg vncugabergnsg, tfas ncc cgnhabl t` falfgr cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts suef ns tfg e`sts knhg abprgpnrabl pcnbs nbh bgl`tantabl tfg tgrks `j hgvgc`pkgbt. Falf cnbh hgvgc`pkgbte`sts sggk t` j`rk nb akp`rtnbt `dstnecg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, gspgeanccy abtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs.

Xfgsg bhabls sullgst s`kg abtgrgstabl e`becusa`bs j`r tfg tfg`rgtaenc hgdntg nbh rg-fflgeta`bs sgt ut ab sgeta`b 4.4. Jarst, f`wgvgr, cgt us c``m nt tfg bhabls ab k`rg hgtnac.



E`becusa`bs46:

\f` `wbs hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts0

\g kust fgrg hajjgrgbtantg dgtwggb tfg ralft t` tfg ge`b`kae vncug tfnt nrasgs jr`k

rgz`babl cnbh, nbh tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p tfg rgz`bgh cnbh. Xfg ralftjuc `wbgr `j tfgge`b`kae vncug tfnt nrasgs jr`k tfg bgw usg p`ssadacatags njtgr tfg dabhabl z`bablrucgs fnvg dggb k`hagh as hajjgrgbt ab tfg stuhagh eùbtrags. Ab Gblcnbh, at as tfgpudcae nhkabastrnta`b tfnt fns ralft t` tnx tfas ge`b`kae vncug= ab Zncgbean, k`st `jtfg vncug dgc`bls t` tfg cnbh`wbgr, nbh pudcae d`hags fnvg ralft t` n pnrt `j at (dutb`t ncc)= nbh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfg cnbh`wbgr as tfg ralftjuc `wbgr `j tfg gbtargvncug (sgg sgeta`b 7.5.> j`r Zncgbean, :.4.> j`r Gblcnbh nbh <.4.> j`r tfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs). F`wgvgr, wfnt h`gs b`t vnry, b`t `bcy ab tf`sg tfrgg eùbtrags, dut ncs` abLgrknby, Jrnbeg, Atncy, Jcnbhgrs, Hgbknrm nbh Uwghgb, as tfnt tfg ralft t` hgvgc`pdgc`bls t` tfg cnbh`wbgr. Xfg cnbh`wbgr as ncwnys tfg `bcy `bg gbtatcgh t` duach `b

tfg cnbh, sudoget t` dnsae e`kpcanbeg watf tfg z`babl rglucnta`bs nbh up`b `dtnab-abl tfg bgegssnry pgrkats. F`wgvgr, ab Upnab, Lgrknby, Jrnbeg nbh Uwghgb, pcnb-babl cnw gxpcaeatcy rgjgrs t` tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b ns s`kgtfabl hajjgrgbtantghjr`k tfg rgst j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts. Ab tf`sg eùbtrags, abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b asn ¸rgsp`bsadacaty¸ `r ¸tnsm¸ `j tfg pudcae d`hags, dut b`t `j tfg cnbh`wbgr `r tfg hg-vgc`pgr. Ab Gblcnbh, tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, Jcnbhgrs, Atncy nbh Hgbknrm, tfgrg as ab tfg cnwbgatfgr nb gxpcaeat kgbta`b `j abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b ns n hajjgrgbtantgh e`kp`bgbt`j hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts, b`r `j n pudcae pra`raty ab tfas.

Hajjgrgbegs ab hgpgbhgbeg dgtwggb pudcae nbh pravntg net`rs

Xfg nbswgr t` tfg qugsta`b ‖wf` `wbs tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts‑ wns f`wgvgr b`tspgeae gbùlf j`r lntfgrabl tfg gkparaenc hntn. X` knmg at k`rg spgeae, sgeta`b5.5.> hgvgc`pgh n k`hgc t` nbncysg tfg p`wgr/hgpgbhgbey rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggbtfg abv`cvgh net`rs (kubaeapncaty, hgvgc`pgr, cnbh`wbgrs) ab gnef trnbsneta`b ab hg-vgc`pkgbt prègssgs. Xfgsg trnbsneta`bs nrg tf`sg bgghgh j`r abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`bbnkgcy? >. cnbh purefnsg nbh nssgkdcabl= 4. bnbeabl nbh= 5. cnbh prgpnrnta`b nbhhgvgc`pkgbt, nbh tf`sg bgghgh j`r tfg duachabl `b tfg sgrvaegh pc`ts bnkgcy? 8. cnbhhasp`sata`b= 7. e`bstrueta`b nbh= :. pr`pgrty trnbsjgr. Gnef `j tfgsg stgps akpcags trnbs-neta`bs `j s`kg mabh? cnbh, k`bgy, pr`pgrty, pcnbbabl e`bsgbt, gte. Abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b enb `bcy tnmg pcneg njtgr rgs`cvabl nt cgnst tfg rst tfrgg trnbsneta`bs, nbh

tfg duachabl njtgr rgs`cvabl tfg cnst tfrgg trnbsneta`bs. Dy nbncysabl wf` fns tfg e`b-tr`c `vgr gnef `j tfgsg trnbsneta`bs, at fns dggb p`ssadcg t` hasegrb wf` fns gxnetcywfaef hgvgc`pkgbt ralft, nbh f`w tfas eùch njjget tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg.

J`r nb gxpc`rnt`ry nbncysas j tfg babg \gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags sgg sgeta`b 8.8.4.Tglnrhabl tfg ab-hgptf rgsgnref ab Gblcnbh, Zncgbean nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfgrgsggk b`t t` dg akp`rtnbt hajjgrgbegs ab tfg p`sata`b `j net`rs ab tfg trnbsneta`bsabv`cvgh ab tfg duachabl (trnbsneta`bs 8 t` :). F`wgvgr, rglnrhabl tfg abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b (trnbsneta`bs > t` 5), tfgrg nrg ecgnr hajjgrgbegs ab tfg p`sata`b `j pudcaenbh pravntg net`rs, nbh tfgsg hajjgrgbegs cgnh t` hajjgrgbt hglrggs `j abtgrhgpgbhgbey.

At as p`ssadcg t` hastabluasf dgtwggb Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs `b tfg `bg sahg,nbh Zncgbean `b tfg `tfgr. Ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, ns n rucg, tfg trnbsneta`bs



E`becusa`bs 46<

tfnt nrg bgghgh t` lntfgr tfg cnbh (trnbsneta`b >), bh tfg k`bgy (trnbsneta`b 4) nbhpr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg (trnbsneta`b 5) nrg quatg hgpgbhgbt `b nlrggkgbt watf tfg

cnbh`wbgrs. Xfas as dgenusg b`bg `j tfg net`rs e`btr`cs ncc tfg bgghgh rgsùregs.Kubaeapncatags fnvg n k`b`p`cy `b tfg rglucnt`ry p`wgrs j`r nppr`vabl tfg dabhablrucgs, dut tfg cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs e`btr`c tfg cnbh nbh fnvg tfg abvgstkgbt en-pneaty. Xfas kutunc hgpgbhgbeg as vgry str`bl? ns n rucg, ab tfg ndsgbeg `j n v`cubtnrynlrggkgbt, kubaeapncatags fnvg b` `tfgr nctgrbntavg tfnb t` gxpr`prantg/duy tfg cnbhnbh e`bstruet tfg abjrnstrueturg, nbh knydg pny pnrt `j tfg e`sts watf tnxgs akp`sghnjtgrwnrhs. Xfg `bcy wny j`r tfg kubaeapncaty t` nvàh hgpgbhgbeg `b tfg cnbh`wbgras tfus tfrùlf harget `rlnbasnta`bnc nbh bnbeanc pudcae abv`cvgkgbt (sgg Xndcg 45).

Gxpr`pranta`b fns b`t dggb nppcagh ab tfg stuhagh ensgs. Ab Drast`c, wfgrg tfg Gblcasf

ensgs e`kg jr`k, gxpr`pranta`b as rnrgcy usgh, bcy ab gxegpta`bnc eareukstnbegs. J`rgxnkpcg, ab ensgs wfgrg tfgrg as hasnlrggkgbt watf n kab`raty j tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbhtfg kno`raty j tfg cnbh`wbgrs supp`rt n e`kpucs`ry duy-ùt j tfg kab`raty wbgrs‑sfnrg nbh nrg waccabl t` pny tfg nssèantgh e`sts. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs gxpr`pranta`bas ncs` gxegpta`bnc nbh `bcy oustagh aj at as ‖bgegssnry‑ (b``hznmgcaom ab Hutef). Ns ne`bsgqugbeg `j tfas, at as `jtgb hajeuct, `r gvgb akp`ssadcg, t` gxpr`prantg tfg cnbhj`r urdnb rglgbgrnta`b.

Xndcg 45. Hgpgbhgbeg nbncysas Gblcasf, Hutef nbh Zncgbeanb (dgj`rg >118) ensgs.


Hgpgbhgbeg dgenusg`j abvgstkgbt enpneaty

Hgpgbhgbegdgenusg `j rglucnt`ryrgsùregs

Cènc pudcae d`hyhgpgbhs `b tfg cnbh-`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr

Hgpgbhgbeg.Hgvgc`pgr/Cnbh`wbgr`wbs tfg cnbh. Hgpgbh-gbeg as `bcy nvàhndcgtfrùlf e`kpucs`rypurefnsg, dut tfas as`bcy usgh ab gxegpta`bnceareukstnbegs. Gxpr`-

pranta`b as e`bsahgrghsc`w, gxpgbsavg nbhrasmy. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhstfg ‖bgegssnry‑ eratgra`blavgs prgjgrgbeg t` tfgcnbh`wbgrs.

Hgpgbhgbeg.Xfg hgvgc`pgrs wgrgndcg t` abvgst ab duyabltfg cnbh nbh hgvgc`pablat. Hgpgbhgbeg wns b`tnvàhndcg dgenusg cèncpudcae d`hags wgrg b`twaccabl t` abvgst. @bcy ab

tfg Hutef ensg `j Drghntfg kubaeapncaty wnsrgnhy t` nssukg s`kgbnbeanc rasms.

Cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc-`pgr hgpgbhs `b tfgcènc pudcae d`hy

Hgpgbhgbeg.Xfg pudcae d`hags lrnbttfg rgquargh pgrkassa`bs(nbh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhsnbh Zncgbean nppr`vgtfg Cnbh usg Ycnb).

Hgpgbhgbeg as b`tnvàhndcg.



E`becusa`bs466

X n d c g 4 8 . H g p g b h g b e g n b n c y s a s r g l a ` b ` j Z n c g b e a n n j t g r > 1 1 8 Y c n b b a b l N e t .

H g p g b h g b e g d g e n u s g ` j

c n b h

H g p g b h g b e g

d g e n u s g ` j a b v g s t k g b t n b h k n b n l g -

k g b t e n p n e a t y

H g p g b h g b e g d g e n u s g ` j r g l u c n t ` r y r g s ` u r e g s

K u b a e a p n c a t y

h g p g b h s ` b t f g

c n b h `

w b g r s

H g p g b h g b e g , n v ` a h n d c g .

C n b h ` w b g r s f n v g k ` s t `

j t f g c n b h . F ` w g v g r ,

h g p g b h g b e g a s n v ` a h n d c g

w a t f ` u t k u e f h a j e u c t y

d g e n u s g ` j t f g p ` s s a d a c a t y ` j n p p c y a b l e ` k p u c s ` r y

c n b h r g n h o u s t k g b t , a j b g e

g s s n r y .

B ` h g p g b h g

b e g .

X f g r g a s b ` k

u b a e a p n c h g p g b h g b e g ` b t f g c n b h -

` w b g r s a b t f

a s k n t t g r . X f g k u b a e a p n c a t y e n b p ` a b t

` u t n t f a r h p

n r t y , t f g u r d n b a z a b l n l g b t , n s t f g ` b g

w f ` a b v g s t n

b h p r ` v a h g s t f g a b j r n s t r u e t u r g .

C n b h ` w b g r

h g p g b h s ` b



C n b h ` w b g r s e n b b ` t h g v g c ` p w a t f ` u t d g a b l s g c g e t -

g h n s u r d n b a z a b l n l g b t ` r w a t f ` u t t f g k u b a e a p n c a t y

s g c g e t a b l n t f a r h p n r t y n s u r d . n l g b t .

N c s ` , t f g k u b a e a p n c a t y n p p r ` v g s t f g d a b h

a b l r u c g s .

H g p g b h g b e g a s b ` t n v ` a h n d c g .


h g p g b h s ` b

u r d n b a z a b l n l g b t

B ` h g p g b h g

b e g .

X f g r g a s b ` k

u b a e a p n c h g p g b h g b e g ` b t f g u r d n b a z -

a b l n l g b t a b

t f a s k n t t g r . X f g k u b a e a p n c a t y e n b p ` a b t

` u t a b n p u d c a e t g b h g r n b ` t f g r p n r t y n s u r d n b a z a b l

n l g b t , ` r s g c g e t r a l f t n w n y n p u d c a e e ` k p n b y n s

u r d n b a z a b l n

l g b t .

W r d n


h g p g b h s ` b



W r d n b a z a b l n l g b t s e n b b ` t p r ` v a h g t f g a b j r n s t r u e -

t u r g w a t f ` u t d g a b l s g c g e t g h n s u r d n b a z a b l n l g b t .

N c s ` , t f g k u b a e a p n c a t y n p p r ` v g s t f g r g c g v

n b t d a b h -

a b l r u c g s . H g p g b h g b e g a s b ` t n v ` a h n d c g .

C n b h ` w b g r

h g p g b h s ` b

W r d n


H g p g b h g b e g

, n v ` a h n d c g .

C n b h ` w b g r s

e n b b ` t a b v g s t w a t f ` u t t f g u r d n b a z a b l

n l g b t . H g p g b h g b e g a s n v ` a h n d c g s a b e g c n b h ` w b g r s

k n y s u d k a t n b ` w b p c n b t ` t f g p u d c a e t g b h g r n b h

d g e n k g t f g k

s g c v g s u r d n b a z a b l n l g b t .

W r d n


h g p g b h s ` b c n b h -

` w b g

r

H g p g b h g b e g , n v ` a h n d c g .

C n b h ` w b g r s e ` b t r ` c t f g c n b h . F ` w g v g r , h g p g b h -

g b e g a s n v ` a h n d c g d g e n u s g ` j t f g p ` s s a d a c a t y ` j n p -

p c y a b l e ` k p u c s ` r y c n b h r g n h o u s t k g b t , a j b g e g s s n r y .

B ` h g p g b h g

b e g .

X f g r g a s b ` h

g p g b h g b e g ` b t f g c n b h ` w b g r s a b t f a s

k n t t g r . A j t f g

k u b a e a p n c a t y s g c g e t s f a k n s u r d n b a z -

a b l n l g b t , f g w a c c d g n d c g t ` a b v g s t n b h p r ` v a h g t f g

a b j r n s t r u e t u r g , w f a c g t f g c n b h ` w b g r a s ` d c a l g h t `

p n y t f g e ` s t s . U ` n e t u n c c y a t a s b ` t f g w f ` a s a b v g s t -

a b l , d u t t f g c n b h ` w b g r s .



E`becusa`bs 461

Dgj`rg tfg >118 Net, tfg satunta`b ab Zncgbeanb kubaeapncatags wns vgry sakacnr t` tfntab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Gvgb aj tfgrg wns n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b,

tfas rglucnta`b rgcagh `b tfg supp`rt nbh netavg e`ccnd`rnta`b `j n kno`raty `j tfgcnbh`wbgrs, nbh tfg `bcy wny `j j`reabl rgnhoustkgbt wns tfrùlf n harget pudcae`rlnbasnta`bnc abv`cvgkgbt.

Xfas efnblgh ab >118. Ab tfnt ygnr tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt abtr`huegh n bgw pcnb-babl cnw, nbh sabeg tfgb tfgrg as b` k`rg kutunc hgpgbhgbeg (sgg Xndcg 48). Zncgb-eanb kubaeapncatags enb b`w `pt j`r e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt, watfùt fnvablt` dge`kg hargetcy abv`cvgh. Xfg kubaeapncaty sgcgets ab n pudcae tgbhgr tfg urdnbas-abl nlgbt, wf` kny dg n pudcae e`kpnby, tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfgksgcvgs oàbabl ab ne`kpnby, dut k`st `j tfg takg tfg nlgbt as n e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr. Cnbh`wbgrs

enb ef``sg j`r v`cubtnry gxpr`pranta`b r enb pnrtaeapntg ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Aj tfgyef``sg gxpr`pranta`b, tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt pnys tfg e`kpgbsnta`b nbh nequargs tfgcnbh. Aj tfgy pnrtaeapntg, tfg cnbh`wbgrs fnvg t` hgcavgr tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r pudcae ab-jrnstrueturg nbh pny t` tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt n pr`p`rta`bnc sfnrg j tfg cnbh hgvgc`p-kgbt e`sts (wfaef e`bsast knabcy `j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts). Ab gxefnblg,cnbh`wbgrs sfnrg tfg ge`b`kae vncug abergnsg? njtgr pr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg, tfgurdnbasabl nlgbt hgcavgrs tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh trnbs-jgrs tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg, jrgg `j efnrlg, t` tfg kubaeapncaty. Ab suk, nctfùlfcnbh`wbgrs stacc e`btr`c cnbh, kubaeapncatags enb b`w nvàh dgabl hgpgbhgbt `b tfgcnbh`wbgrs, ns kubaeapncatags enb nppàbt n tfarh pnrty (wf` h`gs b`t bggh t` `wb

tfg cnbh) ns tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt, nbh ns kubaeapncatags h` b`t bggh t` lgt hargetcybnbeanccy abv`cvgh. Ncs`, tfg kubaeapncatags nrg b`t hgpgbhgbt `b `bg pnrtaeucnrurdnbasabl nlgbt, j`r tfas nlgbt enb dg sgcgetgh tfrùlf n pudcae tgbhgr.

@pta`b t` wnat as bglntavg j`r enpturabl tfg vncug abergnsg

@bg akp`rtnbt e`bsgqugbeg j kutunc hgpgbhgbeg as tfg pta`b t` wnat. @b tfg bgfnbh, ab Zncgbean njtgr >118, dgenusg tfgrg as b` kutunc hgpgbhgbeg, cnbh`wbgrsh` b`t fnvg tfg `pta`b t` wnat. @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, ab tfg Gblcasf nbh Hutef ensgs,hug t` tfg kutunc hgpgbhgbeg, cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs fnh tfg `pta`b `j wnatabl.\natabl kalft dg n prgjgrrgh dgfnvaùr ns cnbh ncs` fns nb `pta`b vncug tfnt enb dg

pr`tndcg. \fgb cnbh`wbgrs nrg ncc`wgh t` wnat, at kalft tnmg s`kg takg t` rgnefnb nlrggkgbt watf ncc tfg cnbh`wbgrs ndùt tfg praeg j`r tfg cnbh, j`r tfg cnbh`wb-grs gxpget tfnt dy hgcnyabl bgl`tanta`bs, tfgar pr`ts (tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, sggbnbeanc nbncysas ab sgeta`b 4.8.5) eùch abergnsg ab tfg juturg.

Ab tfg stuhagh Gblcasf nbh Hutef ensgs, pudcae d`hags wgrg `jtgb e`bjr`btgh watfcnbh`wbgrs wf` wgrg b`t waccabl t` nlrgg watf tfg rgquargh e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg.@jtgb pudcae d`hags wgrg j`regh t` c`wgr tfas pnemnlg ab `rhgr t` rgnef nlrggkgbt.Ncs`, ab sgvgrnc ensgs ab d`tf eùbtrags, hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs wgrg hgcnygh njtgrhgvgc`pgrs rgjusgh t` neegpt tfg rgquargkgbts nbh pcnbs `j tfg kubaeapncaty, nbh bg-

l`tanta`bs ndùt tfgsg assugs hrnllgh b. Ab tw` Hutef ensgs, tfg hgvgc`pgr hgeahght` prgpnrg tfg pcnbs nbgw, nctfùlf tfgy wgrg ncrgnhy vgry nhvnbegh, nbh tfas hg-



E`becusa`bs419

cnygh salbaenbtcy. At as b` gxegpta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh ncs` ab Gblcnbh, tfnt ur-dnb rglgbgrnta`b as hgcnygh hug t` cnbh`wbgrs usabl tfgar `pta`b t` wnat. J`r gxnk-

pcg, ab tfg Gblcasf ensg Fnrdùrsahg, ab tfg eaty `j Drast c, tfg hgvgc`pgr wns nlnabsttfg rgquargkgbt `j e`bstruetabl 59% sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl, bnccy neegptabl n1% rgquargkgbt. N Hutef gxnkpcg as M`p vnb @`st , ab tfg eaty `j Lr`bablgb. Fgrg,jr`k tfg dglabbabl `j bgl`tanta`bs, tfg hgvgc`pgr nrlugh tfnt tfgrg wns cattcg bnb-eanc r``k ab tfg pròget, tfus knmabl at ecgnr t` tfg kubaeapncaty tfnt tfgrg wgrg b`tknby vncug-enpturabl p`ssadacatags. Xfg kubaeapncaty, wfaef hah b`t fnvg neegss t`tfg bnbeanc enceucnta`bs j tfg hgvgc`pgr, sggks ab tfg gnrcy stnlgs t` fnvg neegptghtfnt at eùch b`t nsm j`r cnrlg e`btraduta`bs. Ncs`, tfg kubaeapncaty neegptgh sgvgrnce`st snvabl efnblgs ab tfg quncaty `j tfg pudcae spneg e`bstruetgh dy tfg hgvgc`pgr.

Uakacnrcy, Zncgbeanb kubaeapncatags wgrg e`bjr`btgh dgj`rg >118 watf cnbh`wbgrswf` wgrg b`t waccabl t` nlrgg watf kubaeapnc rgquargkgbts. Xfas njjgetgh tfg enptur-abl j vncug abergnsg, j`reabl kubaeapncatags t` c`wgr tfg e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg ab `r-hgr t` rgnef nb nlrggkgbt, tfas pr`hueabl arrglucnr, ubsystgkntae nbh acc`laenc (jr`knb urdnb pcnbbabl pàbt `j vagw) urdnb lr`wtf, hastabluasfgh dy c`w quncaty nbhsenreg pudcae abjrnstrueturg. Hgvgc`pkgbt satgs wgrg t`` bnrr`w nbh t`` skncc, oustcnrlg gbùlf t` pr`vahg abjrnstrueturg j`r sgvgrnc pc`ts. Duachabl sefgkgs abecuhgh`bcy tfg dnrg kabakuk `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg. K`st `j tfg takg, rgnhoustkgbt j`c-c`wgh vgry kuef tfg wasf `j cnbh`wbgrs t` rgegavg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts `b tfgarj`rkgr pr`pgrty. Abstgnh j j`cc`wabl n pcnb j`r tfg k`st suatndcg pnregccabl, rgnhoust-

kgbt j`cc`wgh tfg cnbh`wbgrs‑ pr`pgrty dùbhnrags nbh abtgrgsts. Xfg urdnb pgrapf-gry ab tfg Eaty `j Zncgbean nt tfg gbh `j tfg >169‑s, wfaef as stacc vasadcg b`wnhnys, asn l``h gxnkpcg. Xfgrg wgrg cnrlg duachabls ab tfg kahhcg j hgtgra`rntgh nlraeucturnccnbh nbh b` nhgquntg pudcae abjrnstrueturg t` supp`rt tfgk.

Xfg abtr`hueta`b `j tfg >118 Zncgbeanb Net fns fnh cnrlg e`bsgqugbegs ab prnetaeg.B`wnhnys tfgrg as b` kutunc hgpgbhgbeg nbh cnbh`wbgrs h` b`t fnvg tfg `pta`b t`wnat. Nctfùlf e`kpucs`ry rgnhoustkgbt as b`t e`kk`b, at h`gs pcny nb akp`rtnbtr`cg ab hassunhabl cnbh`wbgrs jr`k tnmabl neta`bs tfnt kny hgcny hgvgc`pkgbt. Ne-e`rhabl t` nvnacndcg hntn, tfg >118 Net fnh n p`satavg gjjget b enpturabl tfg abergnsgh

vncug. Xfg rglucnta`b dr`mg tfrùlf tfg prgvaùs pnttgrb `j cnbh`wbgrs hrnllabl tfgarjggt, b`t nlrggabl t` abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh spgeucntabl b akpr`vgh knrmgt e`b-hata`bs. \fgb n hgvgc`pgr sudkats n pr`p`snc nbh tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgs at, cnbh-`wbgrs kust j`cc`w suat. Xfg e`bsgqugbeg wns nb gxtrn`rhabnry abergnsg ab pudcaenbh ab pravntg abatantavgs tfnt rgsuctgh ab neegcgrntgh urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfg akpr`vg-kgbt fns dggb d`tf ab tfg qunbtaty nbh tfg quncaty `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg.

Xfg Zncgbeanb ensgs e`brk tfas lgbgrnc e`becusa`b. J`r gxnkpcg, ab Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn, ab tfg eaty `j Zncgbean, bgatfgr tfg abatantabl pnrty b`r tfg `tfgr tfrgg hg-vgc`pgrs wf` ab tfg pudcae tgbhgr sudkattgh nctgrbntavg pcnbs, wgrg cabmgh t` tfg

cnbh`wbgrsfap ab tfg nrgn. Xfg p`ssadacaty `j sgcgetabl n hgvgc`pgr watfùt cnbh fnsdggb n erueanc jnet`r. Ns tfgrg wgrg fubhrghs `j `wbgrs (knby `j tfgk rgsahgbts `r



E`becusa`bs 41>

skncc cnbhc`rhs), at sggks vgry ubcamgcy tfnt ncc tfgsg net`rs wùch fnvg nlrggh `b nv`cubtnry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Xfgrgj`rg, tfg `pta`b t` ‖dy-pnss‑ tfg cnbh`wbgrs fns

dggb n erueanc jnet`r ab rghgvgc`pabl tfg satg. Xfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr fnht` neegpt tfg jucc e`btraduta`bs pnemnlg, abecuhabl nhhata`bnc e`kpgbsnta`b t` tfg`wbgrs `j tfg `ch hgtgra`rntgh fùsgs.

Jabnbeanc jgnsadacaty ns nb gxpcnbnta`b `j tfg p`pucnraty `j tfg `pta`b t` wnat

Xfgrg kalft dg nt cgnst tw` hajjgrgbt p`ssadcg k`tavnta`bs j`r cnbh`wbgrs nbh hg-vgc`pgrs ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs t` ef``sg tfg `pta`b t` wnat. Jarst, tfgrg astfg gxpgetnta`b tfnt c`blgr bgl`tanta`bs cgnh t` falfgr pr`ts (ab tfg j`rk `j falfgrneeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, `r falfgr rglucnr pr`t knrlabs, `r n falfgr Jabnc pr`t, sggbnbeanc nbncysas ab sgeta`b 4.8.5), hug t` fùsabl praegs abergnsg `vgr takg nbh/`r

rghuegh e`btraduta`bs. Uge`bh, at as p`ssadcg tfnt kubaeapnc rgquargkgbts gbhnblgrtfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty `j tfg `pgrnta`b. Nee`rhabl t` n rgprgsgbtntavg `j n Dratasffùsabl hgvgc`pgrs‑ ukdrgccn `rlnbasnta`b, ndùt fncj `j bgl`tanta`bs ab tfg WM jnacdgenusg Cènc Ycnbbabl Nutf`ratags hgknbh abnppr`prantgcy cnrlg e`btraduta`b pnem-nlgs (\fatnemgr, abtgrvagw 499<). Yudcae `jegrs ab tfg stuhagh Gblcasf ensgs nrlughtfg e`btrnry nbh e`brkgh tfnt e`btraduta`b pnemnlgs t``m abt` e`bsahgrnta`b tfgbnbeanc jgnsadacaty. Nb abtgrvagwgh rgprgsgbtntavg `j tfg Hutef hgvgc`pgrs‑ ukdrgccn`rlnbasnta`b fnh n sakacnr nrlukgbt, wfgb fg ecnakgh tfnt hgvgc`pkgbt as `jtgbhgcnygh dgenusg `j ubrgns`bndcy falf kubaeapnc rgquargkgbts (J`mmgkn, abtgrvagw499<).

\g enb haseuss tfas ab tgrks `j sgvgrnc tfarh vnrandcgs ab tfg enusnc k`hgc sgt ùtab sgeta`b 4.8.4? tfg rgnc gstntg knrmgts nbh tfg pcnb nbh satg jgnturgs hgtgrkabgf`w kuef nrg tfg e`sts (vnrandcgs N> nbh N4), nbh ncs` rgcgvnbt as f`w kuef nbhf`w l``h nrg tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags wfaef pudcae d`hags pursug,nbh f`w falf nrg tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt pudcae d`hags gxpget jr`k cnbh`wbgrs nbhhgvgc`pgrs (vnrandcg E>). Abhargetcy tfg e`btgxt vnrandcgs nrg ncs` rgcgvnbt tfnt abfflu-gbeg tfg hastraduta`b `j tfg abatanc pr`t (vnrandcgs D)? tfgy nrg rgcgvnbt dgenusg tfgyabfflugbeg tfg neta`bs `j tf`sg hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg pròget (vnrandcgs H). Xndcg 47sukknrazgs wfaef nrg hg e`sts, rgturbs nbh tfg bnc dncnbeg `j rglgbgrntabl n satg.

Ugeta`b 4.8.5 pr`vahgs k`rg gxpcnbnta`b, nbh Nbbgxgs 5, 8 nbh : lavg tfg hntn j`rtfg stuhagh ensgs.

Xfarh vnrandcgs N, D> nbh D4 nbh tfg neta`bs `j tf`sg abv`cvgh ab tfg pròget (vnra-ndcgs H>.>, H4.>, nbh pr`dndcy ncs` H8 nbh H7), t`lgtfgr watf vnrandcg E> abfflu-gbeg tfg e`sts tfnt kust dg knhg t` rghgvgc`p n satg? tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, tfgabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, tfg pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts, tfg sàc hge`btnkabnta`be`sts, tfg e`kpgbsnta`b e`sts nbh tfg sazg `j tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt kust dg pnah/ akpcgkgbtgh (e`sts p`stabls >-:). Ab turb, tfgsg e`sts abfflugbeg tfg hastraduta`b j tfgAbatanc pr`t, wfaef ab turb abfflugbegs tfg sazg j tfg Jabnc pr`t nbh tfus wfgtfgr tfg

cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr as ndcg r b`t t` e`btradutg. At wns hajeuct t` gkparaenccy nssgssab tfg stuhagh ensgs tfg sazg j tfg Jabnc pr`t dgenusg j tfg cnem j rgcandcg sùregs.



E`becusa`bs414

Xndcg 47. E`sts, rgturbs nbh dncnbeg `j `pgrnta`bs ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b.

>) Cnbh e`sts >n. Kabakuk cnbh e`sts? tfg knrmgt vncug `j tfg cnbh ab ats eurrgbt usg=>d. Neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts? tfg cnbh praeg tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr abecuhgs abt`tfg enceucnta`bs.

4) Abjrnstrueturg pr`va-sa`b e`sts

Xfas abecuhgs b`t `bcy tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b w`rms, dut ncs` rgsgrvghnkùbts j`r ubgxpgetgh gxpgbsgs, tfg `vgrfgnh e`sts, gvgbtunc ‖fahhgb‑pr`t knrlabs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr, gte. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfgy e`kprasg?Uc`pgb, dùw gb w``braop knmgb, rasae` gb bv``rzagb. At sfùch ncsàbecuhg tfg bnbeanc e`sts.

5) Ycnb prgpnrnta`be`sts

Xfas abecuhgs tfg e`sts `j tfg prgpnrnta`b `j pcnbs, stuhags, gte (Ycnbm`stgb,`r Z` rdgrgahabl, t`gzaeft gb pcnb`btwammgcabl ).

8) Uàc hge`btnkabn-ta`b e`sts

Xfas abecuhgs tfg e`sts `j hge`btnkabntabl tfg cnbh.

7) E`kpgbsnta`b e`sts Xfas abecuhgs e`kpgbsnta`b t` gxastabl `wbgrs nbh abfndatnbts, j`r rgk`vnc`j netavatags nbh rgsahgbeg, hgk`cata`b j e`bstrueta`bs nbh duachabls, gte.

:) Nhhata`bnc e`btradu-ta`bs `j tfg hgvgc-`pgr

Xfas abecuhgs tfg e`btraduta`bs, ab ensf `r ab mabh (e`bstrueta`bs, duach-abls) t` pudcae l`ncs (pnykgbts, e`bstrueta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg `rpudcae duachabls, gte) nhhata`bnc t` fas e`btraduta`bs t` tfg `b-satg abjrn-strueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts (gvgb aj tfgy kalft sgrvg n wahgr nrgn tfnb tfghgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b), wfaef nrg ncrgnhy abecuhgh ab (4).

<) Tgnc gstntg hgvgc`p-kgbt e`sts

Xfas abecuhgs tfg wf`cg hgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg rgnc gstntg, tfus b`t `bcy tfgduachabl e`sts, dut ncs` tfg prgpnrnta`b `j pcnbs (b`t j`r pr`vahabl tfgabjrnstrueturg dut j`r tfg duachabl), `vgrfgnh e`sts, p`ssadcg ‖fahhgb‑ pr`tknrlabs j tfg hgvgc`pgr, gte.

6) X tnc rgturbs Xfas abecuhgs tfg t`tnc rgturbs neeruabl jr`k tfg sgccabl `j tfg rgnc gstntg(`jeg, hwgccabls, gte).

ABAXANC YT@JAX Xfg vncug abergnsg tfnt neerugh jr`k tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg satg nbheùch fnvg dggb abatanccy nvnacndcg t` pny pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneaca-tags? 6 ― ] (>n + 4 + 5 + 8 + 7 + : + <)b`t-abfflntgh ― (tf`sg e`sts `j 4-< sudsa-hasgh dy pudcae d`hags) [. Fgrg wg nssukg e`sts > tacc < nrg b`t abfflntgh.

HGZGC@YGT‑U JABNCYT@JAX

Xfg pr`ts `j tfg bnc hgvgc`pgr? 6 ― ] (>d + 4 + 5 + 8 + 7 + : + <) ―(tf`sg e`sts `j 4-< sudsahasgh dy pudcae d`hags) [. Xfas pr`t kust dgnhhgh t` n rglucnr pr`t knrlab ab ensg tfg bnc hgvgc`pgr fns abecuhgh nrglucnr pr`t ab p`stabl <.

Abj`rknta`b ndùt hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh pr`ts as n sgbsatavg knttgr, nbh hgvgc`p-grs wgrg b`t waccabl t` hasec`sg at. Ab tfg Hutef ensgs, nee rhabl t` gstakntgs dnsgh`b abj`rknta`b lavgb dy hgvgc`pgrs, tfg bnbeanc knrlabs nppgnr t` dg vgry bnrr`w.F`wgvgr, nee`rhabl t` ky `wb gstakntgs (p`stabl 1 ab Nbbgx 8) tfgrg wns r``k j`rfalfgr e`btraduta`bs. J`r gxnkpcg, nee`rhabl t` tfg hgvgc`pgr, ab M`p vnb @`st fasJabnc pr`t wns vgry bnrr`w, ₣4k. F`wgvgr, ky `wb gstakntgs sullgst tfnt at kny dgkuef cnrlgr, nrùbh ₣41k (sgg sgeta`b 4.8.5 j`r n hgtnacgh nbncysas `j ensg M`p vnb@`st ). Aj tfas wns tfg ensg, tfgb ecgnrcy tfg hgvgc`pgr‑s `dogeta`bs t` tfg kubaeapnc-aty‑s rgquargkgbts wgrg b`t oustandcg jr`k n bnbeanc pàbt `j vagw. Ab suk, ab tfgHutef ensgs at as b`t ecgnr aj tfg Jabnc pr`t j tfg cnst abv`cvgh hgvgc`pgr wgrg s` bnr-

r`w tfnt pp`sata`b nlnabst tfg kubaeapnc rgquargkgbts wns oustagh. Xfg qugsta`b astfus? hah hgvgc`pgrs usg tfg pta`b t` wnat dgenusg cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts wgrg t``



E`becusa`bs 415

falf, r hah tfgy ndusg tfas `pta`b ab rhgr t` abergnsg tfgar pr`t knrlabs0 Nbh? f`wh`gs at e`kgs tfnt ab tfg Zncgbeanb ensgs, hgspatg tfg jnet tfnt e`btraduta`bs wgrg

vgry cnrlg, tfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty `j tfg `pgrnta`bs wns b`t n pr`dcgk0

Ab tfg Gblcasf ensgs, j`cc`wabl ur wb gstakntgs, tfg Jabnc pr`t knrlabs wgrg dallgrnbh ncc`wgh j`r lrgntgr e`btraduta`bs (sgg p`stabl 1 ab tndcg ab Nbbgx 5). Tgsastnbeg`r neegptnbeg `j tfg rgquargkgbts wns dnsgh k`rg `b tfg gxpgetgh cnbh praeg (f`wkuef tfg abatanc cnbh`wbgr `r tfg hgvgc`pgr wf` dùlft tfg cnbh gxpget t` rgegavgj`r fas/fgr cnbh, wfaef trnbscntgs abt` tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts `j nb `pgrnta`b, a.g.e`st p`stabl >d j Xndcg 47) nbh tfg gxpgetgh pr`t (f`w kuef tfg hgvgc`pgr gxpgetst` pr`t, a.g. n p`ssadcg rglucnr pr`t knrlab + Jabnc pr`t) tfnb `b tfg `dogetavg -bnbeanc jgnsadacaty j tfg pròget. J`r gxnkpcg, ab Kglnd`wc , ab tfg eaty j Drast`c, tfg

abatanc praeg `j tfg cnbh wns rgcntavgcy c`w, ndùt 5-8.7 ₣ kacca`b4

, hug t` ubegrtnabtyrglnrhabl duachabl p`ssadacatags, wfaef fnh haseùrnlgh hgvgc`pgrs jr`k purefnsabltfg satg ab tfg prgvaùs ygnrs, nbh t` n fgnvy e`kpgtata`b jr`k `tfgr d`wcabl nccgysab tfg eaty. Xfas lnvg tfg `wbgr-nppcaenbt cggwny t` e`btradutg k`rg tfnb usunc.

Hajjgrgbegs ab abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts

\fgb nbncyzabl tfg bnbeanc nspgets `j tfg ensgs, tfas rgsgnref pr`vahgh rgknrmndcgnbh ubgxpgetgh bhabls tfnt fgcpgh t` nbswgr tfg nd`vg qugsta`b. \g hase`vgrghcnrlg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg e`sts `j abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b ab tfgtfrgg stuhagh eùbtrags (p`stabls 4 nbh 5). Xfgsg e`sts nrg tfg falfgst ab tfg Hutef

ensgs, wfgb e`kpnrgh watf tf`sg ab tfg Gblcasf nbh Zncgbeanb ensgs (j`r hgtnacs sggNbbgx :, j`r sukknry sgg Xndcg 4:)? d`tf e`sts t`lgtfgr nrg ab Mruahgbduurt nbhM`p vnb @`st rgspgetavgcy ₣856 nbh ₣5:6 pgr k´ j`r bgw pudcae spneg, nbh rgspge-tavgcy ₣>76 nbh ₣>86 pgr k´ t`tnc rghgvgc`pgh cnbh5= ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr tfgsg e`stsnrg kuef falfgr, ₣>,4>4/k´ bgw pudcae spneg nbh ₣7<9/k´ t`tnc rghgvgc`pgh cnbh,wfaef kalft dg gxpcnabgh dy tfg jnet tfnt tfas lurg abecuhgs tfg neeùbtgh cnbhe`sts, sàc hge`btnkabnta`b, e`kpgbsnta`b e`sts (p`stabls >, 8 nbh 7) nbh pr`dndcye`btnabs n fahhgb pr`t j`r tfg kubaeapncaty. Ab tfg Gblcasf ensgs tfg tw` e`sts `jabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b t`lgtfgr nrg ₣>75/₣11, ₣4:1/₣>>> nbh₣554/₣>:: pgr k´ bgw pudcae spneg/t`tnc rghgvgc`pgh cnbh. Ab tfg Zncgbeanb ensgs,

tf`sg tw` e`sts t`lgtfgr nrg ₣18/₣<9, ₣:15/₣59:, ₣>95/₣<1 nbh ₣18/₣<88.

4 Enceucntgh nt nb gxefnblg rntg `j ₣ >.7 pgr £ >.

5 Ab ùr `paba`b, tfg k`st nppr`prantg wny `j kgnsurabl tfgsg e`sts nbh e`kpnrabl tfgk watf `tfgrensgs as rgcntabl e`sts t` tfg ‖bgw pudcae spneg‑, wfaef as tfg surjneg tfnt dge`kgs rghgvgc`pgh nbhwacc dg usgh j`r pudcae usgs. K`st `j tfgsg e`sts rgcntg t` tfg e`bstrueta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturgnd`vg r ubhgr tfas surjneg. At enb dg gxpgetgh tfnt n ensg watf k`rg pudcae spneg wacc fnvg k`rg jtfgsg e`sts tfnb n ensg tfnt abecuhgs cgss pudcae spneg. Dy e`kpnrabl e`sts pgr k´ bgw pudcae spnegtfg rasm hakabasfgs tfnt n ensg watf cattcg pudcae spneg se`rgs sakacnrcy t` n ensg tfnt abecuhgs n cnrlgrnrgn `j pudcae spneg.

8 Xfg lurg j`r tfg sge`bh ensg as b`t rgprgsgbtntavg j`r tfg gbtarg Zncgbeanb rgla`b, dut tfg `tfgrtfrgg ensgs nrg (Jgrbîbhgz & Jgrbîbhgz, 4994? :6-<8= Lnseõ, 499:? <4-<:= Tnln, abtgrvagw ab4996).



E`becusa`bs418

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E`becusa`bs 417

Xw` Hutef gxpgrts e`brkgh tfg lgbgrncasndacaty `j tfg lurgs jr`k tfg Hutef ensgst` `tfgr Hutef rglgbgrnta`b prògets, watf bunbegs, dy nbncysabl tfrgg rgegbt urdnb

rglgbgrnta`b ensgs abatantgh dy fùsabl nssèanta`bs (prògets >, 4 nbh 5 ab Xndcg4: nbh Nbbgx :)<. Abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts wgrg t`lgtfgr₣574/₣45> ab Yròget > nbh ₣465/₣>5: ab Yròget 4. Uuef lurgs nrg b`t nt ncc gxegp-ta`bnc ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Yròget 5 (₣>>6/₣68) as nb gxegpta`bt` tfg lgbgrnc e`becusa`b tfnt tfgsg e`sts nrg kuef falfgr ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfnb abZncgbean. Ncs`, tfg lurgs j Yrògets > nbh 4 sullgst tfnt at as b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfgsge`sts nrg, `b nvgrnlg, falfgr ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfnb ab Gblcnbh (Utnuttgbgr nbh ZnbDcnhgc, abtgrvagws 4996).

@pta`b t` wnat fns abfflnta`bnry gjjgets `b abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb

prgpnrnta`b e`stsN p`ssadcg gxpcnbnta`b j`r tfg falf e`st j abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrn-ta`b e`sts ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs as tfnt tfg pta`b t` wnat fns nb abfflnta`bnrygjjget `b tfgsg e`sts?• Hgcny rgsucts ab nhhata`bnc stuhags, kggtabls, gte, abergnsabl tfg pcnb prgpnrnta`b

e`sts. Ab tfg Hutef Yrògets > nbh 4, pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts nrg ₣>94/₣:< nbh₣:>/41 rgspgetavgcy, ab tfg Zncgbeanb ensgs tfgy nrg ndùt ₣>6/₣>8. Wbj`rtu-bntgcy, at wns b`t p`ssadcg t` spgeajy tfgsg e`sts j`r tfg `tfgr Hutef nbh Gblcasfensgs=

• Hgcny nbh tfg e`rrgsp`bhabl ubegrtnabtags abergnsg tfg rasms, wfaef trnbscntg

abt` falfgr abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, g.l. nccèntabl falfgr rgsgrvgs j`r ub-gxpgetgh gxpgbsgs (rasae` gb `bv``rzagb ab Hutef), nbh lgbgrntabl falfgr bnb-eanc e`sts.

< N p`ssadcg erataeask t` tfg vncahaty `j tfg hntn `j tfg sge`bh-`paba`b prògets as tfnt tfgy kalft dgb`t rgprgsgbtntavg `j tfg t`tnc p`pucnta`b `j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prògets dgenusg `j tfg jnet tfnttfgy nrg abatantgh dy fùsabl nssèanta`bs nbh b`t dy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs. Xfg nrlukgbt as tfntfùsabl nssèanta`bs pursug k`rg quncaty `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, tfus tfg lurgssfùch b`t dg e`kpnrgh watf ensgs rucgh dy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs. A rgoget tfas erataeask watf tfrggnrlukgbts?• Xfg tfrgg sge`bh-`paba`b prògets nrg usgh t` kgnsurg tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb

prgpnrnta`b e`sts (e`st p`stabls 4 nbh 5 ab Xndcg 47), dut b`t t` kgnsurg tfg bnc qunbtaty nbhquncaty `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags=

• Xfg nvnacndcg hntn `j tfg tfrgg sge`bh-`paba`b prògets (g.l. tfg pgregbtnlg bgw pudcae spneg jtfg t`tnc rghgvgc`pgh cnbh) h` b`t abhueg kg t` tfabm tfnt tfgy kalft abecuhg kuef k`rg r cgsspudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnb ensgs abatantgh dy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs. Xfus tfgrg asab ky paba`b b` rgns`b t` tfabm tfnt ab tfg sge`bh-`paba`b prògets tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`bnbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts nrg falfgr dgenusg tfg fùsabl nssèanta`bs kalft fnvg duact k`rgpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ensg Mruahgbduurt (abatantgh dy n n fùsabl nssèanta`b)sf`wgh ncs` b` salbaenbt hajjgrgbegs watf tfg tfgr tfrgg Hutef ensgs (abatantgh dy e`kkgreanchgvgc`pgrs)=

• Xfgrg kalft abhggh dg ab tfg sge`bh-`paba`b prògets cnrlg hajjgrgbegs rglnrhabl tfg duachabl `jsèanc fùsabl nbh duachabls kgnbt j`r pudcae jneacatags. A.g. fùsabl nssèanta`bs kalft abhgghduach k`rg sèanc fùsabl nbh duachabls j`r pudcae jneacatags tfnb e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs h`,ns tfg Hutef ensgs sf`w. F`wgvgr, tfas h`gs b`t abvncahntg ky e`kpnras`b `j abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts dgenusg tfg e`sts `j sèanc fùsabl nbh duachabls j`r pudcaejneacatags nrg b`t abecuhgh tfgrg, dut k`st pr`dndcy ab e`st p`stabls : `r < `j Xndcg 47.



E`becusa`bs41:

Ab sf`rt, at as p`ssadcg b`t bcy tfnt falf e`sts gxpcnab wfy hgvgc`pgrs usg tfgar pta`bt` wnat nbh enusg hgcny, dut ncs` tfnt hgcny enb abergnsg tfg e`sts. F`wgvgr, at h`gs

b`t sggk rgns`bndcg t` e`becuhg tfnt hgcny enb gxpcnab ncc tfg hajjgrgbegs dgtwggbtfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts ab tfg Hutef (dgtwggb ₣>>6nbh ₣856 pgr k´ j`r bgw pudcae spneg, nbh dgtwggb ₣68 nbh ₣45> pgr k´ t`tncrghgvgc`pgh cnbh) nbh tfg Zncgbeanb ensgs (dgtwggb ₣18 nbh ₣>95 pgr k´ j`r bgwpudcae spneg, nbh dgtwggb ₣<9 nbh ₣<1 pgr k´ t`tnc rghgvgc`pgh cnbh). Xfgrg kalftdg knby `tfgr vnrandcgs tfnt enb gxpcnab pnrt `j tfg hajjgrgbegs. Xfg e`kpcgxaty `jenusncatags fns dggb sgt ùt ab tfg enusnc k`hgc ab sgeta`b 4.8.4. J`r gxnkpcg hajjgr-gbegs ab cndùr e`sts ab tfg duachabl sget`r (tfnt kalft dg ndùt 59% falfgr ab tfgBgtfgrcnbhs tfnb ab Zncgbean), ab e`bstrueta`b kntgrancs, ab senc rglakg (vnrandcgsdgc`blabl t` s`rt N5 ab enusnc k`hgc) nbh e`bhata`bs `j tfg sàc (vnrandcg N4) (Utnut-

tgbgr gb Znb Dcnhgc, abtgrvagws 4996). At as pcnusadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt tfg `pta`b t`wnat enb gxpcnab pnrt j tfg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpn-rnta`b e`sts, dut tfnt tfgrg nrg `tfgr, tfarh vnrandcgs tfnt enb ncs` dg rgcgvnbt.

@pta`b t` wnat kalft fnvg abfflnta`bnry gjjgets `b tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts

Ab nhhata`b, tfg `pta`b t` wnat enb ncs` fnvg nb abfflnta`bnry gjjget `b cnbh praegs=sabeg knrmgt pnrtags `wbabl tfg cnbh enb gxgreasg tfg `pta`b t` wnat, nbh tfas putstfgk ab n str`bl bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b, tfgy wùch dg k`rg abtgrgstgh ab nequarablcnbh, wfaef ab turb abergnsgs tfg praeg `j rgnc nbh gxpgetgh trnbsneta`bs ab tfg cnbhknrmgts. Xfas gxpgetnta`b `j falfgr cnbh praegs enb fnvg tfg gjjget `j rasabl tfg cnbh

praeg tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr abecuhgs ab tfg bnbeanc enceucnta`bs `j tfg `pgrnta`b, a.g.tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts. At sggks pcnusadcg tfnt tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nrg dnsgh`b tfg ge`b`kae vncug `j tfg bgw usg p`ssadacatags `j tfg cnbh njtgr rglgbgrnta`b,abstgnh j tfg prgvaùs usg p`ssadacatags. Xfg bhabls ab tfg Hutef ensgs sggk t` sup-p`rt tfas nrlukgbt? cnbh wns `jtgb s`ch j`r falfgr praegs tfnb tfg knrmgt praeg ab tfgj`rkgr usg. Ab Hg Jubgb tfg cnbh`wbgr s`ch fas cnbh t` tfg hgvgc`pgr ab >11< j`r npraeg egrtnabcy kuef falfgr tfnt tfg vncug `j tfg netunc usg p`ssadacatags nt tfnt takg.Ab M`p vnb @`st tfg gstakntgh knrmgt vncug `j tfg prgvaùs usg (abhustranc cnbh) wnsndùt ₣5.:k. F`wgvgr, tfas cnbh wns tfgb s`ch spgeucntavgcy ab 4999, 499> nbh ab4994. \g mb`w tfnt ab 499> at wns s`ch j`r nrùbh ₣>4k, s` wfgb at wns s`ch nlnab

ab 4994 tfg praeg kust fnvg dggb gvgb falfgr. Falfgr neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts abfflugbegtfg bnc pr`t `j hgvgc`pgrs, hakabasfabl tfgar p`ssadacatags `j e`btradutabl.

Xfg `pta`b t` wnat rgabj`regs tfg gjjgets `j tfg egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl

nbh e`btraduta`bs nbh vaeg vgrsn

Xfg gjjgets `j tfg `pta`b t` wnat kalft rgabj`reg nbh dg rgabj`regh dy nb`tfgr vnra-ndcg? tfg egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags nbh juturg e`btraduta`bs (vnran-dcgs j tfg s`rt D4 nbh H> ab enusnc k`hgc gxpcnabgh ab sgeta`b 4.8.4, ncs` gxpcnabghnd`vg ab sgeta`b 6.>). Xfas enb fnppgb ab tw` wnys?• Xfg rst cnbh`wbgr, aj fg fns tfg p`wgr t` wnat, aj tfgrg as egrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs

ndùt tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags, nbh aj tfgrg as b` egrtnabty ndùt tfg e`btradu-ta`bs t` dg knhg, nsms n falfgr praeg j`r fas cnbh=



E`becusa`bs 41<

• Xfg hgvgc`pgr, aj fg fns tfg p`wgr t` wnat, nbh aj tfgrg as b` egrtnabty ab gnrcystnlgs ndùt tfg e`btraduta`bs t` dg knhg, kalft ef``sg tfg praeg `j tfg cnbh

tfnt fg neeùbts ab tfg bnbeanc enceucnta`b, nbh fas rglucnr pr`t knrlab, t`nppr`prantg ns kuef vncug abergnsg ns p`ssadcg. Nt tfg stnrt `j rglgbgrnta`b prè-gssgs, hgvgc`pgrs `jtgb fnvg s`kg r``k t` sgt tfgk falfgr `r c`wgr. @beg tfgneeùbtgh cnbh e`st nbh tfg rglucnr pr`t knrlab fnvg dggb gstndcasfgh, c`wgr-abl tfgk as usunccy e`kpcaentgh.

Bggh `j jurtfgr rgsgnref t` cnbh praegs nbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts

Xfg nvnacndacaty `j rgcandcg abj`rknta`b ab tfg stuhagh ensgs wns c`w, wfaef hah b`tncc`w us t` e`ccget akp`rtnbt hgtnacs ndùt tfg cnbh praegs nbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts.J`r gxnkpcg, at wns b`t p`ssadcg t` hasegrb t` wfaef hglrgg `tfgr s`rts `j e`sts suef

ns cndùr e`sts ab tfg duachabl sget`r, ab e`bstrueta`b kntgrancs, ab senc rglakg (vnra-ndcgs dgc`blabl t` s`rt N5 ab enusnc k`hgc) nbh e`bhata`bs `j tfg sàc (vnrandcg N4)e`btradutg t` tfg falfgr abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs. Nb`tfgr gxnkpcg as tfnt at wns b`t p`ssadcg t` hasegrb wfgtfgr tfg hgvgc`pgrfns abhggh abfflntgh tfg praeg `j tfg cnbh, r wfgtfgr fg abecuhgh ab tfg abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b e`sts n ‖fahhgb‑ pr`t knrlab. Jurtfgr rgsgnref sfùch jèus `b tfg hajjgr-gbegs ab cnbh praegs, abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts nbhpr`vahg k`rg hntn tfnt eùch dg usgh t` bg-tubg tfg e`becusa`bs `j tfas rgsgnref.

E`becusa`bs j`r tfg tfg`rgtaenc hgdntg nbh rgfflgeta`bs ndùt pr`pgrty ralfts

Xfas rgsgnref sùlft gkparaenc gvahgbeg rgcgvnbt t` tfg hgdntg nbh tfg tfg`rgtaenc rg-fflgeta`bs ndùt sgpnrntabl hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh. Xfg bh-abls supp`rt tfg nssukpta`b tfnt n spgeae j`rk j sfnpabl pr`pgrty ralfts, tfg Zncgb-eanb cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, wfaef sgpnrntgs abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b jr`k tfge`btr`c `j cnbh`wbgrs, enb akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg. Ab nhhata`b, tfgbhabls str`blcy sullgst tfnt ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b tfg rglucnta`b fns n hgfflnta`bnrygjjget b tfg e`sts j`r pr`vahabl abjrnstrueturg nbh prgpnrabl pcnbs, nbh p`ssadcy ncs``b tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts.

Xfas supp`rts tfg ahgn tfnt pr`pgrty cnw ab rgcnta`b t` tfg l`nc `j pr`hueabl urdnb

spneg nbh fùsabl as b`t `bcy n knttgr `j ralfts= at ncs` abv`cvgs `dcalnta`bs. Xfgnh`pta`b `j n e`kdabgh nppr`nef t` pr`pgrty ralfts nbh hutags, tfrùlf n cnbh rg-nhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, kny fgcp rglucntg tfg abatantavgs tnmgb dy cnbh`wbgrs nbhe`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs ab suef n wny tfnt tfgy jucc n lrgntgr r`cg ab tfg ergnta`b`j pudcae abjrnstrueturg. At enb ncs` fgcp t` `vgre`kg pr`dcgks `j stnlbnta`b ab e`b-struetabl bgw fùsabl. Fgrg A nlrgg watf tfg nhvèntgh r`cg `j cnbh rgnhoustkgbtrglucnta`bs ns nb nctgrbntavg t` pr`dcgks watf tfg trnhata`bnc j`rks `j cnbh nssgkdcy(v`cubtnry gxefnblg `r pudcae abtgrvgbta`b ab tfg j`rk `j gxpr`pranta`b) ab tfg WMnbh tfg Wbatgh Utntgs `j Nkgraen (F`bl & Bgghfnk, 499<? xv-xax), wfacg nt tfgsnkg takg tfg sf`rte`kabls j cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`bs sfùch b`t dg j`rl`ttgb,

aj tfgy h` b`t abecuhg gbj`regkgbt kgefnbasks t` nvàh tfg spgeucntavg dgfnvaùr `jcnbh`wbgrs (Kuþ`z & M`rtfncs Nctgs, 499<).



E`becusa`bs416

Xfg bhabls nrg abtgrgstabl j`r tfg Hutef hgdntg. Jarst, tfgy eàbeahg watf tfg p`sa-ta`b tnmgb dy Yragkus nbh Cùw, wf` nrlug tfnt tfg abergnsg ab pravntg e`btr`c `j tfg

cnbh sabeg tfg >119s fns cgh t` abfflnta`b ab neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh akp`vgrasfkgbt`j pudcae abjrnstrueturg (4995). N sge`bh t`pae as tfg hacgkkn wfgtfgr Hutef ku-baeapncatags enb `r enbb`t sntasjnet`racy nefagvg tfgar pudcae l`ncs watfab tfg eurrgbtcglnc jrnkgw`rm. Ab tfas haseussa`b, tfg e`begpt ‖sntasjnet`racy‑ fns b`t dggb ecgnrcyhgbgh= tfgrgj`rg, at as b`t p`ssadcg t` sny wfgtfgr tfg hgbata`b j pr`pgrty ralfts abcnbh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs rgsucts ab –sntasjnet`racy nee`kpcasfgh‛ pudcae l`ncs. F`w-gvgr, at as p`ssadcg t` e`becuhg tfnt sfnpabl pr`pgrty ralfts usabl n cnbh rgnhoustkgbtrglucnta`b enb salbaenbtcy akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg nbh neegcgrntgurdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfnt as, at enb fgcp t` dgttgr nefagvg pudcae l`ncs, dgenusg pud-cae l`ncs usunccy e`begrb gatfgr tfg bnbeg `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, `r

tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `b takg `j duachabl sefgkgs, `r d`tf. Ugeta`b 1.8 lavgs spgeaerge`kkgbhnta`bs t` Hutef pudcae d`hags `j f`w t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncugabergnsg.

J`r tfg Upnbasf hgdntg, tfg bhabls supp`rt tfg erataenc nppr`nef `j Lnreën-Dgccah`nbh `tfgrs ab tfg >119s. Ab n e`btgxt `j pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh nbh tfg ndsgbeg `jpudcae sudsahags nbh `j harget pudcae abtgrvgbta`b ab urdnb cnbh knrmgts, drgnmabltfg k`b`p`castae/`cal`p`castae p`sata`b j cnbh`wbgrs as tfg bcy wny t` nssurg l``hquncaty nbh nhgquntg qunbtaty `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.



E

F N Y X G

T

1Tge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r

tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

@bg `j tfg l`ncs `j tfas rgsgnref as t` cgnrb f`w t` usg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`b-abl ab rhgr t` akpr`vg e`st rge`vgry ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Efnptgrs 7 t` < knhg ecgnrtfnt j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab tfg Upnbasf rgla`b j Zncgbean nbh ab Gblcnbhhajjgr salbaenbtcy jr`k tf`sg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. N e`kpnras`b dgtwggb f`w kuefvncug abergnsg pudcae d`hags knbnlg t` enpturg ncs` sf`ws rgknrmndcg hajjgrgbegs?

ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, pravntg pnrtags nrg k`rg e`kkattgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b`b pravntg `wbgh cnbh t` bnbeabl nbh/`r rgncazabl ubpr`tndcg gcgkgbts (a.g. tfgpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags) tfnb ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Xfas njjgets b`t `bcy tfgvnragty `j s`rts `j e`btraduta`bs, dut ncs` tfg t`tnc ge`b`kae vncug `j tfg e`btradu-ta`bs.

K`rg enpturgh vncug abergnsg ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh tfnb ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Xfg hajjgrgbegs knabcy abv`cvg (sgg Xndcg 4<= j`r hgtnacs pgr eùbtry sgg sgeta`b 7.:j`r Zncgbean, :.7 j`r Gblcnbh, nbh <.7 j`r tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs)?― @b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts? ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean tfgsg nrg k`stcy

`r juccy pnah dy tfg hgvgc`pgrs, wfacg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgsg nrg bnbegh watfcnrlg pudcae sudsahags=― Cnbh j`r `b-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg? ab Zncgbean tfas as pr`vahgh jrgg `j efnrlg

dy tfg cnbh`wbgrs, wfacg ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgrg nrg kuef cnrlgrpudcae e`btraduta`bs j`r pr`vahabl tfas cnbh=

― Uèanc fùsabl? ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, tfas as pnah t` n cnrlg gxtgbt `r nck`stjuccy dy tfg hgvgc`pgrs, wfacg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfas as e`vgrgh praknracy dykubaeapncatags nbh fùsabl nssèanta`bs=

― @jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg? ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, hgvgc`pgrs e`btradutgsalbaenbtcy (ab Gblcnbh praknracy watf bnbeanc kgnbs wfacg ab Zncgbean pra-

knracy watf cnbh). @b tfg `tfgr fnbh, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgsg e`btraduta`bs nrgrnrg=



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs594

X n d c g 4 < . E ` k p n r a b l e n p t u r g h v n c u g a b e r g n s g a b t f g U p n b a s f r g l a ` b ` j Z n c g b e a n , G b l c n b h

n b h t f g B g t f g r c n b h s



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s t r u e t u r g & j n e a c a t a g s

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Y u d c a e d ` h y H g v g c ` p g r

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Y u d c a e d ` h y H g v g c ` p g r

Y u d c a e d ` h a g s

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p n y j ` r e ` b s t r u e t a ` b .

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t f g e ` s t s

A b h a r g e t

t f r ` u l f c n b h /

e f g n p

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K ` s t ` j

t f g c n b h

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N c k ` s t

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A b e r g n s a b l

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n j j ` r h n d c g /

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A k p ` r t n b t e ` b t r a d u -

t a ` b s , t f n t a b e r g n s g a b

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b ` b g = f ` u s -

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Y u d c a e d ` h y

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b ` b g = f ` u s a b l

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N c k ` s t

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h ` b ` t d u a c h =

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N c k ` s t b ` e ` b t r a d u -

t a ` b s d y h g v g c ` p g r s t `

p u d c a e a b j r n s t r u e t u r g /

j n e a c a t a g s ` u t s a h g p c n b

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s a t u n t g h w a t f a b d u t

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b ` b g

L r g y ? E ` u b t r y a b w f a e f t f g h g v g c ` p g r / c n b h ` w b g r e ` b t r a d u t g s t f g k ` s t ` u t ` j t f g t f r g g e ` u b t r a g s .

C a l f t L

r g y ? E ` u b t r y a b w f a e f t f g h g v g c ` p g r / c n b h ` w b

g r e ` b t r a d u t g s t f g s g e ` b h ` u t ` j t f g t f r g g e ` u b t r a g s .

\ f a t g ? E ` u b t r y a b w f a e f t f g h g v g c ` p g r / c n b h ` w b g r e ` b t r a d u t g s t f g c g n s t ` u t ` j t f g t f r g g e ` u b t r a g s .



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 595

― Ergnkabl `jj pcus vncug? cènc pudcae d`hags ab Zncgbean ergnk `jj n salbaenbtsfnrg `j tfg abergnsg ab ge`b`kae vncug, gvgb aj tfgy `wb b` cnbh. Ab Gblcnbh

tfas h`gs b`t jeanccy tnmg pcneg, dut dgenusg j tfg dr`nh hgbata`b j hgvgc`p-grs‑ e`btraduta`bs `bg kalft e`becuhg tfnt at h`gs tnmg pcneg= ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhstfas as tfg ensg `bcy wfgb tfg kubaeapncaty `wbs tfg cnbh nbh/`r abvgsts nbhsfnrgs tfg rasm.

E`rrgcnta`b watf j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl

\g e`becuhgh ab efnptgr 6 tfnt, wfgb e`kpnrabl tfg tfrgg eùbtrags, tfgrg as n str`ble`rrgcnta`b dgtwggb tfg enpturgh vncug abergnsg (tfg falfgst ab Zncgbean, c`wgr dutncs` falf ab Gblcnbh, nbh c`wgst ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs) nbh tfg p`ssadacatags `jjgrgh dytfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl? >) Ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, tfg cgvgc j egrtnabty

ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs as falfgr tfnb ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (dgj`rg bgl`tanta`bs stnrtnbh hgvgc`pgrs duy tfg cnbh)= 4) Ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, dabhabl rucgs enb abecuhgk`rg prgserapta`bs tfnb ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs= 5) Ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, at as j`rknccyp`ssadcg t` hargetcy e`bhata`b tfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl rucgs `b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeur-abl e`btraduta`bs, wfacg tfg cglnc jrnkgw`rm ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs h`gs b`t pr`vahgtfas p`ssadacaty= 8) Ab Zncgbean, kubaeapncatags enb nvàh hgpgbhgbey `b hgvgc`pgrsnbh cnbh`wbgrs tfnbms t` n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, wfacg ab Gblcnbh nbh tfgBgtfgrcnbhs tfgrg as b` suef p`ssadacaty.

At as ncs` nppnrgbt tfnt tfas as b`t n pgrjget e`rrgcnta`b? tfgrg nrg `tfgr vnrandcgs tfnt

kalft ncs` gxpcnab pnrt `j tfg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg enpturgh vncug abergnsg. @bg suefrgcgvnbt vnrandcg as tfg knrmgt praeg j rgnc gstntg. Xfas as n e`btgxt vnrandcg j tfg s`rtN> hgseradgh ab tfg enusnc k`hgc (sgg sgeta`b 4.8.4). \fgb tfg hntn wns lntfgrgh,fùsabl praegs ab tfg Gblcasf ensgs wgrg salbaenbtcy falfgr (₣ 5,999-7,999 pgr k´ffl``r spneg nbh gvgb k`rg) tfnb praegs ab tfg Zncgbeanb nbh Hutef ensgs (ndùt₣ 4,999-5,999 pgr k´). Xfas eùch pnrtcy gxpcnab wfy Gblcasf hgvgc`pgrs `jjgrgh k`rglgbgrùs e`btraduta`bs tfnb tfgar Hutef eùbtgrpnrts, dut b`t wfy Zncgbeanb hgvgc-`pgrs, hgspatg sakacnr knrmgt praegs watf tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, stacc e`btradutgh s`kgwfntk`rg tfnb tfg Gblcasf nbh kuef k`rg tfnb tfg Hutef. @tfgr vnrandcgs tfnt enb ncs`gxpcnab pnrt `j tfg hajjgrgbegs ab enpturgh vncug abergnsg nrg tfg pcnb nbh satg jgn-

turgs (vnrandcg `j tfg s`rt N>), tfg knrmgts `j w`rmj`reg nbh duachabl kntgrancs, nbhsenc rglakgs (vnrandcg N5), tfg hgbata`b `j tfg e`btgbts nbh lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg `jtfg pcnb (vnrandcg E>), nbh spgeae eareukstnbegs `j tfg abv`cvgh abtgrneta`bs nbhpgrs`bs (vnrandcgs H8 nbh H7).

Tge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef urdnb rglgbgrnta`b prnetaeg

\g snw wfgb hgseradabl tfg rgsgnref pr`dcgk j`r tfas tfgsas (sgeta`b >.7) tfnt Hutefkubaeapncatags usunccy fnvg falf nkdata`bs j`r tfgar pudcae rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs,dut, ab tf`sg ensgs ab wfaef tfg cnbh as b`t ab pudcae fnbhs, tfg hajeuctags ab bnbe-abl tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts (a.g. tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags) fnkpgr tfg

netunc rgncaznta`b `j tfgsg nkdata`bs nbh cgnh t` falf pudcae sudsahags. Xfg bhablsab tfas rgsgnref str`blcy sullgst tfnt tfas as enusgh dy tfg jnet tfnt ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs598

tfg abergnsgh vncug tfnt neerugs jr`k rglgbgrntabl n satg `jtgb ‖cgnms ùt‑. At kalftdg tfnt hgvgc`pgrs pr`t jr`k tfas, tnmabl p`ssgssa`b `j nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j tfg

vncug abergnsg, `r at kalft dg, `pta`bnccy `r nhhata`bnccy, tfnt tfg pr`t knrlab cgnmst` cnbh`wbgrs nbh t` ubrgns`bndcg hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts. \fntgvgr tfg rgns`b, at as njnet tfnt Hutef hgvgc`pgrs h` b`t e`btradutg ns kuef ns tfgar Gblcasf nbh Zncgbeanbeùbtgrpnrts. At as ncs` ecgnr tfnt tfas satunta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs enb dg gxpcnabgh, t`n cnrlg gxtgbt, dy tfg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl.

A h` b`t nssgrt tfnt urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ncwnys lgbgrntgs gbùlfvncug abergnsg t` pny ncc tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts. Tntfgr, tfg ecnak as tfnt, wfntgvgr tfgvncug abergnsg, `jtgb at as b`t nvnacndcg t` pny tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts. Ab `rhgr t` nssgsstfg knlbatuhg `j tfg pr`dcgk, nbh hgspatg tfg cnem `j abj`rknta`b, A gstakntgh tfg

bnbeanc strueturg `j tfg ensgs nbh A e`becuhgh tfnt nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j tfg vncugabergnsg fns cgnmgh ùt. J`r gxnkpcg, ab ensg M`p vnb @`st tfg abatanc pr`t `j tfg`pgrnta`b (a.g. tfg pr`t tnmabl abt` neeùbt n b`b-spgeucntavg cnbh praeg nbh rgns`b-ndcg, b`b-abfflntgh abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts) eùch fnvgdggb dgtwggb ₣ >: nbh ₣ 85 kacca`b. Xfas k`bgy fns cgnmgh ùt abt` spgeucntavgcnbh praegs (nt cgnst ₣ 6.8 kacca`b), pr`dndcy ncs` abt` abfflntgh abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`bnbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts (ndùt ₣ 7 kacca`b), nbh ncs` abt` n p`ssadcg cnrlg pr`t j`rtfg hgvgc`pgr. Xfgsg cgnmnlgs cgjt b` r``k j`r e`btraduta`bs dy tfg hgvgc`pgr t` tfgpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nbh tfus ergntgh tfg bggh j`r pudcae sudsahasnta`b.Ugg Xndcg 8 ab sgeta`b 4.8.5 j`r k`rg hgtnacs `j ensg M`p vnb @`st , nbh Nbbgxgs 8

nbh : j`r hgtnacs j`r tfg `tfgr Hutef ensgs.

At j`cc`ws tfnt, aj at as hgsargh t` akpr`vg e`st rge`vgry ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfas eùchdg nefagvgh dy efnblabl nspgets `j tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` pcnbbabl. Xfg rgst `jtfas efnptgr jèusgs `b tf`sg rucgs tfnt ncc`w Zncgbeanb nbh Gblcasf pudcae d`hagst` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg, nbh abvgstalntgs wfgtfgr nbh f`w tfgyeùch dg abtr`huegh abt` Hutef prnetaeg.

Xfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs sggm t` nbswgr tfg knab rgsgnref qugsta`b, wfaef as tfg snkgns s`cvabl tfg pr`dcgk nhhrgssgh dy tfas rgsgnref, bnkgcy? f`w t` akpr`vg e`st rg-

e`vgry ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, dy stakucntabl tf`sg pnrtags tfnt pr`t jr`k hgvgc`pkgbtt` bnbeg tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts. U`kg `j tfgsg pr`p`sgh rge`kkgbhnta`bs h` b`trgquarg cglnc k`haenta`bs `j Hutef pcnbbabl cnw wfacg `tfgrs h` rgquarg. Xfas asnck`st tfg snkg ns hastabluasfabl dgtwggb rge`kkgbhnta`bs akpcgkgbtndcg ab tfgsf`rt nbh ab tfg c`bl tgrk. Ab nhhata`b, n etataùs gxnkpcg `j nb urdnb rglgbgrn-ta`b sefgkg fns dggb usgh t` accustrntg tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs? Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`bab Uturablgrcnbh . Xfg gxnkpcg fns dggb abspargh dy tfg gxnkpcg usgh ab Zr`k gt nc.(4996) t` accustrntg tfg w`rmabls `j tfg bgw Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net, abtr`huegh `b tfg>st `j Oucy 4996. Ky gxnkpcg as tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j nb `ch hgtgra`rntgh urdnb nrgn,wfaef fns duachabls nbh strggts nbh as havahgh abt` jùr pnregcs N-H (sgg Jalurg 55). Ab

tfg gxnkpcg, tfg ndstrnet rge`kkgbhnta`bs nrg knhg k`rg hgtnacgh, nhnptgh t` tfgspgeae eareukstnbegs. Xfg gxnkpcg as kgnbt t` knmg tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs ecgnrgr.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 597

Jalurg 55. Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b sefgkg ab Uturablgrcnbh .

Utrueturg `j tfas efnptgr

\fgb gbukgrntabl tfg rgcgvnbt rucgs nbh tfg sudsgqugbt rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r

Hutef prnetaeg, A j`cc`w tfg bnrrntavg strueturg sgt ut ab sgeta`b 5.5.5 nbh hastabluasfdgtwggb tfg j`cc`wabl sud-vnrandcgs?>. Ergntabl Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags nbh e`btradu-

ta`bs=4. Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j tfg cglnccy dabhabl rucgs=5. Knmabl tfg cglnccy dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl fas e`b-

traduta`b=8. K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts.

1.> Ergntabl egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg

duachabl p`ssadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs


Fgrg j`cc`ws n sukknry j tfg bhabls tfnt ubhgrpab tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs. Ugg sge-ta`b 6.> j`r k`rg hgtnacs.

Egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags

Kubaeapncatags ab ncc tfrgg eùbtrags, ab `rhgr t` akpr`vg trnbspnrgbey nbh neeùbt-ndacaty ab tfgar pcnbbabl hgeasa`bs, usunccy ergntg egrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs nbh ab

N D

E H



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs59:

hajjgrgbt hglrggs, ndùt wfnt tfg cnbh`wbgr wacc dg ncc`wgh t` duach. Ab tfg Bgtf-grcnbhs, kubaeapncatags usunccy nppr`vg abhaentavg, b`t cglnccy dabhabl pcnbs, nbh

tfgsg abhaentavg pcnbs ergntg s`kg egrtnabty, j`r gxnkpcg B`tn vnb Watlnblspubtgb,Utghgbdùwmubhal Ycnb/Zasag, @btwammgcablspr`lrnkkn, Yr`lrnkkn vnb Gasgb,Knstgrpcnb, Utruetuurpcnb, Utruetuurvasag gte. Ab Gblcnbh s`kgtfabl sakacnr as h`bg,ncs` tfrùlf abhaentavg hèukgbts= ab Zncgbean tfas as nee`kpcasfgh tfrùlf tfg np-pr`vnc `j cglnccy dabhabl Lgbgrnc cnbh usg pcnbs tfnt kust e`vgr tfg gbtarg tgrrat`ry`j tfg kubaeapncaty.

F`wgvgr, tfg bhabls sullgst tfnt k`rg egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh kny rgsuct ab cgss vncugenpturabl. Aj kubaeapncatags prgseradg gnrcy `b ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss duachablp`ssadacatags, at kalft stakucntg cnbh praeg abergnsgs, nbh kubaeapncatags eùch c`sg

n vncundcg bgl`tanta`b t``c. F`wgvgr, egrtnabty ndùt duachabl p`ssadacatags as b`tbgegssnracy hasnhvnbtnlgùs aj nee`kpnbagh dy egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs(sgg dgc`w).


Xfgrg nrg cnrlg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt wfnt tfg cnbh`wbgrwacc fnvg t` e`btradutg t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ab Zncgbean ab tfg gnrcystnlgs tfgrg as falf egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs tfrùlf (>) cglnccy prgseradghkabakuk stnbhnrhs, (4) cènc p`caey, nbh (5) tfg nppr`vnc `j cglnccy dabhabl Lgbgrnccnbh usg pcnbs. Gblcasf kubaeapncatags usunccy ergntg s`kg egrtnabty tfrùlf tfg np-

pr`vnc `j (>) satg-spgeae abhaentavg pcnbs tfnt gstndcasf tfg e`btraduta`bs j`r tfg hg-vgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b, nbh (4) b`b satg-spgeae abhaentavg lgbgrae p`caey hèukgbtstfnt gstndcasf stnbhnrh e`btraduta`bs. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, k`st `j tfg takg tfgrg asb` egrtnabty nt ncc, bgatfgr tfrùlf cglnccy dabhabl b`r abhaentavg hèukgbts, dgj`rgbgl`tanta`bs tnmg pcneg, `r dgj`rg tfg praeg `j tfg cnbh as hgtgrkabgh.

Xfas egrtnabty ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh fns abfflugbegh tfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsgab n p`satavg wny dgenusg? >) at fns c`wgrgh tfg praeg `j tfg cnbh, dgenusg aj tfgrg asb` egrtnabty tfg hgvgc`pgr pnys t`` kuef j`r tfg cnbh nbh fns cgss bnbeanc r``kt` e`btradutg= 4) egrtnabty c`wgrs tfg praeg nt wfaef tfg hgvgc`pgr neeùbts tfg cnbh

ab tfg bnbeanc enceucnta`b `j tfg `pgrnta`b, nbh tfg rglucnr pr`t knrlab tfnt tfghgvgc`pgr naks j`r= (5) egrtnabty lavgs tfg pudcae `jegrs n str`bl p`caey dnsg t` rg-quarg e`btraduta`bs, wfaef h` b`t bggh t` dg abtr`huegh ns s`kgtfabl bgw hurabltfg eùrsg `j tfg bgl`tanta`bs.

1.>.> Uf`rt-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`bs? ergntg Egrtnabty ab

abhaentavg hèukgbts

Nctfùlf ergntabl egrtnabty ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags kalft fnvg bglntavg

e`bsgqugbegs j`r pudcae vncug enpturabl, tfas rgsgnref h`gs b`t rge`kkgbh abergns-abl ubegrtnabty. Uuef n rge`kkgbhnta`b wùch b`t t watfab tfg trgbh ab pcnbbabl



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 59<

p`caey tfnt pursugs trnbspnrgbey nbh prghaetndacaty ndùt juturg hgvgc`pkgbt satgs.Ncs`, tfg bhabls sf`w tfnt tfg p`ssadcg bglntavg gjjgets enb dg e`kpgbsntgh dy

ergntabl dgj`rgfnbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs. Xfus, tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bas tfnt Hutef kubaeapncatags, dgj`rg `r t`lgtfgr watf tfg prgpnrnta`b `j abhaentavgpcnbs, sfùch ergntg egrtnabty ndùt wfaef e`btraduta`bs wacc dg rgquargh jr`k hgvgc-`pgrs. Xfg bgw Utrueturg vasa`b (Utruetuurvasag) enb pcny n egbtrnc r`cg ab nefagvabltfas l`nc. Ab lgbgrnc, at h`gs b`t sggk tfnt tfas rge`kkgbhnta`b wùch gbeùbtgrsalbaenbt rgsastnbeg. Xfg nh`pta`b `j e`st rge`vgry p`caey hèukgbts, `j tfg s`rtsgt ùt fgrg, ts wgcc watfab tfg trnhata`bnc nut`b`ky `j Hutef kubaeapncatags, nbhwatfab tfg cglnc jrnkgw`rm. Xfg bcy dogeta`b eùch dg tfnt tfg prgpnrnta`b j suefhèukgbts rgquargs tfnt kubaeapncatags dgttgr j`rgsgg tfgar juturg bgghs j`r pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Hutef pcnbbabl as efnrnetgrazgh dy dgabl vnlug, `pgb

nbh fflgxadcg ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs. Kubaeapncatags usunccy spgeajynbh hgtnac tfgar rgquargkgbts hurabl tfg pcnb prègss, nhnptabl t` tfg spgeae ear-eukstnbegs nbh bgghs tfnt nrasg ec`sg t` tfg stnrt `j hgvgc`pkgbt netavatags. Xfas asb`t e`kpntadcg watf spgeajyabl juturg e`btraduta`bs ab tfg gnrcy stnlgs. Xfg j`cc`wablwacc pr`vahg k`rg hgtnacs rglnrhabl tfg rge`kkgbhnta`b.

1.>.>.> Egrtnabty ndùt wfnt

Ugeta`b <.4.5 sf`ws tfg e`sts tfnt enb cglnccy dg abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`b-traduta`bs pcnb (Gxpcàtntagpcnb) nbh hgsalbntgs wfaef p`rta`b enb dg efnrlgh t` tfgcnbh`wbgrs. At ncs` sf`ws tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg sgeurgh ab nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt

nlrggkgbt (nbtgragurg vgrggbm`kst ) nbh tfus efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs.

Xfg s`rts `j e`sts tfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nrgcastgh ab tfg bgw 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg, nbh b`t ncc `j tfgk enb dg efnrlght` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Xfas rglucnt`ry dnsg atsgcj as, f`wgvgr, b`t gbùlf j`r ergntablegrtnabty, ns hgvgc`pgrs bggh t` dg ndcg t`? >) neeurntgcy enceucntg ab nb gnrcy stnlg`j tfg prègss tf`sg e`sts tfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb=nbh 4) wfaef p`rta`b tfgy wacc fnvg t` pny ab ensg tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgs suefn pcnb. Xndcg 46 casts tfg nspgets tfnt kubaeapncatags sfùch spgeajy ab `rhgr t` knmgtf`sg enceucnta`bs p`ssadcg.

F`wgvgr, b`t ncc `j tfgsg e`sts enb dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Yr`dndcy `bcypnrt `j tfg e`sts `j rgjurdasfabl `ch gxastabl abjrnstrueturg watfab `r ab tfg akkghantgsurrùbhabls (>n) enb dg efnrlgh, tfg `tfgr pnrt b`t, nbh nbywny tfg knabtgbnbeg/ gxpcàtnta`b e`sts j tfas abjrnstrueturg, wfgtfgr rgjurdasfgh r bgw, enbb`t dg efnrlghnt ncc. Xfg e`bstrueta`b nbh knabtgbnbeg/gxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j sèanc jneacatags (knnt-sefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgb, >n) enbb`t dg efnrlgh= pnrt j tfg e`sts j abjrnstrueturgsgrvabl n wahgr nrgn (4n) enbb`t dg efnrlgh= nbh pr`dndcy e`btraduta`bs t` `tfgrsefgkgs (5n) t`` enbb`t dg efnrlgh. Xfg ncrgnhy abeurrgh e`sts k`st camgcy enbb`tdg efnrlgh. Ab nhhata`b, aj tfg enceucntgh pr`ts h` b`t e`vgr tfg jucc e`sts, tfg hgeat

enbb`t dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs, rglnrhcgss wfgtfgr tfg e`sts jucc ncc tfg eratg-ran knmabl cnbh`wbgrs candcg. Ab rglgbgrnta`b satgs tfas kny dg jrgqugbtcy tfg ensg,



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs5>9

pnrtcy dgenusg tfg kgtf`h `j enceucnta`b `j tfg cnbh e`sts abecuhg tfg falfgst p`s-sadcg praeg, a.g. n knxaknc neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts (abdrgblwnnrhg ab Hutef) abstgnh `j

tfg kabakuk cnbh e`sts (sgg sgeta`b <.4.5 j`r k`rg hgtnacs).

Xndcg 41. Egrtnabty t` dg ergntgh dy Hutef kubaeapncatags, ab nhhata`b t` tfg e`sts castgh ab Xndcg 46,

ndùt tfg e`sts tfnt tfgy wasf t` abecuhg ab nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt.

Entgl`rags `j e`sts tfnt enb dgabecuhgh ab nbtgra`r nlrgg-kgbt

Kubaeapncatags sfùch ergntg egrtnabty dy spgeajyabl tfg j`cc`wabl…

>-7d. Xf`sg e`sts tfnt enb dgabecuhgh ab Hgvgc`pkgbt e`b-traduta`bs pcnb dut b`t efnrlght` cnbh`wbgrs (sgg sgeta`b<.4.5 j`r k`rg hgtnacs)

Xfas as ncrgnhy ecgnr aj kubaeapncatags knmg ecgnr tfnt ncc tfg e`stscastgh nd`vg ab Xndcg 46, ncs` tf`sg tfnt enbb`t dg efnrlgh tfrùlfn Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, wacc dg efnrlgh.

8d. Nhhata`bnc rgquargkgbtsj`r sèanc fùsabl

Tgquargkgbts tfnt kalft fnvg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg hgvgc`pkgbte`sts? j`r rgbtgh ubats g.l. nccènta`b rucgs gvgb aj b`t hgravgh jr`kfùsabl cglascnta`b `r cènc rglucnta`b, `r abhaenta`bs `j knxakukpraeg `j tfg ubats t` dg s`ch t` fùsabl nssèanta`bs= j`r ubats j`rsncg g.l. nccènta`b rucgs rglnrhabl tfg sgcgeta`b `j tfg duygrs gvgbaj b`t hgravgh jr`k fùsabl cglascnta`b `r cènc rglucnta`b, nbh abensg `j b` prgvaùs rgla`bnc nlrggkgbt `b tfas knttgr, abhaenta`bs`j knxakuk sgccabl praegs t` duygrs.

<. E`btraduta`bs t` ‖Upntanchgvgc`pkgbts‑ (ruaktgcaomg b-twammgcablgb) satuntgh ùtsahgtfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b.Xfg e`btraduta`bs enb dg j`re`bstrueta`b e`sts, nbh knydgncs` j`r knabtgbnbeg nbhgxpcàtnta`b e`sts.

Xfg nrlukgbtnta`b sfùch dg tfg snkg ns j`r e`btraduta`bs t` `tfgrsefgkgs `r t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags (5). Xfg 4996 Netprgseradgs tfnt tfg nrlukgbtnta`b kust dg abecuhgh ab n Utrueturgvasa`b (Zr`k gt nc., 4996? 8:-86).

\fgb abstgnh `j nppr`vabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, tfg kubaeapncatynbh tfg hgvgc`pgr nefagvg nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt, at as p`ssadcg t` rg-

e`vgr k`rg e`sts? >) at as p`ssadcg t` abecuhg tfg b`t-e`vgrgh e`sts kgbta`bgh abprgvaùs pnrnlrnpf= 4) nbh ab nhhata`b at as p`ssadcg t` abecuhg ab tfg nlrggkgbts`kg `tfgr e`sts tfnt enbb`t dg abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. @jeùrsg, bnccy tfgrg kust dg gbùlf bnc pr`t (a.g. pr`t nvnacndcg t` tfg hgvgc`pgrt` ncc`w fak t` e`btradutg k`rg) t` pny ncc tfg e`sts, dut watf nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc-`pkgbt nlrggkgbt tfas as gnsagr. Xfg rgns`b as tfnt ab tfas nlrggkgbt pnrtags fnvgtfg jrggh`k t` nlrgg n falfgr `r c`wgr neeùbtgh cnbh praeg, wfacg ab n Hgvgc`p-kgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb tfg neeùbtgh cnbh praeg kust dg tfg knxakuk p`ssadcg(a.g. tfg praeg `j tfg usg `j tfg cnbh njtgr rglgbgrnta`b). Ab `tfgr w`rhs, wfacg abn Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts kust dg tfg vncug `j

tfg cnbh njtgr rglgbgrnta`b, ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt at as p`ssadcg t` nlrgg nvncug tfnt jnccs k`rg ab tfg bgalfdùrf``h `j tfg cnbh usg pra`r t` rglgbgrnta`b.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 5>>

Xfg rge`kkgbhnta`b as tfnt kubaeapncatags tfnt wnbt t` rge`vgr k`rg e`sts sfùchjèus tfgar strntgly `b salbabl nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt watf tfg hgvgc-

`pgr. Xfg rst stgp as t` ergntg egrtnabty ndùt tfg e`sts tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty wasfgst` abecuhg ab tfas nlrggkgbt. Xfas egrtnabty as bgegssnry t` ncc`w hgvgc`pgrs t` neeu-rntgcy enceucntg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh e`btraduta`bs tfgy fnvg t` pny ab nb gnrcystnlg `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss. Xndcg 41 casts wfaef nspgets kubaeapncatags sfùchspgeajy ab `rhgr t` knmg tf`sg enceucnta`bs p`ssadcg.

GVNKYCG @J WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt @bg

Ab ur etataùs gxnkpcg, tfg Kubaeapncaty j Uturablgrcnbh fns ergntgh egrtnabty ndùte`btraduta`bs t` tfg e`sts. Xfgsg e`sts e`vgr d`tf tf`sg tfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab n Hg-

vgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, nbh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt?

>n. Yudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags watfab `r ab tfg akkghantg surrùbhabls `j tfgsatg (knp >n)?• T`nhs t` dg rgjurdasfgh nbh n bgw r`nh t` e`bbget t` tfg lgbgrnc r`nh bgtw`rm=• Xfg sgwgrnlg watfab tfg pcnb nrgn, nbh e`bbgeta`b t` tfg lgbgrnc sgwgrnlg bgt-

w`rm=• N pnrm watf n pcnylrùbh j`r efachrgb=• Nb gstakntg `j tfg knabtgbnbeg/gxpc atnta`b e`sts j`r ncc tfas abjrnstrueturg nbh

jneacatags tfnt sfùch dg efnrlgh t` tfg hgvgc`pgr.

4n? Yudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags sgrvabl n wahgr nrgn (d`vgbwaomsg v``rzagbablgb) (knp 4n)?• T`nh nc`blsahg tfg pcnb nrgn, wfaef kust dg rgjurdasfgh nbh wfaef sgrvgs tfrgg

sefgkgs, abecuhabl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b=• N bgw sgwgrnlg papgcabg tfnt e`bbgets tfg lgbgrnc bgtw`rm t` tfas sefgkg nbh t`

vg tfgr sefgkgs=• N pnrm tfnt sgrvgs tfg gbtarg hastraet=• Nb gstakntg `j tfg knabtgbnbeg/gxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j ncc tfas abjrnstrueturg nbh jn-

eacatags tfnt sfùch dg efnrlgh t` tfg hgvgc`pgr.

5n? E`btraduta`bs t` n jubh kgnbt j`r pnyabl abvgstkgbts ab jj-satg sefgkgs nbh pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags b`t hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b (d`vgb-

pcnbsg vgrgvgbabl/m`stgb). Xfgsg sefgkgs nbh pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nrgtf`sg prgseradgh ab entgl`rags 4 nbh <. Ncs` abecuhgh as tfg gstakntg `j tfg knabtg-bnbeg/gxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j tfas abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnt sfùch dg efnrlgh t`tfg hgvgc`pgr.

8n? Uèanc fùsabl (knp 8)?• N kabakuk pgregbtnlg ab tfas pnrt j tfg eaty (49% j`r rgbt, 49% j r sncg)=

• Abhaenta`bs ndùt cènta`b `j s eanc fùsabl (ab pc`ts nc bl 59 mk pgr fùr-r`nhs)=



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs5>4

• Uèanc fùsabl j r rgbt? fùsabl nssèanta`b _ fns tfg e`kpgtgbeg t` sgcget tfg tgb-nbts nee`rhabl t` eratgran t` dg nlrggh watf tfg kubaeapncaty nbh dnsgh `b fùsabl

cglascnta`b nbh fùsabl cènc rglucnta`bs, tfg `wbgr `j tfg fùsgs kust knabtnabtfg sèanc jubeta`b j`r nt cgnst 47 ygnrs (>7 ygnrs k`rg tfnb tfg cglnc kabakuk),rgbtnc praeg kust dg V% ubhgr tfg knxakuk praeg prgseradgh ab bnta`bnc stnbhnrh(ab Dgscuat `p hg fuurt`gscnl )=

• Uèanc fùsabl j`r sncg? fùsabl nssèanta`b _ fns tfg e`kpgtgbeg t` sgcget tfg duy-grs nee`rhabl t` eratgran t` dg nlrggh watf tfg kubaeapncaty nbh dnsgh `b fùsablcglascnta`b nbh fùsabl cènc rglucnta`bs, tfg duygr enbb`t sgcc tfg fùsg `b tfgjrgg knrmgt j`r nt cgnst >9 ygnrs, nbh tfg sgccabl praeg kust dg, j`cc`wabl n rgla`bncnlrggkgbt watf `tfgr kubaeapncatags, Q% ubhgr tfg knxakuk praeg prgseradgh dyn bnta`bnc stnbhnrh (ab Dgscuat dgfggr sèancg-fuursget`r ) `r ab tfas rgla`bnc nlrgg-

kgbt.

:? Jùr lrggb nrgns wacc dg c`st (vgrc`rgb lglnbg bntuurwnnrhg, lr`gbv``rzagbablgbgb wntgrv``rzagbablgb), `bg `j wfaef as satuntgh watfab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`bnbh wacc dg c`st, nbh tfrgg ùtsahg. Xfrgg lrggb nrgns wacc dg ergntgh `r rgjurdasfgh tè`kpgbsntg tfas c`ss (knp :-<). Ab nhhata`b, ncs` abecuhgh as tfg gstakntg `j tfg knab-tgbnbeg/gxpcàtnta b e`sts tfnt sfùch dg efnrlgh t` tfg hgvgc`pgr.

8d? Nhhata`bnc rgquargkgbts j`r sèanc fùsabl?• Uèanc fùsabl j`r rgbt? fùsabl nssèanta`b _ fns tfg e`kpgtgbeg t` sgcget tfg

tgbnbts nee`rhabl t` eratgran t` dg nlrggh watf tfg kubaeapncaty dut b`t dnsgh `bfùsabl cglascnta`b nbh fùsabl cènc rglucnta`bs. Jurtfgr, ab ensg fùsabl nssèan-ta`b _ duys tfg ubats jr`k tfg hgvgc`pgr, tfg knxakuk sgccabl praeg as t` dg sgt s`tfnt _ h`gs b`t abeur nby c`ss (tfg dghraojswnnrhg)=

• Uèanc fùsabl j`r sncg? fùsabl nssèanta`b _ fns tfg e`kpgtgbeg t sgcget tfgduygrs nee`rhabl t` eratgran t` dg nlrggh watf tfg kubaeapncaty dut b`t dnsgh `bfùsabl cglascnta`b nbh fùsabl cènc rglucnta`bs. Jurtfgr, ab ensg n rgla`bnc nlrgg-kgbt jnacs, tfg sgccabl praeg kust dg Q% ubhgr tfg knxakuk praeg prgseradgh dy nbnta`bnc stnbhnrh (ab Dgscuat dgfggr sèancg-fuursget`r ).

<? ‖Upntanc hgvgc`pkgbts‑ (ruaktgcaomg `btwammgcablgb) satuntgh ùtsahg tfg hgvgc`p-kgbt ab qugsta`b (knp :-<)?• N hastraet j `ch sèanc fùsabl tfnt kust dg rglgbgrntgh=• N bgw Abtgrbnta`bnc E`blrgss Egbtgr=• Lc`dnc enceucnta`b `j tfg e`sts `j d`tf? ₣ 7 nbh ₣ 49 kacca`b rgspgetavgcy=• Nb gstakntg `j tfg knabtgbnbeg/gxpc atnta`b e`sts j tfas abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags

tfnt sfùch dg efnrlgh t` tfg hgvgc`pgr=• Xfg nrgn watfab wfaef ncc hgvgc`pkgbt sefgkgs wacc fnvg t` e`btradutg t` tf`sg

spntanc hgvgc`pkgbts? dgsahgs tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b, ncs` sefgkgs N-K,₣ >99 pgr gnef k´ `j ffl``r spneg.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 5>5

Ncs`, at abecuhgs ‖spntanc hgvgc`pkgbts‑ satuntgh watfab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`bdut wfaef enb `bcy dg efnrlgh aj cndgccgh ns ‖spntanc hgvgc`pkgbts‑ (knp >n)?

• Uef``c, e`kkubaty egbtrg (duurtfuas), sèanc wgcjnrg jneacaty (wgczaob) nbh tfg gs-takntg `j tfg nssèantgh knabtgbnbeg/gxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j tfas abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags tfnt sfùch dg efnrlgh t` tfg hgvgc`pgr.

Knp >n. Yudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags watfab `r ab tfg akkghantg surrùbhabls `j tfg satg abUturablgrcnbh .

knab sg wgrnlg

sèanc

r`nh t` dg rgjurdasfgh bgw r`nh

sef``cpnrm

pcnylrùbh

e`kkubatyegbtrg

sgwgrnlg



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs5>8

Knp 4n. Yudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags sgrvabl n wahgr nrgn ab Uturablgrcnbh

(d`vgbwaomsg v``rzagbablgb).

knab sg wgrnlg

knab sgwgrnlg

r`nh t` dg rgjurdasfgh

pnrm

sgwgrnlg

s`eanc


sef``c

pnrm

pcnylr`ubh

e`kkubatyegbtrg

sgwgrnlg



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 5>7

Knp 8. Uèanc fùsabl ab Uturablgrcnbh .

r`nh t` dg rgjurdasfgh

pnrm

sgwgrnlg

knab sg wgrnlg

knab sgwgrnlgKABAKWK U@EANC F@WUABL?

- 49 % U@EANC X@ TGBX- 49 % U@EANC X@ UNCG

C@ENXA@B?

- NC@BL T@NHU KNV. 59 Mk/fùr

@XFGT TG^WATGKGBXU?

- VVVVV

sèanc


sef``c

pnrm

pcnylrùbh

e`kkubatyegbtrg

sgwgrnlg



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs5>:

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g r g l g b g r n t a ` b s a t g s t f n t , a b n h h a t t a ` b t ` t f g

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k n a b s g w g r n l g

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Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 5><

1.>.>.4 U`rts `j hèukgbts t` ergntg egrtnabty? satg-spgeae hèukgbt,

lgbgrae hèukgbts nbh Lgbgrnc z`babl pcnb

Kubaeapncatags enb ergntg tfas egrtnabty ab hajjgrgbt s`rts `j hèukgbts. Xfgy enbef``sg `bg `r sgvgrnc `j tfgk hgpgbhabl `b tfg spgeae eareukstnbegs nbh knby `jtfg hèukgbts enb e`kpcgkgbt gnef `tfgr. Xfg j`cc`wabl hgk`bstrntgs jùr hajjgr-gbt p`ssadacatags?

Uatg-spgeae hèukgbts

At fns ncrgnhy dggb snah tfnt Hutef kubaeapncatags usunccy w`rm ab gnrcy stnlgs `j tfghgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs t`wnrhs abhaentavg satg-spgeae pcnbs tfnt ergntg hgvgc`p-kgbt gxpgetnta`bs. Nt tfg snkg takg, kubaeapncatags sfùch ncs` abecuhg tfg `dcaln-t`ry e`btraduta`bs ab sakacnr satg-spgeae hèukgbts. Xfgsg satg-spgeae hèukgbts

ndùt e`btraduta`bs enb abecuhg e`btraduta`b entgl`rags > t` < nbh sfùch prgjgrndcydg abecuhgh watfab tfg satg-spgeae pcnbs (ab tfg pcnbs r gbec`sgh ns nb nppgbhax) t`lunrnbtgg n sakuctnbgùs nppr`vnc nbh pudcaenta`b. N p`ssadcg gxnkpcg as tfg >116Ycnbbabl Dragj tfnt prgeghgh tfg bgl`tanta`bs ab ensg Fnrdùrsahg, Gblcnbh. Xfashèukgbt prgseradgh n e`btraduta`b j`r nb `jj-satg jneacaty, tfg `dcalnta`b t` e`kpcywatf cènc sèanc fùsabl p`caey nbh t` pny tfg gbtarg b-satg abjrnstrueturg, abecuhablsàc hge`btnkabnta`b e`sts (j`r k`rg hgtnacs sgg jrnkg :h ab efnptgr :.8.>.>).

Lgbgrae hèukgbt, abtglrnc efnrnetgr

Lgbgrae hèukgbts nrg vncah j`r tfg tgrrat`ry `j tfg gbtarg kubaeapncaty, n pnrt `j at `r

j`r n spgeae entgl`ry `j sefgkgs. Xfgy abecuhg stnbhnrh e`btraduta`bs (s` tfgy h`b`t bgegssnracy abecuhg n knp) jèussabl `b ncc p`caey gchs (sèanc fùsabl, `jj-satgabjrnstrueturg, sèanc jneacatags, gte). Xfg stnbhnrh e`btraduta`bs nrg nppcaendcg t` nbyhgvgc`pkgbt tfnt tnmgs pcneg watfab tfg prghgbgh dùbhnrags `r entgl`rags, j`rgxnkpcg, stnbhnrh e`btraduta`bs j`r lrggbgch satgs, nbh `tfgr stnbhnrhs j`r rglgb-grnta`b satgs. Xfas enb dg n p`caey hèukgbt (b`tn), nppr`vgh nc`bg `r t`lgtfgr watftfg cnbh p`caey hèukgbt (b`tn lr`bhdgcgah ), `r oust n hgeasa`b (dgscuat ) `j tfg CèncEùbeac. Nb gxnkpcg jr`k ndr`nh as tfg hgeasa`b `j tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Zncgbean ab4998, ab wfaef tfg kubaeapncaty spgeagh tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt hgvgc`pgrs sfùchpny/akpcgkgbt, ab nhhata`b t` tfg e`btraduta`bs ncrgnhy gstndcasfgh ab pcnbbabl cgl-

ascnta`b, ab tfg rgz`babl `j j`rkgr abhustranc `r `jegs satgs abt` fùsabl (j`r k`rghgtnacs sgg jrnkg 7a ab efnptgr 7.7.>.4). Nb`tfgr gxnkpcg as tfg 4997 UYH8 hèukgbtjr`k Drast`c, wfaef abecuhgs hgtnacgh stnbhnrh e`btraduta`bs j`r ncc bgw hgvgc`p-kgbts watfab tfg eaty dùbhnrags (j`r k`rg hgtnacs sgg jrnkg :g ab efnptgr :.8.>.>).

Lgbgrae hèukgbt, sget`rnc efnrnetgr

Nb nctgrbntavg t` tfg lgbgrae abtglrnc hèukgbt as n hèukgbt tfnt jèusgs `b spg-eae p`caey gchs, camg sèanc fùsabl. J`r gxnkpcg, cènc sèanc fùsabl p`caey hèu-kgbts enb prgseradg stnbhnrh rgquargkgbts j`r sèanc fùsabl (entgl`rags 8n nbh8d). @tfgr gxnkpcgs abecuhg n p`caey hèukgbt j`r pudcae jneacatags tfnt sgrvg wahg

nrgns (b`tn d`vgbwaomsg v``rzagbablgb, Zr`k, 4996? >4>, >46), wfaef enb prgseradgentgl`rags 4n, 5n, 8n, 8d nbh <= nbh n p`caey hèukgbt j`r c`bl-tgrk abvgstkgbts ab



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs5>6

pudcae abjrnstrueturg (kggronral abvgstgrablspcnb abjrnstruetuur , `p. eat.? >7<), wfaefenb prgseradg entgl`rags 4n, 5n nbh <. Xfg sget`rnc hèukgbt sfùch dg sggb ns n

sge`bh dgst pta`b? tfg abtglrnc hèukgbt as prgjgrndcg dgenusg at lunrnbtggs tfnt ncce`btraduta`bs ab ncc p`caey gchs nrg ecgnr. Tgcyabl `b sget`rnc hèukgbts enrrags tfgabfgrgbt rasm `j jrnlkgbtnta`b nbh cnem `j trnbspnrgbey. D`tf abtglrnc nbh sget`rnclgbgrae hèukgbts enb dg e`kpcgkgbtnry, j`r gxnkpcg nb abtglrnc hèukgbt enbsukknrazg nbh abtglrntg prgserapta`bs jr`k sgvgrnc sget`rnc hèukgbts.

Lgbgrnc z`babl pcnbs

Lgbgrnc z`babl pcnbs e`vgr tfg gbtarg tgrrat`ry `j tfg kubaeapncaty `r n pnrt `j at(watfùt jèusabl `b oust `bg hgvgc`pkgbt satg), nbh enb abecuhg ncc e`st entgl`-rags. Y`ssadcy, tfgy enb ncs` abe`rp`rntg stnbhnrh efnrlgs, kgnbabl tfnt tfgy ncs`

dge`kg Lgbgrae hèukgbts. Ab Hutef prnetaeg tfgrg nrg ncrgnhy knby abhaentavgz`babl pcnbs e`vgrabl tfg gbtarg tgrrat`ry `j tfg kubaeapncaty `r n cnrlg pnrt `j at (g.l.Utruetuurpcnb/Utruetuurvasag), dut usunccy tfgy abecuhg `bcy vnlug prgserapta`bs j`rentgl`rags >n, 4n, 5n nbh <, nbh sny b`tfabl ndùt tfg `tfgrs. Jurtfgrk`rg, tfgsgabhaentavg pcnbs h` b`t usunccy prgseradg wf` as làbl t` pny/akpcgkgbt tfg e`btra-duta`bs.

1.>.>.5 Abhaentavg Utrueturg vasa`b

Ufùch tfgsg s`rts `j hèukgbts (Uatg-spgeae hèukgbt, Lgbgrae hèukgbts nbhLgbgrnc z`babl pcnb) dg j nb abhaentavg r n cglnccy dabhabl efnrnetgr0 At sggks tfnt

abhaentavg pcnbs t dgttgr ab tfg Hutef pcnbbabl eucturg nbh prnetaeg? ab gnrcy stnlgs`j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs, kubaeapncatags usunccy w`rm watf abhaentavg pcnbs, dut b`twatf dabhabl `bgs. Xfg hèukgbts sfùch dg dabhabl j`r tfg pudcae d`hy tfnt np-pr`vgs tfgk, dut b`t j`r tfg usg p`ssadacatags `j tfg cnbh. Xfas kgnbs tfnt tfg gxgeu-tavg d`hy `r tfg Cènc Eùbeac kust tnmg abt` e`bsahgrnta`b tfg e`btgbts `j tfg pcnb,dut enb ncs` hgpnrt jr`k at njtgr pr`pgr nrlukgbtnta`b. Ab tfgr w`rhs, tfg hèukgbtssfùch prgseradg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt‑s dnsae rgquargkgbts tfnt kust dg tnmgb abt` ne-eùbt ns n fnrh stnrtabl pàbt ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs. Hurabl tfg bgl`tanta`bs, kubaeapnc-atags enb e`bsahgr k`haenta`bs ab `rhgr t` nhnpt t` spgeae eareukstnbegs. Nb`tfgrnrlukgbt ab jnvùr j fflgxadcg abhaentavg hèukgbts as tfnt n str`blgr cglnccy dabhabl

efnrnetgr wùch ergntg tfg bgegssaty `j rglucntabl dy cnw d`tf tfg e`btgbts `j tfghèukgbts nbh tfg nppr`vnc/nh`pta`b prèghurg (Zr`k, 4995? >5).

Xfg 4996 Upntanc Ycnbbabl Net abtr`huegh n bgw s`rt `j abhaentavg hèukgbt tfntkny dg tfg ahgnc hèukgbt j`r abecuhabl nby `j tfg kgbta`bgh entgl`rags `j e`stsnbh s`rts `j hèukgbts? tfg Utrueturg vasa`b (Utruetuurvasag). Xfg bgw Net h`gs b`tprgseradg prèghurnc r j`rknc rgquargkgbts j`r tfas hèukgbt. Utrueturg vasa`bs enbabecuhg n dr`nh rnblg `j gcgkgbts? dgsahgs tfg pfysaenc z`babl, ncs` hgtgrkabnta`bsrglnrhabl tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt (nrtaecg 4.>.> 4996 Net). Xfgy enbfnvg nb ùtcabg efnrnetgr, dut ncs` e`btnab hgtnacgh knps nbh hgtgrkabnta`bs (Zr`k,

4995? >>->5). Xfas kgnbs tfnt Uatg-spgeae hèukgbts nbh Lgbgrnc z`babl pcnbs enbdg put ab tfg j`rk `j n Utrueturg vasa`b. Ncs`, n Utrueturg vasa`b enb jèus `b `bg



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 5>1

sablucnr nspget `j pcnbbabl p`caey, `r sgvgrnc nspgets, nbh `b f`w tfg hgvgc`pkgbtsprgseradgh ab at enb dg akpcgkgbtgh (nrtaecg 4.>.4). Xfas kgnbs tfnt Lgbgrae hèu-

kgbts enb ncs` dg sfnpgh ns n Utrueturg vasa`b.

Xfg 4996 Net prgseradgs sgvgrnc harget cabms dgtwggb strueturg vasa`bs nbh e`st rg-e`vgry= j`r s`kg s`rts j e`sts, at as dcalnt`ry t` usg tfg Utrueturg vasa`b ns n vgfaecg?• Jarst, nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts enb abecuhg e`btraduta`bs j`r ‖spntanc

hgvgc`pkgbts‑ (entgl`ry <, ruaktgcaomg btwammgcablgb) `bcy aj prgseradgh dy tfgUtrueturg vasa`b (Zr`k gt nc., 4996? 8:-86, 67). Xndcg 41 nd`vg sf`ws gxnetcywfnt tfg vasa`b kust prgseradg=

• Uge`bh, n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb enb abecuhg tfg `dcalnta`b j`r tfgcnbh`wbgrs t` e`btradutg t` `tfgr sefgkgs `r t` jubhs kgnbt j`r abvgstkgbts

ùtsahg tfg satg ab qugsta`b (entgl`ry 5n, d`vgbpcnbsg vgrgvgbabl/m`stgb) `bcyaj at as prgseradgh dy n Zasa`b (Zr`k gt nc., 4996? 67). Xndcg 46 lavgs k`rg hgtnacsndùt wfnt tfg Zasa`b kust prgseradg.

• Xfarh, eurrgbtcy e`bjusa`b gxasts rglnrhabl tfg hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb ruaktgcaomg`btwammgcablgb, d`vgbpcnbsg vgrgvgbabl/m`stgb nbh d`vgbwaomsg v``rzagbab-

lgb. Dgenusg tfas e`bjusa`b wacc b`t dg rgs`cvgh ubtac ouraspruhgbeg fns hgvgc-`pgh ecgnr eratgran, wfaef wacc tnmg sgvgrnc ygnrs, at as falfcy rge`kkgbhgh t`ncs` abecuhg tfg d`vgbwaomsg v``rzagbablgb ab n Utrueturg vasa`b, watf n sakacnrnrlukgbtnta`b ns j`r ruaktgcaomg `btwammgcablgb nbh d`vgbpcnbsg vgrgvgbabl/ m`stgb (e`bjgr` Dnnrhgwaom, 4996? <71). Xfas wacc prgvgbt p`ssadcg surprasgs ab

tfg eùrts.• Jùrtf, e`kpgbsnta`b e`sts j`r lrggb nbh bnturg nrgns (entgl`ry :, vgrc`rgb lglnbg bntuurwnnrhg, lr`gb- gb wntgrv` rzagbablgb) enb dg abecuhgh ab n Hg-vgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb `bcy aj tfgy nrg ncrgnhy kgbta`bgh ns suef ab np`caey hèukgbt, suef ns n Utrueturg vasa`b. Jurtfgrk`rg, tfas hèukgbt sfùchprgseradg tfg bgegssaty `j e`kpgbsnta`b (Zr`k gt nc., 4996? >>7).

Ab sf`rt, tfg Utrueturg vasa`b sggks b`t `bcy t` dg n c`laenc nbh fnbhy hèukgbt.Ncs`, tfg bgw 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net nbh Hgergg ergntg tfg `dcalnta`b t` usg atj`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, nt cgnst j`r e`st entgl`rags 5n, : nbh < (`p. eat.? 68-67,

>>7). Xfg hèukgbts enb dg rgvagwgh gnef ygnr, t`lgtfgr watf tfg ygnrcy kubaeapncduhlgt, ab `rhgr t` pr`vahg up-t`-hntg enceucnta`bs `j tfg e`btraduta`bs.

GVNKYCG WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt Xw`

Xfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbh fns spgeagh tfg juturg e`btraduta`bs tfrùlf n sgt`j hèukgbts. Xfnbms t` ncc tfgsg hèukgbts, wfgb tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbhabatantgh tfg bgl`tanta`bs watf tfg hgvgc`pgrs, tfg rgquargh e`btraduta`bs wgrg tfg stnrt-abl pàbt. Ncs`, tfg hgvgc`pgrs wf` dùlft pnregcs D, E nbh H (sgg Jalurg 55) t``m abtè`bsahgrnta`b tfgsg e`btraduta`bs ab tfg praeg tfgy nlrggh watf tfg j`rkgr cnbh`wbgrs.

Xfg hèukgbts nrg?



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs549

Utrueturg vasa`b Uturablgrcnbh 4949

N Utrueturg vasa`b e`vgrabl ncc rglgbgrnta`b sefgkgs ab tfg eaty. Xfas hèukgbt e`r-

rgsp`bhs watf tfg s`rt Lgbgrnc z`babl pcnb nbh abecuhgs e`st entgl`rags >n, 4n, : nbh<, ncrgnhy hgtnacgh ab tfg Ynrt @bg `j tfg gxnkpcg.

Fùsabl Y`caey Uturablgrcnbh 4949

X lgtfgr watf tfg Zasa`b 4949, tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgh n Fùsabl Y`caey b`tg j`r tfggbtarg tgrrat`ry j tfg kubaeapncaty. Xfas hèukgbt e`rrgsp`bhs t` tfg Lgbgrae sget`rnchèukgbt typg nbh fns dggb nhhgh t` tfg 4949 Zasa`b ns nb nppgbhax. At abecuhgs e`stentgl`rags 8n nbh 8d, ncrgnhy hgtnacgh ab Ynrt @bg `j tfg gxnkpcg.

Utnbhnrh efnrlgs ab akpcgkgbtnta`b pnrnlrnpf Utrueturg vasa`b Uturablgrcnbh 4949

X`lgtfgr watf tfg Zasa`b 4949, tfg kubaeapncaty nppr`vgh s`kg stnbhnrh efnrlgs,wfaef nppcy j`r ncc hgvgc`pkgbts ab tfg eaty. Xfas hèukgbt e`rrgsp`bhs watf tfg Lg-bgrae hèukgbt typg nbh fns dggb nhhgh t` tfg 4949 Zasa`b ns pnrt j ats akpcgkgbtn-ta`b pnrnlrnpf (uatv`grablspnrnlrnnj ). At abecuhgs sgvgrnc nhhata`bnc prgserapta`bs ndùte`st entgl`ry <, ncrgnhy hgtnacgh ab Ynrt @bg j tfg gxnkpcg? n lc`dnc enceucnta`b j tfge`sts `j ncc ruaktgcaomg btwammgcablgb, gstakntgh nt ₣ 47 kacca`b. \fgb tfas as havahghdy tfg gstakntgh k´ j hwgccabls nbh jeg spneg t` dg duact ab tfg sefgkg ab qugsta`bnbh ab sefgkgs N-K, tfg stnbhnrh e`btraduta`b as ₣>99 pgr k´ `j ffl``r spneg.

1.>.>.8 Xfg egbtrnc l vgrbkgbt stakucntgs kubaeapncatags t` prgpnrg

Lgbgrae hèukgbts

Xfgrg as tfg rasm tfnt gxpgetnta`bs `j juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags nrasg quaemcy nbhentef tfg kubaeapncaty ubprgpnrgh r (`r gvgb ubwaccabl t` prgpnrg) nby j tfg nd`vg-kgbta`bgh s`rts `j hèukgbts. Xfg Gblcasf gxpgragbeg sf`ws tfnt kubaeapncatags h`b`t ncwnys knmg tfg bgegssnry gjj`rts. @bcy njtgr tfg Dratasf egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt dg-lnb t` netavgcy stakucntg tfg nppr`vnc j Lgbgrae abtglrnc hèukgbts, fns tfg bukdgr`j kubaeapncatags tfnt hrnjt tfgsg hèukgbts lr`wb salbaenbtcy. Xfg 4997 UYH8 hè-ukgbt ab Drast`c as nb gxnkpcg `j suef nb abtgrvgbta`b. Xfg Hutef egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt

sfùch j`cc`w tfg Dratasf gxnkpcg, nbh stakucntg kubaeapncatags t` h` tfgar f`kg-w`rm. J`r gxnkpcg, tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt enb stakucntg kubaeapncatags dy prgpnrablk`hgc hèukgbts. At as prgjgrndcg tfnt tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt‑s gjj`rts jèus `b stak-ucntabl Lgbgrae abtglrnc hèukgbts, wfaef enb dg dut h` b`t bgegssnracy fnvg t` dgabtglrntgh ab Lgbgrnc z`babl pcnbs. Xfg nhvnbtnlg `j Lgbgrae abtglrnc hèukgbts astfnt tfgy lunrnbtgg tfnt ncc hgvgc`pkgbts ab tfg kubaeapncaty, jr`k vgry gnrcy stnlgs,stnrt watf n rgns`bndcg cgvgc j egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs. Njtgrwnrhs, begtfg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags nbh tfg hgsargh e`btraduta`bs nrg ecgnrgr, kubaeapnca-tags enb ncs` prgpnrg Uatg-spgeae hèukgbts t` jurtfgr spgeajy tfg e`btraduta`bs. Abtfas tnsm, tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt sfùch w`rm t`lgtfgr watf tfg Nssèanta`b j Bgtf-

grcnbhs Kubaeapncatags (Zgrgbalabl Bghgrcnbhsg Lgkggbtgb), wfaef `jtgb pr`huegsk`hgc hèukgbts j`r hnacy usg dy kubaeapncatags.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 54>

1.>.4 C`bl-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`bs? cglnc k`haenta`bs

J`r tfg c`blgr tgrk, cglnc k`haenta`bs kalft dg bgegssnry t` lunrnbtgg tfnt ab ncckubaeapncatags tfgrg as n kabakuk cgvgc `j egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs. Cglnck`haenta`bs kust dg sggb ns n sge`bh dgst `pta`b, sfùch tfg nd`vg-kgbta`bghv`cubtnry kgnsurgs b`t dg wahgcy nppcagh ab prnetaeg. Xfg cglnc k`haenta`b enb dgnee`kpcasfgh ab tw` wnys? rst dy `dcalabl kubaeapncatags t` prgpnrg Lgbgrae abtg-lrnc hèukgbts, nbh sge`bh dy abtr`hueabl kabakuk stnbhnrh efnrlgs ab pcnbbablcnw. Xfgsg kgnsurgs kny gbeùbtgr s`kg p`cataenc rgsastnbeg. Hutef kubaeapncatagsnrg usgh t` netabl vgry nut`b`kùscy ab hgtgrkababl tfgar pcnbbabl p`caey nbh knysgg tfgsg kgnsurgs ns abtgrjgrgbeg ab tfgar e`kpgtgbegs.

Utakucntabl nbh dcalabl kubaeapncatags t` abtr`hueg Lgbgrae abtglrnc hèukgbtsNs wg fnvg sggb, tfg rst rge`kkgbhnta`b wns t` gcnd`rntg n k`hgc hèukgbt nbht` `jjgr at t` kubaeapncatags, wfaef enb usg at jrggcy nbh h` b`t bggh t` ‖rghase`vgrtfg wfggc‑ `b tfgar `wb. Dut n k`hgc v`cubtnry hèukgbt as b`t gbùlf. Nrtaecg4.>.4 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net sfùch nhh tfg `dcalnta`b tfnt kubaeapncatags nppr`vgn Utrueturg vasa`b spgeaenccy abecuhabl n Lgbgrae abtglrnc hèukgbt, `r t` abecuhgtfas hèukgbt ab tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b pnrnlrnpf `j n dr`nhgr Utrueturg vasa`b. XfgsgUtrueturg vasa`bs kust dg dnsgh b n fflgxadcg dut ncs` dcalnt`ry cast j e`btgbts, n s`rt`j abhgx, t` dg spgeagh ab tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg ab nhhata`b t` tfg netunc cast`j s`rts `j e`sts (nrtaecgs :.4.5 t` :.4.:). Xfas `dcalnt`ry abhgx lunrnbtggs n egrtnab

cgvgc j ubaj`rkaty nk`bl kubaeapncatags, nbh gcakabntgs tfg hnblgr j kubaeapncatagsnppr`vabl hèukgbts tfnt nrg t`` vnlug. Xfas lavgs t` cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrstfg egrtnabty tfnt tfgy enb gxpget tfg snkg e`btraduta`bs gvgrywfgrg ab tfg eùbtry.

GVNKYCG WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt Xfrgg

Xfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt ab Xfg Fnlug as b`t fnppy watf tfg pr`lrgss knhg dy kubaea-pncatags ab gcnd`rntabl nb nhgquntg p`caey dnsg j`r e`st rge`vgry. Uturablgrcnbh, watfats Utrueturg vasa`b 4949 nbh e`kpcgkgbtnry hèukgbts (sgg gxnkpcg Ynrt Xw`), as np`satavg gxegpta`b.

K`hgc hèukgbt

X` stakucntg kubaeapncatags, tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt nbh tfg Nssèanta`b `j Bgtfgr-cnbhs Kubaeapncatags (ZBL) gcnd`rntgh n k`hgc hèukgbt, dnsgh b tfg gxpgragbeg abUturablgrcnbh. At as b`t dcalnt`ry t` j`cc`w tfas k`hgc, dut at enb fgcp kubaeapncatags t`gcnd`rntg tfgar wb hèukgbts.

@dcalnt`ry Utrueturg vasa`b ndùt e`st rge`vgry, nbh dcalnt`ry bnta`bnc cast j e`btgbts

Xfg Fnlug hgeahgs t` l` jurtfgr. Xfg Ynrcankgbt abtr`huegs ab tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Nettfg `dcalnta`b j`r kubaeapncatags t` nppr`vg Utrueturg vasa`bs (ns n sgpnrntg hèukgbt

`r ab ats akpcgkgbtnta`b pnrnlrnpf) jèusabl `b e`st rge`vgry. Ncs`, tfg Ynrcankgbt



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs544

abtr`huegs ab tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg tfg kabakuk t`paes tfnt suef n hèukgbtkust abecuhg, abspargh dy tfg hèukgbts jr`k Uturablgrcnbh. Xfgsg kabakuk t`paes,

wfaef kubaeapncatags kust cc ab, nrg nb gcnd`rnta`b dnsgh `b tfgsg knab entgl`rags?- Uèanc Fùsabl (e`st entgl`rags 8n nbh 8d)=- Yudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags sgrvabl wahgr nrgns (e`st entgl`ry 4n)=- Lrggb/bnturnc nrgns tfnt wacc dg c`st (e`st entgl`ry :)=- Upntanc hgvgc`pkgbts (e`st entgl`ry <).

Abtr`hueabl cglnc kabakuk stnbhnrh efnrlgs nbh prgserapta`bs

Aj, hgspatg tfas cglnc `dcalnta`b, tfgrg nrg stacc knby kubaeapncatags tfnt fnvg b` r fnvgabsujeagbtcy gcnd`rntgh e`st rge`vgry hèukgbts, tfg Hutef egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt

eùch e`bsahgr n sge`bh kgnsurg? n k`haenta`b ab tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg tàbtr`hueg cglnc kabakuk stnbhnrh efnrlgs j`r tfg gbtarg eùbtry. Xfg cglnc stnbhnrhefnrlgs eùch hajjgrgbtantg dgtwggb hajjgrgbt entgl`rags `j hgvgc`pkgbt satgs (g.l.rgsahgbtanc, `jegs, abhustranc, urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, lrggbgch hgvgc`pkgbt). Kaba-kuk stnbhnrh efnrlgs prgseradgh ab cnw fnvg tfg sahg gjjget tfnt tfgy h` b`t cgnvgkuef fflgxadacaty j`r nhnptnta`b t` spgeae eareukstnbegs. Xfgrgj`rg, cglnc kabakukstnbhnrh efnrlgs eùch s`kgtakgs rgjgr t` ùtcabg abstgnh `j hgtnacgh stnbhnrhs, nbheùch prgseradg tfg rgquargkgbt tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty kust jurtfgr fnkkgr tfgkùt ab hgtnac. Netunccy, tfas kgnbs n e`kdabnta`b j cglnc kabakuk stnbhnrh efnrlgsnbh tfg nd`vg kgbta`bgh `dcalnta`b j`r kubaeapncatags t` cc ab nb `dcalnt`ry cast `j

e`btgbts. Xfg Zncgbeanb cglnc stnbhnrh efnrlgs nrg nb gxnkpcg `j suef n e`kdabn-ta`b. Jarst, tfgy abecuhg kabakuk stnbhnrh efnrlgs, k`rg `r cgss hgtnacgh, suef nskabakuk pudcae spneg, kabakuk pudcae duachabls nbh pnrmabl pcnegs hgpgbhabl`b tfg cnbh usg (rgsahgbtanc, abhustranc, gte). Dut tfgy ncs` prgseradg tfg dcalnta`b j`rkubaeapncatags t` prgpnrg cènc pcnbbabl hèukgbts tfnt jurtfgr hgtnac/e`kpcgkgbt nprghgbgh sgt j t`paes (j`r k`rg hgtnacs ndùt Zncgbeanb cglnc stnbhnrh efnrlgs, sggjrnkg 7f ab efnptgr 7.7.>.>).

GVNKYCG WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt Jùr

Hgspatg tfg kgnsurgs, tfgrg nrg stacc knby kubaeapncatags tfnt fnvg b`, `r fnvg absuj-eagbtcy gcnd`rntgh, e`st rge`vgry hèukgbts. Wsunccy, cnrlg eatags fnvg l``h hèu-kgbts, dut sknccgr kubaeapncatags h` b`t. Nb gvncunta`b sf`w tfnt kubaeapncatags watfl``h hèukgbts lgbgrnccy dtnab l``h rgsucts ab prnetaeg, wfacg tfg tfgrs sf`w rgsuctstfnt nrg w`rsg nbh vgry vnragh (s`kgtakgs nhgquntg, s`kgtakgs vgry dnh) hgpgbhabl`b spgeae eareukstnbegs (bgl`tanta`bs smaccs `j abv`cvgh pudcae `jegrs, cènc knrmgteareukstnbegs, quncaty nbh e`kkatkgbt j cènc p`cataeanbs, gte.).

Bnta`bnc hgtnacgh stnbhnrh efnrlgs nbh prgserapta`bs j`r e`st rge`vgry

Xfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt ab Xfg Fnlug hgeahgs t` abtr`hueg ab tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl

Hgergg hgtnacgh stnbhnrh efnrlgs nbh prgseraptavg hgtgrkabnta`bs?



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 545

Utnbhnrh efnrlgs (abspargh jtgb dy tfg hèukgbts j Uturablgrcnbh, sgg Ynrts @bg nbhXw` `j tfg gxnkpcg)?

• Upntanc hgvgc`pkgbts (ruaktgcaomg btwammgcablgb, e`st entgl`ry <)? ₣ >99 pgr gnefbgw k´ `j ffl``r spneg=• C`st lrggb/bnturnc nrgns (vgrc`rgb lglnbg bntuurwnnrhg, lr`gbv``rzagbablgb gb

wntgrv``rzagbablgb, e`st entgl`ry :)? nppcags t` ncc hgvgc`pkgbts, tfg hgvgc`pgr asrgquargh t` sudkat n e`kpgbsnta`b pcnb (aj tfgrg as b` hèukgbt ncrgnhy spgeajy-abl tfg e`kpgbsnta`b cènta`bs), t` akpcgkgbt e`kpgbsnta`b lrggb nbh bnccy t`trnbsjgr at t` tfg kubaeapncaty=

• Uèanc fùsabl (e`st entgl`ry 8n)? n kabakuk `j 49% rgbt ubats nbh 49% sgccablubats, tnmabl neeùbt `j tfg t`tnc k´ `j ffl``r spneg, b`t tfg bukdgr `j ubats, t` prg-vgbt hgvgc`pgrs jr`k e`bstruetabl sèanc fùsgs tfnt nrg t`` skncc.

Yrgseraptavg hgtgrkabnta`bs, t` dg hgtnacgh dy kubaeapncatags?• Yudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags sgrvabl wahgr nrgns (d`vgbwaomsg v``rzagbablgb,

e`st entgl`ry 4)? kubaeapncatags kust efnrnetgrazg tfgk, prgseradg tfg cènta`bs,enceucntg tfg lc`dnc e`sts, nrlug tfg rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags nbh tfg sefgkgs, nbh prgseradg tfg sefgkgs tfnt dgbgt nbh tfg sefgkgstfnt kust e`btradutg=

• Upntanc hgvgc`pkgbts (e`st entgl`ry <)? kubaeapncatags kust rgvagw tfg bnta`bncstnbhnrh efnrlg `j ₣>99 pgr k´, tfnt sgrvgs ns n kabakuk, nbh prgseradg tfgsefgkgs tfnt kust e`btradutg=

• Lrggb/bnturnc nrgns t` dg c`st (e`st entgl`ry :)? kubaeapncatags kust prgseradg tfge`kpgbsnta`b cènta`bs, nbh enceucntg tfg lc`dnc e`sts.

Xfnbms t` tfgsg cglnc stnbhnrh efnrlgs nbh prgserapta`bs, tfg rgquargh kabakuk juturge`btraduta`bs nrg ecgnr ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Xfgsg kgnsurgs fnvg dggb usgjuc gspgeanccyab tf`sg skncc kubaeapncatags tfnt fnh b`t prgpnrgh nby, `r prgpnrgh absujeagbt, e`strge`vgry hèukgbts.

1.4 Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs

Ns sgeta`b 6.4 ncrgnhy sf`wgh, dgabl ndcg t` abecuhg nspgets rgcntgh t` tfg bnbe-abl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags ab dabhabl pcnbs enbfnvg n p`satavg gjjget `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, pcnbbablcnw knmgs at p`ssadcg t` prgseradg ab dabhabl rucgs n wahg rnblg `j rgquargkgbts?e`btraduta`bs t` sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl, e`btraduta`bs t` b-satg nbh `jj-satg pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, e`btraduta`bs t` sèanc jneacatags (knntsefnppgcaomg v``r-zagbablgb), nbh ncs` tfg p`ssadacaty `j prgseradabl abvgstkgbt nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b

sefghucgs j`r tfgsg e`btraduta`bs.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs548

Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, ubtac tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net, b`bg j tfgsg rgquargkgbtseùch dg prgseradgh ab tfg dabhabl rucgs, nbh tfas fnh n bglntavg gjjget `b enpturabl

vncug abergnsg. Xfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net knhg at p`ssadcg j`r tfg rst takg tàbecuhg nck`st ncc tfgsg rgquargkgbts. B`wnhnys, at as p`ssadcy t` abecuhg sèanc/nj-j`rhndcg fùsabl d`tf ab tfg Cnbh usg pcnb nbh tfg hgpnrturgs jr`k at (n pgregbtnlg)nbh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (nccènta`b t` tfg pc`ts nbh bukdgr `jubats). At as ncs` p`ssadcg t` abtr`hueg akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs nbh e`btraduta`bsj`r k`st j tfg b-satg abjrnstrueturg nbh j`r s`kg s`rts j `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg ab tfgHgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. F`wgvgr, tw` cakatnta`bs rgknab?>. At as stacc ubegrtnab wfgtfgr at as p`ssadcg t` prgseradg e`btraduta`bs j`r knab-

tgbnbeg/gxpcàtnta`b e`sts ab lgbgrnc, nbh j`r e`bstrueta`b nbh knabtgbnbeg/ gxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j sèanc jneacatags (knntsefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgb) ab pnr-

taeucnr. Xfg Hutef pnrcankgbt hgeahgh hurabl tfg hgcadgrnta`b `b tfg 4996 CnbhHgvgc`pkgbt Net t` gxecuhg tfg p`ssadacaty `j efnrlabl sèanc jneacatags tfrùlfn Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. Xfus, ncs` njtgr tfg nh`pta`b j tfg 4996 Net,Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnbs enbb`t abecuhg tfgsg e`btraduta`bs, a.g. tfgsgenbb`t dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Dgsahgs tfas, at as b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfaspnrcankgbtnry hgeasa`b fns e`bsgqugbegs b`t `bcy j`r tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btra-duta`bs pcnb, dut ncs` j`r tfg e`btgbts `j nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts. Ajpcnbs enbb`t abecuhg e`btraduta`bs j`r sèanc jneacatags, enb nlrggkgbts0 Eùchsuef e`btraduta`bs dg rgquargh jr`k tfg hgvgc`pgr, `r enb tfgy rgsuct jr`k n uba-cntgrnc ubhgrtnmabl dy tfg hgvgc`pgr (sgg jrnkg <j ab sgeta`b <.4.5)0 Aj hgvgc`pgr

nbh kubaeapncaty nlrgg t` suef n e`btraduta`b ab nb nlrggkgbt, tfas kalft njtgr-wnrhs dg tfg sudoget `j n cglnc abtgrvgbta`b, ab ensg tfgrg as nb nppgnc (Znb hgbDrnbh, abtgrvagw 4996). X` knmg at p`ssadcg t` efnrlg suef e`btraduta`bs watfùttfg rasm j jneabl nppgncs, n sgeta`b sfùch dg nhhgh t` tfg cast j s`rts j e`sts abnrtaecg :.4.7 `j tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg? –a. Uèanc jneacatags‛.4

4. Knby `j tfg e`sts abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb enbb`t dgefnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgr (sgg sgeta`bs <.4.5 nbh 1.>.>.>)? pnrts `j tfg `b-satg ab-jrnstrueturg, tfg gbtarg knabtgbnbeg/gxpcàtnta`b e`sts, n cnrlgr pnrt `j tfg `jj-satgabjrnstrueturg, tfg gbtarg e`sts `j `jj-satg pudcae abvgstkgbts b`t hargetcy rgcntght` tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b, nbh pr`dndcy ncs` b`t tfg e`sts tfnt fnvg dggb

ncrgnhy abeurrgh `b tfg satg. X` knmg at p`ssadcg t` efnrlg tfgsg e`sts tfrùlfn Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, tfg cast `j s`rts `j rge`vgrndcg e`sts (nrtaecgs:.4.5 up t` :.4.: 4996 `j tfg Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg) sfùch dg gbcnrlgh.Ab nhhata`b, b`wnhnys cnbh`wbgrs kust rgegavg tfg falfgst vncug j`r tfgar cnbh,wfaef abergnsgs tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh tfus tfg pr`dndacaty `j n hgeat, nhgeat tfnt kust dg pnah dy tfg kubaeapncaty. X hakabasf tfg p`ssadacaty j n hgeatnbh c`wgr tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts, nrtaecg :.>5.7 `j tfg 4996 Yfysaenc YcnbbablNet, wfaef prgseradgs tfnt nssgsskgbt `j tfg vncug `j cnbh kust j`cc`w gxpr`pran-ta`b cnw, sfùch dg k`hagh. Abstgnh `j j`cc`wabl gxpr`pranta`b cnw, nssgsskgbtsfùch j`cc`w tfg knrmgt vncug dnsgh `b tfg cnbh usg pra`r t` rglgbgrnta`b.

4 Ab Hutef? –a. knntsefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgb.‛



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 547

Xfgsg nrg b`t rge`kkgbhnta`bs tfnt eùch dg abtr`huegh ab tfg sf`rt tgrk, ns tfassf`rte`kabl `j tfg Hutef pcnbbabl systgk enb `bcy dg nhhrgssgh watf cglascntavg

k`haenta`b. Tgcntavgcy spgnmabl, tfg rst bg as gnsagr t` abtr`hueg tfnb tfg sge`bh.

GVNKYCG WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt Javg

N kno`raty ab Ynrcankgbt supp`rts tfg k`haenta`b j nrtaecg :.4.7 j tfg Yfysaenc Ycnb-babl Hgergg t` knmg at p`ssadcg t` efnrlg tfg e`sts j tfg duachabl `j sèanc jneacatags t`cnbh`wbgrs tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg `j tfas sup-p`rt, nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts enb b`w ncs` abecuhg e`btraduta`bs t` tfgsge`sts.

Nhhata`b t` Utrueturg vasa`b Uturablgrcnbh 4949Xfnbms t` tfg rst cglnc k`haenta`b, tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbh as b`w jrgg t`rgquarg n e`btraduta`b j`r sèanc jneacatags. Xfg kubaeapncaty cndgcs ncc tfg sèanc jneaca-tags ns ‖spntanc hgvgc`pkgbts‑ ab tfg Zasa`b 4949, nbh ncs` prgseradgs ab tfas hèukgbttfnt ùr sefgkg nbh sefgkgs N-K kust e`btradutg t` ncc tfgsg sèanc jneacatags. Abt`tnc, tfgsg gbe`kpnss 5 sef``cs (`bg ab ùr sefgkg), 4 e`kkubaty egbtrgs (`bg abùr sefgkg) nbh 4 sèanc wgcjnrg jneacatags (`bg ab ùr sefgkg) (sgg knp :-<). B`wtfg kubaeapncaty enb k`tavntg nbh hgtgrkabg pr`pgrcy wfaef pnrt `j tfg e`sts kust dgefnrlgh t` ùr sefgkg.

Nhhata`b t` Utnbhnrh Efnrlgs ab akpcgkgbtnta`b pnrnlrnpf Utrueturg vasa`b Uturabl-grcnbh 4949

Xfg kubaeapncaty abecuhgs t` tfg stnbhnrh efnrlgs ab tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b pnrnlrnpf`j tfg Utrueturg vasa`b 4949 (sgg Ynrt Xw` `j tfg gxnkpcg) nb`tfgr stnbhnrh efnrlgrglnrhabl sèanc jneacatags. Xfg e`sts j ncc sèanc jneacatags ab tfg hastraet (tfg 5 sef``cs, 4e`kkubaty egbtrgs nbh 4 sèanc wgcjnrg jneacatags) nrg enceucntgh (₣ 49k) nbh havahghdy tfg gstakntgh bukdgr `j hwgccabls nbh k´ `j `jeg spneg t` dg duact ab ùr sefgkgnbh ab sefgkgs N-K. Xfg rgsuctabl stnbhnrh e`btraduta`bs nrg sgt nt ₣>.999 pgr hwgcc-abl nbh ₣69 pgr k´ `j ffl``r spneg j`r `jegs.

Xfg sge`bh rge`kkgbhnta`b (gbcnrlabl tfg cast j s`rts j rge`vgrndcg e`sts nbh k`ha-jyabl tfg nssgsskgbt kgtf`h `j tfg vncug `j cnbh) sggks k`rg hajeuct t` abtr`hueg,ns at rgquargs n k`rg pr`jùbh cglnc k`haenta`b nbh as p`cataenccy sgbsatavg (vncug `jcnbh). Xfgrgj`rg, at wacc tnmg k`rg takg t` fnrbgss tfg bgegssnry supp`rt ab Ynrcankgbt,nbh t` enrgjuccy hgsalb tfg dgst wny `j k`hajyabl tfg cnw. Ats gjjgets wacc dg accustrntghab Ynrt Xgb `j tfas gxnkpcg.

GVNKYCG WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt Uax

Xfg satunta`b ab ùr sefgkg ab Uturablgrcnbh as ns j`cc`ws?



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs54:

E`sts tfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, nbh efnrlgh t` tfg

cnbh`wbgrs?

― Xfg b-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, abecuhabl pnrt `j tfg e`sts j tfg s -eanc jneacatags (tfg cnbh nbh tfg duachabl)? tfg sef``c, e`kkubaty egbtrg nbh sèancwgcjnrg jneacaty (fgrg wg h` ns aj tfg rst cglnc k`haenta`b accustrntgh ab tfg 7 tf pnrt`j tfg gxnkpcg fns tnmgb pcneg), nbh gxecuhabl s`kg j tfg e`sts j rgjurdasfabl tfg`ch r`nhs satuntgh watfab tfg pcnb nrgn, nbh gxecuhabl tfg gbtarg knabtgbnbeg nbhgxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j nby abjrnstrueturg `r jneacaty (sgg knp >n).

― Xfnt pnrt `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nbh `j tfg sèanc jneacatags tfntsgrvg n wahgr nrgn (sgg knps >n nbh 4n) nbh sntasjy tfg tfrgg cglnc eratgran (pr`t ,nttradutndacaty nbh pr`p`rta`bncaty)? tfg kubaeapncaty, tfnbms t` tfg Utrueturg vasa`bUturablgrcnbh 4949 (sgg Ynrt Xw` `j tfg gxnkpcg) enb k`tavntg pr`pgrcy wfaef `j

tfgsg abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags sgrvg n wahgr nrgn, nbh tfus wfaef pnrt j tfg e`stse`rrgsp`bhs t` ùr sefgkg nbh enb tfus dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs.― Uèanc fùsabl (49% rgbtgh, 49% j`r sncg, sgg knp 8n)? tfg kubaeapncaty, tfnbms

t` tfg Fùsabl Y`caey b`tg Uturablgrcnbh 4949 (sgg Ynrt Xw` `j tfg gxnkpcg) enbk`tavntg pr`pgrcy tfas rgquargkgbt.

Xfg j`cc`wabls e`sts pr`dndcy enbb`t dg abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs

pcnb, r enb dg abecuhgh dut pr`dndcy enbb`t dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`p-

grs?

― U`kg e`sts `j rgjurdasfabl tfg `ch r`nhs nbh ncc tfg e`sts `j knabtnababl nbh gx-

pcàtabl d`tf tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh tfg sèanc jneacatags (sgg knp >n)=― Xfg pnrts `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags (abecuhabl tfg s eanc jneacatags)

tfnt sgrvg n wahgr nrgn dut h` b`t sntasjy tfg tfrgg cglnc eratgran (sgg knps >n nbh4n)=

― Ynrt `j tfg e`sts knhg dy tfg kubaeapncaty j r tfg prgpnrnta`b `j pcnbs=― Upntanc hgvgc`pkgbts b`t hargetcy rgcntgh t` tfas sefgkg (sgg knp :-<)=― N hgeat ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb? tfg enceucntgh pr`ts h` b`t e`vgr

tfg e`sts, wfaef nrg vgry falf ab tfas satg hug t` falf abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`stsnbh sàc hge`btnkabnta`b e`sts, dut ncs` hug t` gxpgbsavg cnbh (falf neeùbtghcnbh e`sts). Xfas hgeat enbb`t dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs.

Xfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbh fns tfg nkdata`b `j c`wgrabl tfg neeùbtgh cnbhe`sts t` nefagvg n e`st-bgutrnc pgrnta`b, a.g. tfnt tfg pr`ts pny ncc tfg abv`cvgh e`sts,ncs` tf`sg tfnt enbb`t dg efnrlgh t` tfg hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs ab n Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb. Xfgrgj`rg, tfg Kubaeapncaty fns n str`bl prgjgrgbeg j`r nlrggabl tfge`btraduta`bs ab nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt, abstgnh j nppr`vabl n Hgvgc`p-kgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. Ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt, tfg Kubaeapncaty nbh tfg cnbh-`wbgrs/hgvgc pgrs nrg jrgg t` nlrgg n c`wgr praeg j`r tfg cnbh tfnb ab n Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb. Xfg Kubaeapncaty fns ncrgnhy enceucntgh tfnt aj cnbh as nssgssgh`b ats vncug pra`r t` rglgbgrnta`b, tfgrg wacc dg gbùlf bnc pr`t j`r tfg cnbh`wbgr/

hgvgc`pgr t` pny ncc tfg e`sts.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 54<

Nhhata`bnc e`bsahgrnta`b j`r prgjgrrabl nb nbtgra`r nlrggkgbt

Dgsahgs tfas ge`b`kae e`bsahgrnta`b, tfgrg as nb`tfgr rgns`b j`r tfg Kubaeapncaty t`

prgjgr nb nbtgra`r nlrggkgbt? tfg Kubaeapncaty as jneabl knby hgvgc`pkgbt sefgkgs nttfg snkg takg, nbh fns b` abtgrbnc enpneaty t` knmg, nppr`vg nbh akpcgkgbt n Hgvgc-`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb j`r gnef sefgkg.

1.5 Knmabl dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc `b tfg hgvgc`pgr

sgeurabl fas e`btraduta`bs


Ns sgeta`b 6.5 hgk`bstrntgh gnrcagr, at as bgegssnry t` e`kkat tfg hgvgc`pgr t` sgeurgtfg vncug enpturabl nrrnblgkgbts nbh t` tfg straet hgnhcabgs tfnt kalft fnvg dggbabecuhgh ab tfg dabhabl rucgs. Ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean at as p`ssadcg t` knmg, ab nj`rknc, `pgb nbh harget wny, tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc`b n Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt. Xfas fnppgbs ns j`cc`ws? rst, tfg dabhabl rucgs (Ycnb-babl Ygrkassa`b ab Gblcnbh, Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnk ab Zncgbean), abecuhabl tfge`btraduta`bs nbh hgnhcabgs, dge`kg pr`vasa`bnccy nppr`vgh j`cc`wabl nb gxtgbsavgprèghurg. Xfg kubaeapncaty pgbcy e`bhata`bs tfg hgbatg nppr`vnc t` nb nlrggkgbt

tfnt sgeurgs tfgsg e`btraduta`bs nbh hgnhcabgs. \fgb tfg nlrggkgbt as sgncgh, tfgkubaeapncaty, watfùt tfg bggh `j jurtfgr gxtgbsavg prèghurgs, nppr`vgs tfg dabhablrucgs hgbatgcy. Aj suef nb nlrggkgbt as b`t rgnefgh, tfg dabhabl rucgs bgvgr e`kgabt` j`reg. Xfas ecgnr nbh `pgb e`bhata`babl sggks t` fnvg akpr`vgh pudcae vncugenpturabl, nbh spgeanccy tfg spggh `j pcnb akpcgkgbtnta`b.

Netunc prnetaeg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs? abj`rknc e`bhata`babl

Ab prnetaeg, Hutef kubaeapncatags ncs` `jtgb e`bhata`b tfg Cnbh usg pcnb nbh hgpnr-turgs jr`k at `b sgeurabl e`btraduta`bs= f`wgvgr, tfgy h` b`t fnvg tfg j`rknc p`s-sadacaty `j hàbl s` ab nb `pgb nbh strnalftj`rwnrh wny, ns ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh.

Xfas enb fnvg bglntavg sahg-gjjgets? >) ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs kubaeapncatags f`ch dnemtfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Cnbh usg pcnb ubtac nb nlrggkgbt fns dggb nefagvgh, s` njtgrnefagvabl tfg nlrggkgbt tfg pcnb kust j`cc`w nb gxtgbsavg prèghurg (abecuhablpudcae pnrtaeapnta`b), wfaef kgnbs tfnt tfgrg as tfg rasm tfnt tfg Cnbh usg pcnb dg-e`kgs nbbuccgh `r sgraùscy k`hagh= 4) tfgrg as tfg p`ssadacaty tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgrnppgncs t` tfg eùrts nlnabst nb akpr`pgr usg j stntut`ry p`wgrs= nbh 5) at knmgs nb`pgb nbh trnbspnrgbt pudcae haseùrsg `j tfg kubaeapncaty vgry hajeuct, dgenusg nb`pgb e`bhata`babl as accglnc (sgg sgeta`b <.8.5.>).

E`bsgqugbegs 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net

Uabeg tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net, Hutef kubaeapncatags, pr`vahgh tfgy nppr`vg nHgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, enb knmg lrnbtabl tfg duachabl pgrkat e`bhata`bnc



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 541

haseussgh tfg nppcaenta`b watf tfg hgvgc`pgr, nbh ncrgnhy e`becuhgh tfnt ats pfysaencnbh jubeta`bnc efnrnetgrastaes nrg neegptndcg, tfgrg as netunccy cattcg r``k cgjt t` rgjusg

(Lgrratsgb, 49>9? 4:). Xfus tfg kubaeapncaty sfùch hgeahg watfab galft wggms nbh, ajj`r gxnkpcg tfg nppcaenta`b ts watfab tfg Utrueturg vasa`b, `r aj tfg kubaeapncaty fnspudcaecy ncrgnhy nlrggh t` tfg pfysaenc nbh jubeta`bnc efnrnetgrastaes `j tfg nppcaen-ta`bs, at kny dg `dcalgh t` sny –ygs‛ nbh nppr`vg n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb.

1.5.> Uf`rt-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? nctgrbntavg wnys `j

e`bhata`babl

Nctfùlf `pgb nbh strnalftj`rwnrh e`bhata`babl as b`t ncc`wgh, tfgrg nrg s`kg nc-

tgrbntavg wnys, nbh tfg bgw 4996 Net fns nhhgh nhhata`bnc p`ssadacatags. Fgrg j`cc`ws`kg rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r netabl b tfgsg nctgrbntavg p`ssadacatags, wfaef h` b`t rg-quarg nby cglnc k`haenta`b. Ab lgbgrnc, akpcgkgbtnta`b `j tfgsg rge`kkgbhnta`bssfùch b`t gbeùbtgr salbaenbt rgsastnbeg, dgenusg tfgy nrg n e`btabunta`b nbhrgbgkgbt `j cènc prnetaeg. Bgvgrtfgcgss, tfgsg nctgrbntavg p`ssadacatags fnvg s`kgbglntavg sahg gjjgets. J`r tfas rgns`b A pr`vahg ab tfg j`cc`wabl sgeta`b n sge`bh lrùp`j rge`kkgbhnta`bs tfnt h` rgquarg s`kg cglnc k`haenta`bs.

E`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg Gxpcnbnta`b `j tfg Cnbh usg pcnb

Xfg rst nctgrbntavg as t` abecuhg ab tfg Gxpcnbnta`b (X`gcaeftabl ) `j tfg hrnjt Cnbh

usg pcnb e`bsahgrnta`bs rgcntgh t` tfg ge`b`kae ‖pgrj`rkndacaty‑ `j tfg pcnb (ge`b`-kasefg uatv`grdnnrfgah ab Hutef)? tfgsg nrg tfg e`bhata`bs tfnt nrg bgghgh t` ak-pcgkgbt tfg pcnb, tfg bgegssnry e`btraduta`bs, wfgtfgr tfgrg nrg gbùlf bnbeancsùregs, sudsahags, gte. Dnsgh b tfas pnrnlrnpf, tfg kubaeapncaty enb nrlug tfnt e`b-traduta`bs nrg bgegssnry j`r tfg ge`b`kae jgnsadacaty `j tfg pcnb. Aj tfg e`btraduta`bsnrg b`t sgeurgh, tfg pcnb as b`t jgnsadcg, nbh enb tfus b`t dg nppr`vgh. Xfas nctgrbn-tavg fns s`kg bglntavg sahg gjjgets, vgry sakacnr t` tfg nd`vg kgbta`bgh bglntavg sahggjjgets `j tfg prnetaeg `j abj`rknc e`bhata`babl?>. Yrèghurnc rasms? njtgr tfg sgncabl j Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt, tfg Cnbh usg pcnb

(`r hgpnrturg jr`k at) kust j`cc`w tfg e`kpcgtg prèghurg, wfaef akpcags n rasm

`j hgcny nbh k`haenta`bs dgenusg `j `dogeta`bs nbh nppgncs. J`rknccy spgnm-abl, nlrggkgbts enbb`t rgstraet tfg hgeasa`b-knmabl p`wgr j tfg Cènc Eùbeac.Ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, tfg prèghurg `j nppr`vnc `j tfg dabhabl pcnb prgeghgstfg sgncabl `j tfg nlrggkgbt, njtgr wfaef tfgrg as `bcy n sf`rt hgbatg nppr`vnc(sgg Jalurg 58). Xfas kgnbs tfnt ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, pnrtags enb sgnc tfgnlrggkgbt watf n falf egrtnabty tfnt tfg z`babl pcnb as b`t làbl t` dg k`ha-gh, nbh tfnt tfgrg wacc dg b` hgcny. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, nlrggkgbts nrg ncwnyssudogetgh t` tfg p`ssadacaty tfnt njtgrwnrhs tfg Cnbh usg pcnb wacc dg k`hagh rats nppr`vnc wacc dg hgcnygh (Zr`k gt nc.? 7>)=

4. Nppgnc rasms? aj n kubaeapncaty rgjusgs t` nppr`vg n Cnbh usg pcnb dgenusg tfg

hgvgc`pgr h`gs b`t sgeurg e`btraduta`bs, tfgrg as ncwnys n rasm `j nb nppgnc t`tfg eùrts. Abharget e`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg Gxpcnbnta`b as b`t tfg snkg ns gbu-



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs559

kgrntabl, `pgbcy, ab n kubaeapnc hgeasa`b, tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgrfns t` sgeurg ab gxefnblg j`r hgbatg nppr`vnc j tfg dabhabl rucgs. Kubaeapnca-

tags ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs bggh t` pr`pgrcy nbh enrgjuccy nrlug wfy akpcgkgbtnta`bas b`t jgnsadcg nbh tfus wfy nppr`vnc as b`t p`ssadcg. Xfas as b`t ncwnys gnsy? ajakpcgkgbtnta`b sggks jgnsadcg, kubaeapncatags enbb`t rgjusg, gvgb aj hgvgc`pgrsfnvg b`t sgeurgh ncc tfg e`btraduta`bs (t` ‖c``m camg dgabl jgnsadcg‑ as hajjgrgbttfnb t` ‖dg sgeurgh‑). Xfg abtr`hueta`b j tfg 4996 Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net nhhghnb nhhata`bnc hasnhvnbtnlg? n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb sgeurgs ab tfg`rypnrt `j tfg bgghgh e`btraduta`bs, s` tfg kubaeapncaty kalft b`t dg ndcg t` usgtfg nrlukgbt `j pgrj`rkndacaty. Ns hgk`bstrntgh nd`vg, n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btra-duta`bs pcnb as cgss sgeurg tfnb `bg kny tfabm. Ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, tfgrg asb` bggh j`r e`kpcgx nrlukgbtnta`b? pcnbbabl cnw gstndcasfgs tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr

fns t` sgeurg tfg e`btraduta`bs stntgh ab tfg pr`vasa`bnccy nppr`vgh hèukgbt,ns n e`bhata`b j`r hgbatavg nppr`vnc=5. Abe`blrugbt kubaeapnc pudcae haseùrsg? abharget e`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg Gx-

pcnbnta`b p`sgs n tfrgnt t` tfg erghadacaty j tfg kubaeapncaty‑s pudcae haseùrsg,wfaef ab prnetaeg kny bggh t` fahg s`kg `j tfg ‖rgnc rgns`bs‑ j`r tfg nppr`vnc `rrgjusnc j Cnbh usg pcnbs. Ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, tfg ‖rgnc rgns`bs‑ nrg pudcaecynppr`vgh dy tfg Cènc Eùbeac, nbh j`rk tfg `pgb nbh trnbspnrgbt eratgran j`rnssgssabl wfgtfgr `r b`t t` j`rknccy nppr`vg tfg dabhabl rucgs.

E`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nbh pr`pgr e`st

rge`vgry p`caey hèukgbtsXfg 4996 Net fns abtr`huegh n sge`bh nctgrbntavg. Njtgr n pcnbbabl nppcaenta`b fnsdggb sudkattgh, wfaef rgquargs tfg k`haenta`b `r hgpnrturg jr`k tfg Cnbh usgpcnb, tfg kubaeapncaty enb enceucntg wfnt wùch dg tfg e`sts nbh wfaef pnrt eùchdg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb.Uuef n enceucnta`b (gxpcàtntag`pzgt ab Hutef) as pnrt `j tfg pcnb. Xfg kubaeapncatykny nsm tfg nppcaenbt t` pgrj`rk tfg enceucnta`b, abstgnh `j hàbl at atsgcj. Aj kubaea-pncatags nppcy tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs ab efnptgr 1.> t` knmg nbh nh`pt e`st rge`vgryp`caey hèukgbts (satg-spgeae, lgbgrae hèukgbts `r lgbgrnc z`babl pcnbs), tfgyenb pr`pgrcy oustajy ncc tfg rgcntgh e`sts j`r pr`vahabl pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneaca-

tags (nbh, ab ensg tfg nppcaenbt pr`vahgs tfg enceucnta`bs, kubaeapncatags enb nrlugwfy ncc tfg e`sts kust dg abecuhgh). Xfas as gspgeanccy akp`rtnbt j`r pudcae abjrn-strueturg nbh jneacatags tfnt l` dgy`bh tfg nds`cutgcy bgegssnry `b-satg abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b. Xfnt as, tfg kubaeapncatags enb nhgquntgcy hgjgbh tfg stntgkgbt tfnt tfgnppcaenta`b abv`cvgs e`sts tfnt surpnss kabakuk b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, nbhncs` abecuhg wahgr e`btraduta`bs t` `tfgr pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags watfabnbh ùtsahg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg ab qugsta`b.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 55>

Jalurg 58. Bgl`tanta`bs, sgncabl `j Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt nbh nppr`vnc `j cglnccy dabhabl z`babl

pcnb ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs ab Zncgbean, Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs.

Xfgsg e`st rge`vgry p`caey hèukgbts nrg vgry akp`rtnbt. \atfùt tfgk, tfg kubaea-pncaty wùch k`st pr`dndcy b`t dg ndcg t` enceucntg nbh pr`pgrcy nrlug tfg e`sts,egrtnabcy b`t watfab tfg stapucntgh galft wggms pgra`h j`r rgsp`bhabl t` nppcaenta`bs.Nbh, ab ensg at as tfg nppcaenbt tfnt kust knmg tfg enceucnta`bs, tfg kubaeapncaty

wùch ncs` b`t dg ndcg t` pr`pgrcy nrlug wfy tfg nppcaenbt sfùch abecuhg ncc tf`sge`sts tfnt nrg b`t straetcy bgghgh j`r `b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. At as camgcy tfnt

gvgbtunc abj`rknc bglèanta`b

prèghurg z`babl pcnb (YNA rgsp. Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b)

Yr`vasa`bnc nppr`vnc z`babl pcnb

sgncabl Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt

hgjabatavg nppr`vnc z`babl pcnb

bgl`tanta`b t`wnrhs Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt

pnssnlg `j takg

HGZGC@YKGBX YT@EGUU AB ZNCGBEAN NBH GBLGCNBH

gvgbtunc abj`rknc bglèanta`b

bglèanta`b t`wnrhs Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt (rgncasntag`vgrggbm`kst)

sgncabl Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt

hgjabatavg nppr`vnc z`babl pcnb

prèghueg z`babl pcnb (dgstgkkablspcnb `r hgpnrturg)

pnssnlg `j takg

HGZGC@YKGBX YT@EGUU AB XFG BGXFGTCNBHU



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs554

tfg nppcaenbt wacc e`bsahgr tfgk ns ‖gxtrn‑ e`sts nbh wacc b`t dg waccabl t` abecuhgtfgk ns pnrt `j tfg e`sts tfnt kust dg efnrlgh t` fas pcnb. Ab ensg tfg enceucnta`b

knmgs ecgnr tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty enbb`t rge`vgr ncc tfg e`sts tfrùlf tfg Hgvgc`p-kgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (wfaef as b`t ubtfabmndcg, gspgeanccy ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b,nbh gspgeanccy aj tfg e`sts abv`cvg b`t bcy kabakuk abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b dut ncs`wahgr e`btraduta`bs), kubaeapncatags enb pgbcy rgjusg t` prègss nbh t` nppr`vg tfgHgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, nrluabl tfnt tfgy enbb`t dgnr tfas hgeat (Zr`k gtnc., 4996? >9:). Xfas as gquavncgbt t` rgjusabl t` nppr`vg tfg Cnbh usg pcnb.

Xfas e`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb fns s`kg nhvnbtnlgse`kpnrgh watf e`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg Gxpcnbnta`b ab tfg Cnbh usg pcnb. Jarst, atrghuegs tfg p`ssadacaty j sueegss j tfg hgvgc`pgrs nppgnc (sahg gjjget 4) dgenusg tfg

kubaeapncaty enb dgttgr nrlug tfg b`b-jgnsadacaty `j tfg pròget. Uge`bh, kubaeapnca-tags enb dg `pgb ndùt tfgar hgeasa`b (sahg gjjget 5). F`wgvgr, aj tfg hgvgc`pgr wnbtst` sgeurg `bcy tfg nhhata`bnc e`sts (dut b`t tf`sg e`sts tfnt enb dg efnrlgh tfrùlfn Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb) kubaeapncatags enbb`t usg tfg nrlukgbt `j ge`-b`kae jgnsadacaty t` rgjusg tfg nppcaenta`b. Xfg rgns`b as tfnt tfg e`sts tfnt enb dgefnrlgh nrg tfg`rgtaenccy lunrnbtggh, gvgb aj tfg hgvgc`pgr h`gs b`t wnbt t` sgnc tfgnlrggkgbt? tfg kubaeapncaty as gxpgetgh t` nppr`vg tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bspcnb nbh cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs nrg gxpgetgh t` pny tfgsg e`sts wfgb `dtnababl nduachabl pgrkat. Xfg kubaeapncaty kust tfgrgj`rg nppr`vg n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btradu-ta`bs pcnb, wfaef wns gxnetcy wfnt at wnbtgh t` nvàh dgenusg `j tfg kgbta`bgh

hasnhvnbtnlgs, rasms nbh e`sts `j fnvabl t` nppr`vg at. Ab nby segbnra`, sahg gjjget >rgknabs? njtgr tfg sgncabl `j nb nbtgra`r Nlrggkgbt, tfg Cnbh usg pcnb stacc fns t` dgprègssgh, wfaef enrrags watf at tfg rasm `j k`haenta`bs nbh hgcny.

GVNKYCG WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt Ugvgb

Xfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbh `wbs pnregc N, Hgvgc`pgr D `wbs pnregc D, Hgvgc-`pgr E `wbs pnregc E nbh Hgvgc`pgr H `wbs pnregc H (sgg Jalurg 55).

E`bhata`babl tfg Cnbh usg pcnb tfrùlf Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nbh pr`pgr

e`st rge`vgry p`caey hèukgbtsHgvgc`pgr D sudkattgh nt k`kgbt 9 nb nppcaenta`b j`r k`haenta`b `j tfg Cnbh usgpcnb. Xfg abatantavg as ab cabg watf tfg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b p`caey j Uturablgrcnbh, wfaefas prgseradgh ab tfg Utrueturg vasa`b 4949 (sgg Ynrt Xw` `j tfg gxnkpcg). Xfg kubaeapnc-aty hgeahgh t` stakucntg tfg abatantavg, dut nh`ptabl n ‖jneacatntabl‑ r`cg, a.g. cgnvabl tfgakpcgkgbtnta`b t` tfg hgvgc`pgr. Xfg kubaeapncaty enceucntgh (ab nb gxpcàtntag`pzgt )tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg nttradutgh t` tfg pcnb tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb.Xfnbms t` tfg Utrueturg vasa`b 4949 nbh ats akpcgkgbtnta`b pnrnlrnpf, tfg kubaeapnc-aty enceucntgh ralft nwny tfg t`tnc e`sts, nbh k`tavntgh tfgk pr`pgrcy. \atfùt tfgsghèukgbts tfg kubaeapncaty wùch b`t fnvg dggb ndcg t` k`tavntg gatfgr tfg e`b-

traduta`b j`r tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnt sgrvg n wahgr nrgn (tfg r`nh



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 555

t` dg rgjurdasfgh, tfg sgwgrnlg nbh pnrm), `r tfg e`btraduta`bs j`r tfg ‖spntanc hg-vgc`pkgbts‑ (tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg sèanc fùsabl bgalfdùrf``h, tfg Abtgrbnta`bnc

E`blrgss Egbtgr nbh tfg sèanc jneacatags), `r tfg e`kpgbsnta`b lrggb nrgns pr`vahghns n e`kpgbsnta`b j`r tfg c`st lrggb nrgns (jùr nrgns, t` dg e`kpgbsntgh watf tfrggbgw/rgjurdasfgh `bgs). At turbgh ùt tfnt b`t ncc `j tfgsg e`sts eùch dg efnrlgh t` tfgcnbh`wbgrs tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (sgg Ynrt Uax `j tfg gxnkpcg).Jurtfgr, tfg pr`ts jr`k sgccabl tfg rgnc gstntg wùch b`t e`vgr ncc tfg efnrlgndcg e`sts(tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs) aj tfg cnbh wgrg t` dg npprnasgh nttfg knrmgt vncug watf tfg juturg usg p`ssadacatags. Ab nhhata`b t` tfas hgeat, tfgrg wgrgsalbaenbt e`sts tfnt wgrg b`t sgeurgh? tfg `tfgr sefgkgs tfnt wgrg supp`sgh t` pnytfg jneacatags sgrvabl n wahgr nrgn nbh tfg ‖spntanc hgvgc`pkgbts‑ fnh b`t ygt dggb hg-vgc`pgh, s` tfgar e`btraduta`b wns stacc ubegrtnab. Ns tfg kubaeapncaty fnh b` bnbeanc

rgsùregs t` pny tfgsg e`sts, tfg kubaeapncaty wns ndcg t` pr`pgrcy k`tavntg tfnt tfgabvgstkgbts wgrg b`t sgeurgh nbh tfus tfg Cnbh usg pcnb eùch b`t dg k`hagh. Ab`tfgr w`rhs, tfg kubaeapncaty wns ndcg t` pr`pgrcy nrlug wfy tfg nppcaenta`b j hgvgc-`pgr D fnh t` dg rgjusgh.

Xfg enceucnta bs knhg ecgnr tfnt tfg pr`ts wgrg cnrlg gbùlf t` e`vgr ncc tfg e`sts, nsc`bl ns tfg cnbh as b`t npprnasgh nt tfg jucc knrmgt praeg watf tfg juturg usg p`ssadaca-tags. Xfg kubaeapncaty knhg ecgnr t` Hgvgc`pgr D tfnt fg fnh t` pny ncc tfg e`sts, a.g. t`neegpt n c`wgr praeg j`r tfg cnbh. D`tf gbtgrgh bgl`tanta`bs tfnt gbhgh ab Hgvgc`pgr Dnlrggabl watf tfg kubaeapnc rgquargkgbts. Dgc`w, tfas gxnkpcg as w`rmgh ùt ab tfrgg

nctgrbntavg segbnra`s? An, Ad nbh AA?• Uegbnra` An? Hgvgc`pgr D sueegghs ab duyabl ncc tfg cnbh j`r n c`w praeg=• Uegbnra` Ad? Hgvgc`pgr D sueegghs ab duyabl ncc tfg cnbh j`r n c w praeg nbh harget

e`bhata`babl `j tfg Cnbh usg pcnb as knhg p`ssadcg tfrùlf n cglnc k`haenta`b=• Uegbnra` AA? Hgvgc`pgr D as b`t sueegssjuc ab duyabl ncc tfg cnbh j`r n c`w praeg (sgg

sgeta`b 1.8).

Dgc`w, segbnra` An as w`rmgh ùt, wfacg tfg `tfgr segbnra`s nrg gxpnbhgh ab sudsg-qugbt p`rta`b.

Uegbnra` An? Hgvgc`pgr D sueegghs ab duyabl ncc tfg cnbh j`r n c`w praegHgvgc`pgr D sueegghgh ab duyabl ncc tfg cnbh jr`k tfg Kubaeapncaty nbh jr`k Hgvgc-`pgr E nbh Hgvgc`pgr H j`r n praeg tfnt ncc`wgh fak t` pny ncc tfg e`sts, a.g. j`r n praegc`wgr tfnb tfg jucc knrmgt praeg watf tfg juturg usg p`ssadacatags. Fg salbgh nb nbtgra`rHgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt watf tfg Kubaeapncaty sgeurabl tfg e`sts tfnt eùch b`t dgefnrlgh tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. F`wgvgr, Hgvgc`pgr D rgjusgh t`sgeurg tfg e`sts tfnt wgrg supp`sgh t` dg rge`vgrgh tfrùlf tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`b-traduta`bs pcnb. Nee`rhabl t` pcnbbabl cnw, tfg Kubaeapncaty enb rge`vgr tfgsg e`stswfgb lrnbtabl tfg duachabl pgrkats. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, tfg Kubaeapncaty eùch b`trgjusg tfg nppcaenta`b dgenusg tfgsg e`sts wgrg ab tfg`ry ncrgnhy sgeurgh. Xfg Kubaea-

pncaty fnh t` nppr`vg tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, t`lgtfgr watf tfg Cnbh usg



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs558

pcnb, wfaef wns haspcgnsabl j`r tfg cènc p`cataeanbs. Xfg Kubaeapncaty fnh t` nhvnbegtfg abvgstkgbt j`r rgjurdasfabl tfg r`nh, tfg purefnsg j tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r tfg sef``c,

e`kkubaty egbtrg, pnrm nbh sp`rt gch, nbh ncs` s`kg abvgstkgbts j`r nb abjrnstrueturgtfnt sgrvgs n wahgr nrgn (g.l. rgjurdasfabl tfg nhonegbt r`nh, nbh e`btraduta`bs t` tfgrjneacatags ab tfg hastraet). Ncs`, tfg kubaeapncaty fnh t` jneg k`rg rasms? rst, tfgr pnrtagssudkattgh nppgncs nlnabst tfg Cnbh usg pcnb, wfaef fnh t` dg k`hagh nbh sujjgrghhgcny (sahg gjjget >)= nbh sge`bh, Hgvgc`pgr D hgcnygh fas nppcaenta`b j`r n duachablpgrkat (dgenusg `j knrmgt eareukstnbegs), s` bnccy tfg kubaeapncaty fnh t` hgnc watftfg bnbeanc e`sts `j tfg hgcny.

@b tfg p`satavg sahg, tfg Kubaeapncaty fnh abatanccy n str`bl nrlukgbtnta`b t` rgjusgtfg nppcaenta`b, s` tfg rasms j nppgncs nlnabst ats rgqugst t` sgnc nb nbtgra`r nlrggkgbt

wgrg c`wgr (sahg gjjget 4). Xfnt as wfy hgvgc`pgr D nlrggh t` sgeurg nt cgnst pnrt `j tfge`sts. Jurtfgrk`rg, tfg kubaeapncaty eùch dg `pgb ndùt tfg rgnc rgns`bs dgfabh ne-egptabl `r rgjusabl tfg nppcaenta`b (sahg gjjget 5).

1.5.4 C`bl-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? harget e`bhata`babl tfrùlf

cglnc k`haenta`b

Ns sf`wb, sf`rt-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`bs cgnvg s`kg bglntavg sahg gjjgets ubrgs`cvgh?gvgb aj tfg kubaeapncaty sueegssjuccy sgncs nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt, tfgCnbh usg pcnb stacc fns t` dg prègssgh. Xfas enrrags tfg rasm j k`haenta`b nbh hgcny(sahg gjjget >). Y`ssadcy, aj tfg hgvgc`pgr as b`t waccabl t` sgeurg tfg e`sts tfnt tfg`-rgtaenccy enb dg efnrlgh tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, kubaeapncatagskalft dg `dcalgh t` nppr`vg tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb ab nby ensg. At asncrgnhy snah tfnt tfas akpcags s`kg sahg gjjgets? kubaeapncatags kalft bggh t` nssukgrasms nbh pnrt `j tfg e`sts. X` rgk`vg tfgsg hasnhvnbtnlgs, at as rge`kkgbhgh t` nc-c`w ab pcnbbabl cnw j`r harget e`bhata`babl, sakacnr t` f`w tfas fnppgbs ab Zncgbeannbh Gblcnbh. Xfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt sfùch abtr`hueg sgvgrnc cglascntavg k`haen-

ta`bs. Jarst, at as bgegssnry t` ncc`w e`btraduta`bs t` dg prgseradgh ab tfg Cnbh usgpcnb, abstgnh `j `bcy ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. @bg pnrnlrnpf eùch dgnhhgh t` nrtaecg 5.>.4 `j tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg `r t` tfg Yfysaenc Ycnb-babl Net atsgcj?

\atf rglnrh t` ge`b`kae jgnsadacaty, n Cnbh usg pcnb/hgpnrturg jr`k atenb abecuhg rgquargkgbts rgcntgh t` tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pudcae abjrn-strueturg nbh jneacatags, nbh, aj bgegssnry, sefghucgs j`r tfg rgncaznta`b



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 557

`j tfg w`rms, netavatags, kgnsurgs nbh duachabls, nbh aj bgghgh pfnsabltfgk ab rgcnta`b t` gnef `tfgr.5

Uge`bh, t` knmg at p`ssadcg t` knmg tfg nppr`vnc t` nb nlrggkgbt e`bhata`bnc, nsgbtgbeg sfùch dg nhhgh t` efnptgr 5.4 `j tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net (j`r tfgprèghurg `j tfg Cnbh usg pcnb) nbh t` efnptgr 5.5 (j`r tfg hgpnrturg jr`k at)?

\fgb nbh aj tfg Cnbh usg pcnb `r hgpnrturg jr`k at prgseradgs rgquarg-kgbts rgcntgh t` tfg pgrj`rkndacaty (rgquargkgbts ndùt sèanc fùsablt` rgbt nbh t` sgcc, `wbgr-èeupagh duachabl, s`rts `j sf`ppabl, sgccablpraegs `j sèanc hwgccabls, tfg rgncasnta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags, nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs, rgh.) , tfg rgncaznta`b `j tfgsg

rgquargkgbts kust dg sgeurgh ab n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt dgj`rg tfgCnbh usg pcnb `r hgpnrturg nrg j`rknccy nppr`vgh.8

At as t` dg gxpgetgh tfnt tfgsg k`haenta`bs wùch gbeùbtgr s`kg p`cataenc rgsast-nbeg. Erataeasks wùch dg knhg tfnt kubaeapncatags nrg ‖sgccabl‑ pcnbbabl e`bsgbt.Xfg nrlukgbt kalft dg knhg tfnt tfg pcnbbabl netavaty `j pudcae d`hags kust tnmgneeùbt `bcy `j spntanccy rgcgvnbt e`bsahgrnta`bs, nbh tfnt sgeurabl e`btraduta`bsh`gs b`t jncc ubhgr tfas e`kpgtgbeg. F`wgvgr, tfas as kaspcnegh erataeask, ns tfgabtr`hueta`b j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nbh tfg p`ssadacaty j e`bhata`b-abl lrnbtabl `j duachabl pgrkat t` n bnbeanc e`btraduta`b fns ncrgnhy wgnmgbgh tfg

cglnc nrlukgbt tfnt `bcy spntanccy rgcgvnbt e`bsahgrnta`bs nrg rgcgvnbt j`r nssgssablduachabl nppcaenta`bs.

WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Gxnkpcg Ynrt Galft

Uegbnra` Ad? harget e`bhata`babl Cnbh usg pcnb tfrùlf cglnc k`haenta`b, nbh Hgvgc-

`pgr D knbnlgs t` duy ncc tfg cnbh j`r n c`w praeg

Xfg Hutef egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt, njtgr rgegavabl n c`t `j e`kpcnabs jr`k kubaeapncatagscamg Uturablgrcnbh, hgeahgs t` knmg at cglnccy p`ssadcg t` knmg tfg Cnbh usg pcnb e`b-

hata`bnc `b sgeurabl e`btraduta`bs.

5 Ab Hutef? –Xgb dgf`gvg vnb hg uatv`grdnnrfgah mnb ggb dgstgkkablspcnb/prògetdgscuat gasgbdgvnttgb kgt dgtrgmmabl t`t hg uatv`grabl vnb `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb v``rzagbablgb, gbv``r z`vgr b`hal ggb jnsgrabl vnb hg uatv`grabl vnb wgrmgb, wgrmznnkfghgb, knntrglgcgb gbdùwpcnbbgb, gb z` b`hal m`ppgcablgb fagrtussgb‛.

8 Ab Hutef? –\nbbggr fgt dgstgkkablspcnb `j prògetdgscuat gasgb dgvnttgb kgt dgtrgmmabl t`thg uatv`grdnnrfgah ]gasgb k.d.t. sèancg fuurw`bablgb, sèancg m``pw`bablgb, pnrtaeucagr`phrneftlgvgrsefnp, drnbefgs vnb hgtnacfnbhgc, lgchgbhg m``ppraoslrgbzgb v``r sèancgm``pw`bablgb, hg uatv`grabl vnb pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb v``rzagbablgb, gb taohsefgkn‑s wnnrabhnt k`gt lgdgurgb, rgh.[ , hgbatagvg vnststgccabl znc mubbgb pcnntsvabhgb pns bnhnt uatv`grabl vnbhgzg gasgb dabbgb hg lgstgchg tgrkaobgb vgrzgmgrh as ab ggb pravnntrgeftgcaomg vgrggbm`kst‛.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs55:

Njtgr Hgvgc`pgr D sudkattgh nt k`kgbt 9 nb nppcaenta`b j`r k`haenta`b `j tfg Cnbhusg pcnb, tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbh k`tavntgh pr`pgrcy watfab tfg pgra`h `j 6

wggms tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr fnh t` jneg. Xfg kubaeapncaty gbukgrntghtfg rgquargkgbts, watfùt fnvabl t` enceucntg tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg efnrlgh tfrùlfn Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (a.g. watfùt fnvabl t` knmg n gxpcàtntag`pzgt ),wfaef snvgh kuef takg nbh gjj`rt j`r tfg kubaeapncaty. Abatanc e`btnets watf Hgvgc`pgrD rgvgncgh tfnt fg wns waccabl t` neegpt n c`wgr cnbh praeg nbh t` nssukg tfg rgquarg-kgbts, wfaef rgsuctgh jr`k tfg jnet tfnt hgvgc`pgr D knbnlgh t` nlrgg watf tfg `tfgrcnbh`wbgrs n c`w praeg j`r tfgar cnbh (c`w gbùlf t` ncc`w pnyabl tfg e`btraduta`bs).Xfg Kubaeapncaty abatantgh tfg prèghurg j`r k`hajyabl tfg Cnbh usg pcnb. Hurabl tfgprèghurg, tfg kubaeapncaty nbh Hgvgc`pgr D bgl`tantgh nbh haseussgh tfg rgquarg-kgbts, nbh tfg Cènc Gxgeutavg hgeahgh bnccy t` neegpt s`kg k`haenta`bs t` tfg

`ralabnc cast `j rgquargkgbts dgenusg at dgenkg ecgnr hurabl tfg bgl`tanta`bs tfnt tfaswns bgegssnry ab rhgr t` knmg tfg `pgrnta`b jgnsadcg. Xfg Cènc Eùbeac pr`vasa`bnccynppr`vgh tfg k`haenta`b `j tfg Cnbh usg pcnb. Xfas pr`vasa bnccy nppr`vgh Cnbh usgpcnb abecuhgh n cast `j ncc tfg e`btraduta`bs, abecuhabl tfg nlrggh efnblgs. Xfg Cnbhusg pcnb stntgh tfnt ncc tfgsg e`btraduta`bs kust dg sgeurgh watfab bg ygnr, tfgrwasgtfg pcnb enbb`t dg hgbatgcy nppr`vgh. Yudcae e`bsuctnta`b fnh ncrgnhy tnmgb pcneg,nbh ncc pnrtags fnh ncrgnhy fnh tfg efnbeg t` knmg `dogeta`bs nbh nppgncs. Xfg Ku-baeapncaty nbh Hgvgc`pgr D bgl`tantgh n Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgh ncc tfge`btraduta`bs, e`bseaùs `j tfg jnet tfgrg wùch dg b` jurtfgr p`ssadacaty t` `doget `rnppgnc nlnabst tfg pcnb. Njtgr tfg sgncabl j tfg Nlrggkgbt, tfg Cènc Eùbeac nppr`vgh

tfg pcnb hgbatgcy ab n sf`rtgbgh prèghurg.

1.8 K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts


Ugeta`b 6.8 fns ncrgnhy gxpcnabgh f`w tfg hgbata`b `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab Gblcnbhnbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (wfgrg, e`btrnry t` Zncgbean, tfgrg as b` cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglu-

cnta`b tfnt k`hucntgs tfg ralft t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg) sggks t` fabhgr tfg enp-turabl `j vncug abergnsg. Ab sf`rt, tfgsg nrg tfg e`becusa`bs?• Xfgrg as ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs n str`bl abtgrhgpgbhgbey dgtwggb cènc

pudcae d`hags nbh cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs? ns n rucg, tfg trnbsneta`bs tfntnrg bgghgh t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg nrg falfcy hgpgbhgbt b nlrggkgbt watftfg cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs. Xfas as dgenusg b`bg `j tfg net`rs e`btr`c ncc tfgbgghgh rgsùregs? pudcae d`hags fnvg tfg stntut`ry p`wgrs j`r pcnbbabl e`bsgbt,dut cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs fnvg tfg bnbeanc kgnbs nbh tfg gxecusavg ralft t`hgvgc`p tfg cnbh. Xfas abtgrhgpgbhgbey enbb`t dg rgs`cvgh usabl gxpr`pranta`b`r tfg prg-gkpta`b ralft (v``rmgursrgeft ab Hutef), dgenusg tfgsg abstrukgbts

fnvg sgvgrg cakatnta`bs ab prnetaeg, nbh tfgy akpcy n harget `rlnbasnta`bnc nbhbnbeanc abv`cvgkgbt j pudcae d`hags=



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 55<

• Xfg satunta`b ab Zncgbean fns efnblgh rnhaenccy njtgr tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbtabtr`huegh n bgw pcnbbabl cnw ab >118? sabeg tfgb tfgrg as, t` pr`vahg tfg abjrn-

strueturg, b` c`blgr nby ubnvàhndcg kutunc hgpgbhgbeg dgtwggb pudcae d`h-ags nbh cnbh`wbgrs. Zncgbeanb kubaeapncatags enb b`w `pt j`r e`kpucs`ry cnbhrgnhoustkgbt, watfùt fnvabl t` dge`kg hargetcy abv`cvgh. Xfg kubaeapncaty sg-cgets ab n pudcae tgbhgr tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt, wf` kny dg n pudcae e`kpnby`r tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfgksgcvgs oàbabl ab n e`kpnby dut k`st `j tfg takg as ne`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr. Cnbh`wbgrs enb ef``sg j`r v`cubtnry gxpr`pranta`b `renb pnrtaeapntg ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Aj tfgy ef``sg gxpr`pranta`b, tfg urdnbas-abl nlgbt pnys tfg e`kpgbsnta`b nbh nequargs tfg cnbh. Dut aj tfgy hgeahg t`pnrtaeapntg, tfgy fnvg t` hgcavgr tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jn-eacatags nbh pny t` tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt n pr`p`rta`bnc sfnrg `j tfg abjrnstrueturg

pr`vasa`b, pcnb prgpnrnta`b, sàc hge`btnkabnta`b, e`kpgbsnta`b e`sts nbh nh-hata`bnc e`btraduta`bs (e`sts p`stabls 4-:, sgg bnbeanc nbncysas ab sgeta`b 4.8.5).Ab gxefnblg, cnbh`wbgrs sfnrg tfg ge`b`kae dgttgrkgbt? njtgr pr`vahabl tfgabjrnstrueturg, tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt hgcavgrs tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs t` tfgcnbh`wbgrs nbh trnbsjgrs tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg, jrgg j efnrlg, t` tfg kubaea-pncaty. Ab suk, nctfùlf cnbh`wbgrs stacc e`btr`c tfg cnbh, tfg kutunc hgpgbh-gbeg as b`w gnsacy nvàhndcg ns kubaeapncatags fnvg tfg p`ssadacaty t` nppàbt ntfarh pnrty (wf` h`gs b`t bgegssnracy bggh t` `wb tfg cnbh) ns tfg urdnbasablnlgbt, nbh h` b`t bggh t` dge`kg hargetcy bnbeanccy abv`cvgh. Ncs`, tfg ku-baeapncatags nrg b`t hgpgbhgbt b bg pnrtaeucnr urdnbasabl nlgbt, j`r fg/sfg enb

dg sgcgetgh tfrùlf n pudcae tgbhgr.• Xfg abtgrhgpgbhgbey dgtwggb pudcae d`hags nbh cnbh`wbgrs ab Gblcnbh nbh tfgBgtfgrcnbhs lavgs t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfg `pta`b t` wnat, wfaef at as `jtgb usght` `pp`sg tfg rgquargkgbts sgt dy cènc pudcae d`hags. Upgeanccy ab tfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs, pudcae d`hags e`becuhg tfnt tfgy enbb`t nsm t`` kuef, wfaef cgnhs t`c`w enpturabl `j tfg vncug abergnsg=

• Xfas abtgrhgpgbhgbey jrgqugbtcy cgnhs t` hgcnys ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs.@jtgb hgvgc`pkgbt as hgcnygh dgenusg hgvgc`pgrs rgjusg tfg rgquargkgbts nbhpcnbs j tfg kubaeapncaty, nbh tfg bgl`tanta`bs ndùt tfgsg assugs nrg pr`c`blgh.Ncs`, s`kgtakgs tfg hgvgc`pgrs h` b`t sueeggh ab duyabl tfg cnbh j`r n rgns`b-

ndcg praeg. Uueegss `j tfg bgl`tanta`bs hgpgbhs `b tfg hgvgc`pgrs‑ nbh cnbh-`wbgrs‑ gxpgetnta`bs tfnt, dy hgcnyabl bgl`tanta`bs, tfgar pr`ts (rglucnr pr`tknrlab, abecuhgh ab p`stabl 4, nbh bnc pr`t j`r tfg hgvgc`pgr, p`stabl 1, nbhneeùbtgh cnbh e`sts j`r tfg cnbh`wbgr, p`stabl >) wùch abergnsg.

• Xfas abtgrhgpgbhgbey cgnhs t` falfgr neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts (p`stabl >)= knrmgtpnrtags nrg k`rg abtgrgstgh ab nequarabl cnbh, ns e`btr`c `j tfg cnbh puts tfgk abn str`bl bgl`tantabl p`sata`b, nbh tfgy nrg tfus rgnhy t` pny k`rg j`r at, wfaefab turb abfflntgs tfg rgnc nbh gxpgetgh knrmgt vncug `j cnbh.

• Ab nhhata`b, tfg bhabls sullgst tfnt abtgrhgpgbhgbey cgnhs t` nb abgjeagbt nbhscullasf hgvgc`pkgbt prègss, ab wfaef e`sts nrg ubbgegssnracy falf nbh hajjgr-

gbt net`rs gnef knbnlg t` nppr`prantg pnrt `j tfg vncug abergnsg. Xfas cgnhs t`falfgr e`sts j`r abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b (p`stabl 4) nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b (p`stabl



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs556

5)= ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgy nrg vgry `jtgb dgtwggb >.7 nbh 8 takgsfalfgr tfnb ab Zncgbean. Xfas enb pnrtcy gxpcnab wfy Zncgbeanb hgvgc`pgrs, nc-

tfùlf ndcg t` sgcc tfg rgnc gstntg j`r knrmgt praegs sakacnr t` tf`sg ab tfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs, enb e`btradutg kuef k`rg tfnb tfg Hutef hgvgc`pgrs. Xfas enb ncs` pnrtcygxpcnab wfy Zncgbeanb hgvgc`pgrs, nctfùlf b`t sgccabl tfg rgnc gstntg j`r knrmgtpraegs ns falf ns tf`sg ab Gblcnbh, enb e`btradutg sakacnrcy `r gvgb k`rg tfnbtfg Gblcasf hgvgc`pgrs. Ab tfgr w`rhs, ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, abfflntghabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts sggk t` j`rk nb akp`rtnbt`dstnecg t` enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

GVNKYCG WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt Xgb

Uegbnra` AA? Hgvgc`pgr D h`gs b`t knbnlg t` duy ncc tfg cnbh

Njtgr tfg Kubaeapncaty j Uturablgrcnbh nbh Hgvgc`pgr D nlrggh tfnt ncc tfg e`sts sfùchdg pnah ùt `j pr`ts, (sgg Ynrt Ugvgb `j tfg gxnkpcg), Hgvgc`pgr D stnrtgh, watf tfgsupp`rt j tfg Kubaeapncaty, e`btnets nbh bgl`tanta`bs watf Hgvgc`pgrs E nbh H. F`w-gvgr, Hgvgc`pgrs E nbh H fnh `tfgr l`ncs. Hgvgc`pgr E wns ncs` p`satavg ndùt tfgabatantavg, dut fg wns bgatfgr waccabl t` sgcc fas cnbh (fg wnbts t` akpcgkgbt tfg pcnb),b`r t` dg s` ‖lgbgrùs‑ ns Hgvgc`pgr D. Fg `bcy wnbts t` e`btradutg t` tfg e`sts tfnt,nee`rhabl t` pcnbbabl cnw, enb dg abecuhgh ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nbhefnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Hgvgc`pgr H as trucy n ‖jrgg rahgr‑. Fg wnbts t` akpcgkgbt

tfg pcnb, dut gxpgets t` dg ndcg t` h` s` watfùt fnvabl t` e`btradutg fas jnar sfnrg.

Hurabl tfg e`btnets nbh bgl`tanta`bs, tfg cnbh`wbgrs fnvg gxgreasgh tfg pta`b t` wnatsgvgrnc takgs?• Hgvgc`pgr H wns jr`k tfg vgry dglabbabl b`t waccabl t` bgl`tantg=• Hgvgc`pgr E wns p`satavg ndùt tfg abatantavg, dut tfg bgl`tanta`bs wgrg dcèmgh

sabeg fg hah b`t neegpt fnvabl t` sgcc fas cnbh, b`r t` pny n jucc e`btraduta`b=• Hgvgc`pgr D ncs` gxgreasgh tfg pta`b t` wnat, rst, hurabl fas bgl`tanta`bs watf tfg

j`rkgr cnbh`wbgr `j pnregc D, `bg ygnr njtgr k`kgbt 9. Nt tfnt takg, tfg Hgvgc`pgrD hgeahgh t` jrggzg tfg bgl`tanta`bs watf tfg kubaeapncaty (wfgb Hgvgc`pgr D t``m

tfg abatantavg nt k`kgbt 9, fg hah b`t `wb tfg cnbh). Uge`bh, tw` ygnrs cntgr, wfgbnb`tfgr hgvgc`pgr dùlft Hgvgc`pgr D, tfg bgw hgvgc`pgr D, wf` pnah n vgry falfpraeg j`r tfg cnbh, bgghgh falfgr pr`t knrlabs nbh hgeahgh t` rge`bsahgr tfg pcnb.

At as ecgnr tfnt tfgrg as n str`bl kutunc hgpgbhgbeg dgtwggb hg kubaeapncaty nbh cnbh-`wbgrs D, E nbh H. Xfg kubaeapncaty h`gs b`t gvgb e`bsahgr tfg p`ssadacaty `j duyabl`r gxpr`prantabl pnregcs E nbh H. Jarst, tfg wbgrs sny tfnt tfgy nrg waccabl t` hgvgc`ptfgar cnbh nbh tfas fnkpgrs gxpr`pranta`b. Uge`bh, tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbhh`gs b`t fnvg tfg bnbeanc kgnbs t` h` s`. Duyabl `r gxpr`prantabl cnbh ab Uturabl-grcnbh as s`kgtfabl tfnt `bcy fnppgbs ab vgry spgeanc eareukstnbegs, nbh, aj at èeurs,

oust j`r jgw pc`ts.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 551

Xfg e`bsgqugbegs j`r vncug enpturabl nrg akp`rtnbt. Xfg kubaeapncaty as e`bsahgrablc`wgrabl tfg rgquargkgbts (t` rge`vgr `bcy tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg abecuhgh ab tfg Hg-

vgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nbh efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs, dut b`t tfg nhhata`bnce`sts). Ab tfg kgnbtakg, tfg prègss fns sujjgrgh hgcnys= vg ygnrs njtgr k`kgbt 9(wfgb Hgvgc`pgr D, b`t ygt tfg `wbgr `j pnregc D, t``m tfg abatantavg) stacc b`tfablfns fnppgbgh, `bcy n c`t `j hgcadgrnta`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b. Xfg praeg `j cnbh fnsrasgb, nbh Hgvgc`pgr E fns s`ch fas cnbh t` nb`tfgr hgvgc`pgr, j`r n kuef falfgrpraeg tfnb tfg praeg ab tfg j`rkgr usg. Ncs`, tfg e`sts nrg lr`wabl, e`sts knhg dytfg kubaeapncaty (bgl`tanta`bs watf Hgvgc`pgrs D, E nbh H, s`kg rgsgnref, bgl`tan-ta`bs watf pr`vabeg ndùt p`ssadcg sudsahags t` e`vgr tfg hgeat) nbh e`sts knhgdy Hgvgc`pgr D (bgl`tanta`bs watf tfg Kubaeapncaty nbh Hgvgc`pgrs E nbh H, s`kgrgsgnref nbh bnbeanc e`sts hgravgh jr`k tfg k`bgy fg fnh t` d`rr`w nt ygnr > t`

duy pnregc D).

1.8.> Uf`rt-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? nssgsskgbt `j bnbeanc

jgnsadacaty

At fns ncrgnhy dggb snah tfnt at as `jtgb b`t ecgnr wfgtfgr tfg bnc pr`t `j tfg hgvgc-`pgrs eùch fnvg ncc`wgh j`r falfgr e`btraduta`bs. Ab tfg stuhagh Hutef ensgs, tfgrg

wns cattcg nvnacndcg abj`rknta`b, nbh tfg hgvgc`pgrs hah b`t pr`vahg kuef nhhata`bncabj`rknta`b. Ab M`p vnb @`st nbh Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ky `wb gstakntgs sullgst tfntk`rg e`btraduta`bs wùch fnvg dggb jgnsadcg. Abharget gvahgbeg tfnt tfgrg kalftfnvg dggb k`rg bnbeanc r``k tfnb nrlugh dy tfg hgvgc`pgrs as tfnt ab Hg Jubgbnbh M`p vnb @`st , hurabl `r njtgr tfg bgl`tanta`bs, cnbh wns s`ch sgvgrnc takgs j`rfalfgr praegs tfnb tfg praeg ab tfg j`rkgr usg.

Kubaeapncatags eùch e`bhuet k`rg rgsgnref abt` tfg pr`t knrlabs ab tfg gnrcy stnlgs`j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs, nbh usg tfas abj`rknta`b ns n ecgnr nbh trnbspnrgbt stnrt-abl pàbt ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs watf hgvgc`pgrs. Xfas rgsgnref sfùch dg knhg t`lgtfgr

watf tfg rst hèukgbt tfnt ergntgs hgvgc`pkgbt gxpgetnta`bs, j`r gxnkpcg ab tfgrge`kkgbhgh satg-spgeae e`st rge`vgry hèukgbts kgbta`bgh ab sgeta`b 1.>.>.4.Utnta`bsmwnrtagr eùch sgrvg ns nb gxnkpcg. Fgrg tfg kubaeapncaty enceucntgh tfghgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh pr`ts ab n dusabgss ensg nttnefgh t` tfg 4995 KnstgrpcnbEgbtrnnc Drghn, nbh tfgsg enceucnta`bs sgrvgh ns n stnrtabl pàbt ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs,ab wfaef tfg kubaeapncaty kalft fnvg sueeggh ab lgttabl pnrt `j tfg abergnsgh vncug.Kubaeapncatags enb bg-tubg tfg enceucnta`bs ns bgl`tanta`bs e`kg bgnrgr. Xfas rge-`kkgbhnta`b as ab cabg watf s`kg rgcgvnbt rgegbt e`becusa`bs (Zr`k gt nc., 4996?8>= Zr`k-rnnh, 4991? 7). Nb`tfgr e`kpcgkgbtnry p`ssadacaty as tfnt hgvgc`pgrs nrgrgquargh t` sudkat n enceucnta`b `j tfg e`sts nbh pr`ts (gxpcàtntag`pzgt ) t` tfg ku-

baeapncaty.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs589

1.8.4 Uf`rt-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? cnbh rgnhoustkgbt tfrùlf

pravntg cnw nlrggkgbts, supp`rtgh dy gxpr`pranta`b nbh

prg-gkpta`b

X` nvàh tfg bglntavg e`bsgqugbegs `j tfg hgpgbhgbey `j kubaeapncatags `b cnbh-`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs, at as rge`kkgbhgh t` w`rm watf n spgeae e`btrnetunc j`rkucn,abspargh dy tfg Zncgbeanb cnbh rgnhoustkgbt k`hgc. E`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs, netablns n s`rt j Zncgbeanb urdnbazabl nlgbt, enb nlrgg watf cnbh`wbgrs tfnt, ab gxefnblgj`r sfnrabl hgvgc`pkgbt pr`ts, tfgy h` b`t usg tfgar `pta`b t` wnat. Xfas rge`k-kgbhnta`b as dnsgh b`t `bcy `b tfg Zncgbeanb k`hgc, dut ncs` `b tfg gxpgragbegwatf tfg prgpnrnta`b j`r tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt `j nb abhustranc satg `j ndùt >: fn abtfg Kubaeapncaty `j _gvgbfuazgb-K`grmnpgccg (_uahpcnsp`chgr, Yr`vabeg `j Uùtf

F`ccnbh). Hurabl 499< nbh 4996, A wns nsmgh t` nhvasg f`w tfg `wbgrs `j tfg rksnbh tfg cnbh eùch tfgksgcvgs rglgbgrntg tfgar cnbh dy abv`cvabl n e`kkgreanc hg-vgc`pgr t` pcny tfg r`cg `j nb urdnbazabl nlgbt. Nctfùlf tfas gxpgrakgbt jnacgh, tfggxpgragbeg fns sgrvgh t` bg-tubg tfas rge`kkgbhnta`b (sgg Nbbgx <). @bg `j tfge`becusa`bs as tfnt Hutef hgvgc`pgrs nrg b`t ncwnys e`kj`rtndcg watf tfg r`cg `jurdnbazabl nlgbt, a.g. j n hgvgc`pgr tfnt ab prabeapcg bcy pr`ts jr`k cnbh hgvgc`p-kgbt, dut b`t jr`k tfg hgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg rgnc gstntg. Xfas gxpgragbeg fns cgh us t`rgbg tfg rge`kkgbhnta`b? t` enrgjuccy sgcget n pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgr wf` as jnkacanrwatf cgss e`bsgrvntavg wnys `j hgvgc`pabl cnbh. N p`ssadacaty t` dg sgraùscy tnmgbabt` neeùbt as t` abv`cvg n Zncgbeanb urdnbazabl nlgbt, p`ssadcy ab pnrtbgrsfap watf

n Hutef hgvgc`pgr.

Xfg rge`kkgbhnta`b as t` abv`cvg cnbh`wbgrs ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt, tfus t` abv`cvgtfgk ab sfnrabl tfg cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (p`stabls > t` <) nbh tfg bnc pr`ts(p`stabl 1). Xfas sfùch pr`vahg sgvgrnc nhvnbtnlgs? (n) at nbbucs tfg bggh t` duy tfgcnbh, `r nt cgnst t` duy ncc tfg cnbh, ns cnbh`wbgrs tfgksgcvgs pnrtaeapntg ab tfg `p-grnta`b (ab _gvgbfuazgb tfas eùch fnvg cgh t` n rghueta`b ab tfg nkùbt `j k`bgytfnt kust dg d`rr`wgh, dy nt cgnst ₣ 87.7 kacca`b)= (d) at rghuegs tfg rasms j hgcny rg-suctabl jr`k cnbh`wbgrs, abstgnh j supp`rtabl tfg pgrnta`b, dgfnvabl ab nb strntglaewny (a.g. wnatabl) t` dtnab tfg falfgst p`ssadcg praeg j`r tfgar cnbh= (e) n nbh d sfùch

e`bsahgrndcy rghueg tfg e`sts `j tfg `pgrnta`b? tfgrg sfùch dg b` bggh t` duy cnbhab nhvnbeg (p`stabl >), nbh at sfùch rghueg tfg nkùbts rgsgrvgh j`r ubgxpgetghgxpgbsgs (p`stabl 4, ab _gvgbfuazgb tfas eùch fnvg cgh t` n rghueta`b `j ndùt₣ >.>7 kacca`b) nbh tfg pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts (p`stabl 5)= (h) e sfùch e`bsahgrndcyrghueg tfg bnbeanc e`sts (ab _gvgbfuazgb tfas eùch fnvg cgh t` n rghueta`b `j ntcgnst ₣ >8.5 kacca`b), ns tfgrg as bggh `j cgss gxtgrbnc bnbeabl. Dut, f`w h`gs `bge`bvabeg cnbh`wbgrs t` sfnrg tfg rasms nbh tfg pr`ts0

Ycnb hèukgbts

Jarst, tw` pcnb hèukgbts kust dg prgpnrgh, wfaef wacc j`rk tfg dnsas j`r nbtgra`r

Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts A nbh AA (sgg ubhgr)?



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 58>

Cnbh usg pcnb (Dgstgkkablspcnb)

Xfg kubaeapncaty nbh/`r tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt kust prgpnrg n hrnjt j n Knp (Ycnbmnnrt )

`j tfg Cnbh usg pcnb, hgtnacabl tfg j`cc`wabl nspgets? Xfg z`babl j cnbh usgs, duachabl ncalbkgbts nbh duachabl gbvgc`pgs= Xfg v`cukg `j tfg duachabl, pgr cnbh usg.

Aj hgtnacgh prgserapta`bs nrg b`t p`ssadcg, tfg hrnjt kust nt cgnst prgseradg tfg kaba-kuk duachabl v`cukg nbh tfg nppr`xakntg cènta`b `j sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs7.Xfg l`nc j tfgsg hèukgbts as t` sujeagbtcy supp`rt tfg bgl`tanta`bs nrùbh Nlrgg-kgbt A (sgg dgc`w)? nt tfnt takg, at kust dg p`ssadcg t` pr`vahg hgtnacs t` tfg cnbh-`wbgr ndùt tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts nbh tfg duachabl v`cukg wfaef fg/sfg enbgxpget aj fg/sfg salbs tfg nlrggkgbt.

Hrnjt pcnb abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b w`rms

Xfas as sakacnr t` tfg Zncgbeanb Abjrnstrueturg Yr`vasa`b Yròget ( Nbtgpr`yget` hg Wr-dnbazneaõb), nbh abecuhgs? (n) n sefgkg `j tfg abjrnstrueturg, watf n hgserapta`b `jtf`sg gcgkgbts tfnt hgtgrkabg tfg t`tnc e`sts, suef ns tfg quncaty j tfg pudcae spneg=(d) n sefgkg j tfg sgwgrnlg bgtw`rm= (e) n sefgkg j tfg r`nh bgtw`rm nbh tfg tfgrjneacatags= (h) n hgserapta`b `j gxastabl abjrnstrueturg bgtw`rms, nbh tfg jgnsadacaty nbhtfg e`sts `j e`bbgeta`b t` tfg bgw hgvgc`pkgbt. Ab prabeapcg, at as tfg urdnbazablnlgbt wf` sfùch prgpnrg tfas hèukgbt, ns at rgquargs fas/fgr gxpgrtasg ab e`st enc-eucnta`bs nbh jucc e`kkatkgbt t` tfg enceucnta`bs.

Nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt A? urdnbazabl nlgbt-cnbh`wbgrs

Xfg urdnbazabl nlgbt pr`p`sgs Nlrggkgbt A t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Xfas enb dg h`bg abha-vahunccy, wfgrgdy tfg hgvgc`pgr sgpnrntgcy pr`p`sgs Nlrggkgbt A t` gnef cnbh`wbgr.Nctgrbntavgcy, `r e`kpcgkgbtnracy, cnbh`wbgrs kalft oàb nb nh fè `rlnbaznta`b,sakacnr t` tfg Zncgbeanb Nssèanta`b j Wrdnb Abtgrgst ( Nsèaneaõb hg Abtgrás Wrdnbës-tae`), wfaef wùch hgnc watf tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt. Ab tfg gxpgrakgbt ab _gvgbfua-zgb, cnbh`wbgrs fnvg oàbgh ab n e``pgrntavg (sgg Nbbgx <). N e`kdabnta`b `j d`tfas p`ssadcg? tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt eùch hgnc watf d`tf nb `rlnbaznta`b `j tfg kno`r-aty `j cnbh`wbgrs nbh watf abhavahunc cnbh`wbgrs wf` `pt b`t t` oàb tfg nh fè

`rlnbaznta`b.

7 Dgj`rg hgeahabl j`r n hgtnacgh r j`r nb @utcabg Cnbh usg pcnb, `bg akp`rtnbt nspget sfùch dge`bsahgrgh? tfg hglrgg j hgtnac ab n Cnbh usg pcnb enb fnvg e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg enceucnta`b j tfge`kpgbsnta`b tfnt cnbh`wbgrs sfùch rgegavg ab ensg `j gxpr`pranta`b `j tfgar cnbh. Ab nb @utcabgCnbh usg pcnb, tfg e`kpgbsnta`b as nb nvgrnlg j tfg wf`cg pcnb nrgn (tfg s`-enccgh e`kpcgxwnnrhg),wfaef kgnbs tfnt tfg `wbgr `j tfg cnbh j`r tfg pr`tndcg e`bstrueta`b rgegavgs cgss tfnb ab ensg `jn Hgtnacgh Cnbh usg pcnb. Ab n Hgtnacgh Cnbh usg pcnb, tfg e`kpgbsnta`b as enceucntgh dnsgh `bsknccgr nrgns, wfaef kgnbs tfnt tfg `wbgr `j tfg cnbh j`r tfg pr`tndcg e`bstrueta`b rgegavgs nbnvgrnlg `j tfg vncugs `j sakacnr pc`ts `j cnbh, g.l. cnbh z`bgh j`r pr`tndcg fùsabl, dut b`t cnbhz`bgh j`r n pnrm (Bgghfnk & Lgutabl, 499:? 8). Ab ensg kubaeapncatags wnbt t` usg gxpr`pranta`b t`stakucntg cnbh`wbgrs t` e`ccnd`rntg, nb @utcabg Cnbh usg pcnb eùch dg k`rg usgjuc tfnb n HgtnacghCnbh usg pcnb.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs584

Ab Nlrggkgbt A, tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt nlrggs watf tfg cnbh`wbgrs/e``pgrntavg, t` pr`-vahg faksgcj tfg abjrnstrueturg nbh pr`hueg sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs j`r n lavgb praeg

nbh watfab n lavgb hgnhcabg. Xfas rgquargs tfg j`cc`wabl ablrghagbts t` dg abecuhgh abtfg Nlrggkgbt? (a ) n enceucnta`b j tfg t`tnc cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts, a.g. tfg abjrnstrue-turg pr`vasa`b e`sts, tfg e`sts `j prgpnrabl pcnbs, e`kpgbsnta`b e`sts, gvgbtunc sàchge`btnkabnta`b e`sts, p`ssadcg nhhata`bnc e`btraduta`bs t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags (p`stabls `j tfg s`rt 4-:, sgg bnbeanc nbncysas ab sgeta`b 4.8.5)= (aa ) tfg ear-eukstnbegs ubhgr wfaef tfgsg e`sts enb dg rgvagwgh nbh f`w tfas rgvagw sfùch tnmgpcneg= (aaa ) tfg rglucnr pr`t knrlab j tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt (abecuhgh ab p`stabl 4)= (av ) nenceucnta`b j tfg sfnrg gnef cnbh`wbgr wacc fnvg t` pny= (v ) tfg kgtf`h j pnykgbt (abk`bgy r ab mabh ―ab sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs)= nbh (va ) tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs.Xfg gxpgragbeg ab _gvgbfuazgb, wfgrg at t``m k`rg tfnb `bg ygnr dgj`rg tfgrg wns

egrtnabty ndùt wfaef e`btraduta`bs tfg cnbh`wbgrs sfùch pny (sgg Nbbgx <), cgnhskg t` nsegrtnab tfg akp`rtnbeg `j tfg rge`kkgbhnta`b lavgb ab sgeta`b 1.>.>? at as ak-p`rtnbt tfnt, dgj`rg tfg gcnd`rnta`b j tfg pcnb hèukgbts nbh tfg bgl`tanta`bs, tfgrg asncrgnhy egrtnabty ndùt nt cgnst tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt sfùch dg knhg. Ab `tfgr w`rhs,dgj`rg tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt stnrts gcnd`rntabl tfg pcnb hèukgbts nbh bgl`tantabl, tfgkubaeapncaty kust ecgnrcy hgbg nbh pudcaecy nbbùbeg tfg rgquargh e`btraduta`bs.

Ncs`, tfg nlrggkgbt kust abecuhg n sgt `j rucgs j`r tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Xfgsgrucgs kust dg spgeae gbùlf t` knmg ecgnr t` tfg cnbh`wbgr tfg knab jgnturgs `jtfg sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs fg enb gxpget t` rgegavg ubhgr tfg Nlrggkgbt. Y`ssadcy,

tfg Nlrggkgbt enb abecuhg n pr`vasa`bnc pr`p`snc j`r rgnhoustkgbt tfnt spgeags tfgbukdgr, cènta`b nbh hakgbsa`bs `j tfg bgw pnregcs, nbh wfaef cnbh`wbgr as làblt` rgegavg tfgk.

Ab gxefnblg, tfg cnbh`wbgrs nlrgg watf tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt t` pr`vahg tfgar cnbhnbh pny tfgar sfnrg j tfg e`sts watfab n lavgb hgnhcabg, j`r gxnkpcg t` pny ab abstnc-kgbts wfacg tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b w`rms nrg dgabl enrragh ut. N vnranbt j tfasas t` nlrgg pnykgbt ab mabh, a.g. tfg cnbh`wbgrs trnbsjgr t` tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt pnrt`j tfg bnc sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs ns pnykgbt. J`r tfas purp`sg, tfg urdnbazablnlgbt sfùch knmg gxpcaeat ab Nlrggkgbt A tfg praeg `j tfg sgrvaegh pnregcs, nbh/`r

bgl`tantg n praeg sgpnrntgcy watf gnef cnbh`wbgr `r lrùp `j cnbh`wbgrs.

Nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt AA? urdnbazabl nlgbt-kubaeapncaty

Xfg urdnbazabl nlgbt nlrggs watf tfg kubaeapncaty tfg j`cc`wabl? (n) p`ssadcy, ab ensg`j nb utcabg Cnbh usg pcnb, t` prgpnrg njtgrwnrhs n hgtnacgh pcnb nbh sudkat at t` tfgkubaeapncaty= (d) p`ssadcy, ab ensg tfgrg nrg s`kg cnbh`wbgrs b`t waccabl t` pnrtaea-pntg, t` prgpnrg tfg gxpr`pranta`b h`ssagr nbh t` pny tfg e`kpgbsnta`b= (e) t` pr`vahgtfg abjrnstrueturg nee`rhabl t` tfg Hrnjt pcnb abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b= (h) t` knabtnabtfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg ubtac at as trnbsjgrrgh t` tfg kubaeapncaty= (g) akpcgkgbtnta`bsefghucgs= (j) tfg eareukstnbegs ubhgr wfaef tfg nlrggkgbt egnsgs t` dg ab j`reg=

nbh (l) n sefgkg `j k`bgtnry nbh b`b-k`bgtnry pgbnctags j`r tfg ensg `j b`t juccc-abl tfg nlrggkgbt.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 585

Ab gxefnblg, tfg kubaeapncaty nlrggs watf tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt tfg j`cc`wabl? (n) t`gxgrt ncc rgns`bndcg gjj`rts t` prègss nbh nppr`vg tfg Cnbh usg pcnb nbh p`ssadcy n

hgtnacgh pcnb nbh n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb= (d) t` nppcy prg-gkpta`b ralfts(v``rmgursrgeft ) `b tfg abhustranc satg, wfaef kgnbs tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty enb dcèmtfg sgccabl `j cnbh, nbh knmg tfg sgccabl `j cnbh e`bhata`bnc `b sgncabl nbtgra`r Hg-vgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt A= (e) p`ssadcy nbh aj bgegssnry, t` usg ncc rgns`bndcg gjj`rts t`gxpr`prantg tfg pr`pgrty `j b`b-e`ccnd`rntabl cnbh`wbgrs= (h) p`ssadcy nbh aj bgegs-snry, t` usg ncc rgns`bndcg gjj`rts t` jneacatntg tfg rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg urdnbaz-abl nlgbt nbh tfg pudcae utacatags e`kpnbags= (g) t` neegpt tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg`beg at as basfgh nbh t` nssukg tfgrgnjtgr rgsp`bsadacaty j`r knabtgbnbeg (nb `pta`b,ab ensg e`sts `j knabtgbnbeg eùch dg nlrggh ab nb nbtgra`r Nlrggkgbt, as ncs` t`nlrgg fgrg nbh ab Nlrggkgbt A n e`btraduta`b dy tfg cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgr t` juturg

knabtgbnbeg e`sts, p`stabl :)= nbh (j) tfg eareukstnbegs ubhgr wfaef tfg nlrggkgbtegnsgs t` dg ab j`reg.

Utakucntabl nbh gbj`reabl nlrggkgbt

Xfg jgnsadacaty j tfas rge`kkgbhnta`b hgpgbhs b nlrggkgbt, dgenusg tfg cnbh`wb-grs, tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt nbh tfg kubaeapncaty kust ncc nlrgg. Hutef kubaeapncatagssfùch usg s`kg abstrukgbts t` stakucntg cnbh`wbgrs t` e``pgrntg?>. Kubaeapncatags enb knmg tfg prègssabl nbh nppr`vnc `j tfg Cnbh usg pcnb (`r

p`ssadcy tfg ùtcabg Cnbh usg pcnb) e`bhata`bnc `b tfg cnbh`wbgrs‑ nbh tfg ur-dnbazabl nlgbt‑s salbabl `j tfg nlrggkgbts (sgg sgeta`b 1.5.> j`r hgtnacs `j f`w

t` h` tfnt)=4. Kubaeapncatags enb sgttcg prg-gkpta`b ralfts `b tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nrgn nbh knmgtfg sgccabl j cnbh nbh rgk`vnc j prg-gkpta`b e`bhata`bnc b nlrggabl watf tfgnbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt A=

5. Ab ensg n kab`raty `j cnbh`wbgrs `pp`sg, kubaeapncatags enb usg tfg Hgvgc-`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb ns nb gbj`regkgbt abstrukgbt. Xfg Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb enb rgabj`reg tfg p`ssadacaty `j kubaeapncatags t` gxpr`pra-ntg tf`sg cnbh`wbgrs wf` `pp`sg akpcgkgbtnta`b. Kubaeapncatags enb abecuhgab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb n ecgnr sefgkg `j akpcgkgbtnta`b nbhtfg k`kgbt nt wfaef tfg cnbh`wbgr fns t` nppcy j`r n duachabl pgrkat nbh pny

fas/fgr e`btraduta`b. @beg tfg `pp`sabl cnbh`wbgr pnys fas/fgr e`btraduta`bt` tfg kubaeapncaty, tfg kubaeapncaty lavgs tfg k`bgy t` tfg `tfgr cnbh`wbgrswf` fnvg t` nssukg ncc tfg e`sts. Aj nb `pp`sabl cnbh`wbgr h`gs b`t nppcy j`rn duachabl pgrkat b takg, kubaeapncatags eùch e`bsahgr gxpr`pranta`b. Kubaea-pncatags enb gvgb nbbùbeg pudcaecy ab tfg gnrcy stnlgs tfnt tfgy abtgbh t` nppcygxpr`pranta`b ab ensg `j hgcny, wfaef kalft fnvg n hassunsavg gjjget. Ab n p`ssadcggxpr`pranta`b prèghurg, tfg cnbh`wbgr enb hgecnrg tfnt fg/sfg as waccabl tàkpcgkgbt. F`wgvgr, aj fg/sfg h`gs b`t nppcy j`r n duachabl pgrkat (nbh pny tfge`rrgsp`bhabl e`btraduta`b) watfab tfg hgnhcabgs abecuhgh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb, kubaeapncatags fnvg l``h nrlukgbts j`r gxgeutabl gxpr`pran-

ta`b (Zgrhnns, abtgrvagw ab 499<= Znb Lgchgr, abtgrvagw ab 4996= Zr`k gt nc.,4996? 49<). Xfgrg as gvgb tfg p`ssadacaty `j neegcgrntabl tfg gxpr`pranta`b pr`-



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs588

eghurg, pr`vahgh tfnt b` nppgncs nlnabst tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnbfnvg dggb sudkattgh e`begrbabl tfg pc`t t` dg gxpr`prantgh (Zr`k gt nc., 4996?

49:-49<)=

Uahg gjjgets

Xfas rge`kkgbhnta`b fns s`kg sahg gjjgets, knabcy dgenusg tfg gbj`regkgbt abstru-kgbt akpcags tfg p`ssadcg nppr`vnc `j n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nbh gxpr`-pranta`b?• Nppr`vabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, ns hgk`bstrntgh ab sgeta`b 1.5.>,

abv`cvgs bnbeanc rasms, harget `rlnbaznta`bnc abv`cvgkgbt `j tfg pudcae d`hagsnbh ncc`ws cgss pudcae vncug enpturabl tfnb ab ensg `j nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbtnlrggkgbt=

• Ab prabeapcg, tfg Nlrggkgbt enbb`t e`btrnhaet nby `j tfg prgserapta`bs abecuhghab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (Zr`k gt nc., 4996? 58= Mcuwgr, 4996?>54). Xfas kgnbs tfnt s`kg `j tfg e`btraduta`bs nlrggh ab tfg Nlrggkgbt kalftdg buccagh njtgr tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg pcnb=

• Gxpr`pranta`b abergnsgs tfg bnbeanc rasms dgenusg e`kpgbsnta`b j`cc`ws knrmgtvncugs njtgr rglgbgrnta`b, a.g. tfg vncug tnmgs neeùbt `j nb akp`rtnbt pnrt `j tfgjuturg duachabl p`ssadacatags. Gxpr`pranta`b tnmgs pcneg `beg tfg Cnbh usg pcnbas ncrgnhy nppr`vgh, nbh fgbeg wfgb juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags nrg ncrgnhyegrtnab nbh cnbh praegs abfflntgh. Xfas pr`dcgk enb dg pnrtcy rgs`cvgh aj tfg sge-`bh rge`kkgbhnta`b ab sgeta`b 1.4 (abtr`hueabl cglnc k`haenta`b tfnt ncc`w j`r

nssgsskgbt `j cnbh vncug nee`rhabl t` tfg knrmgt vncug `j cnbh usg pra`r t` rg-z`babl) as abtr`huegh. N c`wgr e`kpgbsnta`b wùch hakabasf tfg bnbeanc rasms=f`wgvgr, ns e`kpgbsnta`bs kust dg pnah ab nhvnbeg, tfgrg nrg stacc nssèantghbnbeanc rasms.

• Gvgb watf c`wgr e`kpgbsnta`bs, gxpr`pranta`b kny dg nb ubp`pucnr abstrukgbtp`cataenccy. Ab tfg stuhagh Hutef ensgs, kubaeapncatags e`bsahgrgh at `bcy ab vgrygxegpta`bnc eareukstnbegs, suef ns t` gxpr`prantg s`kg knrlabnc cnbh ab ensgcnbh`wbgrs ecgnrcy `pp`sgh nbh hgcnygh hgvgc`pkgbt. Gxpr`pranta`b `j n sud-stnbtanc pnrt `j tfg cnbh sggks b`t t` dg nb `pta`b ab Hutef prnetaeg. Ab b`bg `jtfg gxnkabgh ensgs ab wfaef hgvgc`pgrs gxgreasgh tfgar `pta`b t` wnat (a.g. Hg

Jubgb, M`p vnb @`st nbh pr`dndcy Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ), wns tfg kubaeapncaty ndcgt` dgnr tfg bnbeanc rgsp`bsadacaty `j gxpr`prantabl tfg cnbh, gspgeanccy dgenusgtfg hgvgc`pgrs wbgh k`st j tfg cnbh (k`st `j at ab Hg Jubgb, :9% ab M`p vnb@`st nbh 69% ab Utnta`bsmwnrtagr ). Ab ncc tfg tfrgg ensgs, gxpr`pranta`b wns b`tnb nctgrbntavg ab tfg rst pcneg dgenusg tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfgksgcvgs gxprgssghwaccablbgss t` hgvgc`p.

E`bsahgrnta`bs ndùt tfg jgnsadacaty `j tfg rge`kkgbhnta`b

Ab prabeapcg, tfas rge`kkgbhnta`b ts watfab gxastabl pcnbbabl cnw dgenusg at as pra-knracy dnsgh `b pravntg cnw nlrggkgbts. F`wgvgr, at abv`cvgs n bgw nppr`nef ab

Hutef prnetaeg nbh tfas gbeùbtgrs s`kg hajeuctags. Xfg gxpgragbeg ab _gvgbfua-zgb accustrntgs tfgsg vgry wgcc. Ab _gvgbfuazgb, tfg pcnb hèukgbts hgseradgh nd`vg



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 587

fnvg dggb gcnd`rntgh, dut tfgy wgrg b`t hgtnacgh gbùlf ab tfgar e`btgbts dgenusgtfg hgvgc`pgr hah b`t spgbh gbùlf k`bgy `b gcnd`rntabl tfgk. Xfg e`bsgqugbeg

wns tfnt tfg abv`cvgh pnrtags bgvgr rgnefgh tfg rge`kkgbhgh nlrggkgbts. At as ak-p`rtnbt t` rgkgkdgr tfnt ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, ubcamg ab Zncgbean, pcnbbabl cnw h`gsb`t rglucntg tfg prgseradgh e`btgbt `j tfgsg hèukgbts, s` at as jrgg j`r hgvgc`pgrst` hgeahg. \atfùt hgtnacgh hèukgbts nbh watfùt tfg nlrggkgbts, tfgrg wns t``kuef ubegrtnabty j`r cnbh`wbgrs t` hgeahg. Ncs`, tfg kubaeapncaty bgghgh n c`bltakg t` hgeahg `b tfg bgghgh e`btraduta`bs, nbh tfgb fgsatntgh t` prèggh jurtfgr.Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, tfg gxpgrakgbt ab _gvgbfuazgb jnacgh. Ugg Nbbgx < j`r n k`rghgtnacgh gxpcnbnta`b j tfg spgeae kaskntefgs watf tfg nd`vg rge`kkgbhnta`b tfntenb gxpcnab tfg jnacurg `j tfas gxpgrakgbt.

GVNKYCG WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt Xgb

E`btabunta`b `j Uegbnra` AA, ab wfaef Hgvgc`pgr D hah b`t sueeggh ab duyabl ncc tfg

cnbh j`r n c`w praeg (sgg Ynrt Babg `j tfg gxnkpcg)? tfgrg as gbùlf supp`rt j`r cnbh

rgnhoustkgbt tfrùlf pravntg cnw nlrggkgbts

Xfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbh nbh Hgvgc`pgr D e`becuhg tfnt, aj b`tfabl efnblgs,rglgbgrnta`b wacc cnst j`r ygnrs. Xfgy hgeahg t` nppcy cnbh rgnhoustkgbt tfrùlf pravntgcnw nlrggkgbts. Hgvgc pgr D knmgs n hrnjt Cnbh usg pcnb nbh enceucntgs tfg e`sts `jcnbh hgvgc`pkgbt. Fg jjgrs, ab nbtgra`r Nlrggkgbt A, t` Hgvgc`pgrs E nbh H tfnt tfgy

wacc gnef pny, pr`p`rta`bnccy t` tfg nrgn `j tfgar cnbh, tfg e`sts `j hgvgc`pabl tfg cnbh(p`stabls 4-:, sgg bnbeanc nbncysas ab sgeta`b 4.8.5) nbh Hgvgc`pgr D wacc pr`vahg tfgcnbh tfnt as bgghgh j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Hgvgc`pgr D ncs` pr`p`sgs nsefghucg j`r tfg pnykgbts nbh trnbsjgr `j cnbh. Ns e`kpgbsnta`b, hgvgc`pgrs E nbh Hwacc rgegavg sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs. X e`kpgbsntg j`r hajjgrgbegs ab tfg ge`b`kaevncug `j tfg rgsuctabl duachabl pnregcs (fncj `j pnregc E as z`bgh j`r n sef``c, nbh k`st`j pnregc H as z`bgh j`r n pnrm, sgg knp >n), Nlrggkgbt A abecuhgs cnbh rgnhoustkgbtrucgs? gnef hgvgc`pgr wacc rgegavg duachabl pnregcs watf nb ge`b`kae vncug pr`p`r-ta`bnc t` tfgar sfnrg. Xfas kgnbs tfnt hgvgc`pgrs E nbh H wacc gnef rgegavg n duachablpc`t `b pnregcs N nbh D.

Ab nhhata`b, hgvgc`pgr D nbh tfg kubaeapncaty nlrgg ab nbtgra`r Nlrggkgbt AA tfg kutunc`dcalnta`bs? tfg hgvgc`pgr wacc prgpnrg tfg hrnjt Cnbh usg pcnb nbh tfg kubaeapncatywacc prègss tfg pcnb. Ab nhhata`b, tfgy nlrgg nb `pta`b tfnt Hgvgc`pgr D wacc duy pnr-egc N, wfaef as kubaeapnc pr`pgrty.

Abatanccy, Hgvgc`pgr E rgogets tfg pr`p`snc dgenusg fg as b`t waccabl t` pny ncc tfge`sts. \atfùt tfg supp`rt `j nt cgnst Hgvgc`pgr E tfgrg as b` f`pg. Xfg kubaeapncatysgttcgs n prg-gkpta`b ralft `b tfg wf`cg pcnb nrgn, nbh knmgs ecgnr tfnt tfas ralft waccdg rgv`mgh, nbh tfg Cnbh usg pcnb wacc dg k`hagh, `bcy wfgb nbh aj Nlrggkgbt A as

salbgh. At as ncs` fgcpjuc tfnt tfg Ynrcankgbt fns rgegbtcy hgeahgh t` gbcnrlg tfg casts `j



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs58:

rge`vgrndcg e`sts tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb (sgg tfg rst pnrt `j tfgsge`bh rge`kkgbhnta`b ab sgeta`b 1.4). Hgvgc`pgr E rgncazgs tfnt tfgrg nrg b`t c`blgr

hajjgrgbegs dgtwggb pnyabl tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nbh tfrùlfnb nbtgra`r Nlrggkgbt. Kubaeapncaty nbh Hgvgc`pgrs D nbh E bgl`tantg nbh bnccyHgvgc`pgr E salbs Nlrggkgbt A.

Hgvgc`pgr H as k`rg hajeuct t` pgrsunhg. Fg as b`t waccabl t` pny nby e`btraduta`b,nbh h`gs b`t lavg ab t` tfg prgssurg. Xfg kubaeapncaty hgeahgs t` nppr`vg, t`lgtfgrwatf tfg Cnbh usg pcnb, n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb abecuhabl hgtnacgh sefgh-ucgs j`r tfg pnykgbts. Xfg kubaeapncaty nbbùbegs gxpr`pranta`b ab ensg hgvgc`pgr Hh`gs b`t nppcy j`r tfg duachabl pgrkat nbh pny fas e`btraduta`b `b takg.

Hgvgc`pgr D e`bstruets tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg `b pnregcs N, D nbh E, nbh hgvgc`pgrE e`btradutgs watf k`bgy nbh watf cnbh. Dgenusg tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbte`btraduta`bs pcnb fns abvncahntgh pnrt `j Nlrggkgbt AA ab pnregc H, tfg kubaeapncatyfns t` nssukg pnrt `j tfg e`sts. J`rtubntgcy, tfnbms t` tfg rgegbt cglascntavg efnblgsndùt tfg e`sts tfnt enb dg efnrlgh tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, tfgkubaeapncaty fns t` nssukg c`wgr e`sts tfnb watfùt tf`sg cglascntavg efnblgs. Bgvgr-tfgcgss, tfg kubaeapncaty kust nssukg s`kg e`sts. Ab nhhata`b, tfg j`cc`wabl fnppgbs?Hgvgc`pgr H rgjusgs t` nppcy j`r n duachabl pgrkat b takg. B`w, tfg kubaeapncaty enbnrlug tfnt Hgvgc`pgr H as b`t waccabl t` akpcgkgbt, nbh gxpr`prantgs fas pnregc. J`c-c`wabl Nlrggkgbt AA Hgvgc`pgr D rgegavgs pnregc H nbh pnys tfg e`kpgbsnta`b. Xfas

abergnsgs fas rasms? fg ncrgnhy dùlft pnregcs N nbh D, tfg prègss fns cnstgh j`r ygnrs,nbh b`w fg ncs` fns t` pny gxpgbsavg e`kpgbsnta`b j`r pnregc H. E`kpgbsnta`b asgxpgbsavg dgenusg tfg Gxpr`pranta`b Net prgseradgs tfnt at kust j`cc`w tfg knrmgt vncug`j tfg cnbh usg njtgr rglgbgrnta`b. Ab ensg Ynrcankgbt nlrggs watf tfg sge`bh pnrt j tfgsge`bh rge`kkgbhnta`b ab sgeta`b 1.4, gxpr`pranta`b wacc dg efgnpgr, dut Hgvgc`pgrD kust stacc nhvnbeg k`rg abvgstkgbts nbh nssukg falfgr rasms nbh bnbeanc e`sts. Nsn e`bsgqugbeg, Hgvgc`pgr D kust rgbgl`tantg tfg quncaty `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh hakabasf fas e`btraduta`bs. Xfg Kubaeapncaty, wfaef rgncazgs tfnt tfg bnbeanc jgn-sadacaty as ubhgr str`bl prgssurg, neegpts rgcuetnbtcy tfgsg k`haenta`bs. At wacc fnvg t`gatfgr sudsahazg k`rg e`sts, `r oust neegpt n c`wgr quncaty `j tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg

nbh jneacatags. Hgvgc`pgr D e`bstruets tfg pnrm nbh tfg dnsmgtdncc pcnygch b pnregc H.Jabnccy Hgvgc`pgr D trnbsjgrs tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg t` tfg kubaeapncaty.

1.8.5 C`bl-tgrk rge`kkgbhnta`b? cnbh rgnhoustkgbt

rglucnta`b

Ns accustrntgh nd`vg, tfgrg nrg b`t knby p`ssadacatags j`r tfg kubaeapncaty t` nvàh

hgpgbhgbey `b tfg cnbh`wbgrs, nbh tfg `bcy uctakntg gbj`regkgbt kgefnbask asgxpgbsavg gxpr`pranta`b. Ab `rhgr t` fnvg nb nctgrbntavg t` gxpr`pranta`b, tfg Hutef



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 58<

egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt enb abtr`hueg n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b ab pcnbbabl cnw.Xfg ahgn as tfnt, ab nhhata`b t` tfg p`ssadacaty `j gxpr`pranta`b, kubaeapncatags fnvg

ncs` tfg nctgrbntavg j cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. E`kpcgkgbtnry t` tfg p`ssadacaty j gxpr`-prantabl tfg cnbh nbh pnyabl e`kpgbsnta`b ab k`bgy, kubaeapncatags sfùch tfgb dgndcg t` `dcalg tf`sg cnbh`wbgrs wf` wnbt t` sfnrg hgvgc`pkgbt pr`ts, t` pr`vahgcnbh nbh e`btradutg t` tfg e`sts, ab gxefnblg j`r sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs. Xfg pr`-p`sgh rglucnta`b, abspargh dy tfg Zncgbeanb cnbh rgnhoustkgbt, abecuhgs tfg j`cc`w-abl jgnturgs?• Xfg `bg wf` pr vahgs tfg abjrnstrueturg nbh rlnbazgs tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt

as n tfarh pnrty, b`t bgegssnracy `bg `j tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Xfas tfarh pnrty enb dg npudcae `r n pravntg d`hy pcnyabl tfg r`cg `j urdnbazabl nlgbt=

• Xfg kubaeapncaty sgcgets tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt dnsgh `b tfg quncatags nbh tfg

e`sts `j tfg sudkattgh pcnb j`r tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b. Y`ssadcy, ab ensg tfgurdnbazabl nlgbt ncs` prgpnrgs tfg Cnbh usg pcnb, tfg kubaeapncaty wacc ncs`gvncuntg tfas pcnb=

• Cnbh`wbgrs kust pr`vahg tfg cnbh bgegssnry j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneaca-tags, nbh pny, ab abstnckgbts hurabl tfg w`rms, tfg e`sts (p`stabls 4-:, sgg bnb-eanc nbncysas sgeta`b 4.8.5). Ab gxefnblg tfgy rgegavg sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs.

• Xfg rglucnta`b abecuhgs tfg p`ssadacaty `j nppcyabl e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt.

E`bsahgrnta`bs ndùt tfg jgnsadacaty `j abtr`hueabl n pudcae cnw cnbh rgnhoustkgbt

rglucnta`b

Xfg eurrgbt cgvgc `j pr`tgeta`b `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs akpcags str`blcglnc nbh prèghurnc lunrnbtggs ab tfg gxpr`pranta`b prèghurg. Xfg cnbh rgnhoust-kgbt prèghurg ab Zncgbean ncs` rgquargs gxtgbsavg prèghurnc nbh cglnc lunrnb-tggs. F`wgvgr, abtr`hueabl n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs eùchgbeùbtgr p`cataenc rgsastnbeg dgenusg cnbh`wbgrs nrg neeust`kgh t` gbo`yabl nstr`blgr p`sata`b.

GVNKYCG WTDNB TGLGBGTNXA@B AB UXWTABLGTCNBH, Ynrt Gcgvgb

E`btabunta`b `j Uegbnra` AA, ab wfaef Hgvgc`pgr D hah b`t sueeggh ab duyabl ncc tfgcnbh j`r n c`w praeg (sgg Ynrts Babg nbh Xgb)? tfgrg as b`t gbùlf supp`rt j`r cnbh

rgnhoustkgbt tfrùlf pravntg cnw nlrggkgbts, s` tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt abtr`huegs

n pudcae cnw cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b.

Hgvgc`pgrs E nbh H h` b`t nlrgg watf Nlrggkgbt A, hgspatg tfg prgssurgs. Xfg `bcyefàeg j`r tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbh as t` nppr`vg tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btradu-ta`bs pcnb nbh nssukg tfg e`rrgsp`bhabl rasms nbh hgeat, nbh p`ssadcy t` gxpr`prantg

pnregcs E nbh H. F`wgvgr, tfas kgnbs nssukabl n cnrlg pnrt `j tfg e`sts nbh gxpr`-prantabl fncj `j tfg pcnb nrgn. Xfg Kubaeapncaty hgeahgs t` fnct tfg gjj`rts t` rghgvgc`p

tfg satg.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs586

Xfg Hutef egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt, dnsgh `b tfas nbh `tfgr gxpgragbegs `j jrustrntgh ur-dnb rglgbgrnta`b, hgeahgs t` abtr`hueg n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b ab pcnbbabl

cnw. B`w tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Uturablgrcnbh enb nppcy cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Hgvgc`pgrD sudkats fas pr`p`snc (Cnbh usg pcnb & abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts & pr`p`sncs `jNlrggkgbts A nbh AA). Xfg Kubaeapncaty, njtgr e`bsahgrabl tfg pr`p`snc, hgeahgs t` `r-lnbazg n pudcae tgbhgr. Nby pnrty as gcaladcg t` sudkat nb nctgrbntavg pcnb. Hgvgc`pgr Esudkats nb wb pr`p`snc. Hgvgc`pgr V, wf` fns b` cnbh, ncs` sudkats n pr`p`snc. XfgKubaeapncaty gvncuntgs tfg tfrgg pr`p`sncs nbh hrnws tfg e`becusa`b tfnt Hgvgc`pgr Vfns tfg dgst pcnb, j`cc`wgh dy Hgvgc`pgr D. Hgvgc`pgr E fns tfg w`rst pcnb, dgenusgat `jjgrs cgss e`btraduta`bs tfnb tfg `tfgrs. Xfg Kubaeapncaty bnccy hgeahgs t` sgcgettfg pr`p`snc `j Hgvgc`pgr D, dgenusg `bg `j tfg sgcgeta`b eratgran lavgs prgjgrgbeg t`cnbh`wbgrs.

@beg Hgvgc`pgr D fns dggb sgcgetgh ns urdnbazabl nlgbt, hgvgc`pgr E bnccy nlrggswatf Nlrggkgbt A. Hgvgc`pgr H stacc h`gs b`t wnbt t` e`ccnd`rntg. Hgvgc`pgr D sud-kats n Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt pcnb t` tfg Kubaeapncaty, n pcnb tfnt abecuhgs tfg e`btradu-ta`bs nbh tfg cnbh tfnt hgvgc`pgr H fns t` hgcavgr. Xfg Kubaeapncaty nppr`vgs at, njtgrwfaef Hgvgc`pgr H hgeahgs t` e`ccnd`rntg. Fg pr`vahgs pnrt `j fas cnbh (tfg cnbhbgghgh j`r tfg pnrm nbh dnsmgtdncc pcnygch) nbh pnys fas e`btraduta`b. Jabnccy fgrgegavgs tfg snkg rgakdursgkgbt ns Hgvgc`pgrs D nbh E? duachabl pnregcs watf nbge`b`kae vncug tfnt e`rrgsp`bhs t` fas pr`p`rta`bnc sfnrg ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfaskgnbs tfnt fg rgegavgs n duachabl pnregc ab pnregc H, nbh nb`tfgr bg ab gatfgr pnregcs

N `r pnregc D.

1.7 Gpac`lug

Xfg wny pcnbbabl p`caey as akpcgkgbtgh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs fns efnblgh hrnknta-enccy ab tfg cnst hgenhgs. Wbtac tfg gbh `j tfg 69‑s nbh tfg stnrt `j tfg 19s, tfgrg wnsn prgh`kabnbeg `j pudcae pnrtags ab cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt. X`hny, pravntg pnrtags nrg

tnmabl `vgr tfg cgnh, ncs` akpcyabl n trnbsata`b jr`k pudcae t` pravntg `wbgrsfap `jhgvgc`pkgbt cnbh. Xfas efnblg fns dggb jugccgh dy tfg hakabasfabl `j pudcae sudsa-haznta`b nbh tfg bggh j`r pudcae pnrtags lgt rah `j tfg bnbeanc rasms abv`cvgh ab cnbhhgvgc`pkgbt. F`wgvgr, prnetaeg ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b sf`ws tfnt tfas pravntaznta`bfns b`t rghuegh tfg bggh j`r pudcae sudsahaznta`b nbh fns b`t pr`huegh bgw bgalf-d`urf``hs watf pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags `j falf quncaty. Abstgnh, hug t` ncnem `j l``h rglucnta`b, tfg efnblg fns rgsuctgh ab nb abergnsg ab cnbh spgeucnta`b,falf hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh tfg cgnmabl nwny j tfg abergnsgh vncug. D`tf pudcae nbhpravntg pnrtags nrg nt n hasnhvnbtnlg? pudcae d`hags stacc kust sudsahazg, nbh pravntgpnrtags nrg e`bjr`btgh watf falf e`sts nbh rasms. Xfg lgbgrnc pudcae as ncs` nt n hasnh-

vnbtnlg? tfgrg as n lgbgrnc hassntasjneta`b watf tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatagsab bgw bgalfd`urf``hs.



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs 581

Xfg Hutef egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt fns knhg gjj`rts t` s`cvg tfas pr`dcgk, tfg k`st rgc-gvnbt gjj`rt dgabl tfg 4996 Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net (Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt ). Xfas net

e`bsasts `j n takah stgp tfnt, aj hgvgc`pgh nbh drùlft t` ats uctakntg e`bsgqugbegs,kalft fgcp ab s`kg ensgs t` rglucntg tfg pravntg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j pcnbbabl p`caeyab n k`rg gjjgetavg wny. F`wgvgr, tfas net, ab ats prgsgbt j`rk, wacc b`t rgs`cvg ncctfg pr`dcgks dy jnr. Yr`dndcy at wns vgry fnrh j`r tfg cglascnt`r t` abtr`hueg ncc tfgbgegssnry efnblgs. Njtgr ncc, tfg Hutef pcnbbabl systgk, ns ab nby `tfgr eùbtry,e`bsasts `j ec`sg abtgrrgcntgh sgts `j rucgs, eust`ks nbh abtgrgsts. Ab nhhata`b, tfgrgas ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs b` c`bl gxpgragbeg `j pudcae rglucnta`b wfgb tfgrg as pravntgprgh`kabnbeg ab cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt. F`wgvgr, abstgnh `j c``mabl ndr`nh t` `tfgreùbtrags watf k`rg gxpgragbeg ab tfas, tfg Hutef cglascnt`r, e`bseaùscy `r b`t, ab-fgratgh nbh nssukgh sgvgrnc Hutef pnrnhalks watfùt n jubhnkgbtnc, erataenc vagw

`j tfgk. Jarst, tfg prgh`kabnbt b`rkntavg pnrnhalk ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfnt tfg cnbh-`wbgr as tfg `bcy cglatakntg `wbgr `j tfg vncug abergnsg. Fgrg tfg cglascnt`r `vgr-c``mgh, j`r rgns`bs `dvaùs ab tfg Hutef e`btgxt, nb`tfgr p`ssadacaty tfnt as p`pucnrab tfgr Gur`pgnb eùbtrags? tfnt pudcae d`hags ncs` fnvg ralft t` n sfnrg j tfg vncugabergnsg. Uge`bh, tfg Hutef cglascnt`r nssukgh, watf tfg Hutef gxpgragbeg ab pudcaecnbh p`caey ab kabh, tfg pnrnhalk tfnt tfg `bcy wny `j gbj`reabl nb nhgquntg pravntgabv`cvgkgbt kust dg n harget nbh bnbeanc abv`cvgkgbt `j pudcae d`hags. Xfg trnbscn-ta`b j d`tf pnrnhalks ab tfg 4996 Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net fns rgsuctgh ab nb ubbge-gssnracy e`kpcgx sgt `j cglnc abstrukgbts tfnt efnrlgs kubaeapncatags watf t`` knbytnsms nbh rasms - t`` knby ab tfg calft `j tfgar enpneatags. Xfg gxpgragbeg ab Gblcnbh

nbh Upnab sf`ws tfnt wfgb pravntg pnrtags e`btr`c tfg cnbh, pudcae rglucnta`b kustdg dnsgh `b sakpcg nbh ecgnr r`cgs? pudcae d`hags rglucntg dgj`rgfnbh, pravntg d`h-ags akpcgkgbt nbh nssukg ncc tfg e`rrgsp`bhabl rasms. Yudcae d`hags kust ecnrajy tfgrucgs ubhgr wfaef pravntg pnrtags pgrntg, cgnvabl cgss r``k j`r hasergta`b hurabl tfgbgl`tanta`bs watf cnbh`wbgrs nbh pr`pgrty hgvgc`pgrs. Abstgnh, tfg Hutef cglascnt`ref`sg tfg k`st hajeuct pntf? `dcalabl pudcae d`hags t` nssukg harget rgsp`bsadacaty,e`sts nbh rasms ab cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt. Ab nhhata`b, tfg 4996 Net h`gs b`t nbswgr tfgk`st jubhnkgbtnc efnccgblg? f`w t` hassunhg cnbh spgeucnta`b nbh havgrt pnrt j tfgvncug abergnsg t` bnbeg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.

Xfg abtgrbnta`bnc bnbeanc nbh ge`b`kae erasas as gxnspgrntabl tfg sf`rte`kabl j b`tdgabl ndcg t` bnbeg tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags watf tfg ge`b`kae vncugabergnsg tfnt nrasgs wfgb cnbh as rgz`bgh. Xfg sazg `j tfg pudcae gxpgbhaturg kgnbtt` lft tfg ge`b`kae erasas fns b` prgeghgbt. Ncs` tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs fns abtr hueghknssavg abvgstkgbt pr`lrnks t` p`stp`bg duhlgtnry euts, snvg dnbms nbh abhustragsnbh pukp k`bgy ab tfg ge`b`ky. F`wgvgr, tfnt cnrlg pudcae gxpgbhaturg wacc cgnht` n c`bl pgra`h `j euts ab pudcae duhlgts. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, jr`k 49>> `bwnrhs,pudcae d`hags wacc sgvgrgcy eut tfgar gxpgbhaturg, nbh sabeg 4991 knby kubaeapnca-tags nrg ncrgnhy sujjgrabl sgraùs euts. K`st pr`dndcy, tfgsgs euts wacc nhvgrsgcy nj-jget tfg sudsahaznta`b `j urdnb pcnbbabl nbh, gspgeanccy, `j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b. Xfas

rghueta`b ab pudcae jubhs tnmgs pcneg nt tfg snkg takg ns tfg Hutef l`vgrbkgbts nrgpursuabl tfg nkdataùs l`nc t` lavg pra`raty t` tfg rglgbgrnta`b j ch nbh hgtgra`rnt-



Tge`kkgbhnta`bs579

gh urdnb nrgns abstgnh `j lrggbgch hgvgc`pkgbts. Xfas as nhhata`bnccy pr`dcgkntaedgenusg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b as gnsagr t` sny tfnb t` h`, ns at usunccy abv`cvgs k`rg

e`sts tfnb lrggbgch hgvgc`pkgbt, nt cgnst ab tfg sf`rt tgrk. Xfg e`beurrgbeg `jtfgsg tw` jnet`rs (pudcae duhlgtnry euts nbh rgbgwgh jèus `b urdnb rglgbgrnta`b)as pcneabl urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt nbh ats quncaty ubhgr sgraùs prgssurg. Xfg rasm as tfnt,hug t` ndsgbeg `j nhgquntg jubhs, tfg hgvgc`pkgbt nbh quncaty `j tfg bgw urdnbnrgns wacc sujjgr. Xfas knmgs at bgegssnry t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsgab `rhgr t` bnbeg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.

Xfas rgsgnref sggms t` pr`vahg nb nbswgr t` tfas bggh. Ns tfg gxnkpcgs `j Gblcnbhnbh Upnab sf`w, at as p`ssadcg t` akpr`vg tfg satunta`b. At as trug tfnt tfg ge`b`kaeerasas enb hgcny akpr`vgkgbt? at sfncc tnmg abhggh s`kg takg ubtac cnbh`wbgrs, hg-

vgc`pgrs nbh abvgst`rs neegpt tfnt tfgar cnbh as `vgr-nssgssgh. Dut bnccy tfgy waccnssukg (nbh s`kg j tfgk nrg ncrgnhy nssukabl) tfnt cnbh kust dg gbtgrgh j`r c`wgrpraegs ab tfg neeùbts `j urdnb prògets. At as akp`rtnbt tfnt pudcae d`hags abtr`huegs``b tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs ab tfas efnptgr 1 ab `rhgr t` n) havgrt pnrt `j tfg rgcgnsghvncug abergnsg t`wnrhs tfg pudcae l`ncs= d) t` c`wgr cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts= e) nbht` prgvgbt cnbh`wbgrs, hgvgc`pgrs nbh abvgst`rs jr`k nlnab `vgr-nssgssabl tfgar cnbh`beg knrmgt praegs rge`vgr ab tfg juturg!

Xfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs ab efnptgr 1 j`cc`w n lrnhunc nppr`nef, jr`k v`cubtnry kgns-urgs tfnt t watfab tfg 4996 Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net, t` k`rg pr`jùbh, cglnc k`ha-

enta`bs j`r tfg c`blgr tgrk. Xfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs jèus rst `b fgcpabl pudcae d`h-ags, gspgeanccy kubaeapncatags, t` juccy tnmg nhvnbtnlg `j tfg `pp`rtubatags `jjgrgh abtfg 4996 Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net. Aj kubaeapncatags net nppr`prantgcy, tfgy enb salba-enbtcy akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsgs. Nt tfg snkg takg, tfgrg nrg sgraùscakatnta`bs j tfg Net nbh at as b`t camgcy tfnt ncc kubaeapncatags wacc dg ndcg t` jucc ncctfg rgquargkgbts tfnt nrg bgghgh t` juccy tnmg nhvnbtnlg `j tfg Net. Xfgrgj`rg, A fnvgncs` pr`vahgh rge`kkgbhnta`bs tfnt nak t` nhhrgss tfg cglnc cakatnta`bs. Ab tfas, Afnvg tragh t` pr`p`sg efnblgs `j tfg cnw `bcy wfgrg tfas wns straetcy bgegssnry, nbht` stny ns kuef ns p`ssadcg watfab tfg gxastabl cglnc jrnkgw`rm. Jabnccy, e`bseaùs `jtfg jnet tfnt tfgrg nrg cakatnta`bs tfnt enbb`t dg rgs`cvgh watf takah k`haenta`bs,

ncs` k`rg jubhnkgbtnc c`bl-tgrk cglascntavg efnblgs nrg jjgrgh.



N Nbbgxgs

Nbbgx >? Efgem casts

Efgem-cast Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b >

Xfgsg nrg tfg sud-vnrandcgs j tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑, nbh tfg efgem-casts tfnt wgrg fnbhcgh t` lntfgr tfg hntn j`r Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b >?

\fgrg (ab wfaef pcnbbabl hèukgbts) nrg tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs drùlft abt` j`reg0

Jarst, ncc s`rts `j pcnbbabl hèukgbts fnvg dggb stuhagh tfnt kalft dgnr cglnccy dabhabl rucgs j`r tfg usg

`j cnbh. Fgrg tfas rgsgnref pgrntgh watf tfg kgtf`h`c`laenc prabeapcg j e`kpnrntavg cnw, ‖jubeta`bnc-

aty‑, wfaef stntgs tfnt ab cnw tfg `bcy tfabls tfnt nrg e`kpnrndcg nrg tf`sg tfnt juccc tfg snkg jubeta`b

(_wgalgrt & Mútz, >116? 58-57). Ab tfas ensg tfg e`kk`b jubeta`b wns tfnt `j dgnrabl dabhabl rucgs.

Uge`bh, tf`sg s`rts `j pcnbbabl hèukgbts fnvg dggb sgcgetgh tfnt kalft dg rgcgvnbt j`r tfas rgsgnref

pròget? (>) tfgy kalft dg `pgrnta`bnccy usgh dy tfg cènc nutf`ratags, jr`k wfaef j`cc`ws tfnt tfg e`k-pgtgbegs `j knmabl nbh/`r nppr`vabl tfgk fnvg t` dg ab tfg fnbhs `j tf`sg cènc pudcae nutf`ratags. At

ncs` j`cc`ws tfnt cènc pudcae nutf`ratags bggh r``k j`r n egrtnab nkùbt `j hasergta`b wfgb hgeahabl

wfgtfgr r b`t t` nppr`vg tfgk= (4) tfg pcnbbabl hèukgbts enb akpcy n sudstnbtanc k`haenta`b j tfg

cnbh usg p`ssadacatags, ns t` fnvg n ecgnr gjjget `b tfg vncug `j tfg pr`pgrty.

\fgb (ab rgcnta`b t` tfg bgl`tanta`bs) nrg tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs nppr`vgh0

Xfg j`cc`wabl nspgets fnvg dggb stuhagh? Jarst tfg prèghurg `j nppr`vnc? wfaef stgps j`rk tfg pr`-

eghurg0 F`w c`bl h`gs at tnmg t` knmg nbh nppr`vg tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs0 Uge`bh tfg k`kgbt

`j j`rknc nppr`vnc, watf rglnrh t`? tfg bgl`tanta`bs dgtwggb tfg cènc nutf`raty nbh tfg hgvgc`pgrs/

cnbh`wbgrs nbh tfg stnrt `j tfg w`rms. Xfarh tfg cglnc e`bstrnabts rglnrhabl tfg k`kgbt j nppr`vnc? h`cnbh usg pcnbs fnvg dcalnt`racy t` e`vgr tfg wf`cg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry0 Nbh h`gs pcnbbabl cnw e`begavg



Nbbgxgs578

cnbh usg pcnbs ns n prèghurnc efnab nk`bl `tfgr pcnbbabl abstrukgbts, nbh x tfg k`kgbt ab wfaef

tfgy kust dg nppr`vgh0

\fnt nrg tfg p`ssadcy e`btgbts `j tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs0

B`t ncc p`ssadcg e`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs nrg akp`rtnbt. @bcy tf`sg nspgets nrg stuhagh tfnt eùch dg

rgcgvnbt j`r pudcae vncug enpturabl? cnbh-usg ecnssgs (fùsabl, jeg, abhustry, pudcae spneg, pgb spneg?

nrg tfgy xgh ab tfg cnw0)= duachabl gbvgc`pg (cgbltf, wahtf, nbh fgalft)= praeg entgl`ry `j fùsabl (s`-

eanc r jrgg knrmgt fùsabl)= hastabeta`b dgtwggb rgbtgh nbh `wbgr eeupagh fùsabl= tgkp`rnc rglucn-

ta`bs (wfgb t` stnrt nbh/`r t` basf tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh tfg duachabl)= bnbeanc e`btraduta`bs

`r `tfgr mabh `j e`btraduta`bs (e`btraduta`bs ab mabh suef ns abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, e`bstrueta`b `j

pudcae jneacatags, gte, e`btraduta`bs ab k`bgy, ab cnbh, hnknlg e`kpgbsnta`b)= hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts

tfnt sgeurg tfg e`btraduta`bs0

\f` fns tfg ralft t` akpcgkgbt tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs0

X` wf`k dgc`bl tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts0 X` tfg cnbh`wbgr, t` tfg hgvgc`pgr, t` tfg kubaeapncaty `r t`

n e`kdabnta`b `j tfgk0 X` knmg tfg qugsta`b k`rg spgeae, tfg sud-vnrandcg fns jèussgh `b vg haj-

jgrgbt qugsta`bs?

>. \f` fns tfg e`btr`c `b gnef `j tfg sax trnbsneta`bs ab hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs0

4. \faef nrg tfg rgsùregs (kntgranc nbh rglucnt ry rgsùregs) bgghgh j`r gnef j tfg trnbsneta`bs0

5. F`w nrg tfgsg rgsùregs hastradutgh dgtwggb tfg abv`cvgh pnrtags0

8. \fnt nrg tfg hgpgbhgbeg pnttgrbs tfnt rgsuct jr`k tfg nccènta`b `j rgsùregs0

7. Nrg tfgsg hgpgbhgbeg pnttgrbs nvàhndcg0

Xfgsg qugsta`bs kalft fnvg n hajjgrgbt nbswgr hgpgbhabl `b tfg spgeae j`rkucn `j hgvgc`pkgbt. G.l.

at as hajjgrgbt aj cnbh as `wbgh dy e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs tfnt aj at as `wbgh dy tfg kubaeapncaty. Xfrgg

segbnra`s fnvg dggb e`bsahgrgh?

• Juccy pravntg hgvgc`pkgbt? pravntg net`rs hgvgc`p tfg cènta`b, ncs` tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg. Xfg

cnbh, `r n kno`raty `j at, as ab tfgar fnbhs=

• Yravntg hgvgc`pkgbt watf pudcae abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b? cnbh, `r n kno`raty `j at, as ab pravntg fnbhs,

nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr pr`huegs sgrvaegh pc`ts nbh hgvgc`ps tfg duachabl. F`wgvgr, n pudcae nutf`raty

pcnys nb netavg r`cg dy pr`vahabl pnrt `r ncc tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg=

• Yudcae hgvgc`pkgbt? n pudcae nutf`raty hgvgc`ps tfg cènta`b. At nequargs tfg cnbh, abvgsts ab abjrn-

strueturg pr`vasa`b nbh, bnccy, sgccs tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts.

F`w fflgxadcg nrg tfg rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs0

Tgcntgh t` tfg prèghurnc lunrnbtggs, tfgsg nspgets fnvg dggb stuhagh?

(>) Fnvg abatantavg tnmgrs ralft t` n pr`pgr kubaeapnc hgeasa`b0

(4) Fnvg abatantavg tnmgrs ralft t` nppgnc nlnabst tfg kubaeapnc hgeasa`b0

Tgcntgh t` tfg fflgxadacaty `j k`haenta`b, tfrgg nspgets fnvg dggb rgsgnrefgh?

(>) \fnt nrg tfg prèghurnc rgquargkgbts `j k`hajyabl (waozalabl ab Hutef)=

(4) Hgpnrtabl jr`k (vraostgccabl ) nbh

(5) Hgtnacabl (uatwgrmabl ) tfg gxastabl dabhabl rucgs0



Nbbgxgs 577

Tgcntgh t` tfg fflgxadacaty t` nppr`vg dabhabl rucgs lrnhunccy, tfrgg nspgets fnvg dggb rgsgnrefgh?

(>) Xfg rucgs j`r tfg hgcakatnta`b `j tfg lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg `j tfg pcnb nrgns=

(4) \fgtfgr tfgrg as n knxakuk ncc`wgh bukdgr `j hajjgrgbt dabhabl rucgs hèukgbts pgr nrgn=(5) \fgtfgr kubaeapncatags wgrg jrgg t` nppr`vg tfg hgtnacabl `j lc`dnc pcnbs.

Efgem-cast Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b 4

Xfgsg nrg tfg sud-vnrandcgs `j tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg‑ nbh tfg efgem-casts

tfnt wgrg fnbhcgh t` lntfgr tfg hntn j`r Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgsta`b 4?

\f` pnys tfg j`cc`wabl vncug enpturabl l`ncs0

Xfgsg nrg? `b-satg cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts= cnbh bgghgh j`r `b-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags=

`b-satg pudcae jneacatags (pudcae duachabls)= `b-satg nbh `jj-satg sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl= `jj-satg pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags= nbh ergnkabl `jj dgttgrkgbt.

Nrg tfg vncug enpturabl t`paes akpcgkgbtgh `b takg0

K`rg spgeaenccy? fnvg tfg hgnhcabgs j`r tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b j tfg vncug enpturabl l`ncs dggb nefagvgh

`r b`t0 Xfas rglnrhs d`tf tfg hgnhcabgs abecuhgh ab hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts nbh ab tfg dabhabl rucgs.



Nbbgxgs57:

Nbbgx 4? Ycnbbabl cglascnta`b

Ycnbbabl cglascnta`b ab tfg Upnbasf rgla`b `j Zncgbean

Xfas as tfg k`st akp`rtnbt d`hy `j cglascnta`b hargetcy rgcntgh t` urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt (Ynrgo` & Dcnbe,

>111? 47)?

>. Bnta`bnc cglascnta`b? >178 Gxpr`pranta`b Net (Cgy hg Gxpr`paneaõb J`rz`sn)= >17: Cnbh Net (Cgy hgc

Uugc`)= >1<: Tgjubhgh Net (Xgxt` Tgjubhah` hg cn Cgy hgc Uugc` >1<:) j tfg >1<7 Cnbh usg nbh Wr-

dnb Ycnbbabl Net (Cgy s`drg gc Tálakgb hgc Uugc` y @rhgbneaõb Wrdnbn)= >1<6 Ycnbbabl Tglucnta`b

(Tglcnkgbt` hg Ycnbgnkagbt )= >114 Tgjubhgh Net (Xgxt` Tgjubhah` hg cn Cgy hgc Uugc` >114) `j

tfg >119 Cnbh usg nbh Wrdnb Ycnbbabl Net (Cgy s`drg gc Tálakgb hgc Uugc` y @rhgbneaõb Wrdnbn)=

>116 Cnbh Wsg Ycnbbabl nbh Npprnasnc Net (Cgy s`drg Tálakgb hgc Uugc` y Znc`rnea`bgs)= >111

Duachabl Net (Cgy hg @rhgbneaõb hg cn Ghaeneaõb)= 4995 Wrlgbt Cadgrncasnta`b Kgnsurgs `b TgncGstntg nbh Xrnbsp`rt Uget`rs Net (Cgy hg kghahns urlgbtgs hg cadgrncazneaõb gb gc sget`r abk`dacanra`

y trnbsp`rtgs)= 499< Cnbh Net (Cgy hg sugc`)= U`kg gbvar`bkgbtnc nbh sget`ranc cglascnta`b, tfnt

kalft ncs` rucg tfg cnbh-usg? \ntgr Net (Cgy hg Nluns)= E`nsts Net (Cgy hg E`stns)= Bnturnc Gspnegs,

nbh \ach Jc`rn nbh Jnubn E`bsgrvnta`b Net (Cgy hg E`bsgrvneaõb hg c`s Gspnea`s Bnturncgs y hg cn

Jc`rn y Jnubn Uacvgstrgs).

4. Zncgbeanb cglascnta`b? >119 B`kgbecnt`r `j Buasnbeg Netavatags Hgergg (B`kgbecît`r hg netava-

hnhgs k`cgstns, absncudrgs, bèavns y pgcalr`sns)= >118 Ycnbbabl Net (Cgy Tglucnh`rn hg cn Netava-

hnh Wrdnbëstaen, CTNW), sudstatutgh ab 499: dy tfg 4997 Ycnbbabl Net (Cgy Wrdnbëstaen Zncgbeanbn,

CWZ)= >116 Ycnbbabl Tglucnta`b (Tglcnkgbt` hg Ycnbgnkagbt ), sudstatutgh ab 499: dy n bgw Ycnb-

babl Tglucnta`b (Tglcnkgbt` hg @rhgbneaõb y Lgstaõb Xgrrat`ranc y Wrdnbëstaen )= >111 UtnbhnrhDuachabl Tglucnta`b @rhgr (Tglcnkgbt` hg _`bns hg @rhgbneaõb Wrdnbëstaen)= 4998 Xgrrat`ry nbh

Cnbhsenpg Net (Cgy hgc Xgrrat`ra` y gc Ynasnog)= 499: Cnbhsenpg Tglucnta`b (Tglcnkgbt` hgc Ynasnog)=

499: L`cj Eùrsgs Net (Cgy hg c`s Enkp`s hg L`cj ).

Ycnbbabl cglascnta`b ab Gblcnbh

Xfas as tfg k`st akp`rtnbt d`hy `j cglascnta`b hargetcy rgcntgh t` urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt ab Gblcnbh (\ac-

canks & \``h, >118? :6= Gvnbs & Hnvùha, 4997? 47= Euccablw`rtf & Bnhab, 499:? 755-757)?

>. Dnsae cglascnta`b, assugh dy tfg WM Ynrcankgbt? X wb nbh Eùbtry Ycnbbabl Net >119 (XEY)= Castgh

Duachabl nbh E`bsgrvnta`b Net >119 (CDEN)= Ycnbbabl nbh E`kpgbsnta`b Net >11>= Ycnbbabl nbhE`kpucs`ry Yurefnsg Net 4998=

4. Utntut`ry Abstrukgbts, assugh tfrùlf hgcglntgh cglascntavg p`wgrs?

n) Tglucnta`bs? X wb nbh Eùbtry Ycnbbabl (K`haenta`b Nbh Hasefnrlg @j Ycnbbabl @dcaln-

ta`bs) Tglucnta`bs >114= X`wb nbh Eùbtry Ycnbbabl (Gbvar`bkgbtnc Akpnet Nssgsskgbt)

(Gblcnbh nbh \ncgs) Tglucnta`bs >111=

d) @rhgrs? X wb nbh Eùbtry Ycnbbabl (Wsg Ecnssgs) @rhgr >16<= X wb nbh Eùbtry Ycnbbabl

(Lgbgrnc Hgvgc`pkgbt Yrèghurg) @rhgr >117=

5. ‖Eareucnrs‑ `r ‖Y caey Luahnbeg b`tgs‑? Eareucnr >7/14, ‖Yudcaeaty j`r Ycnbbabl Nppcaenta`bs‑= Eareucnr

>>/17, ‖Wsg `j e`bhata`bs ab pcnbbabl pgrkassa`b‑= @HYK Eareucnr 97/4997, ‖Ycnbbabl `dcalnta`bs‑,

wfaef sudstatutgh tfg prgvaùs Eareucnr >/1<=8. Ycnbbabl p`caey luahnbeg b`tgs (YYLs), Kabgrncs p`caey luahnbeg b`tgs (KYLs) nbh Ycnbbabl Y caey



Nbbgxgs 57<

Utntgkgbts (YYU)? tfgrg nrg knby `j tfgk. Ab 4997, tfgrg wgrg 47 YYLs nbh >< KYLs. YYL‑s nrg

b`wnhny dgabl lrnhunccy rgpcnegh dy tfg YYUs. Akp`rtnbt YYL‑s nbh YYUs nrg? YYL5 –Fùsabl‛,

pudcasfgh ab 4999= YYU>> –Tgla`bnc Upntanc Utrntglags‑, pudcasfgh ab 4998= YYU>4 –Cènc Hgvgc`p-kgbt Jrnkgw`rms‛, pudcasfgh ab 4998.

Ycnbbabl cglascnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Xfas as tfg k`st rgcgvnbt d`hy `j cglascnta`b `b pcnbbabl tfnt kalft dg abv`cvgh ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt

(Bgghfnk gt nc., >115? 45 nbh 86-78= Faoknbs nbh Lgrz`b, >117? 59-54= Mcnnssgb, 4999? 46 nbh 86<)?

Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net (\gt `p hg Tuaktgcaomg @rhgbabl ), nppr`vgh ab >1:4, sudstnbtanccy k`hagh ab

>167 nbh tfg cnst takg `b > Oucy 4996= 4996 Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net (Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt ), abecuhgh ab

nrtaecgs :.>4-:.48 `j tfg 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net= Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg (Dgscuat `p hg Tuaktg-

caomg @rhgbabl ), nppr`vgh ab >167 nbh k`hagh salbaenbtcy ab 4996= 499> Duachabl Hgergg (Dùw-dgscuat )= Fùsabl Net (\`bablwgt ), nppr`vgh ab >19> nbh sudstnbtanccy k`hagh ab >114= X wb nbh Zac-

cnlg Tglgbgrnta`b Net (\gt `p hg Utnhs- gb H`rpsvgrbaguwabl ) nbh tfg X`wb nbh Zaccnlg Tglgbgrnta`b

Hgergg (Dgscuat p hg Utnhs- gb H`rpsvgrbaguwabl ), abtr`huegh d`tf ab >167= 4999 Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b

Net (\gt Utghgcaomg vgrbaguwabl )= K`bukgbts Net (K`bukgbtgbwgt ), nppr`vgh ab >1:> nbh k`hagh

sudstnbtanccy ab >166= Net Lgbgrnc Nhkabastrntavg Cnw ( Nclgkgbg wgt dgstuursrgeft, Nwd)= Eavac E`hg

(Durlgcaom \gtd`gm )= Gxpr`pranta`b Net (@btgalgbablswgt ).

U`kg gbvar`bkgbtnc cglascnta`b nbh `tfgr sget`ranc cglascnta`b ncs` rglucntg tfg usg `j cnbh? Bàsg Bua-

snbeg Net (\gt Lgcuahfabhgr ), Uàc Yr`tgeta`b Net (\gt D`hgkdgsefgrkabl ), Uupgreanc \ntgr E`btnka-

bnta`b Net (\gt Zgr`btrgabalabl @ppgrvcnmtgwntgrgb), Ntk`spfgrae E`btnkabnta`b Net (\gt Abznmg hgCueftvgr`btrgabalabl ), Wbhgrlrùbh \ntgr Net (Lr`bhwntgrwgt ), Gbvar`bkgbt Knbnlgkgbt Net (\gt

Kacagudgfggr ), Tnacwny Net (Up``rwglwgt ), T`nhs Net (\glgbwgt ) nbh Xrnje Net (\glgbvgrmggrswgt ).



Nbbgxgs 5:5

Nbbgx 7? Uurvgy `j K`b`jubeta`bnc rgsahgbtanc hastraets

@b dgfncj `j tfas rgsgnref, n dragj survgy fns dggb knhg `j n salbaenbt pnrt `j 7: urdnb rglgbgrnta`b

hastraets (7: waomgb ab Hutef). Xfas cast `j 7: hastraets as knhg dy tfg Kabastry `j Fùsabl, Ycnbbabl nbh

Gbvar`bkgbt. Xfas survgy jèusgh `b hgvgc`pkgbt sefgkgs `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh satuntgh watfab

tfgsg hastraets. Xfg survgy e`bsastgh j?

• Dnsgh `b nb `vgrvagw `j 7: Wrdnb Tglgbgrnta`b nrgns `j tfg Kabastry `j Fùsabl, Ycnbbabl nbh

Gbvar`bkgbt (fttp?//www.vr`k.bc/pnlabn.ftkc0ah;>>>5:, e`bsuctgh `b Ugptgkdgr 499<), >7 has-

traets wgrg sgcgetgh tfnt sf`wgh s`kg abhaenta`bs j hgvgc`pkgbt b pravntgcy wbgh cnbh? Fguvgc

(Drghn), Dgrffl` Gs (Fgblgc`), Tustgbdurl/@`stdr`gm (Xfg Fnlug), 8 (Zgbc`), Er``swaom B``rh nbh

F``lvcagt (T`ttgrhnk), LKU (Fggrcgb), Dnrtogs/Gamgbh`bm/F`jstnh (Hgb D`sef), Dabbgbstnh (Fgc-k`bh), Baguw B``rh (Xacdurl), Yrgsamfnnj nbh Kncdurlgb (Nrbfgk), nbh _uacgb/@bhagp, F``l-

rnvgb/X`cstggl nbh Mnbncgbgacnbh/Xrnbswaom (Wtrgeft)=

• Yudcae `jegrs rgsp`bsadcg j`r nbh/`r jnkacanr watf tfgsg >7 hastraets wgrg abtgrvagwgh tgcgpf`baenccy

hurabl Ugptgkdgr 499<=

• @j tfg >7 hastraets, `bcy < hastraets (6 sefgkgs) sggkgh abhggh t` fnvg hgvgc`pkgbt `b pravntgcy

`wbgh cnbh. Xfgy nrg ncc skncc satgs (79->99 hwgccabls)? F``lrnvgb, Zae`bn, @baxwgl >-5 (ab tfg

eaty `j Wtrgeft)= Mnbncgbgacnbh/Xrnbswaom, \abmgcegbtruk (ab Wtrgeft)= Kncdurlgb, \abmgcegbtruk

Hragscnl (ab Nrbfgk)= _uacgb/@bhagp, wabmgcegbtruk T`mnhg (ab Wtrgeft)= Fguvgc, \UUX (ab Drghn)=

Yrgsamfnnj, \gchnkcnnb (ab Nrbfgk). @b tw` `tfgrs tfg satunta`b wns hùdtjuc, j`r cnbh wns pra-

vntgcy wbgh dut wacc dg nequargh dy n Yudcae-pravntg Ynrtbgrsfap (Dgrffl` Gs, ab Gblgc`), r cnbh wns`bcy pnrtcy pravntgcy `wbgh (Egbtruklgdagh Mnbncgbgacnbh, ab Wtrgeft). U` ab t`tnc < ecgnr pravntg

sefgkgs, nbh 4 hùdtjuc. 8 sefgkgs rglnrh sf`ppabl egbtgrs=

• Ab tfg kgbta`bgh 6 pravntg sefgkgs, pravntg rglgbgrnta`b abecuhgs fnrhcy nby pravntg bnbeabl

`j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Hgvgc`pgrs h` b`t bnbeg sèanc fùsabl ab nby `j tfgsg 6

sefgkgs, nbh, nt tfg k`st, tfgy e`bstruet tfgksgcvgs s`kg pudcae spneg, wfaef as hargetcy rgcntgh t`

tfg sefgkg, `r watfab tfg sefgkg atsgcj. @bcy ab `bg ensg (\abmgcegbtruk T`mnhg) as wns b`t p`s-

sadcg t` hase`vgr wfgtfgr tfg hgvgc`pgr fnh pnah `r b`t n e`btraduta`b t` tfg kubaeapncaty.



Nbbgxgs5::

Nbbgx <? Gxpgrakgbt ab _gvgbfuazgb, Uùtf-F`ccnbh

Abtr`hueta`b t` tfg gxpgrakgbt

Xfg Zncgbeanb urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt k`hgc dgenkg nb absparnta`b j`r n lrùp `j >< e`kpnbags, ncc `j

tfgk cèntgh ab tfg abhustranc nrgn ¸Baovgrfgahsegbtruk¸ (>: fn) ab tfg kubaeapncaty `j _gvgbfuazgb-

K`grmnpgccg, cèntgh abdgtwggb tfg eatags `j Xfg Fnlug, Lùhn nbh T`ttgrhnk. Xfrgg `j tfg e`k-

pnbags `wb 67% `j tfg cnbh, nbh k`st `j tfgk fnvg n str`bl e`kkatkgbt t` _gvgbfuazgb, ns

tfgy nrg `r wgrg `ralabnccy cènc e`kpnbags. K`st `j tfg e`kpnbags oàbgh t`lgtfgr ab n e``pgrn-

tavg, E`úpgrntag ¸Hg Zagrlnbl‑ W.N. Xfg l`nc `j tfg e``pgrntavg wns t` k`vg tfg abhustranc nrgn t`

n bgw cènta`b, satuntgh b`t jnr nwny nbh enccgh ‖Hg Zagrlnbl‑ (:8 fn, sgg Jalurg). Xfg e`kpnbags

wgrg e`begrbgh ndùt tfg e`btabunta`b nbh k`hgrbaznta`b `j tfgar abhustranc netavatags, wfaefnrg tfrgntgbgh dy bgw pcnbs tfnt j`rgsgg tfg e`bstrueta`b `j >,499 fùsgs nrùbh tfg abhustranc

Jalurg Nbbgx <. Ab lrgy e`cùr, dusabgss nrgn ‖Baovgrfgahsegbtruk‑ (>: fn)= ab calft lrgy,

tfg t`wb `j _gvgbfuazgb= eareukseradgh ab dcnem, tfg bgw cènta`b j`r tfg dusabgss nbh f`rtaeucturgnrgn, enccgh ‖Hg Zagrlnbl‑ (:8 fn).



Nbbgxgs 5:<

nrgn ‖Baovgrfgahsegbtruk‑. ‖Hg Zagrlnbl‑ as cèntgh dgsahgs tfg N>4, `bg `j tfg k`st akp`r-

tnbt falfwnys ab F`ccnbh. Dgsahgs bgw satgs j`r tfg rks, at wns ncs` pcnbbgh t` nee`kk`hntg ab-

h``r f`rtaeucturg (lrggbfùsgs) tfnt kust dg rgcèntgh jr`k `tfgr pcnegs. 57% `j tfg nrgn sfùchdg abhustry, 87% lrggbfùsgs nbh 49% hùdcg usg. Tnd`dnbm Znstl`gh, tfg pr`pgrty hgvgc`pkgbt

hgpnrtkgbt j n e``pgrntavg dnbm, supp`rtgh abatanccy tfg abatantavg dy nssukabl tfg e`sts j pcnb prgpn-

rnta`b. Cntgr, `beg Tnd`dnbm Znstl`gh jusgh watf hgvgc`pgr Dùwj`bhs, n bgw knbnlgkgbt t``m `vgr

tfg pgrnta`b.

Xfg e`sts `j tfg `pgrnta`b nrg? tfg e`sts `j prgpnrabl tfg pcnbs (p`stabl 5, sgg bnbeanc nbncysas ab sge-

ta`b 4.8.5), `j trnbsjgrrabl tfg rks t` tfg bgw cènta`b (p`stabl 7), `j duyabl tfg cnbh ab tfg bgw cèn-

ta`b (p`stabl >), `j hgk`casfabl tfg `ch pcnbts nbh pr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg ab d`tf tfg j`rkgr nbh

tfg bgw cènta`b (p`stabl 4), nbh `j hgvgc`pabl :>> bgw fùsgs ab tfg j`rkgr abhustranc nrgn (p`stabl

<). Xndcg Nbbgx < spgeags k`st `j tfgsg e`sts ab _gvgbfuazgb. Xfg ahgn wns tfnt tfg e`kpnbags pnrtaea-pntg ab tfg `pgrnta`b t` k`vg tfgar abhustrags t` tfg bgw cènta`b nbh bnbeg tfg e`sts dy? (>) sgccabl

tfg :>> bgw fùsgs ab tfg j`rkgr abhustranc nrgn= (4) sgccabl pc`ts t` tfg f`rtaeucturg jnrkgrs ab tfg ‖Hg

Zagrlnbl‑= nbh (5) pnyabl j`r tfg abergnsg ab vncug `j tfgar pr`pgrty (cnbh nbh abhustranc duachabls) tfnt

neerug jr`k tfg rgk`vnc t` n rst-ecnss satg nbh tfg rgbgwnc `j tfg abstnccnta`bs. Xfg dnsae prabeapcg wns

tfnt tfg `pgrnta`b wùch dg ‖vncug bgutrnc‑ j`r tfg e`kpnbags? tfnt tfg vncug `j tfgar gxastabl pr`pgrty

(pcnbt pcus cnbh) pcus tfgar abvgstkgbt wùch dg tfg snkg ns tfg vncug `j tfgar bgw pr`pgrtags. Ab `tfgr

w`rhs? tfnt tfg vncug abergnsg tfnt neerugs jr`k rgz`babl tfg j`rkgr nbh bgw dusabgss nrgn sgrvgs t`

pny ncc tfg bgegssnry e`sts. Xfg `pgrnta`b wns pcnbbgh t` dg basfgh ab 49>7.

E`becusa`bs ndùt tfg gxpgragbeg ab _gvgbfuazgbXfg pcnb hèukgbts rge`kkgbhgh ab sgeta`b 1.8.4 fnvg dggb gcnd`rntgh ab _gvgbfuazgb, dut tfgy wgrg

b`t hgtnacgh gbùlf ab tfgar e`btgbts, ns n rgsuct `j wfaef tfg abv`cvgh pnrtags bgvgr rgnefgh tfg rge-

`kkgbhgh nlrggkgbts. \atfùt hgtnacgh hèukgbts nbh watfùt tfg nlrggkgbts, tfgrg wns t`` kuef

ubegrtnabty? cnbh`wbgrs hah b`t wnbt t` hgeahg ubtac tfgy mbgw gxnetcy f`w kuef tfgy wùch fnvg t`

e`btradutg nbh wfaef duachabl pnregcs tfgy wùch rgegavg. Ncs`, tfg kubaeapncaty bgghgh n c`bl takg

t` hgeahg wfaef e`btraduta`bs wgrg bgghgh, nbh tfgb fgsatntgh t` prèggh jurtfgr ubtac ncc tfg e`sts `j

pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags fnh dggb sgeurgh. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, tfg gxpgrakgbt ab _gvgbfuazgb

jnacgh. Ab ur paba`b, tfg j`cc`wabl kaskntefgs watf tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs ab sgeta`b 1.8.4 enb gxpcnab

tfg jnacurg (ejr. FH Yrògetrgncasntag, 4991= Cnk`t, Zragbh, Ygbbabl nbh Fubgb, abtgrvagws ab 49>9)?

• Jabnbeanc enceucnta`bs b`t hgtnacgh gbùlf? tfg abatantabl hgvgc`pgr (Tnd`dnbm Znstl`gh ) fnh spgbt

n cakatgh nkùbt `j k`bgy j`r tfg gcnd`rnta`b `j n hrnjt pcnb j`r tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b w`rms,

j`r enceucntabl tfg e`sts `j akpcgkgbtabl tfgsg w`rms, j`r enceucntabl tfg e`sts `j rgk`vnc `j tfg

rks, nbh j`r pr`pgrcy nssgssabl tfg e`sts `j nequarabl tfg :8 fn cnbh j`r tfg bgw dusabgss nrgn.

Abatanccy tfg hgvgc`pgr fnh pcnbbgh t` gcnd`rntg k`rg hgtnacgh stuhags nbh enceucnta`bs. F`wgvgr,

njtgr at jusgh watf `bg `j tfg cnrlgst Hutef hgvgc`pgrs (Dùwj`bhs), n bgw pròget cgnhgr t``m `vgr

tfg pgrnta`b nbh hgeahgh b`t t` spgbh k`rg b at. Cnem j egrtnabty ndùt tfg rgnc e`sts abfflugbegh

bgl`tanta`bs ab n bglntavg wny, knmabl at hajeuct j`r tfg cnbh`wbgrs t` nefagvg nb nlrggkgbt watf

gnef `tfgr nbh watf tfg hgvgc`pgr nbh tfg kubaeapncaty. Xfas wns vgry ecgnr j`r tfg rgk`vnc e`sts

`j tfg rks, wfaef wgrg enceucntgh `b tfg dnsas `bcy `j tfg lurgs pr`vahgh dy tfg e`kpnbags ab-stgnh `j `b hgtnacgh rgsgnref. Xfas wns ncs` vgry ecgnr j`r tfg senc e`bsgqugbegs `j tfg `pgrnta`bs



Nbbgxgs5:6

(wfaef wgrg b`t rgsgnrefgh), j`r tfg e`sts `j nequarabl tfg :8 fn cnbh ab tfg bgw dusabgss nrgn (tfg

kubaeapncaty abatanccy gstakntgh tfgk nt ₣ 48 pgr k´ `j cnbh, dnsgh `b tfg gstakntgh e`kpgbsnta`b

j`r tfg p`ssadcg gxpr`pranta`b `j tfg cnbh, dut efnblgh njtgrwnrhs tfg nssgsskgbt t` ₣ 79), nbh j`rtfg rgsgrvgh nkùbt j`r ubgxpgetgh gxpgbsgs (₣ 4.5 kacca`b, pnrt `j p`stabl 4 ab Xndcg Nbbgx <,

wfaef wns falfgr tfnb usunc dgenusg tfg cnem `j hgtnac `j tfg pcnbs abergnsgh tfg ubegrtnabtags, tfas

cgnhabl t` rgsgrvabl 49% j tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts, abstgnh j n k`rg b`rknc rntg j >9%).

• Wbecgnr cnbh rgnhoustkgbt? nb`tfgr e`bsgqugbeg `j n cakatgh duhlgt j`r pcnb prgpnrnta`b as tfnt

hurabl tfg bgl`tanta`bs tfgrg wns b` pr`p`snc e`begrbabl tfg rucgs j`r tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt, s` at

wns b`t p`ssadcg t` knmg ecgnr t` tfg rks/cnbh`wbgrs f`w tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts ab tfg bgw

abhustranc cènta`b wùch dg hastradutgh dgtwggb tfg hajjgrgbt `wbgrs. Ab `tfgr w`rhs, tfg rks/

cnbh`wbgrs fnh b`t n bnc, ecgnr paeturg `j tfgar juturg cènta`b.

• Wbecgnr pudcae e`btraduta`bs? at t``m t`` c`bl t` ecnrajy wfaef e`btraduta`bs t` pudcae abjrnstrueturg

nbh jneacatags wgrg `dcalnt`ry. Njtgr tfg nd`vg kgbta`bgh pcnb hèukgbts fnh dggb sudkattgh t` tfgkubaeapncaty ab Knref 499<, at t``m k`rg tfnb bg ygnr (tacc Oubg 4996) ubtac tfg cènc nbh pr`vabeanc

pudcae d`hags ecnragh wfaef e`btraduta`bs sfùch dg knhg t` sèanc fùsabl (59%) nbh t` `jj-satg

pudcae abjrnstrueturg (n e`btraduta`b `j ₣ >9k). Xfg jnet tfnt tfg egrtnabty ndùt tfg e`btraduta`bs

enkg vgry cntg fnkpgrgh tfg bgl`tanta`bs, nbh ab @et`dgr 4996 at dgenkg ecgnr tfnt tfg e`btradu-

ta`bs wùch cgnh t` n cnrlg hgeat. Xfas cgnhs us t` nsegrtnab tfg akp`rtnbeg j tfg rge`kkgbhnta`b

lavgb ab sgeta`b 1.>.>? at as akp`rtnbt tfnt, dgj`rg tfg gcnd`rnta`b `j tfg pcnb hèukgbts nbh tfg

bgl`tanta`bs, tfgrg as ncrgnhy egrtnabty ndùt nt cgnst tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt sfùch dg knhg. Ab tfgr

w`rhs, dgj`rg knrmgt pnrtags stnrt gcnd`rntabl tfg pcnb hèukgbts nbh bgl`tantabl, pudcae d`hags

kust fnvg knhg ecgnr wfnt tfg e`btraduta`bs kust dg.

• Wbpr`jgssa`bnc nttatuhg `j tfg rks/cnbh`wbgrs? tfg hntn tfnt wgrg bgegssnry j`r gcnd`rntabl tfgpcnb hèukgbts wgrg lntfgrgh hurabl 499: nbh 499<. Akp`rtnbt hntn, `dtnabgh jr`k tfg rks/

cnbh`wbgrs, wgrg? n) f`w kuef h`gs at e`st t` k`vg tfg rks t` tfg bgw cènta`b, nbh t` knabtnab

pr`hueta`b hurabl tfg trnbsata`b jr`k tfg `ch t` tfg bgw cènta`b= nbh d) tfg senc e`bsgqugbegs `j

tfg abergnsg ab vncug `j tfg pr`pgrtags (vgbb``tsefnpsdgcnstabl ab Hutef). D`tf wgrg akp`rtnbt j`r

enceucntabl tfg bnbeanc jgnsadacaty `j tfg `pgrnta`b, nbh tfg p`ssadacatags j`r tfg rks t` d`rr`w tfg

bgegssnry k`bgy. Tglnrhabl tfg e`sts `j k`vabl tfg rks (n), njtgrwnrhs at nppgnrs tfnt tfg rks hah

b`t pr`vahg neeurntg abj`rknta`b, `r nt cgnst tfnt tfgy hah b`t knmg tfg bgegssnry gjj`rts t` gcnd`-

rntg nbh pr`vahg neeurntg abj`rknta`b. At as ncs` p`ssadcg tfnt tfg hgcny ab tfg bgl`tanta`bs knhg at

abergnsablcy hajeuct j`r tfgk t` knabtnab tfgar abatanc nssgsskgbt, wfaef rgabj`regs tfg nbncysas tfnt

tfgar nssgsskgbt wns b`t pr`jgssa`bnc gbùlf. Nb`tfgr p`ssadcg gxpcnbnta`b as tfnt tfg e`kpnbagsdgenkg k`rg pgssakastae hug t` tfg bnbeanc erasas tfnt nr`sg tfg gbh `j 4996 nbh e`bseaùscy hg-

eahgh t` abfflntg tfg e`sts t` fnkpgr tfg pròget.

Nhhata`bnc jnet`rs enb gxpcnab wfy tfg gxpgrakgbt ab _gvgbfuazgb jnacgh?

• Ge`b`kae erasas? nt tfg gbh `j 4996, wfgb bgl`tanta`bs gbtgrgh tfg vatnc pfnsg, nb abtgrbnta`bnc

erghat erasas dr`mg ùt, nbh s``b at dgenkg ecgnr tfnt at wùch fnvg cnrlg gjjgets `b tfg knrmgt praeg

`j rgnc gstntg. J`r gxnkpcg, ab tfg enceucnta`bs knhg dy tfg hgvgc`pgr nt tfg gbh j 499< tfnt sgrvgh

ns dnsas j`r tfg bgl`tanta`bs, tfg sgccabl praeg `j tfg fùsgs wns gxpgetgh t` abergnsg ygnrcy dy 5%,

wfacg njtgr bg ygnr tfg rgncaty wns tfnt praegs c`wgrgh dy 7%. Xfas as n vgry rgcgvnbt e`btgxt vnrandcg

tfnt abfflugbegs tfg sazg `j tfg abatanc pr`t ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt (sgg sgeta`b 4.8.4 - vnrandcg s`rtN>). Ab lgbgrnc, tfg sgbtakgbt nk`bl tfg rks w`rsgbgh salbaenbtcy. At as akp`rtnbt t` rgkgkdgr



Nbbgxgs 5:1

tfnt tfas s`rt `j pròget, ab wfaef cnbh`wbgrs dge`kg netavgcy abv`cvgh ab rglgbgrnta`b, sfnrabl e`sts

nbh pr`ts, nrg n b`vgcty ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Ab tf`sg takgs `j ubegrtnabty, tfg cnbh`wbgrs dgenkg

k`rg e`bsgrvntavg nbh pgssakastae. J`r gxnkpcg, tfgy efnblgh tfgar kabh ndùt tfg abatanc gstakn-ta`b `j tfg nd`vg kgbta`bgh e`sts `j k`vabl tfg rks nbh tfg senc e`bsgqugbegs=

• Falf hgk`cata`b e`sts (p`stabl 4)? tfg e sts j`r hgk casfabl tfg abhustranc duachabls nbh ecgnbabl tfg

cnbh (₣ 85 pgr k´ j`r bgw pudcae spneg>, pcus tfg bnbeanc e`sts nbh tfg netuncaznta`b e`sts -a.g. tfg

e`sts `j drablabl tfg e`sts up t` hntg) wgrg falfgr tfnb b`rknc dgenusg ab dusabgss nrgns camg tfas

tfgrg as k`rg nspfnct tfnt fns t` dg rgk`vgh tfnb ab fùsabl nrgns=

• Cnbh e`sts? tfg praeg `j tfg cnbh ab dusabgss nrgn Baovgrfgahsegbtruk wns falf, ns tfg rks t` dg

rgk`vgh nrg netavg nbh fnvg n falf ge`b`kae vncug. Xfas as ncs` n e`btgxt vnrandcg tfnt abfflugbegs

tfg sazg j tfg abatanc pr`t (vnrandcg s`rt N4). Nctfùlf tfg rks wgrg rgnhy t` hgcavgr tfgar pr`pgrty

(cnbh + pcnbt `b at) j`r n vgry c`w praeg4, rgbùbeabl nby abergnsg ab vncug tfnt wùch neerug jr`k

tfg rgz`babl abt` fùsabl, tfg jnet as tfnt tfg kabakuk cnbh e`sts (tfg vncug j tfg pr`pgrtags ab tfgarj`rkgr usg) wns stacc vgry falf, ndùt ₣ 87.7 kacca`b (₣ 559-5:9 pgr k´ `j cnbh).

• Cnbh e`sts? tfg gxpgrakgbt wns dnsgh up`b n b`vgcty ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, bnkgcy tfnt cnbh`wbgrs

tfgksgcvgs pnrtaeapntg ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, sfnrabl e`sts nbh pr`ts. J`cc`wabl tfas tfgrg wns b`

bggh t` nequarg tfg cnbh ab tfg dusabgss nrgn Baovgrfgahsegbtruk. Nctfùlf tfg bnc gvncunta`b

`j tfg `pgrnta`b (rghgvgc`pkgbt Baovgrfgahegbtruk + duachabl bgw dusabgss nrgn ab Hg Zagrlnbl)

neeùbtgh tfg vncug `j tfg cnbh (₣ 87.7k) ns n e`st, tfg jnet as tfnt at wns b`t bgegssnry t` neeùbt

tfas vncug ns n e`st ab tfg enceucnta`bs `j tfg rghgvgc`pkgbt `j Baovgrfgahegbtruk. Xfg rgns`b as

tfnt, tfgrg wns b` bggh t` nhvnbeg tfas abvgstkgbt `j ₣ 87.7k dgenusg tfgrg wns b` bggh t` duy

tfas cnbh. F`wgvgr, tfas efnblgh watf tfg bgw knbnlgkgbt ab efnrlg njtgr tfg jusa`b `j Tnd`dnbm

Znstl`gh watf Dùwj`bhs. Xfg bgw knbnlgkgbt wnbtgh t` duy tfg cnbh ab nhvnbeg t` dge`kg tfghgvgc`pgr j tfg :>> fùsgs. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg j tfas jubhnkgbtnc efnblg j tfg bnbeanc strueturg

`j tfg pgrnta`b, tfg cnbh e`sts abergnsgh e`bsahgrndcy. Jarst, tfg ₣ 87.7k nbh nb netuncaznta`b j tfg

e`sts watf nb`tfgr ₣ 8.4k fnh t` dg neeùbtgh ns n e`st j rghgvgc`pabl Baovgrfgahegbtruk (p`stabl

> ab Xndcg Nbbgx <). Ab nhhata`b, tfas cgh t` k`rg bnbeanc e`sts (ndùt ₣ >8.5k). Xfg t`tnc neeùbtgh

cnbh e`sts dgenkg tfg cnrlgst pnrt j tfg cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts (₣ :8k `j ab t`tnc ₣15.7k). Ab tfgr

w`rhs, rghgvgc`pabl Baovgrfgahsegbtruk dgenkg k`rg gxpgbsavg wfgb tfg hgvgc`pgr hgeahgh t`

duy tfg e`kpnbags ùt abstgnh `j e`ccnd`rntabl watf tfgk.

• Jubhnkgbtnc hasnlrggkgbt dgtwggb hgvgc`pgr nbh cnbh`wbgrs? nctfùlf tfg E``pgrntavg (a.g. tfg

cnbh`wbgrs) wns b`t ab prabeapcg rgcuetnbt t` ncc`w n e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr t` nequarg tfg cnbh

nbh hgvgc`p tfg rgnc gstntg `b at, tfgy wnbtgh t` dg abhgpgbhgbt nbh tfgy e`bsahgrgh tfas k`vg `jtfg hgvgc`pgr ns n trnbslrgssa`b `j tfg stnrtabl pàbt `j tfg gxpgrakgbt? netavg pnrtaeapnta`b `j cnbh-

`wbgrs, jneacatntgh dy nb urdnbazabl nlgbt, t` hakabasf cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts nbh neegcgrntg tfg

hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfg ecnak j tfg bgw knbnlgkgbt j Tnd`dnbm Znstl gh/Dùwj`bhs wns netunccy nb

nttgkpt t` `rlnbazg tfabls ns usunc. Njtgr sgvgrnc kggtabls watf tfg E``pgrntavg, hurabl tfg nutukb

`j 4996 Tnd`dnbm/Dùwj`bhs hgeahgh t` watfhrnw jr`k tfg `pgrnta`b. At sggks ecgnr tfnt Hutef

> Bgw pudcae spneg as tfg surjneg tfnt as rghgvgc`pgh nbh wacc dg usgh j`r pudcae usgs. K`st `jabjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts rgcntg t` tfg e`bstrueta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturgnd`vg `r ubhgr tfas surjneg.

4 @bcy tfg enhnstrnc vncug j`r pr`pgrty tnxgs purp`sgs (\@_ wnnrhg ab Hutef), pcus 49%. Xfgenhnstrnc vncug j`r pr`pgrty tnxgs purp`sgs as dnsgh b tfg cnbh usg ‖abhustry‑, dut b`t `b tfg juturg,k`rg pr`tndcg cnbh usg ‖fùsabl‑.



Nbbgxgs5<9

hgvgc`pgrs nrg b`t e`kj`rtndcg watf tfg r`cg `j urdnbazabl nlgbt, a.g. `j dgabl n hgvgc`pgr tfnt ab

prabeapcg `bcy pr`ts jr`k cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt, dut b`t jr`k tfg hgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg rgnc gstntg.

• Abjrnstrueturg nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts? tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e stsj`r trnbsj`rkabl tfg eurrgbt abhustranc satg Baovgrfgahsegbtruk abt` sgrvaegh cnbh j`r fùsabl wgrg

enceucntgh nt en. ₣ 41</k´ bgw pudcae spneg. Xfas as sakacnr t` usunc rgncazgh e`sts ab urdnb rglgbgrn-

ta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (jr`k ₣ 599 t` 799), nbh kuef falfgr tfnb ab Zncgbean (jr`k ₣ 19 t` >>9).

Xfg netunc hgbata`b `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfnt lavg t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfg `pta`b t`

wnat, kalft gxpcnab wfy tfg e`sts wgrg s` cnrlg? (n) tfg rgsgrvgh nkùbt j`r ubgxpgetgh gxpgbsgs

(₣ 4.5 k, ₣ 45/ k´ bgw pudcae spneg, pcus netuncaznta`b nbh bnbeanc e`sts) wns twaeg ns falf hug

t` tfg ubegrtnabtags ndùt tfg enceucnta`bs nbh ndùt wfgtfgr at as p`ssadcg t` nefagvg nb nlrggkgbt

watf cnbh`wbgrs= (d) at kalft dg tfnt tfg enceucnta`bs ab _gvgbfuazgb abecuhgh fahhgb e`sts j`r

e`kpgbsntabl c`ssgs ab tfgr sefgkgs, nbh/`r falf rglucnr pr`t knrlabs. At as f`wgvgr akp`rtnbt t`

rgkgkdgr tfnt hajjgrgbegs watf Zncgbean enb ncs` dg enusgh dy `tfgr tfarh vnrandcgs suef ns cndùre`sts ab tfg duachabl sget`r, ab e`bstrueta`b kntgrancs, ab senc rglakg (vnrandcgs dgc`blabl t` s`rt N5

ab enusnc k`hgc ab sgeta`b 4.8.4) nbh e`bhata`bs `j tfg sàc (vnrandcg N4). N bnc rgknrm? nctfùlf

dgabl falf e`kpnrgh watf Zncgbean, abjrnstrueturg nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts ab Bgvgbfuazgb nrg

b`t nk`bl tfg falfgst ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Xfas eùch dg gxpcnabgh dy tfg jnet tfnt tfg enceucnta`bs

akpcaeatcy fnvg prgsupp`sgh tfnt tfg cnbh`wbgrs wgrg làbl t` dg supp`rtavg nbh tfus tfnt tfg hg-

vgc`pkgbt prègss wùch dg sk``tf nbh wùch b`t sujjgr hgcny. Xfas kalft fnvg nvàhgh tfg bggh,

jrgqugbt ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, `j knmabl nhhata`bnc stuhags, bgl`tanta`bs (pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts), `j

gxtrn bnbeanc e`sts, gte.

Hàbl tfabls ns usunc as gxpgbsavgXfg gxpgragbeg ab _gvgbfuazgb sf`ws f`w tfg netunc hgbata`b `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs,

wfaef lavgs t` cnbh`wbgrs tfg `pta`b t` wnat, nbh tfg ubegrtnabtags nbh strntglags tfnt rgsuct jr`k at,

cgnh t` tfg abatanc pr`t knrlab cgnmabl nwny abt` falf neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts (nt cgnst ₣ >8.5k k`rg

tfnb bgegssnry), nbh abt` falf abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts (d`tf t`lgtfgr ndùt

₣ 41</k´ bgw pudcae spneg). Ab nhhata`b, tfgy cgnh t` tfg bggh j nhvnbeabl cnrlg abvgstkgbts t` duy tfg

cnbh (₣ 87.7k). Xfas ecgnrcy sf`ws tfnt bcy n jubhnkgbtnc efnblg ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt strntgly t`wnrhs

j`rkucns tfnt abe`rp`rntg cnbh`wbgrs abt` tfg `pgrnta`b wacc cgnh t` c`wgr e`sts.



Nbbgxgs 5<>

Xndcg Nbbgx <. E`kpnras`b cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts j`r tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg gxastabl abhustranc satg

‖Baovgrfgahsegbtruk‑ (b`t tfg bgw dusabgss nrgn, nbh tnmabl abt` neeùbt tfg nequasata`b `j tfg cnbh)

ab _gvgbfuazgb, tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Zncgbean (sgg ncs` sgeta`b 1.8 nbh Nbbgx :).

Zncgbean Bghgrcnbh Baovgrfgahsegbtruk _gvgbfuazgb

>. Neeùbtghcnbh e`st

₣87.7k= pcus ₣8.4k drablabl e`stsup t` hntg (netuncaznta`b e`sts)= pcus₣>8.5k bnbeanc e`sts= ab t`tnc ₣:8k

4. Abjrns pr`ve`sts (₣/k´ bgwpudcae spneg)

(Dgtwggb <9 nbh19 ₣/ k´)

(K`st `j tfg takgdgtwggb 479 nbh899 ₣/k´, s`kgtakgs gvgb falfgr)

₣ >6k(><1₣/k´)

Drablabl e`sts up t`hntg? ₣ 7.:k= Jabnb-eanc e`sts? ₣ 4.<k.Ab t`tnc tfus ₣41.:k(41< ₣/k´)5. Ycnb prgp e`sts

(₣/k´ bgw pudcaespneg)

(Earen 49 ₣/ k´) (K`st j tfg takg

dgtwggb 79 nbh>99 ₣/k´)

₣ 5.5k

(55₣/k´)

Neeùbtgh cnbh e`st? Xfg praeg tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr (gxpgets t`) pny j`r tfg cnbh nbh abecuhgs ab tfg neeùbts nse`st.

Abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts? tfas abecuhgs b`t `bcy tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b w`rms, dut ncs` rgsgrvghnkùbts j`r ubgxpgetgh gxpgbsgs, tfg `vgrfgnh e`sts, p`ssadcg rglucnr pr`t knrlabs `j tfg hgvgc`pgr, gte. AbXfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfgy e`kprasg? Uc`pgb, dùw gb w``braop knmgb, rasae` gb `bv``rzagb.

Ycnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts? tfg e`sts `j tfg prgpnrnta`b `j pcnbs, stuhags, gte. Ab Hutef? pcnbm`stgb, `r Z``rdgrgahabl,t`gzaeft gb pcnb`btwammgcabl .

Netuncaznta`b e`sts? ncc e`sts nrg prgsupp`sgh t` abergnsg ygnrcy dy 4% tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh dy 5% tfgrgst `j tfg e`ts.

Jabnbeanc e`sts? tfg bnbeanc e`sts tfnt neerug jr`k fnvabl t` nbtaeapntg abvgstkgbts, watf `tfgr w`rhs, j`rk fnv-

abl t` spgbh k`bgy dgj`rg tfg bnc pr`huets (rgnc gstntg) nrg s`ch.Cnbh hge`btnkabnta`b e`sts nbh e`kpgbsnta`b e`sts nrg gxecuhgh.

Bgw pudcae spneg as tfg surjneg tfnt as rghgvgc`pgh nbh wacc dg usgh j`r pudcae usgs. K`st `j abjrnstrueturg pr`va-sa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts rgcntg t` tfg e`bstrueta`b `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nd`vg `r ubhgr tfas surjneg.



Nbbgxgs5<4

Casts `j tgrks

Cast `j tgrks Gblcasf-Upnbasf

Nssèanta`b j Wrdnbastae Abtgrgst Nlrupneaõb hg Abtgrás Wrdnbëstae`Nut`b`kùs E`kkubaty (rgla`b) E`kubahnh Nutõb`kn>1<6 E`bstatuta`b E`bstatueaõb Gspnþ`cnE`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt Uastgkn hg E``pgrneaõbHgbatavg Abjrnstrueturg Yr`vasa`b

Yròget Yr`yget` hg WrdnbazneaõbHgtnacgh dabhabl rucgs `rhgbneaõb p`rkgb`raznhnHgtnacgh Ycnbbabl Ycnbgnkagbt` hg hgsnrr`cc`Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt E`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae`Hgvgc`pkgbt ubat Wbahnh hg GogeueaõbGe`b`kaenc-bnbeanc Yr`p`snc Yr`p`saeaõb Ge`bõkae`-JabnbeagrnGquatndcg rghastraduta`b j dgttgrkgbt,

e`sts nbh hutags rghastradueaõb gquatntavn hg dgbgea`s y enrlnsGxpr`pranta`b Gxpr`paneaõbLgbgrnc Kubaeapnc Ycnbbabl Ycnbgnkagbt` Lgbgrnc Kubaeapnc

Lgbgrnc Cnbh-usg Ycnb Ycnb Lgbgrnc hg @rhgbneaõb Wrdnbn, YL@WFùsabl e``pgrntavg E``pgrntavn hg vavagbhns

Oàbt Hgvgc`pkgbt Yr`lrnk Yr`lrnkn pnrn gc hgsnrr`cc` hg ubn NetuneaõbWrdnbëstaen, YNA

Oàbt hgvgc`pkgbt `rlnbasnta`b Oubtn hg E`kpgbsneaõb Ourahaenc-ge`b`kaenc Yr`p`snc Yr`p`saeaõb Ourëhae`-Ge`bõkaenCnbh Tgnhoustkgbt TgpnregcneaõbCnbh Tgnhoustkgbt Yròget Yr`yget` hg TgpnregcneaõbCnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh Uugc` urdnbazndcgCglnc stnbhnrhs pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh

jneacatags Gstîbhnrgs Wrdnbëstae`sCènc Eùbeac Ycgb` hgc Nyubtnkagbt`Kubaeapnc Yntrak`by `j Cnbh Yntrak`ba` Kubaeapnc hg Uugc`Kubaeapncaty Nyubtnkagbt`Ynrtanc Ycnb Ycnb Ynreanc Yfysaenc z`babl Ycnbgnkagbt` jësae`Yrg-gkpta`b ralft (ralft `j rst rgjusnc) hgrgef` hg tnbtg` y rgtrnet`Yr`pgrty rglastgr Tglastr` hg cn Yr`paghnh Yr`vabeanc l`vgrbkgbt Haputneaõb Yr`vabeanc Yr`vasa`bnc Abjrnstrueturg Yr`vasa`b

Yròget Nbtgpr`yget` hg WrdnbazneaõbTghastraduta`b Nrgn Îrgn hg rgpnrt`



Nbbgxgs 5<5

Tgjgrgbeg Hgvgc`pkgbt Ncc`wnbeg Npr`vgefnkagbt` tap`Tgz`babl `bg urdnb usg t` `tfgr rgencaeneaõb

Tgz`babl n b`b urdnb usg t` nburdnb `bg rgecnsaeneaõbUget`r sget`r Uèanc-njj`rhndcg fùsabl Zavagbhn e`b Yr`tgeeaõb pÿdcaen/

Zavagbhn pr`tglahnUpgeanc Ycnb Ycnb Gspgeanc Utrueturnc dabhabl rucgs `rhgbneaõb strueturnc Xgefbaenc Nctgrbntavg Nctgrbntavn táebaenWbat `j k`hnc usg ubahnh hg npr`vgefnkagbt`Wrdnb Cnbh Uugc` urdnb`

Wrdnb Tgbgwnc Ycnb Ycnb hg Tgj`rkn Abtgra`r Wrdnbaznta`b WrdnbazneaõbWrdnbazabl nlgbt nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r Wrdnbaznta`b efnrlgs Enrlns hg urdnbazneaõbWrdnbaznta`b enb`b Enb`b hg urdnbazneaõbWrdnbaznta`b e`sts E`stgs hg urdnbazneaõbZ`cubtnry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt Uastgkn hg E`kpgbsneaõb_`babl cnbh abt` urdnb nbh b`b-urdnb ecnsaeneaõb_`babl cnbh abt` hajjgrgbt urdnb usgs encaeneaõb

Cast `j tgrks Gblcasf-Hutef

Neeùbtndacaty X`grgmgbdnnrfgah Nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt Nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kst E`btraduta`bs j`r `tfgr sefgkgs D`vgbpcnbsg m`stgbHgbata`b `j cnbh usgs H`gcgabhgb`ksefraovabl Hgpnrturg jr`k tfg Cnbh-usg Ycnb Zraostgccabl/Yrògetdgscuat Hgtnacabl `j Cnbh-usg Ycnb Watwgrmabl Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt Gxpcàtntag`vgrggbm`kst/

Tgncasntag`vgrggbm`kst

Hgvgc`pkgbt Tglucnta`b Gxpcàtntagvgr`rhgbabl Ge`b`kae pgrj`rkndacaty/jgnsadacaty Ge`b`kasef uatv`grdnnrfgah Gxpcnbnta`b Ycnbt`gcaeftabl Fùsabl nssèanta`b \`bable`rp`rntagHgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs Ycnb GxpcàtntagpcnbCnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs Net Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt Cnbh-usg pcnb DgstgkkablspcnbCnbh-usg rglucnta`bs Ycnbv``rsefrajtgbCgnsgf`ch Grjpneft C`st lrggb nrgns Zgrc`rgb lglnbg lr`gbv``rzagbablgb

Knp Ycnbmnnrt K`haenta`b Cnbh-usg Ycnb \aozalabl



Nbbgxgs5<8

Kubaeapncaty LgkggbtgBgw Mgy Yròget Baguw Ucgutgcpròget, BUY

@dogetavg hgcakatnta`b @dogetagvg dglrgbzabl @utcabg dabhabl cnbh-usg rglucnta`b Lc`dncg dgstgkkabl @utcabg Hgbata`b Dgsefraovabl ab F``jhcaobgb@utcabg Cnbh-usg pcnb watf `dcalnta`b

`j jurtfgr gcnd`rnta`b Lc`dnnc dgstgkkablspcnb kgt uatwgrmablspcaeft Ygrj`rkndacaty/jgnsadacaty Watv`grdnnrfgah Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg Dgscuat `p hg ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Abspget`rntg Abspgetag Tuaktgcaomg @rhgbabl Yrg-gkpta`b Z``rmgursrgeft Yr`t Yròt

Yr`t tnx Dnntdgcnstabl Yr`p`rta`bncaty Yr`p`rta`bncatgat Yr`vabeg Yr`vabeagYudcae jneacatags nbh abtgrvgbta`bs Tuaktgcaomg btwammgcablgbYudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags sgrvabl

n wahgr nrgn D`vgbwaomsg v``rzagbablgb(Yr`vabeanc) Cnbh-usg Ycnb AbpnssablspcnbUgcj rgncasnta`b _gcjrgncasntagUèanc jneacatags Knntsefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgbUpntanccy rgcgvnbt Tuaktgcaom/pcnb`c`lasef rgcgvnbt

Utnkp pcnb Y`stzglgcpcnbUtrueturnc Ycnb UtruetuurpcnbUtrueturnc Zasa`b UtruetuurvasagWrdnb Tgbgwnc Ycnb Utnhsvgrbaguwablspcnb



Nbbgxgs 5<7

Catgrnturg

NDJ-rgsgnref (4996), @vgrfgahsdgcgah gb ruaktgcaomg abvgstgrablgb. @bhgrz`gm bnnr nnbcgahabl vnb hg

k`tag Znb Fgultgb, Zgrkgao, \aglknb-vnb Kgppgcgb Uefgppabl , Hgcjt.

Ne`stn, T`hral` & Tgbnrh, Zabegbt (>115), Wrdnb cnbh nbh pr`pgrty knrmgts ab Jrnbeg, WEC Yrgss

Cakatgh, C`bh`b.

Nhnks, Hnvah= Hasdgrry, Ncnb= Futefas`b, B`rknb= Kubo`kn, Xf`kns (499>), ‖@wbgrsfap e`bstrnabtst` dr`wbgch rghgvgc`pkgbt‑, ab Gbvar`bkgbt nbh Ycnbbabl N, v`c 55, p.p. 875-8<<.

Nhvèntg Lgbgrnc j tfg Gur`pgnb Wba`b (49>9), @paba`b j Nhvèntg Lgbgrnc Oèèsmabgb, hgcavgrgh b

>: Ugptgkdgr 49>9, Ensg E-59:/96, Gur`pgnb E`kkassa`b v Mablh`k `j Upnab, nvnacndcg ab fttp?//

gur-cgx.gur`pn.gu/CgxWraUgrv/CgxWraUgrv.h`0ura;EGCGV?:4996E959:?GB?FXKC

Nchraef, F.N. (>1<1), @rlnbasnta`bs nbh Gbvar`bkgbts, Gblcgw``h Ecajjs, BO, Yrgbtaeg-Fncc.

Ncgxnbhgr, G.T. (499>n) ‖N trnbsneta`b-e`st tfg`ry `j cnbh usg pcnbbabl nbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`btr`c‑, ab

X`wb Ycnbbabl Tgvagw , <4, 87-<7.• (499>d) ‖L`vgrbnbeg nbh trnbsneta`b e`sts ab pcnbbabl systgks? n e`begptunc jrnkgw rm j`r

abstatuta`bnc nbncysas j cnbh-usg pcnbbabl nbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`btr`c ― tfg ensg j Asrngc‑, ab Gbva-

r`bkgbt nbh Ycnbbabl D? Ycnbbabl nbh Hgsalb, 46, <77-<:.

Nccas`b, L.X. (>1<>), Xfg Gssgbeg j Hgeasa`b, Cattcg D`st`b, KN? Dr`wb & E`kpnby.

Nctgrknb, Tnefgccg (4991), Enb tfg –ubgnrbgh abergkgbt‛ ab cnbh vncugs dg fnrbgssgh t` suppcy nj-

j`rhndcg fùsabl0, pnpgr ab E`bjgrgbeg ‖Jabnbeabl njj`rhndcg fùsabl nbh abjrnstrueturg ab eatags?

t`wnrhs abb`vntavg cnbh nbh pr`pgrty tnxnta`b systgk‑, WB Fndatnt LCXB, \nrsnw >7 nbh >: @e-

t`dgr 4991.

Nsmgw, Onbgt (>11:), ‖Ensg Utuhy? Enb`b‑s Knrsf‑, ab Lrggh (>11:, gh.), p.p. >6>->1>.

Nvg, Lnst`bg (>11:), Wrdnb cnbh nbh pr`pgrty knrmgts ab Atncy , WEC Yrgss Cakatgh, C`bh`b.

N_ (Kabastgrag vnb Nclgkgbg _nmgb, 499<), Unkgb wgrmgb, snkgb w`bgb. Dgcgahspr`lrnkkn Mndabgt

Dncmgbgbhg AZ 499<-49>>, Hgb Fnnl? Kabastgrag vnb Nclgkgbg _nmgb.

Dnnrhgwaom, G.O. vnb (4996), ‖D`vgbpcnbsg vgrgvgbabl van fgt gxpcàtntagpcnb0‑, ab Dùwrgeft , br. >>

B`vgkdgr 4996, p.p. <75-<::.



Nbbgxgs5<:

Dncc, K. (>165), Fùsabl Y`caey nbh Ge`b`kae Y`wgr (Xfg Y`cataenc Ge`b`ky `j @wbgr @eeupnta`b),

Kgtfugb, C`bh`b, p.p. >>4->>5 nbh >86.

• (4995), ‖Knrmgts nbh tfg Utrueturg j tfg Fùsgduachabl Abhustry? Nb Abtgrbnta`bnc Ygrspgetavg‑,ab Wrdnb Utuhags, Z`c. 89? 7, p.p. 61<-1>:.

Dnrmgr, Mntg (4998), Tgvagw j Fùsabl Uuppcy. Hgcavgrabl Utndacaty? Ugeurabl ur Juturg Fùsabl Bgghs,

Dnrmgr Tgvagw, C`bh`b, Knref 4998, p.p. >81.

Dnss`cs E`kn, Knrtëb (>167n), E`bstatueaõb y sastgkn ge`bõkae`, >st ghata`b, Xgeb`s, Knhrah >167.

• (>167d), ]ahgk[, 4bh ghata`b, Xgeb`s, Knhrah >166.

• (>11:n), –C`s abaea`s hgc hgrgef` urdnbëstae` gb gc pgrë`h` hgc cadgrncask` k`hgrnh` y gb gc

sgxgba` rgv`cuea`bnra` (>68:->6<:)? gc Gbsnbefg hg cn eauhnh e`k` k`hgc` urdnbëstae` y sas-

tgkn ourëhae`‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, bukdgr >9<->96, sprabl-sukkgr,p.p. >1-74=

• (>11:d), –Gc hgrgef` urdnbëstae` hg cn Tgstnurneaõb n nc AA Tgpÿdcaen (>6<:->15:)? erasas hg c`s

Gbsnbefgs y cns haeuctnhgs pnrn ncukdrnr ub bugv` k`hgc` ourëhae`-urdnbëstae`‛, ab Eauhnh y

Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, bukdgr >9<->96, sprabl-sukkgr, p.p. 75-19.

• (4994), –Wrdnbask`s E`kpnrnh`s/Jrnbean? Gstuha` hg cns cëbgns dîsaens hg su cglascneaõb ur-

dnbëstaen‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, Z`c. VVVAZ, b. >5>, p.p. 67->4<.

Dgbs`b, O,M, (>164), ‖N jrnkgw`rm j`r p`caey nbncysas‑, ab H.C. T`lgrs nbh H.N. \fgttgb (ghs, >164), ‖Ab-

tgr`rlnbaznta`bnc E``rhabnta`b? Xfg ry, Tgsgnref, nbh Akpcgkgbtnta`b‑, A`wn Utntg Wbavgrsaty Yrgss,

Nkgs, pp. >5<-><:.

Dgbtcgy, N.J. (>1:<), Xfg Yrègss j L`vgrbkgbt? N Utuhy j Uèanc Yrgssurg, Enkdrahlg, KN.? Fnrvnrh

WY (Efaenl` >196).

Dgtnbe`r T`hrëlugz, Nbhrás & Lnreën-Dgccah`, Onvagr (499>), –Uëbtgsas lgbgrnc hg c`s gstuha`s e`kpnrn-

h`s hg cns cglascnea`bgs urdnbëstaens gb nclub`s pnësgs èeahgbtncgs‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra -Gstuha`s

Xgrrat`rancgs, v`c. VVVAAA, b. >4<, p.p. 6<->88.

DET (>111), ‖Lr`bhdgcgah tussgb pnrtaeucagrg dgsefammablskneft gb vgrfgassturabl‑, Dgstuurcaomg E`k-

kassag Tnbhstnh, w`rmabl hèukgbt, b`t pudcasfgh, DET sgergtnrannt, Wtrgeft.

Dahnl`r Cnsnrtg, Yghr` (>11:), –Eareubstnbeans fastõraens gb nc lgstneaõb hg cn Cgy s`drg Tálakgb hgc

Uugc` y @rhgbneaõb Wrdnbn hg >4 hg kny` hg >17:‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs,

bukdgr >9<->96, sprabl-sukkgr, p.p. 1>->99.

Dcnbe Ecnvgr`, J. (>11<) ‖C`s gjget`s hg cn CTNW s`drg cn netavahnh urdnbaznh`rn? enusns y e`bsgeugb-

eans hg ubn trnbsj`rkneaõb‑, Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, 41, 47<-18.

• (4995) ‖Xfg bgw cglnc pcnbbabl systgk ab Zncgbean‑, b`t pudcasfgh, nvnacndcg tfrùlf

h.kub`zlagcgbItuhgcjt.bc



Nbbgxgs 5<<

D``tf, Yfacap (4995), Ycnbbabl dy E`bsgbt. Xfg `ralabs nbh bnturg `j Dratasf hgvgc`pkgbt e`btr`c ,

Tùtcghlg, C`bh`b, 4>5 p.p.

• (4997), ‖Ynrtbgrsfaps nbh bgtw`rms? Xfg l`vgrbnbeg j urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab Dratnab‑, ab Oùrbnc`j Fùsabl nbh tfg Duact Gbvar`bkgbt , 49? 47<-4:1.

D`ron gt nc. (>119, ghs.), Cns Lrnbhgs Eauhnhgs gb cn háenhn hg c`s b`vgbtn, Gh. Uastgkn, Knhrah, <5: p.p.

D`sef, B. & Fnbgknnygr, H. (>114), Nrtamgc >1 \T@? pcnbnjwaomabl j nbtaeapntag, Kabastgrag Zr`k, Hgb

Fnnl, 49 B`vgkdgr >114.

Drnnmgbsagm, K= Lr`tgbfuas, T. tg= Fgbhramsgb, G.K.= Kgguwassgb, N.O.= Ygrgbd``k, L.T.O.= nbh \ùh-

strn, Y.O. (4991), Lr`bhgxpcàtntag gb fgt dgstgkkablspcnb. E`begpt-Uuppcgkgbt 4991-4. Cggrlnbl

@p hgzgcjhg cggst , Bar`v, Hgb Fnnl, @mt`dgr 4991.

Drglknb, N.L. & Uagvgrs, A.Y. (4994), ‖Tuaktgcaomg snkgbfnbl gb hg jubhnkgbtgcg fgrzagbabl vnb hg

\T@‑, ab Dùwrgeft br. 8 nprac 4994, p. 41>-41:.

Drúemabl, D. & Lggst, F. Znb (>164), Nbtaeapgrgb gb ruaktgcaom dgcgah , Xoggbm \accabm, >164.

Dryknb, Ncnb (4998), Uèanc Tgsgnref Kgtf`hs, rst ghata`b ab 499>, @xj`rh Wbavgrsaty Yrgss.

Duatgcnnr, G. (499<), Xfg E`sts j Cnbh Wsg Hgeasa`bs. Nppcyabl trnbsneta`b e`sts ge`b`kaes t` pcnbbabl

& hgvgc`pkgbt , TAEU Tgsgnref, Dcnemwgcc Yudcasfabl, >11 p.p.

Duatgcnnr, G.= E`dussgb, X= Bgghfnk, D. (499<), ‖Uturgb kgt dgstgkkablspcnbbgb? ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl

tussgb uatz`bhgrabl gb rglgc‑, ab Utghgdùw & Tuaktgcaomg @rhgbabl (:), pp. 75-77.

Duatgcnnr, G.= Uglgrgb, N.= & Mr`bdgrlgr, Y. (4996). Utghgcaomg trnbsj`rkntag gb lr`bhgalgbh`k, Hgb

Fnnl/T`ttgrhnk? Tuaktgcaom Ycnbdurgnu/Bna uatlgvgrs, pp. :>.

Durõb Eunhrnh`, Onvagr (499:), ‖Cns rgsgrvns hg sugc` pnrn vavagbhn pr`tglahn? cgeea`bgs hgc ens` hg

Zat`ran-Lnstgaz‑, ab NEG Nrefatgeturg, Eaty nbh Gbvar`bkgbt , v`c. >, bukdgr 4, @et`dgr 499:, Dnr-

egc`bn, 67->95 p.p.

Durragc hg @rugtn, Gulgba` (4996), Cn –Háenhn pr`hala`sn– hgc Wrdnbask` Gspnþ`c (>11<-499:), pnpgr

ab V E`c`qua` Abtgrbnea`bnc hg Lgèrëtaen, Dnregc`bn, 4: - 59 hg kny` hg 4996 Wbavgrsahnh hg

Dnregc`bn, nvnacndcg ab fttp?//www.ud.gs/lgèrat/-xe`c/565.ftk#Pghb46.

• (4991), ‖Xfg Gur`pgnb Wba`b nbh urdnb p`caey ab tfg E`kubahnh Zncgbeanbn? n cglnc `r p`cataenc

e`bfflaet0‑, ab D`cgtëb hg cn N.L.G., br. 81, 55<-58>.

Duurgb, Y.O.O. vnb= Lagr, N.N.O. hg= Baokgaogr, N.L.N.= T`ddg, O. (4991), F``jhcaobgb ruaktgcaom dgstuurs-

rgeft , Mcuwgr, Hgvgbtgr.



Nbbgxgs5<6

Enkpdgcc, H.X. & Utnbcgy, O.E. (>1:5), Gxpgrakgbtnc nbh qunsa-gxpgrakgbtnc hgsalbs j`r rgsgnref, Tnbh

KeBnccy, Efaenl`.

Enkpdgcc, Fgntfgr= Gccas, Fulf= Fgbbgdgrry, O`fb= Lcnhwgcc, Enr`cabg (4999), –Ycnbbabl `dcalnta`bs,

pcnbbabl prnetaeg, nbh cnbh-usg ute`kgs‛, ab Gbvar`bkgbtnc nbh Ycnbbabl D? Ycnbbabl nbh Hgsalb,

v`cukg 4< (7), p.p. <71-<<7.

Enkpdgcc, Fgntfgr= Gccas, Fulf= Lcnhwgcc, Enr`cabg= Fgbbgdgrry, O`fb= Y`x`b, O.= T`wcgy, U. (499>),

Ycnbbabl @dcalnta`bs nbh tfg Kghanta`b `j Hgvgc`pkgbt , TAEU Jùbhnta`b Tgsgnref Ynpgrs, 8(5),

p. 88, C`bh`b.

Enb`y K, Znb Gwaom E (>111), ‖Hg Lr`bhw`cj daot bagt‑, ab Ge`b`kasef Utntastasefg Dgraeftgb 68 (8455),

H48-H59.

Enp`zzn, H.T., nbh Ca, Q. (4994) ‖@ptaknc Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Hgeasa`bs‑, ab Oùrbnc `j Wrdnb Ge`b`k-

aes, 7>, >45-84.

Egbtrnnc Ycnbdurgnu, EYD (>111), Hg lr`bhknrmt. Ggb lgdrgmmalg knrmt gb ggb `bv`cknnmtg vgrfgah ,

Bgtfgrcnbhs Durgnu j`r Ge`b`kae Y`caey Nbncysas (Uhu Watlgvgrs, Hgb Fnnl).

Efrastgbsgb, M.U. (>167), ‖E`pabl watf ubegrtnabty ab pcnbbabl‑, ab Oùrbnc `j tfg Nkgraenb Ycnbbabl

Nssèanta`b, 7>(>), pp. :5-<5.

Efrastknb, O`fb (>118), Xfg Kytf `j Yr`pgrty? X`wnrh nb Glncatnranb Xfg`ry `j @wbgrsfap, Bgw Q rm?

@xj`rh Wbavgrsaty Yrgss, 4>1 p.p.

Ecnyh`b, Oak, nbh Ukatf, Drynb (>11<), ‖Bgl`tantabl Ycnbbabl Lnabs tfrùlf tfg Dratasf Hgvgc`pkgbt

E`btr`c Uystgk‑, ab Wrdnb Utuhags, Z c. 58, B`. >4, p.p. 4995-4944.

Ecusn, O`nquak & Kur, Unrn (499<), ‖Cn gxpgragbean dratîbaen >1<5-499: hg OLD y gc pnl` hg ubn

hguhn pgbhagbtg¸, ab NEG Nrefatgeturg, Eaty nbh Gbvar`bkgbt , br. 5, Jgdrunry 499<, p.p. >44->81,

Dnregc`bn.

E`fgb, K.H., Knref, O.L. nbh @csgb, O.Y. (>1<4), ‖N Lnrdnlg Enb K`hgc `j @rlnbasnta`bnc Efàeg‑, ab

Nhkabastrntavg Ueagbeg ûnrtgrcy , ><?>, p.p. >-47.

E`cgla` @eanc hg Nrquatget`s hg cn E`kubahnh Zncgbeanbn, Hgcgl. Ncaenbtg (>11>, gh.), Cgy hg rgj`rkn

hgc rglakgb urdnbëstae` y vnc`rnea bgs hgc sugc`, Ncaenbtg? E@NEZ.

E`kasaõb hg Gxpgrt`s s`drg Wrdnbask` (>11:), Abj`rkg s`drg sugc` y urdnbask` gb Gspnþn, Kabastgra`

hg @drns Yÿdcaens, Xrnbsp`rtgs y Kgha` Nkdagbtg, Knhrah, 417 p.p.

E`rmabhncg, O. (4998), Xfg Cnbh Wsg Ycnbbabl Uystgk? Gvncuntabl @pta`bs j`r Tgj`rk, F`dnrt Ynpgr >86,Abstatutg `j Ge`b`kae Njjnars, C`bh`b, >>5 p.p.



Nbbgxgs 5<1

Er``m, N.H.F.= Eurry, O= Onems`b, N= K`bm, U= Ukatf, M= \fatgfgnh, E.K.G. (499>), Xfg pr`vasa`b `j nj-

j`rhndcg fùsabl tfrùlf tfg pcnbbabl systgk, haseussa`b pnpgr, Hgpnrtkgbt `j X`wb nbh Tgla`bnc

Ge`b`ky, Wbavgrsaty j Enkdrahlg, Enkdrahlg.

Er``m, Nbtf`by & \fatgfgnh, Efrastabg (4994), ‖Uèanc fùsabl nbh pcnbbabl lnab? as tfas nb nppr`pra-

ntg wny `j pr`vahabl njj`rhndcg fùsabl0‑, ab Gbvar`bkgbtnc nbh Ycnbbabl N, v`cukg 58, p.p. >471-

>4<1.

Euccablw`rtf, O. Dnrry & Bnhab, Zabegbt (499:), X`wb & Eùbtry Ycnbbabl ab tfg WM , Jùrtggbtf ghata`b,

Tùtcghlg, C`bh`b, :48 p.p.

Hg Druaob, O.N. & Tablgcabl, N.D. (>11<), ‖B`rkntavg B`tgs Ygrspgetavgs `b Bgtw`rms‑, ab Maemgrt g.n.

(ghs. >11<), >74->:7 p.p..

Hg Lr``t, Gldgrt nbh Znb hgr Zggb, Lgrrat (4995), –E`btrnetgrgb `vgr ruaktglgdram gb pudcagmrgeftg-

caomg dgv`glhfghgb= wnt mnb gb wnt bagt mnb‛, ab Dùwrgeft , br. 6, nulustus 4995, p.p. :81-::4.

Hg O`bl, Oatsmg (>111), –‑Nets `j L`h‑, `vgrkneft gb `bv``rzagbg `kstnbhalfghgb ab fgt dùwrgeft.

Zgrscnl Onnvgrlnhgrabl >116 Zgrgbalabl v``r Dùwrgeft‛, ab Dùwrgeft , br. <, ouca >111.

Hg Mnk, Lg`rlg & Bgghfnk, Dnrrag (499>), Kgt dgahg dgbgb... ggb `bhgrz`gm bnnr hg strntglag vnb

e`rp`rntags `p hg lr`bhknrmt , Nghgs vgrgbalabl vnb w`bable`rp`rntags.

Hg \`cjj, Fgrknb (4999), –Zcnnks hgerggt `p hg ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl‛, ab Dùwrgeft , br. 6, Nulust

4999.

• (499<), –Xfg bgw Hutef Cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt Net ns n t` c j`r vncug enpturabl‛, pnpgr 499< GBFT

Abtgrbnta`bnc E`bjgrgbeg b Uustnabndcg Wrdnb Nrgns.

Hg \`cjj, Fgrknb & Kuþ`z Lagcgb, Hgkgtra` (499<), ‖Nclub s nspget`s hgc rgsentg hg pcusvncëns gb gc

Wrdnbask`? gc ens` hg c`s Ynësgs Dno`s‑, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, VVAV (>74->75)?

754-75:.

Hgpnrtkgbt j`r E`kkubatags nbh Cènc L`vgrbkgbt (499:), Zncuabl Ycnbbabl @dcalnta`bs ab Gblcnbh ,C`bh`b, HECL Yudcaenta`bs, Kny 499:.

Hagpgrabm, K.N.K. (4991), ‖D`vgbpcnbsg vgrgvgbabl‑, ab Znstl`ghrgeft , >, p.p. <->8.

Hagtgraef, Fnrtkut= Hrnbsjgch, Gldgrt= nbh Z`ss, \abraef (>115), Wrdnb cnbh nbh pr`pgrty knrmgts ab

Lgrknby , WEC Yrgss Cakatgh, C`bh`b.

H`G (>114), Xfg Wsg j Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbts, C`bh`b? Hgpnrtkgbt `j tfg Gbvar`bkgbt/FKU@.

Gcans, B. (>1<>), \nt as sèa`c`lag0, Wtrgeft? Fgt Upgetruk.



Nbbgxgs569

Gknbs (4994), Abtgrvagwgb. Xfg`rag, tgefbagm gb trnababl , Utgbjgrt mr`gsg, Lr`bablgb, Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs.

Gbgknrm, Utal (4994), Xfg Hnbasf \ny? Upntanc Ycnbbabl Uystgk ab Hgbknrm , Xfg Hnbasf Nssèanta`b jEfnrtgrgh Uurvgy`rs.

Gbbas, Jrnbm (>11<), ‖Abjrnstrueturg Yr`vasa`b, tfg Bgl`tantabl Yrègss nbh tfg Ycnbbgr‑s T`cg‑, ab Wrdnb

Utuhags, Z`c. 58, B`. >4, pp.? >157->178.

• (gh, 4995), Abjrnstrueturg Yr`vasa`b nbh tfg Bgl`tantabl Yrègss, Nsflntg, 458 p.p.

• (4995), ‖Abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh tfg Wrdnb Gbvar`bkgbt‑, ab Gbbas (gh, 4995), p.p. >->6.

Gur`pgnb E`kkassa`b (>11<), Xfg GW e`kpgbhauk `j spntanc pcnbbabl systgks nbh p`caeags, Tgla`bnc

hgvgc`pkgbt stuhags 46, Cuxgkdùrl? @jeg j`r @jeanc Yudcaenta`bs `j tfg Gur`pgnb E`kkuba-

tags, >1> p.p.• (>111), Xfg GW e`kpgbhauk j spntanc pcnbbabl systgks nbh p`caeags. Hgbknrm , Tgla`bnc hgvgc-

`pkgbt stuhags, 46E, Cuxgkdùrl? @jeg j`r @jeanc Yudcaenta`bs `j tfg Gur`pgnb E`kkuba-

tags, >4> p.p.

Gvnbs, Bgac & Hnvùha, Uakab (Jgdrunry 4997), L`vgrbnbeg `j Xgrrat`ranc nbh Wrdnb Y`caeags jr`k GW t`

Cènc Cgvgc (4998-499:). Hrnjt WM Bnta`bnc @vgrvagw , GUY@B Yròget 4.5.4, w`rmabl pnpgr.

Jncuha, Nbhrgns (>1<5, gh.), N Tgnhgr ab Ycnbbabl Xfg`ry , @xj`rh? Ygrlnk`b Yrgss.

• (>16:) Erataenc rnta`bncask nbh pcnbbabl kgtf`h`c`ly , C`bh`b? Ya`b.

• (>16<), N Hgeasa`b-egbtrgh Zagw `j Gbvar`bkgbtnc Ycnbbabl , Ygrlnk`b Yrgss, @xj`rh.

Jgrbîbhgz Jgrbîbhgz, Lgrnrh` T`lgr & Jgrbîbhgz K`bghgr`, Yndc` (4994), ‖Dncnbeg netunc hgc k`h-

gc` urdnbëstae` vncgbeanb`. Npubtgs pnrn ub nbîcasas pr`p`satav`‑, ab Tgvastn hg hgrgef` urdnbëstae`

y kgha` nkdagbtg, Qgnr b¿ 5:, B¿ >15, 4994 , p.p. 71-64.

Jgrbîbhgz Jgrbîbhgz, Lgrnrh` T`lgr & Knrëb Jgrrgar`, Dcnben & Jgrbîbhgz K`bghgr`, Yndc` (4995),

Luën dîsaen pnrn gc nbîcasas hg vandacahnh ge`bõkaen hg cns netunea`bgs urdnbëstaens, E`cgeeaõb

Knbuncgs hg Wrdnbask`, Aenr`, E`cgla` Xgrrat`ranc hg Nrquatget`s hg Zncgbean, Zncgbean, Upnab.

Jraghknbb. O. (>1<5), ‖N E`begptunc K`hgc j`r tfg Nbncysas `j Ycnbbabl Dgfnva`r‑, ab Jncuha, Nbhrgns(>1<5, gh.), p.p. 588―5<9.

• (4995) ‖\fy h` pcnbbabl tfg`ry0‑, ab Ycnbbabl Xfg`ry, 4(>), p.p. <->9.

Jragbh O.M., Y`wgr, O.K., nbh Qgwcgtt, E.O.C. (>1<8), Yudcae Ycnbbabl? Xfg Abtgr-E`rp`rntg Hakgbsa`b,

C`bh`b, Xrnvastèm Yudcaenta`bs.

Lnccgbt, Baem & Xgwhwr-O`bg, Knrm (499<), Hgegbt f`kg j`r ncc , Tùtcghlg, Ndablh`b, WM, 599 p.p.

Lnseõ Zgrhagr, Enrcgs (499:), ‖Gc k`hgc` vncgbeanb` pnrn cn lgstaõb n trnvás hg cn gxpgragbean npcaentavn

hg cn CTNW gb Ncaenbtg (>117-4997)‛, ab NEG? nrefatgeturg, eaty nbh gbvar`bkgbt (`b-cabg), v`c.>,br. 4, p.p. 7:-68.



Nbbgxgs 56>

Lnreën-Dgccah`, Onvagr (>1<7), ‖Lrnb Drgtnþn? E`kkubaty Cnbh Net >1<7. °Fnean ubn sèancazneaõb hgc

sugc`‑, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`, 8/<7, p.p. 6>-18, Knhrah.

• (>161), –Fnean ubn rgb`vneaõb hg cn rnea`bncahnh urdnbëstaen‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`sXgrrat`rancgs, bukdgr 6>-64, pp. >:<-444, Knhrah.

• (>11>n), –N (r)gv`cuta`bnry jrnkgw`rm j`r Upnbasf t`wb pcnbbabl‛, Gur`pgnb Zagwpàbt, ab X`wb

Ycnbbabl Tgvagw , v`c. :4, br. 8, pnlgs v-vaaa.

• (>11>d), –Ygrspgetavn acustrnhn s`drg gc e btgbah` urdnbëstae` hg cn pr`paghnh nbtg cn Cgy 6/19

hg Tgj`rkn hg cn hgc Uugc`‛, ab E`cgla` @eanc hg Nrquatget`s hg cn E`kubahnh Zncgbeanbn,

Hgcgl. Ncaenbtg (>11>, gh.), p.p. :<->4<.

• (>115), –Cn cadgrncazneaõb gjgetavn hgc kgrenh` hgc sugc`‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgr-

rat`rancgs, bukdgr 17-1:, p.p. ><7->16, Knhrah.

• (>118), –E`blurneaõb hg cn ‖pr`paghnh hgsnlrglnhn‑? huncahnh hg hgrgef`s gb cn pr`paghnh

abk`dacanran‛, ab Tgvastn hg Hgrgef` Wrdnbëstae`, (>st

pnrt) bukdgr >56, kny-oubg, p.p. 78<-:58,nbh (4bh pnrt) bukdgr >51, oucy-sgptgkdgr, p.p. <15-668, Knhrah.

• (>11:), –Ghat`ranc? Ualc` y kgha` hg sablucnrahnhgs gb gc urdnbask` gspnþ`c‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrra-

t`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, bukdgr >9<->96, sprabl-sukkgr, p.p. 7->5.

• (>111), ¸Cn gxegpea`bnc gstrueturn hgc Wrdnbask` gspnþ`c gb gc e btgxt` gur`pg ¸, ab Hèu-

kgbtneaõb Nhkabastrntavn, br. 474/475, p.p. >>-65.

Lg`rlg, Fgbry (>6<1), Yr`lrgss nbh Y`vgrty , 499: ghatgh nbh ndrahlgh ghata`b, T`dgrt Uefncmgbdnef

Jùbhnta`b, Bgw Q`rm, 4>9 p.p.

Lgrratsgb, \.F.J. (49>9), ‖Hg Nbtgragurg gxpcàtntag? \nbbggr gb kgt wag0‑, ab Lr`bhznmgb ab hg prnm-taom , Jgdrunra 49>9, p.p. 4:-4<.

Lrggh, Ecnrn (>11:, gh.), Akpcgkgbtabl X`wb Ycnbbabl? Xfg T`cg `j X`wb Ycnbbabl ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt

Yrègss, C`blknb, Gssgx.

Lahhgbs, Nbtf`by (>168), Xfg E`bstatuta`b `j Uèagty. @utcabg `j tfg Xfg`ry `j Utrueturnta`b. Enk-

drahlg? Y`caty.

L`rhaob, Ful`= Tgbgs, Lustn= Xrnn, Kaefgc (499<), Bnnr ggb `ptakncgr ruaktglgdruam v``r dghraovgb-

tgrrgabgb, Tuaktgcaom Ycnbdurgnu, Hgb Fnnl, p.p. 54.

Lrggj, O`fnb hg (>11<), Fgt lgvgeft `k fgt rgsahu. Lgkggbtg vgrsus knrmtpnrtaogb `p lr`bh vnb hg

rgsahugcg wnnrhgkgtf`hg, b`t pudcasfgh, Xfgsas nt tfg Wbavgrsaty `j Nkstgrhnk, Nprac >11<, nvnac-

ndcg tfrùlf O.F.hg.LrggjIkabcbv.bc.

Lr``t, G.\.O. hg (4991), ‖Lr`gbj`bhsgb, Dcnuwj`bhsgb, Cnbhsefnps`btwammgcablsj`bhsgb, Bntuur`b-

twammgcablsj`bhsgb áb hg (`b)k`lgcaomfghgb `k hgzg `p lr`bh vnb hg \r` tg bnbeagrgb‑, ab

Dùwrgeft , br. :, Oubg 4991, p.p. 8:5-8<>.

Lr`gtgcngrs, H.N. (4998), –Abstrukgbtnrauk cèntag`btwammgcabl? Uturablsk`lgcaomfghgb v``r lgkggb-tgb ab ggb vgrnbhgrhg knrmtsatuntag‛, Hassgrtnta`b, HWY Ueagbeg.



Nbbgxgs564

Lurrnb, B= Kaccalnb, Z= Dnmgr, H= Dull, C.D. (499<), Abtgrbnta`bnc prnetaeg ab pcnbbabl j`r njj`rhndcg

fùsabl? cgss`bs j`r Nustrncan, p`sata`babl pnpgr, NFWTA, Ugptgkdgr 499<.

Fnbj, M.A. nbh Uefnrpj, J.\. (ghs, >1<6), Abtgr`rlnbaznta`bnc Y`caey Knmabl? Cakats t` E``rhabnta`b nbh

Egbtrnc E`btr`c , Unlg, C`bh`b, 5<5 p.p.

FH Yrògetrgncasntag D.Z. (4991), Fnncdnnrfgahsstuhag vgrpcnntsabl Baovgrfgahsegbtruk _gvgbfuazgb

bnnr hg Zagrlnbl. Uge`bh paba`b, 4: B`vgkdgr 4991, b`t pudcasfgh.

Fgncgy, Y. (>114), ‖Nb abstatuta`bnc k`hgc `j tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègss‑, ab Oùrbnc `j Yr`pgrty Tgsgnref,

br. 1, pp. 55-88.

Fgncgy, Y. & \accanks, T. (>115), ‖Gur`pgnb urdnb pcnbbabl systgks? Havgrsaty nbh e`bvgrlgbeg‑, abWrdnb Utuhags, 59(8/7), pp. <9>-<49.

Faoknbs, G.T. & J`mmgkn, K. (gh. 4996), Tgeft r`bh Lr`bhtrnbsnetags, Xnuw dv, Hgvgbtgr.

Fogrb, D. & Y`rtgr, H.@. (>16>), ‖Akpcgkgbtnta`b Utrueturgs? N Bgw Wbat j`r Nhkabastrntavg Nbncysas‑, ab

@rlnbasnta`bnc Utuhags, 5, p.p. 4>>-45<.

F`gsgc, Y.F.K. vnb (>167), Fgt pr`lrnkkgrgb vnb sèannc dgcgahs`bhgrz`gm? nbncysg gb rgegptuur ,

hassgrtnta`b T.W.C., z.uatl., p.p. >5>->:>.

F`cknbs N., Mcgabknb B., T`yeg E., \fatgfgn E.K.G. (4999), F`w Knby F`kgs \acc \g Bggh0, Xgef-

baenc Z cukg Ufgctgr, 66 @ch Utrggt, C`bh`b GE>Z 1FW.

F`bl, Qu-Fubl & Bgghfnk, Dnrrag (ghs. 499<), Nbncyzabl Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt. Ge`b`kaes, Cnw, nbh

E`ccgetavg Neta`b, Cabe`cb Abstatutg `j Cnbh Y`caey.

One`ds, Fnrvgy K. (4996), ‖Xfg Juturg `j tfg Tglucnt`ry Xnmabls Assug ab tfg Wbatgh Utntgs nbh Gur`pg?

Havgrlgbeg r E`bvgrlgbeg0‑, ab Xfg Wrdnb Cnwygr , Z c. 89, B`. >, p.p. 7>-<4.

O`rhnb, L. (>119), ‖Uud-L`vgrbkgbts, Y`caey E`kkubatags, nbh Bgtw`rms? Tgccabl tfg @ch D``ts‑, ab Oùrbnc `j Xfg`rgtaenc Y`cataes, 4? 5>1-556.

Mncdr`, Xf`kns & Knttss`b, Fnbs (>117), Wrdnb cnbh nbh pr`pgrty knrtmgts ab Uwghgb, WEC Yrgss

Cakatgh, C`bh`b.

Mncdr`, Xf`kns (4994), –Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt? Xfg Uwghasef Gxpgragbeg‛, e`bjgrgbeg pnpgr, Cabe`cb

Abstatutg `j Cnbh Y`caey, e`hg? EY94E9<.

Mnrma, X.M. (4995), ‖Akpcgkgbtnta`b gxpgragbegs j cnbh p``cabl prògets ab Mntknbhu Znccgy‑, ab Fndatnt

Abtgrbnta`bnc 46 (>)? :<-66.



Nbbgxgs 565

Mnujknbb, J.V= Kno`bg, L. nbh @str`k, Z. (>16:, ghs.), Luahnbeg, E`btr`c nbh Gvncunta`b ab tfg Yudcae

Uget`r? Xfg Dagcgjgch Abtgrhaseapcabnry Yròget , \nctgr hg Lruytgr, Dgrcab

Mgbas, Yntraem & Uefbgahgr, Z`cmgr (>11>), ‖Y`caey Bgtw`rms nbh Y`caey Nbncysas? Uerutabazabl n Bgw

Nbncytaenc X `cd`x‑, ab Knrab & Knybtz (ghs. >11>), p.p. 47-:4.

Maemgrt, \nctgr O.K. & Mcaob, Gram-Fnbs & M`ppgbonb, O``p J.K. (ghs. >11<), Knbnlabl E`kpcgx Bgt-

w`rms, C`bh`b? UNLG Yudcaenta`bs.

Mcnnssgb, N.\. (4999), Tuaktgcaom dgcgah ab tfg`rag gb prnmtaom , saxtf rgvasgh ghata`b, Gcsgvagr dghraojs-

abj`rkntag dv, Xfg Fnlug.

• (4994), Hg \`bablwgt wggr lgwaozalh , Yrnmtaomrggms ruaktgcaomg rhgbabl, Mcuwgr d.v., 45: p.p.

• (4996), –Fnbhd`gm Tuaktgcaomg @rhgbabl & Dùw‛, 5tf ghata`b, Dgrlfnusgr Y`bt Yudcasfabl,Nkstgrhnk, <9: p.p.

• (4991->9), halatnc nbh rglucnrcy netuncazgh vgrsa`b `j Mcnnsgb (4996).

Mcaob, Gram-Fnbs (>11:), Tglgcs gb sturabl ab bgtwgrmgb= Hg abvc`gh vnb bgtwgrmrglgcs `p hg fgrstrue-

turgrabl vnb bn``rc`lsg waomgb, Hassgrtnta`b, Gdur`b, Hgcjt.

Mcaob, Gram-Fnbs (>11<), Y`caey Bgtw`rms? Nb @vgrvagw , ab Maemgrt gt ncaa (ghs. >11<), p.p. >8-58.

Mcaob, Gram-Fnbs & M`ppgbonb, O.J.K. (4999), ‖Yudcae knbnlgkgbt nbh p`caey bgtw`rms? Jùbhnta`bs

`j n bgtw`rm nppr`nef t` l`vgrbnbeg‑, ab Yudcae Knbnlgkgbt Tgvagw , v`c. 4, Assug 4, Tùtcghlg,>57->76.

Mcuwgr Hntndnsg (499:), nrtamgcslgwaose`kkgbtnnr `p nrtamgc >> gb >7 \T@, rnnhpcglabl lghnnb `p

49 ouba 499:? ‖Tgamwaohtg waozalablsdgv`glhfgah ab rgcntag t`t vraostgccablsdgv glhfgah‑ , `b-cabg hn-

tndnsg, Mcuwgr.

Mcuwgr (4996), Kgk` Dgstgkkablspcnb gb dùwvgrlubbabl bhgr hg baguwg \r` 4996/4991, Mcuwgr

(\`ctgrs Mcuwgr dusabgss), Ncpfgb nnb hgb Taob, p.p. 89<.

M`jodgrl, O`s (4997), Lgtaohgb vnb dgcgah? kscnlpubtgb ab hg v`cmsfuasvgstabl. @vgr hg r`c vnb faírnr-efag gb bgtwgrmgb dao lr`tg vgrnbhgrablgb, Hassgrtnta`b, Hgcjt Wbavgrsaty Yrgss.

M`cpr`b E`bsuctnbts (4999), Lr`bhdgcgah gb stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl , >< @et`dgr 4999, M`cpr`k,

T`ttgrhnk, <: p.p.

M`ppgbonb, O.J.K., Hg Druaob, O.N. nbh Maemgrt, \.O.K. (>115, ghs.), Bgtwgrmknbnlgkgbt ab fgt `pgb-

dnnr dgstuur? `vgr hg k`lgcaomfghgb vnb vgrfgahsstrurabl ab dgcgahsbgtwgrmgb, Zuln, ‑s-Lrnvgbfn-

lg (Xfg Fnlug).

M`rtfncs Nctgs, \.M. (>117), Hg Bghgrcnbhsg pcnbbablhètrabg ab fgt b hg saæecg, Hassgrtnta`b, ZnbL`reuk.



Nbbgxgs568

• (499:), ‖Utnlbnta`b ab fùsabl pr`hueta`b? nb`tfgr sueegss ab tfg Hutef ‖pcnbbgr‑s pnrnhasg‑0‑, ab

Gbvar`bkgbt nbh Ycnbbabl D? Ycnbbabl nbh Hgsalb, 499:, v`cukg 55, p.p. 1<->>8.

• (499<), ‖Xfg akpnet `j nd`casfabl sèanc-fùsabl lrnbts `b tfg e`kpnet-eaty p`caey `j Hutefkubaeapncatags‑, ab Gbvar`bkgbt nbh Ycnbbabl N, v`cukg 51, p.p. >81<->7>4.

• (4996), ‖Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt ncs v`rk vnb e`kprgfgbsavg hgvgc`pkgbt z`babl‑, ab T`àcaob, Ol.

8>, Br. 5, p.p.? >16-495.

M`rtfncs Nctgs, \accgk nbh Lr`gtgcngrs, Hnbagccg (4999), ‖Hg `btwammgcabl vnb uatdrgahablscèntags?

e`btgxt gb prnmtaom‑, ab Netfgrlr`bhabj`rkntag kghghgcablgbdcnh vnb hg Zgrgbalabl vnb Lr`bhdg-

hraovgb, >6(>), pp. 57-87.

Mrnddgb, Grwab v/h & Bgghfnk, Dnrrag (4996), ‖Cnbh rgnhoustkgbt j`r vncug enpturabl? N bgw pcnbbabl

t``c j`r urdnb rghgvgc`pkgbt‑, ab X`wb Ycnbbabl Tgvagw , <1 (:), :7>-:<4.

Mrgumgcs, N.K.O. & Upat, X.O.K. (>119), ‖Yudcae-pravntg pnrtbgrsfap ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs‑, ab Xaohsefrajt v``r

Ge`b`kag gb Uèancg Lg`lrng, 6>, br. 7, p.p.? 566-514.

Mrugemgdgrl, H.N. (>117), ‖Xfg Hajeuct Efnrnetgr j Yr`pgrty? X \f`k H` Xfabls Dgc`bl0‑, ab Oùrbnc

`j tfg Nkgraenb Ycnbbabl Nssèanta`b, Z`c. :>, br. 5, p.p. 59>-591.

Mruaot, D. & Bgghfnk, D. (>169), Lr`bhpraosv`rkabl gb lr`bhpraosp`catagm, Xfg`rag gb prnmtaom, Utgbjgrt

Mr`gsg, Cgahgb/Nbtwgrpgb, >6> p.p.

Mruaot, D., Bgghfnk, D. nbh Upat, X. (>119), Ge`b`kasefg lr`bhscnlgb vnb lr`bhdgcgah , UDZ, Nkstgr-

hnk, >14 p.p.

Cnrss`b, Lgrfnrh (>11<), ‖Cnbh rgnhoustkgbt? N t``c j`r urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt‑, ab Fndatnt Abtgrbnta`bnc

4> (4)? >8>-74.

• (499:), Upntanc Ycnbbabl Uystgks ab \gstgrb Gur`pg, nb vgrvagw , A@U Yrgss.

Cgõb, @rjgca` L & K`btgr`, Albnea` (>11<), Hasgþ` hg abvgstalnea`bgs. Abtr`hueeaõb n cn cõlaen hg cn

abvgstalneaõb gb Ysae`c`lën y Ghueneaõb, Uglubhn ghaeaõb, KneLrnw-Facc, Knhrah.

Cgvabg, U. nbh \fatg, Y.G. (>1:>), ‖Gxefnblg ns n E`begptunc Jrnkgw`rm j`r tfg Utuhy j Abtgr`rlnbasn-

ta`bnc Tgcnta`bsfaps‑, ab Nhkabastrnta`b Ueagbeg ûnrtgrcy , 7 p.p. 765-:9>.

Cabhdc`k, E.G. (>1:7), Xfg Abtgccalgbeg `j Hgkèrney? Hgeasa`b Knmabl tfrùlf Kutunc Nhoustkgbt ,

C`bh`b, Jrgg Yrgss.

Cabhdc`k, E.G. nbh E`fgb, H.M. (>1<1), Wsndcg Mb`wcghlg? Uèanc Ueagbeg nbh Uèanc Yr`dcgk U`cvabl ,

Bgw Fnvgb, EX/C`bh`b? Qncg Wbavgrsaty Yrgss.

Cùw, Gram (4996), ‖Cnbh nssgkdcy j`r urdnb trnbsj`rknta`b ― Xfg ensg j ‖s-Fgrt`lgbd`sef ab Xfg Bgtf-grcnbhs‑, ab Cnbh Wsg Y`caey , 47, assug >, p.p. :1-69.



Nbbgxgs 567

C`wa, X.O. (>1:1), Xfg Gbh j Cadgrncask, Bgw Q`rm, B`rt`b.

KneAbtyrg, Ncnshnar (>168), Njtgr Zartug? N Utuhy ab K`rnc Xfg ry , >st

ghata`b >16>, 4bh

ghata`b >168,B`trg Hnkg, Wbavgrsaty `j B`trg Hnkg Yrgss.

Knblnhn, Ghunrh` (>119), –Cns p`cëtaens hgc sugc`? e`btr`c hg cn gspgeucneaõb y habnkask` ge`bõka-

e`‛, ab D`ron gt nc. (>119, ghs.), p.p. ><7-499.

Knrsf, H. nbh Tf`hgs, T.N.\. (ghs. >114), Y`caey bgtw`rms ab Dratasf L`vgrbkgbt , @xj`rh, Ecnrgbh`b

Yrgss, p.p. 591.

• (>114), ‖Y`caey E`kkubatags nbh Assug Bgtw`rms, Dgy`bh Xyp`c`ly‑, ab Knrsf & Tf`hgs (ghs.

>114), p.p. 481-4:6.

Knrab, D. nbh Knybtz, T. (ghs. >11>), Y`caey Bgtw`rms? Gkparaenc Gvahgbeg nbh Xfg`rgtaenc E`bsahgrn-

ta`bs, Bgw Q`rm, Jrgg Yrgss.

Knrtëb Kntg`, Tnkõb (>169), –Cn pcusvncën. Gstuha` hg hgrgef` e`kpnrnh`‛, ab Tgvastn hg Hgrgef`

Wrdnbëstae` y Kgha` Nkdagbtg, :6, pp. >5-:<.

Knzz`ba, Yagrnbhrgn (>119), Haratt` urdnbastae`, Laujjræ ghat`rg, Kacnb`.

Kgbábhgz Tgxnef, Îblgc (>11:), –E`bstatueaõb y hgkèrnean? >1<:->11:. Cn sglubhn rgj`rkn hg cn

Cgy hgc Uugc`, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, bukdgr >9<->96, sprabl-sukkgr, p.p.>4<->86.

Kgrc` Jugrtgs, O`sá Cuas & Tadgs Nbhrgu, Ounb (4998), Luën dîsaen pnrn cn rghneeaõb hg pr`lrnkns pnrn

gc hgsnrr`cc` hg netunea`bgs abtglrnhns, Jajtf ghata`b, E`cgeeaõb Knbuncgs hg Wrdnbask`, Aenr`,

E`cgla` Xgrrat`ranc hg Nrquatget`s hg Zncgbean, Zncgbean, Upnab.

Kacgs, Knttfgw D. & Fudgrknb, N. Kaefngc (>118), ûncatntavg Hntn Nbncysas, UNLG Yudcaenta`bs.

KacoÖkabastgragt (4994), Upntanc pcnbbabl ab Hgbknrm , Kabastry `j tfg Gbvar`bkgbt Hgbknrm.

Kacc, O. Utunrt (>68:), N Uystgk j C`lae, rntaèabntavg nbh abhuetavg, dgabl n e`bbgetavg vagw `j tfg prab-

eapcgs j gvahgbeg nbh tfg kgtf`hs j seagbtae abvgstalnta b, 4bh gh., C`bhgb? Ynrmgr.

Katr`jj, A.A. (>165), Utnmgf`chgrs `j tfg @rlnbaznta`bnc Kabh. X`wnrh n Bgw Zagw `j @rlnbaznta`bnc

Y`caey Knmabl , O`ssgy-Dnss Yudcasfgrs, Unb Jrnbease`, ><6 p.p.

K`hrgl` Endnccgr`, J. (4999) ‖Eunrgbtn kgsgs hg npcaeneaõb hg cn Cgy Tglucnh`rn hg cn Netavahnh

Wrdnbëstaen hg cn E`kubaenh Zncgbeanbn‑, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, 54, >>-46.

K``rg, Zaet`r (4997), N Yrnetaenc Nppr`nef t` Ycnbbabl Cnw , Babtf ghata`b, @xj`rh Wbavgrsaty Yrgss,::: p.p.



Nbbgxgs56:

K`r`ba, U. (499<), ‖Ycnbbabl, cadgrty nbh tfg rucg `j tfg cnw‑, ab Ycnbbabl Xfg`ry , :, 4, pp. >8:->:5,

C`bh`b.

K`yn, Cuas (4996, gh.), Cn Zavagbhn Uèanc gb Gur`pn. Ncgknban, Jrnbean y Ynësgs Dno`s hgshg >187,

Knargn Cadr`s, Knhrah, p.p. 447.

Kuþ`z Lagcgb, H., Drùwgr, Y., nbh \absgkaus, O (4998) ‖Hg Zncgbeannbsg btwammgcablspcnb`c`lag‑, ab

Xaohsefrajt v``r hg Z`cmsfuasvgstabl , v`cbr, ><-4>.

Kuþ`z Lagcgb, Hgkgtra` & M`rtfncs Nctgs, \accgk (499<), ‖Cgss`bs jr`k Zncgbean? Ugpnrntabl Abjrnstrue-

turg Yr`vasa`b jr`k Cnbh @wbgrsfap‑, ab X`wb Ycnbbabl Tgvagw , <6 (>), p.p. :>-<1.

Kuþ`z Lagcgb, Hgkgtra` & F`gmstrn, O`ras (4996), ‖Hg cn p`cëtaen hg Zavagbhn Uèanc gb c`s YnësgsDno`s‑, ab K`yn, Cuas (4996, gh.), p.p. 49>-491.

Kygrs, H. & Dnbgrogg, X. (4997), ‖X wnrh lrgntgr fgalfts j`r pcnbbabl‑, ab Oùrbnc `j Nkgraenb Ycnbbabl

Nssèanta`b, <>(4), pp. >4>->41.

Kygrs, Knrlnrgt (4999), ‖ûncatntavg Tgsgnref nbh tfg Lgbgrncazndacaty ûgsta`b? Utnbhabl Jark watf

Yr`tgus‑, ab Xfg ûncatntavg Tgp`rt , `bcabg oùrbnc (fttp?//www.b`vn.ghu/ssss/^T/^T8-5/kgygrs.

ftkc), Z`cukg 8, Bukdgrs 5/8, Knref 4999.

Bnhab, Z. & Utgnh, H. (4996), ‖Gur`pgnb Upntanc Ycnbbabl Uystgks, Uèanc K`hgcs nbh Cgnrbabl‑, ab HAUY ,Z`c. ><4, Br.>, pp. 57-8<

BZD (499>)? BZD Xfgrk`kgtgr M``pw`bablgb Bnonnr 499>, Bghgrcnbhsg Zgrgbalabl vnb Yròget-

`btwammgcnnrs gb Dùw`bhgrbgkgrs.

Bgghfnk, Dnrrag= Mruaot, D. y M`gbhgrs, Y. (>115), Wrdnb cnbh nbh pr`pgrty knrmgts ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs,

Wbavgrsaty E`ccglg C`bh`b (WEC) Yrgss, C`bh`b, pp. 485.

Bgghfnk, Dnrrag & Hg Mnk, Lg`rlg (4998), ‖Wbhgrstnbhabl F`w Cnbh as Gxefnblgh? E`-`rhabnta`b

Kgefnbasks nbh Xrnbsneta`b E`sts‑, ab Wrdnb Utuhags, Z`c. 8>, Br. >9, p.p. 49:>-49<:, Ugptgkdgr4998.

Bgghfnk, Dnrrag & Lgutabl, Gstfgr (499:), Njsefnjbl vnb fgt zgcjrgncasntagrgeft, ge`b`kasefg gjjget-

gb, b`t pudcasfgh, e`kkassa`bgh dy Kabastry `j Fùsabl, Ycnbbabl nbh tfg Gbvar`bkgbt (Zr`k).

Bgghfnk, D. (4999), Nspgetgb vnb ‖hg ruaktgcaomg abraeftabl‑ hag ggb lgkggbtg (e.q. pr`vabeag e.q. raoms-

`vgrfgah) zù waccgb rgncasgrgb, hag h.k.v. netagj lr`bhdcgah wác mnb (van hg lr`bhuatlajtg), gb h.k.v.

ggb dgstgkkablspncb bagt mnb, bèf kgt nbhgrg pudcagmstrgeftgcaomg dgv`glhfghgb, w`rmabl pnpgr,

UGT-wgrmlr`gp Lr`bhp`catagm, Baokglgb 47 jgdrunry 4999.

• (499:), Ycnbbabl, Cnw nbh Ge`b`kaes. Xfg rucgs wg knmg j`r usabl cnbh , C`bh`b? Tùtcghlg,><6 p.p.



Nbbgxgs 56<

• (499<n), Hutef cnbh-usg pcnbbabl? pcnbbabl nbh knbnlabl cnbh-usg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfg prab-

eapcgs nbh tfg prnetaeg, Hgb Fnnl? Uhu Watlgvgrs, 411 p.p.

• (499<d), ‖Jabnc e`kkgbt? Cnbh-usg pcnbbabl nbh tfg cnw‑, ab Ycnbbabl Xfg`ry , :,4, p.p. >65->61,C`bh`b.

Bglnbhfa, N.T. (gh. >1<7), Abtgr`rlnbasnta`b Xfg`ry , Mnbsns Eaty, Mnbsns Wbavgrsaty Yrgss.

Bgcassgb, B.O.K. (>115), ‖@vgr –bgt‛ wgrmgb ab bgtwgrmgb‑, ab M`ppgbonb g.n. (>115, ghs.), p.p. >:1-<7.

BGYT@K (499<), Abvgstgrgb ab ruaktgcaomg mwncatgat , Zgrgbalabl vnb Bghgrcnbhsg Yròget`btwammgcabl

Knntsefnppaogb, Z``rdurl.

Baghgrm`fflgr, K. (>11>), ‖Xfg abfflugbeg j strntglae nccanbegs? pp`rtubatags j`r knbnlgranc abfflugbeg‑, ab Oùrbnc `j Dusabgss Zgbturabl , :, p.p. 45<-47<.

@jeg `j tfg Hgputy Yrakg Kabastgr (4998n), Abvgstalntabl tfg Abergnsabl Z`cukg `j Ycnbbabl Nppgncs

ab Gblcnbh, C`bh`b, Jgdrunry 4998.

• (4998d), Tgj`rkabl Ycnbbabl @dcalnta`bs? tfg Wsg `j Utnbhnrh Efnrlgs, C`bh`b, B`vgkdgr

4998. Hèukgbt nvnacndcg `bcabg van www.`hpk.l`v.um

• (4997), Xfg Zncug j`r K`bgy `j Hgcavgrabl Njj`rhndcg Fùsabl tfrùlf Ugeta`b >9:, C`bh`b,

Oucy 4997.

@cavn, Jghgrae` (499:), ‖Hg bugv` ub npcnznkagbt` (gb cn s`kdrn)‑, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgr-rat`rancgs, Z`c. VVVZAAA, br. >8<, p.p. >17-495.

@str`k, G. (>16:), ‖N kgtf`h j`r abstatuta`bnc nbncysas‑, ab Mnujknbb g.n. (>16:, ghs.), p.p. 871-8<1.

@‑X `cg, C.O. (>166), ‖Utrntglags j`r abtgrl`vgrbkgbtnc knbnlgkgbt? akpcgkgbtabl pr`lrnks ab abtgr`r-

lnbaznta`bnc bgtw`rms‑, ab Oùrbnc `j Yudcae Nhkabastrnta`b, >>(8), p.p. 8><-88>.

@vgrwntgr, Y.U.N. (>111), Bnnr ggb sturgbh (lgkggbtgcaom) lr`bhdgcgah , e`kkasa`bgh dy ZB@-BE\,

NZDD, nbh BGYT@K, Hgb Fnnl.

@xcgy, Kaefngc (499:), ‖Xfg Lnab jr`k tfg Ycnbbabl-Lnab Uuppcgkgbt? N E`bsahgrnta`b j tfg Yr`p`snc

j`r n Bgw Xnx t` D``st Fùsabl Uuppcy ab tfg WM‑, ab Gur`pgnb Oùrbnc `j Fùsabl Y`caey, Z`c. :,

B`. >, p.p. >9>―>>5, Nprac 499:.

Ynrgo` Ncj`bs`, Cueanb` (>11>), Uugc` y urdnbask`? gc bugv` sastgkn cglnc , Xgeb`s, Knhrah.

• (>115), –Tgfflgxa`bgs s`drg cn satuneaõb netunc y cns p`sadcgs cëbgns hg rgj`rkn hgc rhgbnkagbt`

urdnbëstae`‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, A (17-1:), sprabl-sukkgr, p.p. 45>-

485.

• (>11:), –Npubtgs pnrn ubn abtgrprgtneaõb hgc sastgkn cglnc urdnbëstae` gspnþ`c gb ecnvg fastõra-

en‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, bukdgr >9<->96, sprabl-sukkgr, p.p. >81->::.



Nbbgxgs566

Ynrgo` Ncj`bs`, Cueanb` & Dcnbe Ecnvgr`, Jrnbease` (>111), Hgrgef` urdnbëstae` vncgbeanb`. (Nbîcasas

hg cn cgy rglucnh`rn hg cn netavahnh urdnbëstaen), 4bh ghata`b, Xarnbt c` dcnbef, Zncgbean, Upnab, 716

p.p.

Ygrncgs Knhugþ`, Jrnbease` (>11:), –Cn prakgrn rgj`rkn hg cn Cgy hgc Uugc`? >17:->1<7‛, ab Eauhnh y

Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`rancgs, bukdgr >9<->96, sprabl-sukkgr, p.p. >9>->4:.

Yagrrg, O`b (4997), ‖E`kpnrntavg Wrdnb L`vgrbnbeg? Wbe`vgrabl E`kpcgx Enusncatags‑, ab Wrdnb Njjnars

Tgvagw , Z c. 89, B`. 8, Knref 4997, p.p. 88:-8:4.

Ycnbdurgnu v``r hg Cggj`klgvabl (49>9), Gx-hurnbtg gvncuntag \gt ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl , YDC, Hgb

Fnnl/Dactf`vgb.

Y`cat, Hgbasg J.= Dgem, Efgryc Xntnb`= Fublcgr, Dgrbnhgttg Y. (499>), Bursabl rgsgnref. Kgtf`hs,

Npprnasnc, nbh Wtacaznta`b, Jajtf Ghata`b, Cappabe`tt, Yfacnhgcpfan, Bgw Q@rm, Dnctak`rg.

Yrgst, N.T. (>16>), Xfg tnxnta`b `j urdnb cnbh , Knbefgstgr Wbavgrsaty Yrgss, p.p. >19.

Yragkus, Ful` (>11:), ‖Tgegbt efnblgs ab tfg sèanc rgbtgh sget`r ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs‑, ab Wrdnb Utuhags,

Z`c. 55, B¿ >9, dcz. >61>->196.

Yragkus, Ful` & Cùw, Gram (4999), Lgkggbtgcaom lr`bhdgcgah. Tglagjubetag dao hg rgncasntag vnb ruaktgcaom

dgcgah , Hgcjt Wbavgrsaty Yrgss, Hgcjt.• (4995), ‖Efnblgs ab Hutef cnbh p`caey? jr`k k`b`p`cy t`wnrhs e`kpgtata`b ab tfg duachabl knr-

mgt‑, ab Gbvar`bkgbt nbh Ycnbbabl D? Ycnbbabl nbh Hgsalb, v`cukg 59, pp. 5:1-5<6.

ûall, C. (>115) ‖Gkparaenc Xgstabl `j Tgnc @pta`b-Yraeabl K`hgcs‑, ab Oùrbnc `j Jabnbeg, 86, :4>-89.

Tntecajjg, O`fb= Utudds, Kaefngc= nbh Ufgpfgrh, Knrm (4994), Wrdnb Ycnbbabl nbh Tgnc Gstntg Hgvgc`p-

kgbt , Uge`bh Ghata`b, Up`b Yrgss, C`bh`b nbh Bgw Q`rm.

Tf`hgs, T.N.\. (>11<), Wbhgrstnbhabl L`vgrbnbeg, @pgb Wbavgrsaty Yrgss, Duemablfnk.

Tf`hgs, T.N.\. & Knrsf, H. (>114), ‖Y`caey Bgtw`rms ab Dratasf Y`cataes‑, ab Knrsf & Tf`hgs (ghs. >114),

p.p. >-4:.

Taenrh`, H. (>6><), @b tfg prabeapncs `j p`cataenc ge`b`ky nbh tnxnta`b, 5rh ghata`b ab >64>, O`fb

Kurrny, C`bh`b.

TAL@ (4996) M`stgb gb `pdrgblstgb dao prògetgb v``r vgrstghgcaomabl t`t 4949= Daocnlg dao hg dgnbt-

w``rhabl vnb hg k`tag Znb Fgultgb, e`kkassa`bgh dy Kabastry ZT@K, Nkstgrhnk.

Tapcgy, T.D. nbh Jrnbmcab, L. (>16<), E`blrgss, tfg Durgnuerney nbh Yudcae Y`caey , H`rsgy, F`kgw``h,AC. Jarst pudcasfgh >1<:.



Nbbgxgs 561

Tèn Ecnhgrn, O`sgp (>114), –Znc`r hg rgp`saeaõb vgrsus vnc`r hg kgrenh`? Nbîcasas hgc e`begpt` ‖e`g-

eagbtg hg kgrenh`‑‛, ab Entnstr`, >5, pp. 1->:.

• (499<), ‖Lnreën-Dgccah` y cn rgb`vneaõb hgc pnrnhalkn urdnb`. Y st-gseraptuk n cn Yr`paghnh

Hgsnlrglnhn‑, ab NEG Nrefatgeturg, Eaty nbh Gbvar`bkgbt , br. 5, Jgdrunry 499<, p.p. >:9->:1,

Dnregc`bn.

Tèn Ecnhgrn, O`sgp= nbh Durbs, K.E. (4999) ‖Xfg Cadgrncaznta`b j tfg Cnbh Knrmgt ab Upnab? Xfg >116

Tgj`rk `j Wrdnb Ycnbbabl Cglascnta`b‑, ab Gur`pgnb Ycnbbabl Utuhags, 6, 78<-:8

T`hrëlugz hg Unbtanl`, O`sá Knrën (499>), –Wrdnbask`s E`kpnrnh`s/Ncgknban? cëbgns dîsaens hg cn

cglascneaõb urdnbëstaen gb cn Tgpÿdcaen Jghgrnc Ncgknbn‛, ab Eauhnh y Xgrrat`ra`-Gstuha`s Xgrrat`ra-

ncgs, Z c. VVVAAA, b. >46, p.p. 59>-549.

T`ssuk, N.N. vnb (4997), ‑E`btrnetgrgb kgt hg vgrfgah? wnbbggr knl hg vgrfgah lgdruam knmgb vnb

fgt pravnntrgeft gb wgcmg b`rkgb zaob p pravnntrgeftgcaom fnbhgcgb vnb hg vgrfgah vnb t`gpnssabl0‑,

ab E`btrnetgrgb. Xaohsefrajt v``r hg e`btrnetsprnmtaom , 4997/98, p.p. 67-15.

T`kgr` Nc`y, Knran Ogsÿs (4994), C`s pcnbgs kubaeapncs gb gc Hgrgef` Wrdnbëstae` Zncgbeanb , Xarnbt c`

dcnbef, Zncgbean, Upnab.

T`ttgrhnk, Hagbstgbstruetuur Tuaktgcaomg @rhgbabl gb Utnhsvgrbaguwabl (>167), Utnbhsvgrbaguwabl

T`ttgrhnk >1<8->168, Watlgvgrao 9>9, T`ttgrhnk.

T`wnb-T`dabs`b, Ogrgky & Cc`yh, Lrgl (>166), Cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt nbh tfg abjrnstrueturg c`ttgry , X&X

Ecnrm Cth, Ghabdurlf, >:9 pnlgs.

Tuaz hg C`dgrn y Yárgz-Këblugz, Egeacan (>11:), Gstuha` hg cn gstrueturn urdnbëstaen atncanbn, b`t pud-

casfgh, nvnacndcg tfrùlf h.kub`zlagcgbItuhgcjt.bc

Uefnrpj, J.\. (>1<6), ‖Abtgr`rlnbaznta`bnc p`caey stuhags? assugs, e`begpts nbh pgrspgetavgs‑, ab Fnbj, M.A.

nbh Uefnrpj, J.\. (ghs, >1<6), p.p. 587-5<9.

Uefnrpj, J.\., Tgassgrt, D. nbh Uefndgc, J. (>1<6), ‖Y`caey Gjjgetavgbgss nbh E`bfflaet Nvàhnbeg ab Abtgr-

l`vgrbkgbtnc Y`caey J`rknta`b‑, ab Fnbj, M.A. nbh Uefnrpj, J.\. (ghs, >1<6), 7<->>8.

Uglgrgb, N., Bgghfnk, D. nbh Lr`gb O. (4997), Hg knrmt h``rlr`bh? ggb abstatuta`bgcg nbncysg vnb

lr`bhknrmtgb ab Bghgrcnbh , Hgb Fnnl, BNa Watlgvgrs / Tuaktgcaom Ycnbdurgnu.

Ukatf, O. O., & Lafrabl, X. N. (499:), ‖Jabnbeabl Xrnbsat Uystgks tfrùlf Zncug Enpturg‑, ab Nkgraenb

Oùrbnc `j Ge`b`kaes nbh Uèa`c`ly , Z`c. :7, B`. 5, Oucy, pp. <7>-<6:.



Nbbgxgs519

Upnnbs, Knro`cgab= L`ccnbh, Nbhrgw & Enrtgr, B`rkn (>11:), ‖Cnbh Uuppcy nbh Fùsabl Hgvgc`pkgbt?

N E`kpnrntavg Nbncysas j Dratnab nbh Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs >1<9->117‑, ab Abtgrbnta`bnc Ycnbbabl Utuh-

ags, Z c. >, B`. 5., pp? 41>-5>9.

Upnnbs, K. (4994), Xfg akpcgkgbtnta`b `j urdnb rgvatncaznta`b prògets? Nb abtgrbnta`bnc e`kpnras`b,

Hgcjt, HWY Ueagbeg.

Uwnbd`rb, Y.L. (>16<), Uèannc wgtgbsefnppgcaom bhgrz`gm , D``k, Kgppgc.

• (>118), Kgtf`hgb vnb sèannc-wgtgbsefnppgcaom bhgrz`gm , D``k, Nkstgrhnk/Kgppgc.

• (>11:), Ensg-stuhy‑s. \nt, wnbbggr gb f`g0, D``k, Nkstgrhnk/Kgppgc.

Xnsnb-M`m, X. (4996), ‖Efnblabl abtgrprgtnta`bs `j ‖fflgxadacaty‑ ab tfg pcnbbabl catgrnturg? jr`k `pp`rtub-

ask t` ergntavaty0‑, ab Abtgrbnta`bnc Ycnbbabl Utuhags, Z`c. >5, B`. 8, pp. >65 - >17.

Xnsmj`reg (fgr)`btwammgcabl Dghraovgbtgrrgabgb (4996), Mnbsgb v``r mwncatgat. Ggb btwammgcablsstrntglag

v``r dghraovgbtgrrgabgb, Kabastgrag Ge`b`kasefg _nmgb nbh Kabastgrag Zr`k.

Xf`kns, F,H.= Kabgtt, O.K.= F`pmabs, U.= Fnkbgtt, U.C.= Jncuha, N. nbh Dnrrgcc, H. (>165), Jcgxadacaty nbh

E`kkatkgbt ab Ycnbbabl , Knrtabus Baof`j, Xfg Fnlug, D`st`b nbh C`bh`b.

Xruknb, H. (>1<>), Xfg L`vgrbkgbtnc Yrègss. Y`cataenc Abtgrgsts nbh Yudcae @paba`b, Bgw Q rm? Mb`pj.

Xurm, Ugvmayg Ugbeg (4996), ‖Nb gxnkabnta`b j`r gjeagbt nppcaendacaty j tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt kgtf`hnt tfg abtgrbnta`bnc e`btgxt‑, ab Oùrbnc `j Ycnbbabl Catgrnturg 44 (5)? 441-484.

Xurbducc, L. M. (4997), ‖Xfg abvgstkgbt abegbtavg gjjgets j cnbh usg rglucnta`bs‑, ab Oùrbnc j Tgnc Gstntg

Jabnbeg nbh Ge`b`kaes, 5>, 57<―17.

Xwgghg Mnkgr hgr Utntgb-Lgbgrnnc (4995),Baguwg rglgcs ktrgbt hg ruaktgcaomg rhgbabl (\gt ruaktgcaomg

`rhgbabl). Kgk`rag vnb X`gcaeftabl , Zgrlnhgronnr 4994-4995, 46 1>:, Uhu Watlgvgrs, ‑s-Lrnvgbfnlg

(Xfg Fnlug).

Znb Hnkkg, Cgbbnrh & Zgrhnns, E` (>11:), Ycnbbgb cntgb zaef bagt pcnbbgb, Hassgrtnta`b, B@\.

Znb hgr Yuttgb, G., Hg Cabt, T. nbh Hg \`cjj, F. (4998), @bhgrz`gm bnnr hg k`lgcaomfghgb vnb ggb

rglgcabl v``r stghgcaomg fgrvgrmnvgcabl , Hgb Fnnl/Hgcjt? Nmr` E`bsuct/@XD Hgcjt.

Znb hgr Tgg, Y. (4999), Kgt w``rh gb mnnrt. @vgr hgtnaccgrabl gb rgamwgahtg vnb dgstgkkablspcnb-

rglgcabl , Dùwrgeft K`b`lrngíb, Utaeftabl Abstatuut v``r Dùwrgeft, Mcuwgr, Hgvgbtgr.

Znb hgr Uefnnr, O. & Fgrgaolgrs, N. (>11>), Z`cmsfuasvgstabl? ggb znnm vnb dgcgah , Upgetruk, Wtrgeft.

Znb Lubstgrgb, F.T. (>1<:), Xfg ûgst j`r E`btr`c? N erataqug `j tfg rnta`bnc-egbtrnc-rucg nppr`nef ab pudcae njjnars, C`bh`b? \acgy.



Nbbgxgs 51>

Zgrfnlg, T`gc`j (4994), Cènc Y`caey j`r Fùsabl Hgvgc`pkgbt, Gur`pgnb gxpgragbegs, Nsflntg, Fnkp-

sfarg.

• (4997), ‖Tgbgwabl urdnb rgbgwnc ab Jrnbeg, tfg WM nbh Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs? Abtr`hueta`b‑, ab Oùr-bnc `j Fùsabl nbh tfg Duact Gbvar`bkgbt , 49? 4>7-44<.

Zgrfnlg, T. & Ucuas, T. (4995), Unkgbwgrmabl dao stghgcaomg vgrbaguwabl , HWY Ueagbeg, Nkstgrhnk.

Zgrfnlg, T. & Bgghfnk, D. (4995), ‖Jabnbeabl Yudcae Jneacatags ab Fùsabl Yrògets? n Kgtf`h j`r

Wbhgrstnbhabl Bgl`tantabl Yrègssgs‑, ab Gbbas (gh, 4995), p.p. >1-56.

Zr`k (Kabastry j`r Fùsabl, Ycnbbabl nbh tfg Gbvar`bkgbt, 4994), Eaojgrs `vgr \`bgb 4994. Jgatgb `vgr

kgbsgb, wgbsgb, w`bgb, knref 4994, Xfg Fnlug..

• (4998), B`tn Tuaktg. Tuaktg v``r btwammgcabl , Xfg Fnlug.• (4997), Hg m`stgb ab dggch, hg m`stgb vgrhggch , Xfg Fnlug.

• (499:), Dragj kabastgr Zr`k nnb Xwgghg Mnkgr , >: Oubg 499:, Zgrlnhgronnr 4997-499:, 4<76>,

br. 4:.

• (499<n), Eaojgrs `vgr \`bgb 499:, Nprac 499<.

• (499<d), Hg Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt? baguwg rglgcgs v``r hg `btwammgcabl vnb dùwcèntags, ncs`

nvnacndcg ab Gblcasf vgrsa`b, Xfg Fnlug, Nprac 499<.

• (499<e), B`tn vnb X`gcaeftabl dao @btwgrp Dgscuat ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl (wfaef as pudcasfgh ab

Utnntseùrnbt `b 5 Kny 499<, rgh.).

• (4996), Utruetuurvasag Tnbhstnh 4989. Bnnr ggb huurznkg gb e`beurrgrgbhg Gur`pgsg X prgla`,

Xfg Fnlug.

Zr`k, Zgrgbalabl Bghgrcnbhsg Lgkggbtgb, Zgrgbalabl vnb Lr`bhdghraovgb (4996), Fnbhrgamabl

Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt , Uhu Watlgvgrs dv, Xfg Fnlug, 4<1 p.p.

Zr`k-rnnh (4999), Fgt abstrukgtb lgscgpgb. Z``rstgccgb v``r ggb fgrzagbg \T@ gb v``r ggb dgtgrg

m`stgbvgrhgcabl dao lr`bhgxpcàtntag, Xfg Fnlug.

• (4991),Lr`bh v``r mwncatgat. Z``rstgccgb v``r vgrdgtgrabl vnb vgrfgahsrglag b (dabbgb)stghgcaomg

`btwammgcabl , Nhvasg 9<9, Jgdrunry 4991, Xfg Fnlug.

\nchr`b, O. (>119), Xfg Cnw , C`bh`b? Tùtcghlg.

\fatg, Ynuc (>16:), ‖Cnbh nvnacndacaty, cnbh dnbmabl nbh tfg praeg j cnbh j`r fùsabl? n rgvagw j rgegbt

hgdntgs‑, ab Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Utuhags, 5 (4), p.p. >9>->>>.

\accanks, Taefnrh F. & \``h, Dnrry (>118), Wrdnb Cnbh nbh Yr`pgrty Knrmgts ab tfg WM , sgranc

‖Gur`pgnb Wrdnb Cnbh & Yr`pgrty Knrmgts 8‑, WEC Yrgss, C`bh`b.

Qab, T`dgrt M. (>161), Ensg Utuhy Tgsgnref, Hgsalb nbh Kgtf`hs, UNLG pudcaenta`bs, Xfùsnbh @nms,

EN, WUN.



Nbbgxgs514

_ubhgrt, O.\. vnb (>11:), Fgt dgstgkkablspcnb, ggb ourahasef dgstuurcaomg abcgahabl ab hg ruaktgcaomg

`rhgbabl , 6tf ghata`b, Unks`k FH Xoggbm \accabm, Ncpfgb nnb hgb Taob, p.p. 5>5.

• (4998), ]ahgk[, >>tf

ghata`b, Mcuwgr, Ncpfgb nnb hgb , p.p. 557.• (4996), ‖Hg struetuurvasag ab hg \r`‑, ab D`uwrgeft , br. < oucy 4996, p.p. 8<9-8<6.

_wgalgrt, M`brnh & Mútz, Fgab (>1<<), Abtr`hueta`b t` E`kpnrntavg Cnw , 5rh ghata`b >116, @xj`rh

Wbavgrsaty Yrgss nbh O.E.D. K`fr (Ynuc Uagdgem).



Nbbgxgs 515

Abtgrvagws

Upgeae abtgrvagws

Kgnbt t` e`ccget spgeae mb`wcghlg t` cc ab tfg lnps ab catgrnturg nbh ensgs. Abtgrvagws wgrg strueturgh

j`cc`wabl tfg spgeae qugsta`bs, gnef abtgrvagw dgabl tfgrgj`rg spgeae nbh hajjgrgbt jr`k tfg `tfgrs.

J`r tfg cast j spgeae abtgrvagws j pgrs`bs abv`cvgh ab tfg ensgs, sgg sgeta`b ‖Ensgs‑. Fgrg j`cc`ws n cast

`j tfas s`rt `j abtgrvagws knhg t` gxpgrts. Xfg abtgrvagws t``m jr`k >7 kabutgs t` 5 fùrs?

• Upnab/Zncgbean?

Lnreën-Dgccah` Lnreën hg Hagl`, Onvagr= c`bl tncms hurabl 41 nbh 59 Nulust 4997, Knhrah. Dcnbe Ecnvgr`, Jrnbease`= cavg abtgrvagws `b 48 Jgdrunry 499<, 4>?87-45?99 (tgcgpf`bg abtgr-

vagw)= 1 Oubg 4996, 45?99-45?89 (tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw), nbh g-knacs >4 Oubg, 4, 5 nbh >< Oucy

4996.

Unbefës Eugstn, O`sá Ncdgrt`= tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw 4< Kny 4996, >:->:.59.

Tnln, Jrnbease`= tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw >7 @et`dgr 4996= sf`rt abtgrvagw dy gknac `b 4< Onbunry

49>9.

• Gblcnbh?

Utgpfgb Er`w, Enrhajj Uef``c `j Eaty nbh Tgla`bnc Ycnbbabl, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw `b >> Nprac

499:, >8?99->7?99.

Zabegbt Bnhab, Wbavgrsaty `j tfg \gst `j Gblcnbh= cavg abtgrvagws `b 44 Knref 499<, >5.99->7.>7, nbh `b 7 Nprac 499<, >5?59->:?99.

Efras N. Cy`bs, C`bh`b Uef``c j Ge`b`kaes= tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw b 48 Nulustus 499<, >9?59-

>>?57.

O`fb Fgbbgdgrry, Wbavgrsaty j Ufgjgch= tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw b 41 Nulustus 499<, ><?99->6?99.

• Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs?

O.O. vnb H`ccabln, Kubaeapncaty j Lr`bablgb, Ycnbbabl nbh Ge`b`ky Hgpnrtkgbt, havasa`b Cglnc

Njjnars= tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw `b >> Ugptgkdgr 499<, >7?59->:?49= >5 Ugptgkdgr >:?87-><?99.

M. Y`rrgy, Kubaeapncaty `j T`ttgrhnk, Cglnc Njjnars Hgpnrtkgbt `j Ycnbbabl nbh Fùsabl= tgc-

gpf`bg abtgrvagw `b >4 Ugptgkdgr 499<, >7?59->:?49.

\.N. Gldgrts, Kubaeapncaty `j T`ttgrhnk, Cglnc Njjnars Hgpnrtkgbt `j Ycnbbabl nbh Fùsabl,tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw `b >5 Ugptgkdgr 499<, >:?99->:?59.

Nrb` Uglgrgb, Tuaktgcaom Ycnbdurgnu, wrattgb e`kkgbts t` wrattgb abtgrvagw, 46 Onbunry 4996.

\rattgb e`kkgbts `b >> Jgdrunry 4996.

E` Zgrhnns, Lghgputggrhg Lgchgrcnbh= wrattgb nbswgr t` qugsta`bbnarg `b >4 Jgdrunry 4996.

Fgrknb hg \`cjj, Hgcjt Wbavgrsaty `j Xgefb`c`ly, cavg abtgrvagws, >> Jgdrunry 4996, >:?79-

><?99= >4 Knref 4996, >7?99->7?>7.

O.\. vnb _ubhgrt, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw, >8 Knref 4996, >8?59->7?>9.

Grbst vnb Lgchgr, Kubaeapncaty `j T`ttgrhnk, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagws, >4 Knref 4996, >8?87-

>7?>9= > Nprac 4996, ><?99-><?87.

O.N.K. vnb hgb Drnbh, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagws, 46 Knref 4996, >>?59->4?99= 8 Nprac 4996, >9?59->>?59= >> Nprac, >>?99->>?49.



Nbbgxgs518

Onnp F`gmstrn, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagws, 5 Nprac 4996, >9?99->9?79= >: Nprac 4996, >:?57->:?79.

Mak vnb \nlgbablgb, Znb Mgucgb & vnb _utpfgb, gknac-abtgrvagw ab Oubg 4996.

Xfg` Utnuttgbgr nbh T`dab vnb Dcnhgc, Eaty Dgnutajuc, cavg abtgrvagws, 1 Kny 4996, >7.59-><.59=4< Oubg 4996, >7?99-><?59.

Nrb` Cnk`t, _uahpcns Nhvags, cavg abtgrvagw, >4 Jgdrunry 49>9, >>.99->5.99.

Nrgbh Zragbh, Znb Mgucgb & vnb _utpfgb, tgcgpf`bg-abtgrvagw, 5 Knref 49>9, >5->5?49.

Fnrry Baocnbh, Kubaeapncaty `j Npgch``rb, tgcgpf`bg-abtgrvagw, 5 Knref 49>9, >8?87->7?47=

gknac-abtgrvagw 7 Knref 49>9.

Knrtagb Ygbbabl, Faccgbrnnh, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw, 5 Knref 49>9, >7?87->:?>9.

Fubgb, Hgbbas vnb, g-knac abtgrvagws, Dùwj`bhs @btwammgcabl, >9 nbh 41 Knref 49>9.

• Lgrknby? Dgbonkab Hnvy, Wbavgrsaty H`rtkubh, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw b 44 kny 499:, >7?99->:?99.

• Jrnbeg? Zabegbt Tgbnrh, Áe`cg Y`cytgefbaqug, EBTU, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw `b >< knref 499:, wrat-

tgb e`kkgbts b 1 Oubg 499:, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw b 8 Onbunry 499<, ><?99-><?>7, nbh >> Onbunry499<, >>.>7->>.87.

• Atncy? Jghgrae` @cavn, Yr`jgss`r urdnb pcnbbabl nt tfg Y`cytgefbae Wbavgrsaty `j Kacnb`, tgcgpf`bg

abtgrvagw `b 7 Onbunry 499< (>:?59-><?59) nbh `b : Onbunry (>>->>?87).

• Uwghgb? Xf`kns Mncdr`, T ync Abstatutg `j Xgefb`c`ly, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw `b >> kga 499:, >5.99-

>7.99= nbh cavg abtgrvagw `b >4 `mt`dgr 499:, >5.99->7.59.

• Jcnbhgrs? Fgrknb hg \`cjj, XW Hgcjt, Utuhaglr`gp @klgvabl, cavg abtgrvagw `b 5 Nprac 499:= Gcasn-

dgtf \ùtgrs, @KLGZABL, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw nbh wrattgb e`kkgbts b 6 Onbunry 4996, ><->6?87.

• Hgbknrm? Utal Gbgknrm (Wbavgrsaty Nncd`rl), tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagws `b 48 kny 499:, >5.59->8.59,

nbh 59 kny 499:, >>->4.>7.

Lgbgrae abtgrvagws

Kgnbt j`r `dtnababl mb`wcghlg ndùt tfg p`ssadcg enusnc rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb vnrandcgs ‖j`rknc rucgs

rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ nbh ‖pudcae vncug enpturabl‑, a.g. kgnbt j`r nbswgrabl Yrgpnrnt`ry Tgsgnref ûgs-

ta`b 5. Ncc tfgsg abtgrvagws j`cc`wgh ncs` n sgka-strueturgh j`rk? ncc p`ssadcy rgcgvnbt sud-vnrandcgs `j

‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ wgrg castgh tfnt kalft fnvg fnh abfflugbeg `b sud-vnrandcgs `j ‖pudcae

vncug enpturabl‑. Xfg e`bstrueta`b `j tfg qugsta`bbnarg fns j`cc`wgh n kgtaeucùs kgtf`h (Gknbs,

4994? >>8->:9). N trnbserapta`b `j tfg lgbgrae abtgrvagws wns sgbt t` tfg abtgrvagwgh, wfaef fnh tfg

`pp`rtubaty t` e`kkgbt b tfgar e`btgbts. Xw` hajjgrgbt lrùps `j pgrs`bs fnvg dggb abtgrvagwgh fgrg.

(>) Ygrs`bs abv`cvgh ab tfg stuhagh ensgs? pgr ensg nt cgnst nb abv`cvgh pudcae jegr nbh tfg hgvgc`pgr.

Xfg qugsta`bbnarg hajjgrgh n cattcg hgpgbhabl `b tfg p`sata`b `j tfg pgrs`b ab tfg ensg nbh eùbtry ab

qugsta`b, ns gnef ensg nbh gnef eùbtry sf`w hajjgrgbt rgcgvnbt sud-vnrandcgs `j ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt

t` z`babl‑. Ncs`, tfg qugsta`bbnarg hajjgrgh hgpgbhabl b tfg nvnacndcg takg (kabaknc 87 kabutgs, knxa-

knc en. 4 fùrs). N cast `j tfg abtgrvagwgh pgrs`bs enb dg jùbh ab sgeta`b ‖Ensgs‑.

(4) Gxpgrts nbh rgprgsgbtntavg `j abtgrgst lrùps? rgcgvnbt gxpgrts nt bnta`bnc cgvgc, nbh tfg rgprgsgbtn-

tavgs `j tfg hgvgc`pgrs, ncs` nt bnta`bnc cgvgc. Xfg qugsta`bbnargs fgrg hajjgrgh n cattcg hgpgbhabl `b tfg

eùbtry ab qugsta`b, ns gnef eùbtry sf`ws hajjgrgbt rgcgvnbt sud-vnrandcgs `j ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t`z`babl‑. Xfgsg abtgrvagws usgh t` cnst c`blgr, ndùt >.7 tacc 5 fùrs. Xfg abtgrvagwgh gxpgrts wgrg?



Nbbgxgs 517

• Upnab/Zncgbean?

Dnþ` Cgõb, O`sg Knrën= Wbavgrsatnt hg Zncgbean, cavg abtgrvagw `b 44 Hgegkdgr 499:, >4?97-

>8?99. Dcnbe Ecnvgr`, Jrnbease`= cavg abtgrvagws `b > B`vgkdgr 499:, >6?59-4>?59= `b 4< B`vgkdgr

499:, >>.99->7.99 (vasat t` duachabl satgs) nbh >6.59-4>.59 (abtgrvagw)=

Gseradnb`, Ncgonbhr`, cavg abtgrvagw 49 Hgegkdgr 499:, >6?59->1?87, nbh tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagws

s`kg hnys cntgr, ndùt > fùr.

Jgrbîbhgz, Lgrnrh` T`lgr= cavg abtgrvagw 4: mt`dgr 499:, >4.59->7.99 uur.

K`btagc, Nbt`ba`, salbaentavg kgkdgr `j Uncvgk, eavac `rlnbaznta`b j`r tfg hgjgbeg `j bnturnc

gbvar`bkgbt nbh fast`rae nbh eucturnc urdnb pntrak`by. 4> B`vgkdgr 499:, 49?59-44?59.

Kuþ`z U`cs`bn, Dgbonkëb, efnarknb Nsèaneaõb Yrèabeanc hg Yr`k`t`rgs Abk`dacanra`s

y Nlgbtgs Wrdnbaznh`rgs hg Zncgbean ]Yr`vabeanc Nssèanta`b `j Hgvgc`pgrs nbh Wrdnbazabl

Nlgbts `j Zncgbean[, nbh Enþgccns Uagrrn, Enrc`s, cglnc nhvasgr snkg nssèanta`b. 49 Hgegkdgr499:, >>.57->5.>7.

Tuda`, Tnjngc efnarknb j cènc rgprgsgbtntavgs sèanc hgkèrntae pnrty (YUYZ) ab Cènc Eùbeac

`j Zncgbean. 45 B`vgkdgr 499:, 1?87->>?>7.

• Gblcnbh?

Fgccgb F`ccnbh, cgnhgr `j Cndùr ab tfg Cènc Eùbeac `j Drast`c= tgcgpf`bg sgka-strueturgh ab-

tgrvagw `b 4: Oucy 499<, >8?59->8?99.

Nbhrgw \fatnmgr, Fgnh j Ycnbbabl j tfg F`kg Duachabl Jghgrnta`b= cavg sgka-strueturgh abtgr-

vagw `b 4 Oucy 499< 1.59->>.87.

• Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs?

E` Zgrhnns, Lghgputggrhg Lgchgrcnbh, tgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw, >8 B`vgkdgr 499<, 6?99-1?99= nbh

>1 B`vgkdgr 499<, 6?59-1?99= wrattgb e`kkgbt t` tfg trnbserapta`b `b 4> B`vgkdgr 499<.

Onb J mmgkn, v `rzattgr Bgpr`k, cavg abtgrvagw b 4< B`vgkdgr 499<, >7?>7->:?59= sefrajtgcaom

e`kkgbtnnr vnb Onb J`mmgkn `btvnblgb `p 41 B`v, gb vgrwgrmt `p 59 B`v.

Ensgs

Xfg ab satu hntn lntfgrabl j`r tfg ensgs t``m pcneg ab tfg j`cc`wabl pgra`hs?• Tgla`b `j Zncgbean? B`vgkdgr nbh Hgegkdgr 499:=

• Gblcnbh? Oubg 499<=

• Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs? dglabbabl `j 4997 j`r ensg Hg Jubgb nbh \abtgr `j 499<-4996 j`r rgst `j ensgs.

Cavg abtgrvagws t``m pcneg ab tfgsg pgra`hs. Abtgrvagws knhg dy tgcgpf`bg t``m pcneg njtgrwnrhs. Xfg

abtgrvagws wgrg d`tf nd`vg-kgbta`bgh s`rts ‖spgeae‑ nbh ‖lgbgrae‑ abtgrvagws?

• Zncgbeanb ensgs?

Ensg Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn?

Jrnbease` Tnln, efagj `j tfg Hgpnrtkgbt YNA `j tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Zncgbean, abtgrvagws `b

\ghbgshny 47 @et`dgr (>5?99->8?99) nbh K`bhny : B`vgkdgr 499: (1?59->9?59)= X`kns Lnrean T`dcgs, efagj `j tfg Hgpnrtkgbt Cnbh Tgnhoustkgbt `j tfg Kubaeapncaty `j



Nbbgxgs51:

Zncgbean, abtgrvagw b 1 B`vgkdgr 499: (>5?99->5?49).

O`rlg Nblcnhn Uuef, cnwygr, nbh Nbn Enbt`s, cnwygr, E`bsuctabl Enbt`s Nblcnhn, e`kkas-

sa`bgh dy tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt, Yr`nrn= abtgrvagw `b \ghbgshny 41 B`vgkdgr 499:, >:?99-><?87.

Ensg Ygra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn


\ghbgshny 47 @et`dgr (>5?99->8?99) nbh K`bhny 4< B`vgkdgr 499: (>5.59->8.87)=

O`sg Nbt`ba` Dgrz`sn Cnkntn, Nrefatget-pcnbbgr= Luaccgrk` Dgrz`sn, cnwgr= nbh Kalugc Nb-

lgc Unbo`sg Encndual, Hgvgc`pgr, LTWY@ ABK@DACANTA@ HNGKA= abtgrvagw `b Xugshny 46

B`vgkdgr 499:, ><.99->6.87.

Ensg Enkab` F`bh` hgc Lrn`


\ghbgshny 47 @et`dgr (>5?99->8?99) nbh K`bhny 4< B`vgkdgr 499: (>5.59->8.87)= Tnÿc Ygþncvgr Endnbgr`, hgvgc`pgr, Znccgfgrk`s` Zncgbean= abtgrvagw `b Xfurshny 59 B`-

vgkdgr 499: (>:?59-><?87).

Dgbncÿn Uur

O`sá Knbugc Unbtnknrën Zahnc, harget`r `j XGTTN Tgeurs`s Abk`dacanra`s, cgnhabl pnrty ab

BWGZ@ UGEX@T, tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt, upt` Oucy 4994= Abtgrvagw `b 4> Hgegkdgr 499:,

1?99->9?59.

T`sn Tènk`rn, cnwgr j Ygrgz Uglurn & Nsèanh`s, e`kkassa`bgh dy tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt,

Lrup` Y.T.N.U.N. sabeg 4994. Abtgrvagw `b 4> Hgegkdgr 499:, >9?87->>?87= tgcgpf`bg ab-

tgrvagw `b 5 Onbunry 499<, >9?79->>.89.

Knbugc Dgctrn, Kubaeapncaty `j Ncaenbtg, Efagj Ycnbbabl Hgpnrtkgbt (Ugrvaea` Ycnbgnkagbt`y Lgsta`b, Hgpnrtnkgbt` Xgebae` hg Ycnbgnkagbt`)= Xgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw `b Xfurshny 4:

@et`dgr (>4?99->5?99), nbh cavg abtgrvagw `b 4> Hgegkdgr 499: (>4?>7->7?>7)=

Kalugc Lnruc`, Kubaeapncaty j Ncaenbtg, Knbnlgkgbt Hgpnrtkgbt= Xgcgpf`bg abtgrvagw b

Jrahny >4 Onbunry 499< (>6?97->1?99).

• Gblcasf ensgs?

Ensg Kglnd`wc ?

Oak Ecajjg, Ycnbbabl @dcalnta bs Yròget Knbnlgr `j tfg Utrntglae nbh Eatywahg Y`caey Xgnk `j

tfg Drast`c Eaty Eùbeac, tfg pgrs`b tfnt k`bat`rs tfg jucckgbt j pcnbbabl dcalnta`bs? cavg b`t

strueturgh abtgrvagw `b Xfurshny < Oubg 499< (>9->>.>9)= wrattgb nbswgrs t` wrattgb qugsta`bs`b >6 Oubg 499<=

O`fb Hùlcns, Ycnbbabl @jegr `j tfg Drast`c Eaty Eùbeac, tfg pgrs`b wf` wns ab efnrlg `j

tfas pcnbbabl nppcaenta`b= cavg sgka-strueturgh abtgrvagw b 4: Oubg 499< (>8->7.99)= wrattgb

e`kkgbts t` tfg trnbserapta`b `j tfg abtgrvagw `b 4 Oucy= wrattgb nbswgr t` wrattgb qugsta`bs

`b 44 Oubg.

O`bntfnb Onrknb, Nblus Kggm Ynrtbgrsfap Cth (tfg nlgbt `j Nppcaenbt Xgbpab Cakatgh, tfg

nppcaenbt), tfg pgrs`b ab efnrlg `j tfas pcnbbabl nppcaenta`b? cavg sgka-strueturgh abtgrvagw

`b Xfurshny 4> Oubg 499<, >9?99->>?59= wrattgb nbh cavg nbswgrs t` wrattgb qugsta`bs b tfg

snkg hny, 1?59->9?99= tfgr tgcgpf`bg e`kkgbts b 48 Oucy 499<, ><?79-><?77.

Ensg Xgkpcg ûny? Oak Ecajjg, Ycnbbabl @dcalnta`bs Yròget Knbnlgr j tfg Utrntglae nbh Eatywahg Y caey Xgnk `j



Nbbgxgs 51<

tfg Drast`c Eaty Eùbeac, tfg pgrs`b tfnt k`bat`rs tfg jucckgbt `j pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs? cavg

b`t strueturgh abtgrvagw `b Xfurshny < Oubg 499< (>9->>.>9)= wrattgb strueturgh abtgrvagw

nbswgrgh b : Nulustus 499<= Anb E`ccabs`b, pcnbbabl jegr j tfg Eaty j Drast`c ab efnrlg j tfas pròget nt tfg takg j tfg

lrnbtabl `j Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b= cavg sgka-strueturgh abtgrvagw `b Xfurshny 46 Oubg 499<,

>8.99 ->7.99, nbh wrattgb e`kkgbts dy g-knac `b 4 Oucy 499<=

Gram Fncc, Ycnbbabl Harget`r Enstcgk`rg Ugeuratags Cth, tfg hgvgc`pgr `j Xgkpcg ûny= tgc-

gpf`bg sgka-strueturgh abtgrvagw `b 6 Nulustus 499<, >7?99->7?79.

Ensg Fnrdùrsahg?

a. Oak Ecajjg, Ycnbbabl @dcalnta`bs Yròget Knbnlgr `j tfg Utrntglae nbh Eatywahg Y caey Xgnk

`j tfg Drast`c Eaty Eùbeac, tfg pgrs`b tfnt k`bat`rs tfg jucckgbt `j pcnbbabl `dcalnta`bs?

cavg b`t strueturgh abtgrvagw `b Xfurshny < Oubg 499< (>9->>.>9)= wrattgb nbswgrs t` wrattgb

abtgrvagw b : Nulustus 499<=aa. Taefnrh F`chgb, Ycnbbabl @jegr Drast`c Eaty Eùbeac? cavg sgka-strueturgh abtgrvagw `b 5

Oucy 499< (>>.99->4.59)= wrattgb nbswgrs t` wrattgb abtgrvagw `b : Nulustus 499<= sgvgrnc

e`kkgbts pgr G-knac nc`bl Nulustus 499<.

aaa. Anb Enwcgy, hgvgc`pgr Ergst Baef`cs`b? tgcgpf`bg sgka-strueturgh abtgrvagw b 46 Nulustus

499<, >>?99->4?>9.

• Hutef ensgs?

Ensg Hg Jubgb

Hrags Ogbsg, prògetknbnlgr Kubaeapncaty `j Nkstgrhnk ab tfas pròget jr`k >117 t` 4999.

Abtgrvagw Onbunry 4997 tfg 49tf

, >>->4?59. Nrtfur vnb Lgkkgrt, hgvgc`pgr Fgaoknbs ADE Tgnc Gstntg Hgvgc`pkgbt. Abtgrvagw Onbunry

4997 tfg 47tf, >5->8?99.

Ogbby Drukkgcknb, fùsabl nssèanta`b Hg Mgy. Abtgrvagw Jgdrunry 4997 tfg 5tf, >:-><?>7.

Hnvah F`ctgs, cglnc gxpgrt ab tfg Egbtrg D`rùlf `j tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Nkstgrhnk, nutf`r

`j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt dcalnta`bs e`btrnet j >11<. Abtgrvagw Nprac 4997 tfg 41tf, >>?59->8?99.

Fachn hg D`gr, efagj Hgpnrtkgbt j Ycnbbabl Y`caey, nbh E`bby vnb Taom, cglnc gxpgrt, knmgr

`j tfg Cènc Cnbh-usg pcnb ‖ûnrtgr Eznnr Ygtgr-Gnst‑, d`tf jr`k tfg Egbtrnc Hastraet `j tfg

Kubaeapncaty `j Nkstgrhnk. Abtgrvagw Oucy 4997 tfg >> tf, >9->4?99.

Ensg Mruahgbduurt

T`d Xfaossgb (hgvgc`pgr, Xruh`) cavg abtgrvagw `b >5 B`vgkdgr 499<, >8?99->:?99= wrattgbnbswgrs t` wrattgb qugsta`bs `b 46 B`vgkdgr 499<=

Eggs _gguwgb (Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt E`kpnby Kubaeapncaty `j Gabhf`vgb), cavg abtgrvagw >5

B`vgkdgr 499<, >8?99->:?99.

Ensg M`p vnb @`st

Taefnrh Ergds, ourast Tgnc Gstntg hgvgc`pkgbt `j tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Lr`bablgb? cavg abtgr-

vagw `b 41 B`vgkdgr 499<, >>?49->4?49= wrattgb nbswgrs t` wrattgb qugsta`bbnarg `b :

Hgegkdgr 499<=

Onnp Hnccabln, ourast Ycnbbabl nbh Ge`b`ky Hgpnrtkgbt, havasa`b Cglnc Njjnars `j tfg Kubaea-

pncaty `j Lr`bablgb? wrattgb nbswgrs t` wrattgb qugsta`bbnarg `b : Hgegkdgr 499<=

Lgrrat Cagjgrabl, Kubaeapncaty `j Lr`bablgb? wrattgb nbswgrs t` wrattgb qugsta`bbnarg `b :Hgegkdgr 499<=



Nbbgxgs516

C`bbgmg _uaohwaom, hgvgc`pgr Fgaoknbs? cavg abtgrvagw b >9 Hgegkdgr 499<, >:?59-><?59=

Zabegbt Xuatgb, hgvgc`pgr Fgaoknbs? wrattgb nbswgrs t` wrattgb qugsta`bbnarg b >6 Hgegk-

dgr 499<. Ensg Utnta`bsmwnrtagr

O.K. Z`ccnnrh, pcnbbgr, Hgpnrtkgbt Ourahaenc Ycnbs, Kubaeapncaty `j Drghn. Kr. Z ccnnrh wns

tfg nutf`r `j tfg 499< Cnbh usg Ycnb= cavg abtgrvagw `b 6 B`vgkdgr 499<, >>?59->5?>7.

O. D`skn, Utaeftabl Utnta`bsmwnrtagr (eavae `rlnbaznta`b), wrattgb qugsta`bbnarg, nbswgrgh `b

4: B`vgkdgr 499<.Lgrnrh vnb Zgllgc, pr`oget cgnhgr, nbh Znb Dgrmgc, pcnb ge`b`kast, d`tf

`j tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Drghn= cavg abtgrvagw `b < Onbunry 4996, >8?99->7?>7.

Drnk C`llgrs, gx pr`oget cgnhgr j BU Tgnc Gstntg= cavg abtgrvagw b 4> Onbunry 4996, >8?>9-

>7?99.



UUukknry

Efnptgr > - Abtr`hueta`b? pr`dcgks ab tfg bnbeabl `j pudcae l`ncs

ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Xrnhata`bnccy Hutef pudcae d`hags usgh t` j`cc`w nb ‖netavg‑ cnbh p`caey? tfgy dùlfttfg cnbh t` dg hgvgc`pgh `r rglgbgrntgh, pr`vahgh tfg abjrnstrueturg, nbh s`ch tfgsgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts t` fùsabl nssèanta`bs nbh e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs. Nt tfggbh `j tfg 69‑s, sgvgrnc p`caey efnblgs enusgh n lrnhunc sfajt t` k`rg pnssavg `r jn-eacatntabl j`rkucns. Abergnsablcy, at as tfg fùsabl nssèanta`bs nbh tfg knrmgt pnrtagstfnt duy tfg cnbh, `r k`st `j at, nbh hgvgc`p satgs. Wrdnb hgvgc`pkgbt ab lgbgrnc(d`tf lrggbgch hgvgc`pkgbt nbh tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j urdnb satgs) usunccy akpcagsnb ge`b`kae vncug abergnsg `j tfg cnbh, dut ncs` tfg bggh t` abvgst ab bgw r`nhsnbh pudcae spneg, hrnabnlg, pudcae duachabls nbh sèanc fùsabl, e`kpgbsnta`bs,

gte (jr`k b`w `b? –pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags‛). Aj kubaeapncatags j`cc`w nbnetavg cnbh p`caey, tfgy enb pny tf`sg e`sts dy sgccabl tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts.F`wgvgr, sabeg Hutef kubaeapncatags hgergnsablcy fnvg hasp`snc `vgr tfg cnbh, tfgygbeùbtgr pr`dcgks watf e`vgrabl tf`sg e`sts, wfacg tfg cnbh`wbgrs nrg b`t waccablt` e`btradutg. Xfas fns cgh t` c`wgrabl pudcae tnrlgts, j`r gxnkpcg ab tfg rglgbgrnta`b`j hgtgra`rntgh Hutef bgalfdùrf``hs, nbh t` tfg bggh j`r pudcae sudsahaznta`b.

Xfas rgsgnref nsms tfg qugsta`b wfgtfgr, wfgb cnbh as ab pravntg fnbhs, tfg ge`b`kaevncug abergnsg enusgh dy rglgbgrnta`b eùch dg usgh (ncc `r nt cgnst pnrt `j at) t` pnytfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfas rgsgnref abvgstalntgs wfgtfgr n pnrtaeu-

cnr sgt `j cglnc abstrukgbts, tfg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑, eùch dg usgjuc t`stakucntg cnbh`wbgrs t` e`btradutg, a.g. t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg.



Uukknry894

J`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl nrg? dabhabl rucgs rglucntabl tfg usg `j cnbh nbh rgncgstntg, nbh tfg nhkabastrntavg nppr`vnc prèghurg j`r tfgsg dabhabl rucgs= pr`pgrty

ralfts ab cnbh= nbh b`t-cglnccy dabhabl p`caey hèukgbts. Zncug abergnsg ab urdnbrglgbgrnta`b enb dg `j hajjgrgbt s`rts? enusgh dy abvgstkgbts ab abjrnstrueturg, dy rg-z`babl tfg satg, `r oust dy tfg lgbgrnc abergnsg ab tfg hgknbh j`r cnbh. Xfas rgsgnrefhastabluasfgs tfrgg hajjgrgbt kgnbabls nttnefgh t` ‖enpturabl vncug abergnsg‑? ‖e`strge`vgry‑ (rge`vgry, tfrùlf e`btraduta`bs jr`k cnbh`wbgrs, `j tfg e`sts `j pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags), ‖vncug enpturabl‑ (enpturabl dy pudcae d`hags tfnt fnvgabvgstgh ab, j`r abstnbeg, abjrnstrueturg, j tfg abergnsgh pr`pgrty vncugs) nbh ‖ergnk-abl `jj pcus vncug‑ (pudcae d`hy enpturabl ncc s`rts `j vncug abergnsg). Ncc tfrgg typgs`j enpturabl nrg e`bsahgrgh ab tfas rgsgnref.

N jubhnkgbtnc qugsta`b as, wf` sfùch rgegavg tfg vncug abergnsg. J`cc`wabl n e`b-sgrvntavg cadgrnc trnhata`b, nby vncug abergnsg dgc`bls t` tfg cnbh`wbgr, wfacg nbnctgrbntavg trnhata`b nhvèntgs tfnt at dgc`bls t` tfg e`kkubaty. N e`kk`b t`pae abtfg bg`-ecnssaenc tfg`ry `j ge`b`kae rgbt as tfg ahgn `j tnxabl at. Xfgsg ahg`c`laenchajjgrgbegs fnvg cgh t` hajjgrgbt abstrukgbts j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg, s`kg `jtfgk sggmabl t` enpturg ncc `j tfg vncug abergnsg nbh `tfgrs sggmabl `bcy t` abtgrbnc-azg tfg bglntavg akpnets j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt (tfnt as, e`st rge`vgry). Dgenusg ab tfgBgtfgrcnbhs bcy tfg cnttgr as ncc`wgh, tfas rgsgnref knmgs rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r e`strge`vgry nbh b`t j`r ergnkabl `jj tfg pcus vncug. U`kg rge`kkgbhnta`bs t watfabtfg gxastabl Hutef cglnc jrnkgw`rm, abecuhabl tfg bgw Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Net (\gt

ruaktgcaom rhgbabl ) nbh Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net (Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt ). @tfgr rge`k-kgbhnta`bs akpcy n k`haenta`b `j tfas cglnc jrnkgw`rm. U` tfg pr`dcgk t` wfaeftfas rgsgnref wnbts t` bh n s`cuta`b as j`rkucntgh ns j`cc`ws?

F`w eùch j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl dg usgh ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt pfnsg `je`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts `b pravntgcy `wbgh cnbh ab tfgBgtfgrcnbhs ab `rhgr tfnt tfg pr`tndcg pnrts bnbeg tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts0

Ab `rhgr t` nbswgr at, tfg j`cc`wabl rgsgnref qugsta`bs bggh rst t` dg nbswgrgh?• Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b >? F`w enb tf`sg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl

dg usgh ab e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts b pravntgcy wbghcnbh0

• Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 4? \fnt as tfg gxtgbt `j enpturabl vncug abergnsgab e`kprgfgbsavg urdnb rglgbgrnta`b hgvgc`pkgbts b pravntgcy wbgh cnbh0

• Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5? F`w h`gs tfg wny ab wfaef j`rknc rucgs rgc-gvnbt t` z`babl nrg usgh abfflugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg0

• Knab rgsgnref qugsta`b? F`w eùch j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl dg usgh abtfg Bgtfgrcnbhs ab rhgr tfnt tfg pr`tndcg pnrts bnbeg ns kuef ns p`ssadcg tfgubpr`tndcg pnrts0



Uukknry 895

Efnptgr 4 - Xfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm? enpturabl vncug abergnsg

watfab p`caey bgtw`rms

Nb urdnb rglgbgrnta`b pròget enb dg nbncyzgh ns n p`caey bgtw`rm ab wfaef pud-cae d`hags try t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg dy abtgrnetabl watf `tfgrpnrtags. Xfg ‖p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef‑ rgsucts jr`k tfg nenhgkae hgdntg ndùt tfgefnblabl r`cg `j pudcae d`hags nbh knrmgt pnrtags ab tfg cnst hgegbban. Xfg jùbhn-ta`bs enb dg jùbh ab p`caey seagbeg ab tfg gnrcy >1<9s. \facg ab tfg trnhata`bnc abtrn-`rlnbaznta`bnc nppr`nef, pudcae knbnlgkgbt as n t`p-h`wb nutf`ratnranb netavaty, abtfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef, tfg p`wgr rgcnta`b dgtwggb net`rs as cgss fagrnrefaenc.Tgsùreg hgpgbhgbeg as n kgtf`h t` hase`vgr tfg strueturnc jnet`rs tfnt enb gxpcnab

tfas rgcnta`b. N rst strueturnc jnet`r as tfnt p`caey bgtw`rms e`bsast `j hajjgrgbt net`rsgnef `j tfgk pursuabl ats `wb l`ncs. Xfas enrrags tfg p`tgbtancaty `j n e`bfflaet. Nt tfgsnkg takg, tfg net`rs nrg kutunccy hgpgbhgbt dgenusg b`bg `j tfgk e`btr`cs ncc tfgrgsùregs tfnt nrg bgghgh t` pursug ats l`ncs. Xfg strgbltf `j tfas hgpgbhgbeg hg-pgbhs `b tfg akp`rtnbeg nbh ‖sudstatutndacaty‑ `j tfg rgsùreg. D`tf tfg hastraduta`b`j rgsùregs nbh tfg p`wgr rgcnta`bs `j net`rs nrg rglucntgh nbh sfnpgh dy j`rkncrucgs (cnws). Ab turb, tfg p`wgr rgcnta`bs `jtgb sfnpg, e`bs`cahntabl `r nctgrabl, tfgj`rknc rucgs. N sge`bh strueturnc jnet`r as tfnt l`vgrbkgbts ncwnys hgpgbh `b tfgrgsùregs `j `tfgrs nbh nrg tfus b`t nbyk`rg tfg h`kabnbt net`r dut n prakus abtgr

pnrgs. Erataes sny tfnt tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef hgvncugs tfg stntus `j tfg pudcae

sget`r, nbh tfnt n ec`sg abv`cvgkgbt `j pudcae d`hags ab abtgrneta`bs nbh pnrtbgrsfapsas ubhgsarndcg dgenusg bgtw`rms nrg b`b-trnbspnrgbt nbh ube`btr`ccgh.

Ky rgsgnref enb dg sggb ns erataeask `j tfg dnsae nssukpta`b tfnt pudcae d`hags abcnbh hgvgc`pkgbt prògets ncwnys fnvg t` hgpgbh `b `tfgr net`rs. A pr`vahg tw`kgnsurgs t` k`hajy tfg abtgrneta`bs watfab tfg p`caey bgtw`rms, nbh tfgrgdy t` k`h-ajy tfg ùte`kgs ab enpturabl vncug abergnsg? rst k`hajyabl pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh,nbh sge`bh k`hajyabl egrtnabty nbh fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl.

Yr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh

@bg kalft tfabm tfnt pr`pgrty ralfts lavg tfg `wbgr t`tnc jrggh`k t` hgeahg f`w tùsg fas cnbh. F`wgvgr, tfg rgncaty as tfnt j`rknc rucgs rgstraet tfas. J`rknc rucgs enbe`kg jr`k pravntg cnw nbh nrg kgnbt t` rglucntg tfg b`rknc trnje j pr`pgrty ralftsdgtwggb pgrs`bs. Dut j`rknc rucgs enb ncs` e`kg jr`k pudcae cnw nbh nrg kgnbt t`rglucntg f`w pudcae d`hags enb akp`sg rgstraeta`bs `b pr`pgrty ralfts. Gspgeanccynjtgr tfg abtr`hueta`b ab tfg >1tf Egbtury `j tfg sèanc jubeta`b `j pr`pgrty nbh `jsnbatnry e`bsahgrnta`bs, pudcae cnw fns salbaenbtcy cakatgh pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh.B`wnhnys tfg `wbgr enb gbo`y fas pr`pgrty `bcy aj fg/sfg h`gs s` watfab tfg cglncrucgs nbh prgserapta`bs, nbh njtgr rgegavabl n pudcae nutf`raznta`b `r e`begssa`b. AbLrgnt Dratnab, tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Upnab tfgrg as kuef hgdntg ndùt tfas. Ab >18< n

Dratasf cnw abtr`huegh nbh `pgrnta`bncazgh wfnt wns enccgh tfg bnta`bncaznta`b `jhgvgc`pkgbt ralfts. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg, tfg vncug abergnsg dgenkg tfg sudoget `j n



Uukknry898

efnrlg, n efnrlg tfnt f`wgvgr h`gs b`t gxast nbyk`rg. Xfas bnta`bncaznta`b hah b`tl` jurtfgr, nbh tfg prabeapcg rgknabgh tfnt cnbh`wbgrs nrg tfg `bcy `bgs wf` enb

hgvgc`p tfgar cnbh.

Xfg kgbta`bgh pr`dcgks ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs watf tfg bnbeabl `j tfg pudcae abjrn-strueturg nbh jneacatags fnvg dggb tfg sudoget j e`btr`vgrsy nbh hgdntg. Xfg qugsta`bfns dggb haseussgh wfgtfgr pudcae cnw `jjgrs pudcae d`hags gbùlf abstrukgbts tàbfflugbeg urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. U`kg nutf`rs nrg k`rg `ptakastae ndùt tfas, wfacg`tfgrs nrg segptaenc. U`kg e`bsahgr tfnt pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh ergntg n s`rt `j `ca-l`p`cy `j cnbh`wbgrs nbh nhvèntg n k`haenta`b `j pr`pgrty ralfts ab `rhgr t`stakucntg jrgg e`kpgtata`b.

Uabeg tfg >1tf

Egbtury, tfg hajeuctags jnegh ab Upnab dy pudcae d`hags ab bnbe-abl pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags abspargh pr`p`sncs nbh kgnsurgs tfnt njjgetghpr`pgrty ralfts. Ab >17: n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b wns abtr`huegh tfnt knhgpr`tabl jr`k tfg vncug abergnsg e`bhata`bnc `b tnmabl rgsp`bsadacaty j`r abjrnstrue-turg pr`vasa`b. Cnbh`wbgrs nrg, sabeg tfgb, `dcalgh t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg.Ns e`kpgbsnta`b, tfgy sfnrg tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts. Kubaeapncatags nrg `dcalght` nppr`vg n Lgbgrnc Cnbh usg Ycnb e`vgrabl tfg gbtarg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry t` lavgegrtnabty t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs ndùt tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags. Xfg hgtnacgh efnrnetgr`j tfas pcnb, nbh ats str`bl cglnc dabhabl stntus fns knhg Upnab n sablucnr ensg abtfg abtgrbnta`bnc e`btgxt. Xfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b jnacgh f`wgvgr t` nssurg

l``h nbh gbùlf pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Uabeg tfg >169s, erataes (sab-lucnrcy Lnreën-Dgccah`) nhvèntgh drgnmabl tfg `cal`p`cy `j cnbh`wbgrs dy lavabltfg hgvgc`pkgbt ralfts t` tfg pudcae d`hags. Abspargh dy tfas pr`p`snc, ab >118 tfgrgla`b `j Zncgbean abtr`huegh n bgw cnw t` tnemcg cnbh spgeucnta`b nbh t` akpr`vgenpturabl vncug abergnsg. Ab jnet tfas cnw sgpnrntgh abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b jr`k cnbh`wbgrsfap.

Egrtnabty nbh fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl

Xfgrg as n cavgcy hgdntg ndùt tfg hgsarndcg hglrgg `j fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl? kustpcnbbabl ergntg egrtnabty nt gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs (s` tfnt pudcae

d`hags enb e`btr`c urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt) `r dg fflgxadcg (t` nhnpt t` eareukstnbegs)0Aj z`babl pcnbs nrg nppr`vgh gnrcy, nbh abecuhg hgtnacgh prgserapta`bs, nbh at as b`tp`ssadcg t` k`hajy tfgk, tfgb tfgrg wacc dg cgss fflgxadacaty nbh k`rg egrtnabty. \facgfflgxadacaty wns sggb ns n bglntavg jgnturg ab tfg >1:9s, b`wnhnys tfg pgregpta`b fnsefnblgh. Ns wg wacc sgg cntgr, tfg hglrgg `j egrtnabty fns akp`rtnbt e`bsgqugbegs j`renpturabl vncug abergnsg.

Xfgrg nrg tw` trnhata`bs rgcntgh t` tfg hglrgg `j fflgxadacaty nbh egrtnabty ab urdnbpcnbbabl. Xfg ‖pcnb-cgh‑ trnhata`bs (camg tfg Hutef pcnbbabl systgk) nrg supp`sgh t`pr`vahg nt gnrcy stnlgs egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`ssadacatags tfrùlf

tfg nppr`vnc `j cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg pcnbs. Xfg ‖hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh‑ trnhata`b (camgtfg Dratasf pcnbbabl systgk), nctfùlf tfgrg kalft dg s`kg abhaentavg z`babl pcnbs



Uukknry 897

ab gnrcy stnlgs, as nssukgh t` lavg cgss egrtnabty nbh cgnvg k`rg r``k j`r bgl`tanta`bswatf hgvgc`pgrs nbh cnbh`wbgrs. Xfgsg hajjgrgbegs nrg tfg e`bsgqugbeg `j fast`rae

hajjgrgbegs? tfg pcnb-cgh systgk rgsts `b tfg egbtrncaty `j tfg rucg `j cnw nbh tfghgvgc`pkgbt-cgh systgk b ouhlg-knhg cnw nbh prèghurnc jnarbgss.

Enusnc k`hgc? wfaef vnrandcgs abfflugbeg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg ab urdnb

rglgbgrnta`b0

Hajjgrgbt net`rs nrg abv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b? pudcae nbh pravntg, watf rglucn-t`ry p`wgrs r b`t, watf r watfùt cnbh, watf n harget r abharget abtgrgst. Ncc j tfgkabtgrnet watf gnef tfgr watfab n e`kpcgx sgt j vnrandcgs t` bnccy sfnpg tfg hglrgg`j enpturgh vncug abergnsg. Aj tfg ge`b`kae vncug `j tfg satg ecgnrcy abergnsgs hug t`tfg rglgbgrnta`b, tfgrg as nb abatanc pr`t. Dut tfas abatanc pr`t sfùch dg hastradutgh

ab suef n wny tfnt e`btraduta`bs j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nrg pnah j`r. Ajtfg bnc pr`t as cnrlg gbùlf, at as p`ssadcg t` sudtrnet tf`sg e`btraduta`bs. Xfg sazg`j tfg abatanc pr`t, nbh wfgtfgr at trnbscntgs abt` n bnc pr`t hgpgbhs `b sgvgrncvnrandcgs?N. E`btgxt vnrandcgs abfflugbeabl sazg abatanc pr`t? rgnc gstntg knrmgts, pcnb nbh satg

jgnturgs, knrmgts `j w`rmj`reg nbh duachabl kntgrancs, nbh senc rglakgs.D. E`btgxt vnrandcgs abfflugbeabl hastraduta`b abatanc pr`t, a.g. tfg j`rknc rucgs rgc-

gvnbt t` z`babl.E. Neta`bs `j tf`sg hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg pr oget, abecuhabl tf`sg watf j`rknc

p`wgrs, wfaef abfflugbeg tfg sazg `j tfg abatanc pr`t? hgbata`b `j tfg e`btgbts

nbh lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg `j tfg pcnb.H. Neta`bs `j tf`sg hargetcy abv cvgh ab tfg pròget, abecuhabl tf`sg watf j`rkncp`wgrs, wfaef abfflugbeg tfg hastraduta`b `j tfg abatanc pr`t? f`w tfg cènc pud-cae d`hags nbh tfg `wbgrs usg tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl, f`w cèncpudcae nbh pravntg d`hags abtgrnet abj`rknccy, nbh spgeae eareukstnbegs.

Xfas rgsgnref jèusgs `b f`w tfg vnrandcgs ab d`ch prabt enb dg knbapucntgh, dutkust ncs` tnmg abt` neeùbt ncc tfg `tfgr vnrandcgs, j`r ncc `j tfgk t`lgtfgr abfflugbegtfg sazg nbh tfg hastraduta`b `j tfg abatanc pr`t, a.g. enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Xfgrgnrg knby wnys ab wfaef tfg abatanc pr`t ‖cgnms ùt‑ s` at as b` c`blgr nvnacndcg t`

pny tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. @bg wny as tfnt tfg neeùbtgh e`st j tfgcnbh (abdrgblwnnrhg ab Hutef) enb dg kuef falfgr tfnb tfg kabakuk cnbh e`st, a.g.falfgr tfnb tfg vncug j tfg p`ssadacatags ab tfg prgvaùs usg. J`r gxnkpcg, ab tfg stuh-agh Hutef ensg M`p vnb @`st , tfg kabakuk cnbh e`st wns ndùt ₣ 5.: kacca`b, wfacgtfg neeùbtgh e`st wns nt cgnst ₣ >4 kacca`b. Nb`tfgr s`rt j ‖cgnm‑ as tfg rglucnr pr`tknrlab tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr efnrlgs ns n mabh `j b`rknc jgg. D`tf tfg neeùbtgh cnbhe`st nbh tfg rglucnr pr`t nrg jtgb b`t hgbgh nt tfg stnrt j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs,nbh cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs enb nt tfnt takg sgt tfgk falfgr `r c`wgr? falfgr ajtfgrg as egrtnabty ndùt tfg duachabl p`ssadacatags (f`w kuef nbh wfnt tfg cnbh`wbgrwacc dg ndcg t` duach), nbh c`wgr as tfgrg as egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg e`btraduta`bs

(f`w kuef tfg cnbh`wbgr wacc fnvg t` e`btradutg, ab mabh `r ab k`bgy). Ncs` rgcgvnbtas tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j tfg pudcae d`hags. Aj tfgrg as egrtnabty ndùt duachabl



Uukknry89:

p`ssadacatags, tfg bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b `j n kubaeapncaty wgnmgbs dgenusg at enbb`tbgl`tantg k`rg e`btraduta`bs ab gxefnblg j`r ncc`wabl duachabl p`ssadacatags. Aj tfgrg

as egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg e`btraduta`bs, ats bgl`tanta`b p`sata`b wacc dg dgttgr nstfgsg e`btraduta`bs dge`kg tfg stnrtabl pàbt `j bgl`tanta`b. Jabnccy, ats bgl`tanta`bp`sata`b wacc ncs` dg dgttgr aj tfg pudcae d`hy `pgbcy knmgs tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg z`b-abl pcnb e`bhata`bnc `b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl fas e`btraduta`bs. Cnbh`wbgrs nrg abn l``h bgl`tantabl p`sata`b dgenusg tfgar `wbgrsfap `j cnbh ncc`ws tfgk t` nsm tfgknxakuk p`ssadcg praeg j`r tfgar cnbh. Dgsahgs, tfgy kalft hgcny tfg hgvgc`pkgbtprègssgs, nbh ab turb hgcny akpcags falfgr hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts ab g.l. bnbeanc e`sts,c`blgr pcnb prgpnrnta`b, gte. Falfgr hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts og`pnrhazg ncs` tfg abatancpr`t. J`r gxnkpcg, ab tfg Hutef ensg M`p vnb @`st hg cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts wgrgndùt ₣ < kacca`b, wfacg tfgy eùch fnvg dggb kuef c`wgr, ndùt ₣ 4 kacca`b. Hgcny

enb dg tfg rgsuct `j hajeuct bgl`tanta`bs watf n kuctatuhg `j cnbh`wbgrs, nbh/`r nhgcadgrntg strntgly `j cnbh`wbgrs aj tfgy gxpget tfnt tfg praeg `j cnbh eùch abergnsgab tfg juturg. Ns n e`bsgqugbeg `j ncc tfgsg abtgrneta`bs, tfg abatanc pr`t hasnppgnrs.Ab ensg M`p vnb @`st tfg kubaeapncaty fnh t` sudsahazg tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags wfacg nb abatanc pr`t `j ndùt ₣ >6.7 kacca`b sggks t` fnvg cgnmgh ùt.

Xw` kgnsurgs t` akpr`vg enpturabl vncug abergnsg? tw` fyp`tfgsgs

Xfg nd`vg kgbta`bgh kgnsurgs t` akpr`vg enpturabl vncug abergnsg (k`hajyablpr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh nbh egrtnabty nbh fflgxadacaty ab pcnbbabl) nrg j`rkucntgh ns tw`fyp`tfgsgs?

>. N spgeae j`rk j spcattabl tfg pr`pgrty ralfts `b cnbh (sgpnrntabl abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts) enb k`hajy tfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfaps ab tfg bgt-w`rm `j net`rs abv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, nbh tfas enb akpr`vg enpturablvncug abergnsg.

4. Ergntabl ubegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs ndùt juturg duach-abl p`ssadacatags, nbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs, enb abfflugbeg enptur-abl vncug abergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.

Efnptgr 5 - Kgtf`h

Xfas rgsgnref stuhags n ‖pfgb`kgb`b‑? tfg abtgrneta`b dgtwggb kubaeapncatags, wfgbknmabl usg `j tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl, nbh tfg hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrsrglgbgrntabl n satg. A jèus `b tw` vnrandcgs? wfgtfgr tfg nppcaenta`b `j j`rknc rucgsrgcgvnbt t` z`babl (tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg) eùch e`btradutg t` n k`rg gjjgetavgenpturabl `j vncug abergnsg (tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg). Xfg bnc l`nc as t` pr`huegmb`wcghlg tfnt supp`rts tfg j`rkucnta`b `j rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r f`w Hutef prne-

taeg eùch akpr`vg enpturabl vncug abergnsg, dut nt tfg snkg takg b`t hgcny urdnbrglgbgrnta`b.



Uukknry 89<

A knhg sgvgrnc efàegs. Jarst, knabcy t` dnsg tfg rgsgnref `b n cakatgh bukdgr `jensgs? jùr ab Zncgbean, tfrgg ab Gblcnbh, nbh jùr ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. At wns p`ssadcg

bgatfgr t` lntfgr hntn jr`k n cnrlg gbùlf snkpcg j ensgs tfnt wùch ncc`w n rgprg-sgbtntavg stntastaenc nbncysas, b`r t` pgrjgetcy as`cntg jr`k p`ssadcg abtgrvgbabl vnran-dcgs tfg rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbt nbh tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs. Dgsahgs,ensg rgsgnref jjgrs k`rg abj`rknta`b ndùt tfg pfgb`kgb`b nbh ats abtgrneta`b watftfg e`btgxt tfnb n `bg k`kgbt-survgy. Xfg hntn lntfgrabl t``m pcneg dgj`rg tfg stnrt`j tfg abtgrbnta`bnc bnbeanc nbh ge`b`kae erasas ab tfg Uukkgr/Nutukb `j 4996,nbh spgeaenccy j`r Upnab dgj`rg tfg stnrt `j tfg erasas ab tfg Upnbasf rgnc gstntg knr-mgts nt tfg gbh `j 499<. J`r akp`rtnbt hntn, A knhg n cnst rùbh `j hntn lntfgrabl nttfg gbh `j 4991 nbh hurabl 49>9.

Ky sge`bh efàeg wns t` pr`hueg bhabls watf n falf vncahaty nbh t` nvàh tfgrasm, abfgrgbt t` ensg-dnsgh rgsgnref, `j pr`hueabl mb`wcghlg, s` spgeae tfnt ateùch b`t cgnh t` lgbgrnc e`becusa`bs nbh rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs.Xfas kgnbt abtr`hueabl tfrgg lrùps `j pr`vasa`bs t` abergnsg d`tf tfg abtgrbnc nbhtfg gxtgrbnc vncahaty `j tfg bhabls?>. Wsabl tfg fyp`tfgtaenc-hghuetavg kgtf`h t` gkparaenccy tgst tfg tw` fyp`tfgsgs=4. Wsabl vnranbts `j tfg kgtf`h `j hajjgrgbeg t` nvàh tfg rasm `j tfarh vnrandcgs

nbh j spuraùs e`rrgcnta`bs dgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbt nbh hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs?gcnd`rnta`b j n cast j p`ssadcg tfarh vnrandcgs t` nssgss tfgar r`cg ab gnef eùbtrynbh ensg= cakatabl tfg t`tnc p`pucnta`b `j tfg ensgs nbh sgcgetabl eùbtrags watf

n sakacnr p`cataenc, ge`b`kaenc nbh sèanc dnemlrùbh ab `rhgr t` knabtnab tfge`btgxt ns e`bstnbt ns p`ssadcg= sgcgetabl j`r ab-hgptf rgsgnref tf`sg eùbtragswatf e`btrnstabl pcnbbabl k`hgcs ab `rhgr t` knxakazg tfg vnranbeg ab tfg ab-hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg, wfaef cgh t` ef``sabl nb abtgrbnta`bnc e`kpnras`b j pcnb-babl systgks= sgcgetabl ensgs tfnt kalft abecuhg abb`vntavg prnetaegs= bnccy,wfgb p`ssadcg A stuhagh tfg pfgb`kgb`b dgj`rg nbh njtgr n k`haenta`b `j tfgabhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg (n k`haenta`b j n cnw)=

5. Wsabl s`kg tgefbaqugs spgeaenccy t` strgbltfgb tfg gxtgrbnc vncahaty `r lgbgr-ncazndacaty `j tfg bhabls? sgcgetabl rgprgsgbtntavg ensgs, nbh usabl hntn sùregsnhhata`bnc t` tfg ensgs.

Xfas rgsgnref wns b`t abtgrgstgh ab stuhyabl tfg wf`cg pfgb`kgb`b, a.g. ab n hg-serapta`b `j ncc tfg efnrnetgrastaes `j tfg pfgb`kgb`b, dut ab ahgbtajyabl tfg rgcgvnbtvnrandcgs jr`k tfg rgst `j tfg abbatg bukdgr `j `tfgr vnrandcgs tfnt eùch efnrnetgr-azg tfg pfgb`kgb`b. Xfgrgj`rg tfas rgsgnref jèusgh `b sgvgrnc sud-vnrandcgs `j tfgabhgpgbhgbt nbh hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs. X` hastabluasf tfgk, tfas rgsgnref hgvgc`pgh nhgpgbhgbeg k`hgc, nbh usgh tfg tfg`rgtaenc jrnkgw`rm (abecuhgh tfg tw` fyp`tfg-sgs) nbh tfg enusnc k`hgc. Xfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg (j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl)wns sudhavahgh abt` vg sud-vnrandcgs t` nbncysg f`w pudcae d`hags usg tfg j`rkncrucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl (prgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b >)?

n) Egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags nbh e`btraduta`bs=d) Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs=



Uukknry896

e) Knmabl dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl fas e`btraduta`bs=h) K`hucntabl pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh=

g) Yrèghurg j`r tfg prgpnrnta`b nbh nppr`vnc j rgcgvnbt dabhabl rucgs? lunrnbtggst` tfg abatantavg-f`chgrs= fflgxadacaty t` k`hajy gxastabl dabhabl rucgs= fflgxadacaty t`hgtgrkabg tfg lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg `j tfg dabhabl rucgs nee`rhablcy t` bgl`tan-ta`bs watf cnbh`wbgrs.

Xfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcg (enpturabl vncug abergnsg) t`` wns sudhavahgh abt` sgvgrncsud-vnrandcgs? ncc p`ssadcg j`rks `j e`btraduta`bs jr`k hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs nbhncs` p`ssadcg sahg gjjgets, gspgeanccy tfg tgkp` `j akpcgkgbtnta`b. Xfas ncc`wgh gvnc-untabl tfg hglrgg `j bnccy enpturgh vncug abergnsg (prgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b4). Yrgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b 5 fns dggb nbswgrgh dy abjgrrabl tfg s`rt j enusnc

rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfg abhgpgbhgbt nbh tfg hgpgbhgbt vnrandcgs. Xfg nbswgrs nrgab jnet tfg tgstgh fyp`tfgsgs, j`r gxnkpcg? –aj kubaeapncatags gstndcasf ab gnrcy stnlgs`j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs wfaef e`btraduta`bs hgvgc`pgrs wacc fnvg t` pny/rgncazg,enpturabl vncug abergnsg wacc akpr`vg‛.

Njtgr nbswgrabl gnef prgpnrnt`ry rgsgnref qugsta`b j`r gnef eùbtry ab efnptgrs 7t` <, efnptgr 6 hrnw e`becusa`bs j`r tfg nenhgkae hgdntg dnsgh `b tfg tgstgh fy-p`tfgsgs. Ncc tf`sg nbswgrs nbh tgstgh fyp`tfgsgs, dut abe`rp`rntabl ncs` spgeaemb`wcghlg `j tfg Hutef satunta`b (cglascnta`b, p`cataenc nbh eucturnc e`bsahgrnta`bs),nrg usgh t` lavg ab efnptgr 1 nb nbswgr t` tfg knab rgsgnref qugsta`b, a.g. t` knmg

rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef prnetaeg.

Efnptgr 8 - ûaem senb? j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab

\gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags

Xfg rst stgp ab abtgrbnta`bnc e`kpnrntavg rgsgnref as gxpc`rnt`ry rgsgnref abt` tfgabhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg ‖j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl‑ ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh nb-

`tfgr galft \gstgrb Gur`pgnb eùbtrags? Lgrknby, Gblcnbh (pnrt `j tfg WM), Jcnbhgrs(pnrt `j Dgclauk), Jrnbeg, Uwghgb, Hgbknrm, Atncy, nbh Upnab (rgla`b `j Zncgbean). Dystuhyabl eùbtrags watf n sakacnr e`btgxt, ns tfgsg fnvg, rghuegs tfg abfflugbeg j tfarhvnrandcgs. Xfg sge`bh stgp as t` sgcget tfg Upnbasf rgla`b `j Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbhdgenusg tfgy sf`w tfg dr`nhgst vnranta`b ab tfg abhgpgbhgbt vnrandcg (tfgy stnbhj`r e`btrnstabl k`hgcs j pcnbbabl systgks). Xfg rgns`b as tfnt tfas abergnsgs tfg p`s-sadacatags `j pr`hueabl salbaenbt bhabls. Xfgsg tw` eùbtrags nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhsnrg tfg sudoget `j ab-hgptf rgsgnref ab efnptgrs 7-<.

Xfg hajjgrgbegs jùbh ab tfg gxpc`rnt`ry rgsgnref ab tfg babg eùbtrags wgrg rgknrm-

ndcg. Tglnrhabl tfg pcneg j dabhabl rucgs ab tfg bgl`tanta`b prègssgs, Gblcnbh rgp-rgsgbts tfg ‖hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh‑ pcnbbabl systgk k`hgc, nbh Upnab/Zncgbean (t`lgtf-



Uukknry 891

gr, nctfùlf t` n cgssgr gxtgbh, watf Jrnbeg, Atncy nbh Jcnbhgrs) tfg ‖pcnb-cgh‑. XfgBgtfgrcnbhs, tfg snkg ns Lgrknby, Uwghgb, nbh Hgbknrm, j`cc`ws ab prnetaeg tfg

hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh nppr`nef dgenusg tfg dabhabl rucgs tfnt knmg bgw hgvgc`pkgbtsp`ssadcg nrg nppr`vgh `bcy njtgr abtgbhabl hgvgc`pgrs fnvg bgl`tantgh tfg e`btgbtwatf tfg kubaeapncaty. Tglnrhabl tfg e`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs, tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (upt` 4996), t`lgtfgr watf Hgbknrm, fns nck`st b` hgvgc`pkgbt-`ragbtgh dabhabl rucgs(tfgsg nrg hèukgbts tfnt prgseradg tfg prnetaenc hgvgc`pkgbt `j nb nrgn? tgkp`rncnbh bnbeanc rglucnta`bs, `r `tfgr mabh j rglucnta`bs abtgbhgh j`r tfg akpcgkgbtn-ta`b), wfacg Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean h`. Jurtfgr, tfg Hutef dabhabl rucgs (gxegpt tfgbgw Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb njtgr 4996), t`lgtfgr watf tfg Hnbasf, fnvgtfg bnrr`wgst e`btgbts (a.g. tfgy enb abecuhg b`t kuef k`rg tfnb tfg pfysaenc z`b-abl), wfacg Gblcnbh fns tfg dr`nhgst. Jabnccy, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, Lgrknby, Jrnbeg,

Uwghgb, Hgbknrm nbh Jcnbhgrs tfg nppr`vnc j tfg dabhabl rucgs (pcnbbabl e`bsgbt)enbb`t dg knhg, j`rknccy nbh `pgbcy, e`bhata`bnc `b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl tfg ak-pcgkgbtnta`b (tfg hgvgc`pgr e`kkattabl ab n e`btrnet t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg,t` eghg cnbh j`r jrgg, t` e`btradutg t` tfg e`sts, gte), wfacg ab Gblcnbh, Zncgbean nbhAtncy tfas as p`ssadcg nbh as tfg stnbhnrh prèghurg.

Tglnrhabl tfg pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh, ab ncc tfg stuhagh eùbtrags, `wbgrsfap ralftsabecuhg tfg ralft t` duach. Xfgrg as b` ensg wfgrg pr`pgrty ralfts nrg juccy sgpnrntghjr`k tfg ralft t` hgvgc`p tfg cnbh. Xfnt as, cnbh`wbgrs nrg tfg `bcy `bgs gbtatcgh t`duach `b tfgar cnbh, nbh tfgy enb gxecuhg `tfgrs jr`k hàbl s`. F`wgvgr, ab Zncgb-

ean, Lgrknby, Jrnbeg nbh Uwghgb tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b as ab tfg pcnbbabl cnwgxpcaeatcy ahgbtagh ns n pudcae tnsm, wfacg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, Gblcnbh nbh tfg tfgreùbtrags at as b`t. Jurtfgr, ab Zncgbean nbh, t` n cgssgr gxtgbt ncs` ab Lgrknby nbhUwghgb, abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b enb dg akpcgkgbtgh watfùt bggh `j nlrggkgbtwatf tfg cnbh`wbgr, ns tfgrg as tfg p`ssadacaty `j e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. @btfg e`btrnry, ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, Gblcnbh, Jrnbeg, Atncy, Uwghgb, Jcnbhgrs nbh Hgb-knrm, abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b as hgpgbhgbt `b nlrggkgbt watf tfg cnbh`wbgrs, nbhtfas hgpgbhgbeg enb bcy dg nvàhgh tfrùlf kno`r pudcae abv`cvgkgbt ab bnbeancnbh rlnbaznta`bnc tgrks (duyabl cnbh nbh nppcyabl prg-gkpta`b, gxpr`pranta`b r n

p`stgra`ra spgeanc tnx j`rkucng). Tglnrhabl tfg prèghurg j`r nppr`vnc j tfg dabhabl

rucgs, ab Gblcnbh egrtnab kno`r k`haenta`bs nrg p`ssadcg watf n vgry sakpcg prèg-hurg, wfacg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs nbh Zncgbean n fgnvy prèghurg as bgghgh.

Efnptgr 7 - Zncgbean

Xfg Upnbasf rgla`b `j Zncgbean fns nck`st jucc e`kpgtgbeg t` knmg nbh akpcgkgbtpcnbbabl cnw, nbh at sudsahazgs, t`lgtfgr watf tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt `j Knhrah nbhknby kubaeapncatags, sgvgrnc p`caeags `ragbtgh t` tfg rgvatncaznta`b `j fast`rae nrgns

nbh s`kg tfgr hgtgra`rntgh bgalfdùrf``hs. Dut k`st urdnb rglgbgrnta`b fns dggbubhgrtnmgb ab tfg cnst hgegbban dy pravntg abatantavgs t` rgz`bg abt` bgw rgsahgbtanc,



Uukknry8>9

rgtnac nbh `jeg sefgkgs `ch abhustranc nbh `jegs satgs cèntgh watfab tfg gxastablurdnb nrgns. Xfas rgsgnref jèusgs b tfgsg s`rts j rglgbgrnta`b prògets, wfgrg tfgrg

as b` pudcae sudsahaznta`b. X` rgz`bg tfg cnbh, pudcae d`hags kust rst k`hajy tfgprgvaùs dabhabl rucgs, wfaef nrg j tw` s`rts? ‖Lgbgrnc Cnbh usg Ycnb‑ nbh ‖HgtnacghYcnbs‑. Lgbgrnc Ycnbs e`vgr tfg gbtarg kubaeapnc tgrrat`ry nbh fnvg n cglnccy dabhablefnrnetgr. Ab gxtgbsa`b nrgns, tfgy z`bg tfg cnbh abt` urdnb nbh b`t urdnb, prgseradgtfg p`ssadcg duachabl typ`c`lags, tfg knab pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nbh tfggxnet gxtgbt j tfg duachabl ralfts tfnt dgc`bl t` gnef cnbh`wbgr (tfg ‖Tgjgrgbeg Hg-vgc`pkgbt Ncc`wnbeg‑, n s`rt `j ffl``r spneg abhgx). Xfas ncc`wnbeg lavgs n vgry falfegrtnabty ndùt tfg juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags. Ab nhhata`b, ab gxtgbsa`b nrgns t` dghgvgc`pgh s``b nbh ab rglgbgrnta`b nrgns, Lgbgrnc Ycnbs abecuhg ncs` vgry hgtnacghprgserapta`bs? ncalbkgbt, fgalft nbh v`cukgs `j tfg duachabls nbh tfg kab`r pud-

cae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Hgtnacgh Ycnbs nrg kgnbt j`r spgeae satgs, nbh enbk`hajy nbh kust nbywny hgtnac, aj tfgy nrg b`t hgtnacgh ncrgnhy, tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs.

Xrnhata`bnccy, Upnbasf pudcae d`hags fnvg nakgh t` bnbeg tfg ubpr`tndcg pnrts aburdnb rglgbgrnta`b watf tfg pr`tndcg pnrts. Xfas nak fns cgh t` tfg abtr`hueta`b `jtfg ncrgnhy kgbta`bgh cnbh rgnhoustkgbt ab >17:. Xfg rgnhoustkgbt `j tfg pr`pgrtydùbhnrags nbh tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b fnh t` dg `rlnbasgh dy ncc tfg cnbh`wb-grs tfgksgcvgs. Aj cnbh`wbgrs hah b`t e``pgrntg, tfg kubaeapncaty eùch `vgrrucgtfgk nppcyabl e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt `r gxpr`pranta`b. Ab >1<6 tfg egbtrncl`vgrbkgbt abtr`huegh n sgt `j cglnc kabaknc stnbhnrhs `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh

jneacatags tfnt, t`lgtfgr watf tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs, ergntgh egrtnabty ndùt tfg juturge`btraduta`bs t` dg pnah/rgncazgh dy tfg cnbh`wbgrs. F`wgvgr, tfg >17: cnbh rgnh-oustkgbt rglucnta`b stakucntgh cnbh spgeucnta`b (wfaef cgh t` falf neeùbtgh cnbhe`sts), sujjgrgh jr`k lrgnt hajeuctags ab `rlnbazabl cnbh`wbgrs nbh ab nhhata`b hg-cnygh tfg hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs (wfaef d`tf cgh t` abfflntgh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts).Xfas rgsuctgh ab p``rcy sgrvaegh duachabl satgs, watf abjgra`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbhjneacatags nbh fulg duachabl v`cukgs. Ab >118 tfg Zncgbeanb rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbt ab-tr`huegh akp`rtnbt b`vgctags ab tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b. Jarst, at abtr`hueghn tfarh pnrty, ab nhhata`b t` tfg kubaeapncaty nbh tfg cnbh`wbgr/hgvgc`pgr? tfg ur-dnbasabl nlgbt (nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r ). Xfas tfarh pnrty as b`t rgquargh t` `wb cnbh nbh

enb dg hargetcy nppàbtgh dy tfg kubaeapncaty (pudcae cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`kpnby)`r dg ef`sgb ab n pudcae tgbhgr (e`kkgreanc duachgr `r hgvgc`pgr). Njtgr dgabl ns-salbgh, tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt nssukgs rgsp`bsadacaty j`r tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`bnbh j`r tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Uge`bh, tfg >118 cnw lnvg lunrnbtggs t` tfg e`kkgr-eanc pnrtags aj tfgy wnbtgh t` pnrtaeapntg ab tfg pudcae tgbhgr. Xfarh, Hgtnacgh Ycnbsfnh t` dg e`kpcgkgbtgh watf n hèukgbt abecuhabl ncc tfg hgvgc`pkgbt-`ragbtghnspgets nbh n Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbt. Nby`bg enb pnrtaeapntg ab tfg pudcae tgbhgrdy sudkattabl n pr`p`snc t` tfg kubaeapncaty, ns cnbh`wbgrsfap as b`t rgquargh, nbhnby`bg enb sudkat `dogeta`bs `r nctgrbntavg pr`p`sncs. Njtgr gvncunta`b, tfg CèncEùbeac hgeahgs b n hgbatavg pr`p`snc nbh sgcgets tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt. Xfg urdnb-

asabl nlgbt knmgs nbh sudkats t` tfg kubaeapncaty n hgtnacgh pr`p`snc j`r tfg pudcaeabjrnstrueturg nbh j`r tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt. Njtgr rgnhoustabl tfg pr`pgrty dùbhn-



Uukknry 8>>

rags (e`kpucs`racy aj bgegssnry), tfg kubaeapncaty rgegavgs tfg pudcae abjrnstrueturgnbh jneacatags nbh `jtgb ncs` s`kg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts, nbh tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfg

rgknababl pc`ts. Jabnccy, tfg `wbgrs `j tfg pc`ts sudkat duachabl nppcaenta`bs nbh tfgkubaeapncaty assugs duachabl pgrkats. Xfg Zncgbeanb b`vgcty fns dggb abtr`huegh abk`st `j tfg `tfgr sgvgbtggb Upnbasf rgla`bs.

F`w jnr enb tfg e`btraduta`bs `j cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs l`0 Ab Upnab, kubaea-pncatags enpturg pnrt `j tfg vncug abergnsg ab urdnb gxtgbsa`b nrgns, nbh tfgy t` tfasdy rgquarabl cnbh`wbgrs t` eghg dgtwggb 7 nbh >7% `j tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pc`ts t`tfg kubaeapncaty. Ab nhhata`b, cnbh`wbgrs kust pny tfg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`stsnbh pr`vahg tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r tfnt, nbh pny t` tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt fas `vgrfgnhe`sts nbh n pr`t knrlab. Ab prabeapcg, tfg pudcae duachabls (sef``cs, f`spatncs gte)

kust dg pnah dy tfg rgspgetavg pudcae d`hy, gxegpt sèanc fùsabl, wfaef kust dgduact nbh pnah dy tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Nhhata`bnccy, at as ncs` p`ssadcg t` `dcalg cnbh`wb-grs t` eghg cnbh satuntgh gcsgwfgrg tfnt as bgghgh j`r `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg. Kubaea-pncatags nrg jrgg t` nlrgg nhhata`bnc dcalnta`bs watf tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt, wfaef kustpny tfgk jr`k fas `wb rgsùregs nbh enbb`t efnrlg tfgk t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs.

Xfrgg ensgs nrg cèntgh ab tfg Eaty `j Zncgbean? Enkab` F`bh` hgc Lrn` (7.< fn, 8:7npnrtkgbts pcus e`bsahgrndcg nkùbt `j `jegs nbh rgtnac)= Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn(>.4 fn, >47 npnrtkgbts, pcus s`kg rgtnac)= nbh Ygra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn (9.: fn, >99npnrtkgbts, pcus s`kg rgtnac). @bg ensg as cèntgh ab tfg Eaty `j Ncaenbtg? Dgbncÿn

Uur (6 fn, :99 npnrtkgbts, pcus e`bsahgrndcg nkùbt `jegs nbh rgtnac). Ab ncc jùrensgs, tfgrg wns n Lgbgrnc Ycnb tfnt prgseradgh ab hgtnac tfg juturg hgvgc`pkgbt p`s-sadacatags, dut n Hgtnacgh Ycnb fnh nbywny t` dg nppr`vgh dgj`rg dgabl ncc`wgh t`rghgvgc`p tfg satg. Ab ensgs Enkab` nbh Dgbncÿn, tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb k`hagh kno`rnspgets `j tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnb. Ab Luaccgk nbh ab Ygra`hastn, tfg Hgtnacgh Ycnb hgtnacghnbh k`hagh `bcy kab`r nspgets. Ab ncc tfg ensgs, tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt as n pravntgpnrty sgcgetgh ab n pudcae tgbhgr, s`kgtakgs n pr`jgssa`bnc hgvgc`pgr, ns ab Luaccgknbh Ygra`hastn, s`kgtakgs tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfgksgcvgs oàbabl t`lgtfgr ns urdnbazablnlgbt, ns ab Enkab` nbh Dgbncÿn. K`st `j tfg takg, urdnbazabl nlgbts b`t `bcy pr`-vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg, dut ncs` duy s`kg cnbh nbh dge`kg hgvgc`pgr `j tfg duach-

abls. Ab Ygra`hastn k`st cnbh`wbgrs s`ch tfgar pr`pgrty rgcntavgcy quaemcy t` tfg ur-dnbazabl nlgbt. Ab Luaccgk tfgy wnatgh nbh k`st `j tfgk s`ch nt tfg takg `j tfg cnbhrgnhoustkgbt prèghurg. Ab Enkab` nbh Dgbncÿn tfg cnbh wns ncrgnhy tfg pr`pgrty`j tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt (ns cnbh`wbgrs tfgksgcvgs dgenkg tfg urdnbazabl nlgbt).

Efnptgr : - Gblcnbh

Xfg egbtrnc WM l`vgrbkgbt nbh tfg rgla`bnc nbh cènc pudcae d`hags fnvg pr`huegh

tw` knab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b p`caeags? p`caeags kgnbt j`r abnhgquntg fùsabl (wfaeffnvg n c`bl trnhata`b), nbh p`caeags j`r tfg rglgbgrnta`b `j tfg abbgr eatags (wfaef



Uukknry8>4

stnrtgh ab tfg >1<9s). Ab tfg cnst hgegbban, ns tfg stuhagh ensgs sf`w, pudcae d`hagsfnvg dggb sggmabl n cnrlgr abv`cvgkgbt jr`k e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgrs ab bnbeabl

pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags j`r urdnb rglgbgrnta`b. X` rgz`bg tfg cnbh, tfgCènc Ycnbbabl Nutf`ratags (CYNs) kust rst k`hajy tfg prgvaùs dabhabl rucgs. Ab Gbl-cnbh, z`babl pcnbs e`vgrabl wahgr nrgns kalft pcny nb akp`rtnbt r`cg, dut tfgy nrg jnb abhaentavg efnrnetgr, a.g. tfgy fnvg b` harget stntut`ry e`bsgqugbegs j`r tfg usg `jcnbh nbh rgnc gstntg. Xfg `bcy cglnccy dabhabl cnbh usg pcnb as tfg ‖Ycnbbabl Ygrkas-sa`b‑, wfaef jèusgs b n spgeae satg. @beg n hgvgc`pgr sudkats nb nppcaenta`b j`r npcnbbabl pgrkassa`b, tfg CYN enb akp`sg pcnbbabl e`bhata`bs `b tfg pgrkassa`b, `renb bgl`tantg e`btraduta`bs ab n Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt (‖>9:-nlrggkgbt‑).

Ab Gblcnbh pudcae d`hags fnvg ab prabeapcg tfg ralft t` tnx tfg abergnsg ab vncug enusgh

dy tfg rgz`babl `j cnbh. Ab tfg pnst, sgvgrnc typgs `j tnx fnvg dggb abtr`huegh, dut nccfnvg dggb rgseabhgh. Enpturabl vncug abergnsg ab prnetaeg tnmgs pcneg tfrùlf rgquar-abl hgvgc`pgrs t` e`btradutg t`wnrhs katalntabl tfg akpnet `j hgvgc`pkgbt. E`btradu-ta`bs fnvg dge`kg lgbgrncazgh sabeg tfg >1<9s, gv`cvabl jr`k pfysaenc abjrnstrueturgpr`vasa`b `b tfg spgeae satg (`b-satg), t`wnrhs ncs` gbvar`bkgbtnc, e`kkubaty nbhsèanc abjrnstrueturg `jtgb cèntgh ùtsahg tfg spgeae satg (`jj-satg). Xfas abecuhgs hg-vgc`pgrs dgabl nsmgh t` pr`vahg njj`rhndcg fùsabl. E`btr`vgrsy ab tfg cnst ygnrsndùt tfg se`pg `j e`btraduta`bs fns cgh t` n k`rg talft rglucnta`b `j tfg e`btradu-ta`bs tfnt enb dg nsmgh jr`k hgvgc`pgrs, dut tfas fns b`t rghuegh tfg e`btraduta`bs.

Xfg tfrgg stuhagh ensgs nrg cèntgh ab tfg Eaty `j Drast`c? Fnrdùrsahg/Enb`b‑s Knrsf(<.6 fn, <99 npnrtkgbts, 88,999 k´ `jeg, 59,999 k´ cgasurg nbh jneacatags)= Xgkpcgûny (<.8 fn, 817 npnrtkgbts, :>,999 k´ jeg, nbh <,999 k´ cgasurg nbh jneacatags)=nbh Kglnd`wc (>.5 fn, >68 npnrtkgbts). Xfg >11< Drast`c Cènc Ycnb (n z`babl pcnb`j nb abhaentavg efnrnetgr e`vgrabl tfg gbtarg eaty) lnvg, j`r ncc tfg tfrgg ensgs, b`b-cglnccy dabhabl nbh ùtcabg prgserapta`bs. Dgj`rg rghgvgc`pkgbt wns ncc`wgh, `bg`r k`rg pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs fnh t` dg lrnbtgh, nbh tfgsg pgrkassa`bs abecuhghrgquargkgbts ndùt e`btraduta`bs tfnt fnh dggb bgl`tantgh watf tfg hgvgc`pgrs nbhbnccy sgeurgh ab Hgvgc`pkgbt Nlrggkgbts.

Efnptgr < - Xfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Xfg Hutef bnta`bnc nbh cènc pudcae d`hags pursug urdnb rglgbgrnta`b nbh stakucntgbgw duachabl watfab tfg dùbhnrags `j gxastabl eatags. Xfgrg nrg spgeae p`caeags j`r?kuctajubeta`bnc egbtrnc nrgns, abecuhabl rnacwny stnta`bs (ensg Utnta`bsmwnrtagr , >:fn, :79 npnrtkgbts, pcus kuef `jeg spneg, s`kg sf`ps, n bgw rnacwny stnta`b nbhkuef pnrmabl)= k`b`jubeta`bnc prg- nbh p`stwnr rgsahgbtanc hastraets (ensg Mruahgb-duurt , >< fn, :79 hwgccabls, pcus s`kg `jegs)= nbh `ch dr`wbgch satgs (ensgs Hg

Jubgb -6 fn, 7:7 npnrtkgbts, s`kg jegs- nbh M`p vnb @`st -7 fn, 859 npnrtkgbts,pcus s`kg e`kkgreanc spneg). Wrdnb rglgbgrnta`b usunccy abv`cvgs tfg knmabl `j



Uukknry 8>5

abhaentavg z`babl pcnbs, knby `j wfaef nrg b`t rglucntgh ab pcnbbabl cnw. F`wgvgr,dgj`rg rglgbgrnta`b tnmgs pcneg, rst tfg bnbeanc kgnbs kust dg jùbh t` pny tfg

pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, nbh sge`bh n bgw cnbh usg pcnb (dgstgkkablspcnb) `r hgpnrturgs jr`k at kust dg nppr`vgh.

Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, tfg vncug abergnsg `j cnbh jnccs t` tfg cnbh`wbgr. Xfg netunc cglncp`ssadacatags j`r enpturabl tfg abergnsgh vncug nrg cakatgh t` e`st rge`vgry, a.g. t` nsm-abl hgvgc`pgrs t` pny tf`sg e`sts `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags tfnt dgbgttfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfas fns b`t efnblgh watf tfg bgw 4996 Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Netnbh Yfysaenc Ycnbbabl Hgergg. Ab lgbgrnc, e`btraduta`bs `j hgvgc`pgrs nrg n rgsuct`j bgl`tanta`b. Uabeg tfg 4996 Net at as p`ssadcg t` rgquarg jr`k tfg cnbh`wbgrs ne`btraduta`b watfùt tfg bggh `j bgl`tanta`b. Xfg kubaeapncaty kust tfgb nppr`vg

n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, nbh enb tfgb j`rknccy e`bhata`b tfg duachablpgrkat (b`t tfg nppr`vnc `j tfg cnbh usg pcnb `r hgpnrturg jr`k at) `b tfg cnbh`wbgre`btradutabl t` tfg e`sts. Xfg 4996 Hgergg rglucntgs tfg s`rts `j e`sts tfnt enb dgakp`sgh `b tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb? e`sts `j `b-satg abjrnstrueturg nbh sèanc fùsabl, nbh `j `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg hargetcy rgcntgh t`tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg. Xfas gxecuhgs tfg e`sts `j knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b, `jsèanc jneacatags (knntsefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgb) nbh pnrt `j tfg e`sts `j rgjurdasf-abl `ch abjrnstrueturg nbh `j pcnb prgpnrnta`b. K`rg`vgr, ns cnbh`wbgrs enbb`t dgrgquargh t` e`btradutg pnrt `j tfg abergnsgh vncug `j tfgar cnbh t`wnrhs tf`sg e`sts,knmabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b satgs `jtgb akpcags

tfg kubaeapncaty fnvabl t` pny nb nhhata`bnc hgeat. Abstgnh j nppr`vabl n Hgvgc`p-kgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, kubaeapncatags nbh hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs nrg, sabeg 4996,jrgg t` nlrgg e`btraduta`bs ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt, enccgh nb ‖nbtgra`r Hgvgc-`pkgbt nlrggkgbt‑ (nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kst ). Nb nbtgra`r Nlrggkgbt kny abecuhgk`rg e`btraduta`bs tfnb n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb.

Efnptgrs 6 nbh 1 - E`becusa`bs nbh rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg

Hutef prnetaeg

K`rg enpturgh vncug abergnsg ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh tfnb ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs

Xfg bhabls knmg ecgnr tfnt j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl ab tfg Upnbasf rgla`b `jZncgbean nbh ab Gblcnbh hajjgr salbaenbtcy jr`k tf`sg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs (sgg j`cc`w-abl sgeta`bs). N e`kpnras`b `j f`w kuef vncug abergnsg pudcae d`hags knbnlg tènpturg sf`ws ncs` rgknrmndcg hajjgrgbegs? ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, pravntg pnrtagsnrg e`kkattgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b b pravntg wbgh cnbh t` e`btradutg k`rg tfnbab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Xfg hajjgrgbegs knabcy abv`cvg?― @b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts? ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean tfgsg nrg k`stcy

`r juccy pnah dy tfg hgvgc`pgrs, wfacg tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs bnbegs tfgsg watf cnrlgpudcae sudsahags=



Uukknry8>8

― Cnbh j`r `b-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg? ab Zncgbean tfas as pr`vahgh jrgg j efnrlgdy tfg cnbh`wbgrs, wfacg Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgrg nrg kuef cnrlgr

pudcae e`btraduta`bs j`r pr`vahabl tfas cnbh=― Uèanc fùsabl? ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, tfas as pnah t` n cnrlg gxtgbt r nck`stjuccy dy tfg hgvgc`pgrs, wfacg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfas as e`vgrgh praknracy dykubaeapncatags nbh fùsabl nssèanta`bs=

― @jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg? ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, hgvgc`pgrs e`btradutgsalbaenbtcy (ab Gblcnbh praknracy watf bnbeanc kgnbs wfacg ab Zncgbean prakn-racy watf cnbh), wfacg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgsg e`btraduta`bs nrg rnrg=

― Ergnkabl `jj pcus vncug? cènc pudcae d`hags ab Zncgbean ergnk `jj n salbaenbtsfnrg `j tfg ge`b`kae vncug abergnsg, gvgb aj tfgy `wb b` cnbh. Ab Gblcnbh tfash`gs b`t fnppgb `jeanccy, dut dgenusg `j tfg dr`nh hgbata`b `j hgvgc`pgrs‑

e`btraduta`bs `bg enb e`becuhg tfnt at h`gs fnppgb. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfas as tfgensg bcy wfgb tfg kubaeapncaty wbs tfg cnbh nbh/`r abvgsts nbh sfnrgs tfg rasm.

A e`becuhg tfnt tfgrg as n str`bl e`rrgcnta`b dgtwggb tfg enpturgh vncug abergnsg (tfgfalfgst ab Zncgbean, c`wgr dut ncs` falf ab Gblcnbh, nbh tfg c`wgst ab tfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs) nbh tfg hajjgrgbt p`ssadacatags `jjgrgh dy tfg j`rknc rucgs rgcgvnbt t` z`babl.F`wgvgr, tfg e`rrgcnta`b as b`t pgrjget. Xfgrg nrg `tfgr vnrandcgs tfnt kalft ncs`gxpcnab pnrt `j tfg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg enpturgh vncug abergnsg. N rgcgvnbt `bg as tfgknrmgt praeg `j rgnc gstntg. \fgb tfg hntn wgrg lntfgrgh, fùsabl praegs ab tfg Gbl-casf ensgs wgrg salbaenbtcy falfgr tfnb praegs ab tfg Zncgbeanb nbh Hutef ensgs. Xfas

eùch pnrtcy gxpcnab wfy Gblcasf hgvgc`pgrs `jjgrgh k`rg lgbgrùs e`btraduta`bstfnb tfgar Hutef eùbtgrpnrts, dut b`t wfy Zncgbeanb hgvgc`pgrs, hgspatg sakacnrknrmgt praegs t` tf`sg ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, stacc e`btradutgh s`kgwfnt k`rg tfnb tfgGblcasf, nbh kuef k`rg tfnb tfg Hutef. @tfgr vnrandcgs tfnt enb ncs` gxpcnab pnrt `jtfg hajjgrgbegs nrg tfg pcnb nbh satg jgnturgs, tfg knrmgts j`r cndùr nbh j`r duachablkntgrancs, senc rglakgs, tfg hgbata`b `j tfg e`btgbts nbh lg`lrnpfaenc se`pg `j tfgpcnb, nbh spgeae eareukstnbegs j tfg abv`cvgh abtgrneta`bs nbh pgrs`bs.

Lgbgrnc e`becusa`bs j`r tfg nenhgkae hgdntg

Efnptgr 4 hgvgc`pgh tw` spgeae kgnsurgs, j`rkucntgh ns fyp`tfgsgs, j`r abfflugbe-

abl tfg abtgrneta`bs watfab tfg p`caey bgtw`rms ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b nbh tfg rg-suctabl enpturgh vncug abergnsg. Xfgsg tw` fyp`tfgsgs fnvg dggb tgstgh gkparaenccy.Xfg rst spgeucntgs ndùt tfg gjjgets `b enpturabl vncug abergnsg `j tfg hgbata`b `jpr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh nbh f`w tfas abfflugbegs tfg p`wgr rgcnta`bsfap dgtwggb tfgabv`cvgh pudcae nbh pravntg pnrtags. Xfg sge`bh spgeucntgs ndùt tfg gjjgets `j tfgegrtnabty ergntgh dy dabhabl rucgs nbh b`b-dabhabl p`caey hèukgbts hurabl hgvgc-`pkgbt prègssgs. Ab tfg enusnc k`hgc ab efnptgr 4, n tfarh spgeucnta`b enkg up tfntfns ncs` dggb gkparaenccy tgstgh? tfg nssukpta`b tfnt tfg fflgxadacaty ab prèghurgseùch dg rgcgvnbt j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

Ndùt tfg tfarh nssukpta`b, at fns b`t dggb p`ssadcg t` abjgr ecgnr nbh lgbgrncaz-ndcg rgcnta`bsfaps dgtwggb fflgxadacaty nbh tfg rgsucts j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg.



Uukknry 8>7

F`wgvgr, at sggks tfnt tfg rst tw` fyp`tfgsgs kalft abhggh dg vncah. Xfg j`rkncrucgs rglnrhabl pr`pgrty ralfts nbh egrtnabty nrg abhggh rgcgvnbt dgenusg tfgy enb

abfflugbeg tfg abtgrneta`bs watfab tfg p`caey bgtw`rms. Yudcae d`hags ab Gblcnbh nbhgspgeanccy ab Zncgbean sggk, tfnbms t` tfgsg j`rknc rucgs, t` pcny n k`rg p`wgrjucr`cg tfnb ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Kubaeapncatags ab Gblcnbh nbh gspgeanccy ab Zncgbeanprgseradg dgj`rgfnbh nbh ubacntgrnccy ecgnr rgquargkgbts nbh `dcalnta`bs, wfaef rg-suct ab n falf cgvgc `j enpturgh vncug abergnsg. Ab Zncgbean, kubaeapncatags l` jurtfgrtfnb ab Gblcnbh, ns tfg Zncgbeanb kubaeapncatags fnvg ncs`, tfnbms t` n e`kpucs`rycnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, p`wgrs t` sgcget tfg hgvgc`pgr tfgy prgjgr, aj bgegssnrydy-pnssabl tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh watfùt tfg bggh j duyabl r gxpr`prantabl tfg cnbh.Xfg h`kabnbt r`cg j pudcae d`hags, gspgeanccy ab Zncgbean, ecgnrcy h`gs b`t t watfabtfg r`cg tfnt tfg p`caey bgtw`rm nppr`nef lavgs tfgk, nbh at ubhgrkabgs s`kg `j tfg

dnsae nssukpta`bs `j tfnt nppr`nef? tfnt net`rs nrg bgegssnracy abtgrhgpgbhgbt, tfntpudcae d`hags kust nssukg n k`rg k`hgst r`cg nbh enbb`t dg h`kabnbt.

Xfg bgxt pnrnlrnpfs gxpcnab tfg hajjgrgbt wnys (`r sud-vnrandcgs) ab wfaef j`rkncrucgs nrg usgh t` abfflugbeg enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Ygr sud-vnrandcg, s`kg jurtfgre`becusa`bs j`r tfg nenhgkae hgdntg nbh tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef prne-taeg nrg lavgb. Xfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`cc`w n lrnhunc nppr`nef, jr`k v`cubtnrykgnsurgs tfnt t watfab tfg 4996 Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net, t` k`rg pr`jùbh, cglnck`haenta`bs j`r tfg c`blgr tgrk.

Ergntabl egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags nbhe`btraduta`bs.


Kubaeapncatags ab ncc tfrgg eùbtrags usunccy ergntg egrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs (dgj`rgtfg bgl`tanta`bs watf hgvgc`pgrs) nbh ab hajjgrgbt hglrggs, ndùt wfnt tfg cnbh`wbgrwacc dg ncc`wgh t` duach. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, kubaeapncatags usunccy nppr`vg abhaen-tavg, b`t cglnccy dabhabl pcnbs, wfaef ergntg s`kg egrtnabty, j`r gxnkpcg b`tn vnbuatlnblspubtgb, stghgbdùwmubhal pcnb/vasag, struetuurvasag, gte. Ab Gblcnbh s`kg-tfabl sakacnr as h`bg, ncs` ab abhaentavg hèukgbts, nbh ab Zncgbean tfrùlf tfg np-

pr`vnc `j tfg cglnccy dabhabl Lgbgrnc Cnbh usg Ycnbs. Xfg bhabls sullgst tfnt k`rgegrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh kny rgsuct ab cgss vncug enpturabl dgenusg at kalft stakucntgcnbh praeg abergnsgs, nbh kubaeapncatags c`sg n vncundcg bgl`tanta`b t``c. F`wgvgr,egrtnabty ndùt duachabl p`ssadacatags, aj nee`kpnbagh dy egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`b-traduta`bs (sgg dgc`w), as b`t bgegssnracy bglntavg.

Xfgrg nrg cnrlg hajjgrgbegs ab tfg egrtnabty dgj`rgfnbh ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs. AbZncgbean, ab gnrcy stnlgs tfgrg as kuef egrtnabty tfrùlf (>) cglnc kabaknc stnbhnrhs,(4) cènc p`caey nbh (5) tfg nppr`vnc j tfg Lgbgrnc Ycnbs. Gblcasf kubaeapncatags usu-nccy ergntg s`kg egrtnabty tfrùlf tfg nppr`vnc `j (>) satg-spgeae abhaentavg pcnbs

tfnt gstndcasf tfg e`btraduta`bs j`r tfg hgvgc`pkgbt ab qugsta`b, nbh (4) b`b satg-spgeae, abhaentavg lgbgrae p`caey hèukgbts tfnt gstndcasf stnbhnrh e`btraduta`bs. Ab



Uukknry8>:

tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, k`st `j tfg takg tfgrg as b` egrtnabty nt ncc, bgatfgr ergntgh tfrùlfcglnccy dabhabl b`r abhaentavg hèukgbts, dgj`rg bgl`tanta`bs tnmg pcneg, `r dgj`rg

tfg praeg `j cnbh as gstndcasfgh. Xfas egrtnabty ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh fns abfflugbeghtfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg ab n p`satavg wny dgenusg? >) at c`wgrs tfg praeg `jtfg cnbh, dgenusg aj tfgrg as b` egrtnabty, tfg hgvgc`pgr pnys t`` kuef j`r tfg cnbhnbh fns cgss bnbeanc r``k t` e`btradutg= 4) egrtnabty c`wgrs tfg praeg j`r wfaef tfghgvgc`pgr neeùbts tfg cnbh ab tfg bnbeanc enceucnta`b `j tfg `pgrnta`b, nbh tfgrglucnr pr`t knrlab wfaef tfg hgvgc`pgr naks j`r= 5) egrtnabty lavgs tfg pudcae je-grs n str`bl p`caey dnsg j`r rgquarabl e`btraduta`bs hurabl tfg bgl`tanta`bs.

E`becusa`bs j`r tfg nenhgkae hgdntg

Xfg bhabls sggk t` e`brk tfg sge`bh fyp`tfgsas?

Ergntabl ubegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, nbh egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs, enb abfflugbeg enpturabl vncugabergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.

Ynrt `j tfg catgrnturg `b e`kpnrntavg pcnbbabl systgks ab Gur`pg kny fnvg wr`blcye`becuhgh, nt cgnst watf rglnrh t` tfg Upnbasf vgrsus Gblcasf nbh Hutef systgks,tfnt pcnbbabl systgks nrg tgbhabl t` e`bvgrlg ab tfgar cgvgc `j egrtnabty. Xfg bhablskalft ncs` dg rgcgvnbt t` tfg hgdntg ab tfg pcnbbabl pr`jgssa`b, n hgdntg ab wfaeffflgxadacaty as `jtgb nhvèntgh ns n p`satavg nssgt? j`r tfg bhabls ubhgrcabg tfnt tfgrg

sfùch dg n egrtnab cgvgc j egrtnabty ndùt e`btraduta`bs, ab rhgr t` dgttgr enpturablvncug abergnsg.

Tge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef prnetaeg

Hutef kubaeapncatags, dgj`rg `r t`lgtfgr watf tfg prgpnrnta`b `j abhaentavg pcnbstfnt prgeghg hgvgc`pkgbt, sfùch ergntg egrtnabty ndùt wfaef e`btraduta`bs waccdg rgquargh jr`k hgvgc`pgrs. Xfg cast `j s`rts `j e`btraduta`bs abecuhgh ab tfg 4996Hgergg as b`t gbùlf j`r ergntabl egrtnabty, dgenusg tfnt cast as t`` lgbgrnc nbh ab nbgnrcy stnlg `j tfg prègss h`gs b`t ncc`w hgvgc`pgrs t` neeurntgcy enceucntg gxnetcywfaef e`sts tfgy fnvg t` e`btradutg. Xfgrgj`rg, kubaeapncatags sfùch ergntg egrtnabty

ndùt tf`sg e`sts tfnt wacc dg efnrlgh tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb.F`wgvgr, dgenusg tfas pcnb h`gs b`t ncc`w ncc tfg e`sts t` dg rge`vgrgh, kubaeapnca-tags sfùch b`t nppr`vg n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, dut try t` bgl`tantg watftfg hgvgc`pgr k`rg e`btraduta`bs ab nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt. Xfgrgj`rg,kubaeapncatags sfùch ergntg egrtnabty ndùt tf`sg e`sts tfnt tfgy wasf t` rge`vgrtfrùlf nbtgra`r nlrggkgbts, ab nhhata`b t` tf`sg tfnt enb dg rge`vgrgh tfrùlf nHgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb.

Xfg rge`kkgbhgh egrtnabty enb dg ergntgh ab hajjgrgbt s`rts `j hèukgbts, knby`j wfaef enb e`kpcgkgbt gnef `tfgr? (>) satg-spgeae hèukgbts nee`kpnbyabl

tfg e`kk`bcy usgh abhaentavg satg-spgeae pcnbs= (4) lgbgrae hèukgbts abecuhablstnbhnrh efnrlgs `j nb abtglrnc (e`vgrabl ncc p`caey gchs) `r sget`rnc (e`vgrabl oust



Uukknry 8><

`bg p`caey gch) efnrnetgr= nbh (5) lgbgrnc z`babl pcnbs abecuhabl tfg `dcalnt`rye`btraduta`bs, p`ssadcy ab stnbhnrh j`rk. Nby `j tfgsg s`rts `j hèukgbts sfùch

dg prgjgrndcy `j nb abhaentavg efnrnetgr, dgenusg tfas ts dgttgr watfab tfg Hutefpcnbbabl trnhata`b. Xfg rgegbtcy abtr`huegh Utrueturg vasa`b (Utruetuurvasag) enb dgtfg ahgnc s`rt `j hèukgbt, b`t `bcy dgenusg at as n fflgxadcg hèukgbt, dut ncs` dg-enusg at as `dcalnt`ry j`r efnrlabl s`kg s`rts `j e`btraduta`bs. Xfg Hutef egbtrncl`vgrbkgbt sfùch ncs` fgcp nbh stakucntg kubaeapncatags t` ergntg egrtnabty, j`rgxnkpcg dy knmabl, t`lgtfgr watf tfg Nssèanta`b `j Bgtfgrcnbhs Kubaeapncatags,k`hgc hèukgbts. Ufùch tfg v`cubtnry kgnsurgs b`t dg wahgcy nppcagh ab prnetaeg,tfgb tfg egbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt sfùch abtr`hueg s`kg cglnc k`haenta`bs? rst `dcal-abl kubaeapncatags t` prgpnrg lgbgrae abtglrnc hèukgbts t` dg abecuhgh ab Utrueturgvasa`bs, nbh sge`bh abtr`hueabl kabaknc cglnc stnbhnrh efnrlgs nbh prgserapta`bs j`r

tfg gbtarg eùbtry.

Ef``sabl tfg e`btgbts `j dabhabl rucgs

Uukknry `j tfg bhabls nbh rge`kkgbhnta`bs j`r tfg Hutef prnetaeg

Dabhabl pcnbs kalft dg usgjuc ab bgl`tanta`bs aj tfg kubaeapncaty enb abecuhg ab tfgkb`t bcy tfg pfysaenc z`babl, dut ncs` nspgets rgcntgh t` tfg bnbeabl nbh akpcgkgb-tnta`b j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. H` dabhabl pcnbs rglucntg bcy n hgsarghbnc paeturg, watfùt stntabl wf` as rgsp`bsadcg j`r ats akpcgkgbtnta`b0 @r ncs` tfge`btraduta`bs tfnt kust dg pr`vahgh dy tfg hgvgc`pgr0 D`tf ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh,

pcnbbabl cnw knmgs at p`ssadcg t` abecuhg ab dabhabl pcnbs n wahg rnblg `j rgquarg-kgbts?• Uèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl? d`tf ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh at as p`ssadcg t` prg-

seradg sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl ab tfg dabhabl pcnbs=• @b-satg nbh jj-satg pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags? d`tf ab Zncgbean nbh Gbl-

cnbh at as p`ssadcg t` prgseradg tfg `dcalnta`b t` e`btradutg t` `b-satg nbh `jj-satgpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ab Gblcnbh, kubaeapncatags enb ncs` prgseradge`btraduta`bs t`wnrhs tfg duachabl, knabtgbnbeg nbh gxpcàtnta`b e`sts `j pud-cae duachabls, abecuhabl tf`sg `j sèanc jneacatags (j`r gxnkpcg ghuenta`b nbh s`-eanc sgrvaegs).

• Abvgstabl nbh akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs? ab d`tf eùbtrags, dabhabl pcnbs ab-ecuhg sefghucgs nbh hgnhcabgs watfab wfaef e`btraduta`bs kust dg knhg.

Ncc tfgsg p`ssadacatags nrg p`satavg j`r enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs,ubtac tfg 4996 Net, b`bg `j tfgsg rgquargkgbts eùch dg prgseradgh ab tfg dabhablrucgs, nbh tfas fnh n bglntavg gjjget b enpturabl vncug abergnsg. Xfg 4996 Net knhgat p`ssadcg j`r tfg rst takg t` abecuhg nck`st ncc tfgsg rgquargkgbts. B`wnhnys, atas p`ssadcg t` abecuhg sèanc/njj`rhndcg fùsabl d`tf ab tfg Cnbh usg pcnb nbh tfghgpnrturgs jr`k at (n pgregbtnlg `j suef fùsabl) nbh ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btradu-ta`bs pcnb (nccènta`b t` tfg pc`ts nbh bukdgr j ubats). At as ncs` p`ssadcg t` abtr`hueg

akpcgkgbtnta`b sefghucgs nbh e`btraduta`bs j`r k`st `j tfg `b-satg abjrnstrueturgnbh j`r s`kg s`rts `j `jj-satg abjrnstrueturg ab tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb.



Uukknry8>6

F`wgvgr, tfrgg cakatnta`bs rgknab?>. At as b`t p ssadcg t` abecuhg ab Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnbs e`btraduta`bs t`-

wnrhs e`bstrueta`b nbh knabtgbnbeg/gxpc atnta`b e`sts j sèanc jneacatags (knnt-sefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgb), nbh at as ubegrtnab wfgtfgr suef e`btraduta`bs enbdg nlrggh ab nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts. X` knmg at p`ssadcg t` efnrlgsuef e`btraduta`bs, nrtaecg :.4.7 `j tfg 4996 Hgergg sfùch dg k`hagh.

4. Ns ncrgnhy gxpcnabgh, knby e`sts enbb`t dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfrùlfn Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs. Xfgrgj`rg tfg cast `j s`rts `j rge`vgrndcg e`sts (nr-taecgs :.4.5 up t` :.4.: `j tfg 4996 Hgergg) sfùch dg gbcnrlgh.

5. Ab n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, cnbh`wbgrs fns ralft t` tfg falfgst vncugj`r tfgar cnbh, wfaef abergnsgs tfg neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts nbh tfus tfg pr`dndacaty`j n hgeat, n hgeat tfnt kust dg pnah dy tfg kubaeapncaty. Xfgrgj`rg, nrtaecg

:.>5.7 `j tfg 4996 Net, wfaef prgseradgs tfnt nssgsskgbt `j tfg vncug `j cnbhkust j`cc`w gxpr`pranta`b cnw, sfùch dg k`hagh.


Xfas bhabl enb dg usgh t` rgbg tfg 4bh fyp`tfgsas (ab dcnem cgttgrs tfg nhhata`b)?

Ergntabl Wbegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, nbh Egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs (spgeanccy aj at as p`ssadcg t`

abecuhg ncc tfg e`btraduta`bs ns `dcalnt`ry ab cglnccy dabhabl rucgs) enb abfflugbegenpturabl vncug abergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.

Knmabl dabhabl rucgs e`bhata`bnc `b tfg hgvgc`pgr sgeurabl fas e`btraduta`bs


Xfg nppr`vnc `j dabhabl pcnbs e`btnababl lgbgrùs vncug enpturabl nrrnblgkgbts nbhstraet hgnhcabgs, ns suef, h`gs b`t nut`kntaenccy kgnb tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgrs wacc abhgghakpcgkgbt tfgk. Ab `rhgr t` sgeurg tfg akpcgkgbtnta`b, nhhata`bnccy tfg hgvgc`pgrbgghs t` dg dùbh t` h` tfnt. Ab prnetaeg, Hutef kubaeapncatags `jtgb h` e`bhata`btfg Cnbh usg pcnb nbh hgpnrturgs jr`k at `b n Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt ab wfaef tfghgvgc`pgr sgeurgs tfg e`btraduta`bs= f`wgvgr, tfgy h` b`t fnvg tfg j`rknc p`ssadacaty

`j hàbl s` ab nb `pgb nbh strnalftj`rwnrh wny. Xfas fns bglntavg sahg gjjgets?>. Yrèghurnc rasms? njtgr tfg sgncabl `j tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt, tfg Cnbh usgpcnb (`r hgpnrturg jr`k at) kust j`cc`w tfg e`kpcgtg prèghurg, wfaef akpcagsn rasm `j hgcny nbh k`haenta`bs dgenusg j dogeta`bs nbh nppgncs. Ab Zncgbeannbh Gblcnbh, tfg prèghurg j pr`vasa`bnc nppr`vnc j tfg dabhabl pcnb prgeghgstfg sgncabl `j tfg nlrggkgbt, njtgr wfaef tfgrg as `bcy n sf`rt hgbatg nppr`vnc.Xfas kgnbs tfnt ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh, pnrtags enb sgnc tfg nlrggkgbt watf nfalf egrtnabty tfnt tfg z`babl pcnb as b`t làbl t` dg k`hagh, nbh tfnt tfgrgwacc dg b` hgcny=

4. Nppgnc rasms? aj n kubaeapncaty rgjusgs t` nppr`vg n Cnbh usg pcnb dgenusg tfg

hgvgc`pgr h`gs b`t sgeurg e`btraduta`bs, tfgrg as ncwnys n rasm `j nb nppgnc t`tfg eùrts. Ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgbean, pcnbbabl cnw gstndcasfgs tfnt tfg hgvgc`pgr



Uukknry 8>1

fns t` sgeurg tfg e`btraduta`bs stntgh ab tfg pr`vasa`bnccy nppr`vgh Cnbh usgpcnb, ns n e`bhata`b j`r hgbatavg nppr`vnc=

5. Abe`blrugbt kubaeapnc pudcae haseùrsg? ab prnetaeg tfg kubaeapncaty kny bgght` fahg tfg ‖rgnc rgns`b‑ j`r tfg nppr`vnc r rgjusnc j Cnbh usg pcnbs, a.g. wfgtfgrtfg hgvgc`pgr nlrggs t` salb n Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt. Ab Gblcnbh nbh Zncgb-ean, tfg ‖rgnc rgns`b‑ as pudcaecy nppr`vgh dy tfg Cènc Eùbeac, nbh j`rks tfg`pgb nbh trnbspnrgbt eratgran j`r nssgssabl wfgtfgr `r b`t t` j`rknccy nppr`vgtfg pcnb.

Ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, beg tfg Cnbh usg pcnb nbh tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnbfnvg dggb nppr`vgh, tfg hgvgc`pgr/cnbh`wbgr enb sudkat nb nppcaenta`b j`r n duach-abl pgrkat. Xfg b`vgcty as tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty enb b`w e`bhata`b tfg duachabl pgr-

kat `b tfg nppcaenbt sgeurabl fas/fgr e`btraduta`bs= dgj`rg tfg 4996 Net tfas wnsb`t p`ssadcg. F`wgvgr, nppr`vabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb fns s`kg sahggjjgets? kubaeapncatags nssukg s`kg bnbeanc rasms dgenusg tfgy nrg rgsp`bsadcg j`rtfg enceucnta`bs nbh kny bggh t` nhvnbeg abvgstkgbts= tfgy kust put rgsùregs abt`knmabl tfg pcnb nbh up-hntabl at ygnrcy= nbh tfgy kust dgnr tfg e`bsgqugbegs `jhgcny ab ensg hgvgc`pgrs/cnbh`wbgrs h` b`t nppcy j`r tfg duachabl pgrkat. Ab nhha-ta`b, ns wg snw nd`vg, b`t ncc tfg e`sts enb dg efnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs. Xfus abprabeapcg tfg dgst pta`b j`r Hutef kubaeapncatags as t` sgnc nb nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbtnlrggkgbt dgj`rg nppr`vabl tfg Cnbh usg pcnb? tfas nssurgs tfnt e`btraduta`bs nbhhgnhcabgs nrg sgeurgh nbh b` Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb as bgghgh. Kubaea-

pncatags enb abj`rknccy rgqugst tfnt hgvgc`pgrs sgnc suef nb nlrggkgbt. F`wgvgr, tfgnetunc prnetaeg `j abj`rknc e`bhata`babl kny dge`kg k`rg hajeuct njtgr tfg 4996Net. Xfg Net fns rgabj`regh tfg `dcalnta`b `b tfg kubaeapncaty t` tnmg n j`rknc hgea-sa`b ndùt nb nppcaenta`b t` k`hajy `r hgpnrt jr`k tfg Cnbh usg pcnb. Aj tfg kubaea-pncaty wasfgs t` rgjusg tfg nppcaenta`b (tfg p`ssadacaty t` rgjusg abergnsgs tfg bgl`-tanta`b p`wgrs `j tfg kubaeapncaty), tfas hgeasa`b kust dg tnmgb watfab galft wggms.Kubaeapncatags kust oustajy tfgar hgeasa`b dy rgjgrrabl t` nppr`vgh p`caey nbh z`bablpcnbs, nbh tfg nppcaenbt fns b`w tfg p`ssadacaty t` nppgnc nlnabst n rgjusnc `r n b`b-hgtgrkabnta`b. Ab tfgr w`rhs, tfg kubaeapncaty enbb`t pgbcy nbh hargetcy rgjusg tfgnppcaenta`b watf tfg nrlukgbt tfnt tfg nppcaenbt h`gs b`t wnbt t` sgnc nb nlrggkgbt,

dut kust bh `tfgr nrlukgbts ab tfg gxastabl Cnbh usg pcnb, tfg Utrueturg vasa`b `r`tfgr p`caey hèukgbts. Aj tfg kubaeapncaty fns ncrgnhy e`becuhgh tfnt tfg pfysaencnbh jubeta`bnc efnrnetgrastaes j tfg nppcaenta`b nrg neegptndcg, tfgrg as netunccy cattcgr``k cgjt t` rgjusg nbh tfus t` bgl`tantg.


Xfg bhabls enb dg usgh t` rgbg tfg 4bh fyp`tfgsas (ab dcnem cgttgrs tfg nhhata`b)?

Ergntabl Wbegrtnabty ab gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs ndùt juturg duachabl p`ssadacatags, nbh Egrtnabty ndùt juturg e`btraduta`bs (spgeanccy aj at as p`ssadcg t`

abecuhg tfg e`btraduta`bs ns `dcalnt`ry ab cglnccy dabhabl rucgs , nbh aj at as p`ssadcg`pgbcy nbh strnalftj`rwnrhcy t` knmg tfg nppr`vnc `j tfgsg rucgs e`bhata`bnc `b



Uukknry849

n hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt tfnt sgeurgs tfg e`btraduta`bs) enb abfflugbeg enpturablvncug abergnsg ab n p`satavg wny.


Nctfùlf pgb nbh strnalftj`rwnrh e`bhata`babl as b`t ncc`wgh, tfgrg nrg s`kg nctgr-bntavg wnys, nbh tfg bgw 4996 Net fns nhhgh nhhata`bnc p`ssadacatags?• X nrlug tfnt e`btraduta`bs nrg bgegssnry j`r tfg ge`b`kae jgnsadacaty j tfg Cnbh

usg pcnb? aj tfg e`btraduta`bs nrg b`t sgeurgh nbh/`r tfgrg as n hgeat, tfg ku-baeapncaty sfùch pny tfgsg e`sts. Dut dgenusg tfg kubaeapncaty fns b` bnbeanckgnbs t` h` s`, at enb rgjusg tfg pcnb, nrluabl tfnt at as ge`b`kaenccy b`t jgnsadcg.Xfas nctgrbntavg fns tfg snkg tfrgg sahg gjjgets kgbta`bgh nd`vg? (>) prèghurncrasms, (4) nppgnc rasms (abharget e`bhata`babl tfrùlf tfg ge`b`kae jgnsadacaty `j

tfg pcnb as b`t tfg snkg ns `pgbcy gbukgrntabl tfg e`btraduta`bs tfnt tfg hgvgc-`pgr fns t` sgeurg), nbh (5) abe`blrugbeg `j tfg kubaeapncaty‑s pudcae haseùrsg.• X e`bhata`b tfrùlf tfg Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb nbh pr`pgr e`st rg-

e`vgry p`caey hèukgbts. Njtgr n pcnbbabl nppcaenta`b fns dggb sudkattgh, nenceucnta`b `j tfg e`sts (gxpcàtntag`pzgt ) enb knmg ecgnr wfaef pnrt eùch dgefnrlgh t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. Aj ku-baeapncatags nppcy tfg rge`kkgbhnta`bs knhg nd`vg t` knmg nbh nh`pt e`strge`vgry p`caey hèukgbts, at as p`ssadcg t` nhgquntgcy hgjgbh tfnt tfg nppcaen-ta`b abv`cvgs e`sts tfnt surpnss kabaknc b-satg abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b, nbh ncs`t` abecuhg wahgr e`btraduta`bs t`wnrhs `tfgr pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags

watfab nbh ùtsahg tfg hgvgc`pkgbt satg ab qugsta`b. Xfgsg e`st rge`vgry p`caeyhèukgbts nrg vgry akp`rtnbt? watfùt tfgk, at wùch k`st pr`dndcy b`t dgp`ssadcg t` enceucntg nbh pr`pgrcy nrlug ncc tfg e`sts. Ab ensg tfg enceucnta`bknmgs ecgnr tfnt tfg kubaeapncaty enbb`t rge`vgr ncc tfg e`sts, kubaeapncatagsenb pgbcy rgjusg tfg nppcaenta`b, nrluabl tfnt tfgy enbb`t dgnr tfg hgeat. Xfasnctgrbntavg j`r e`bhata`babl stacc fns tfg >st sahg gjjget kgbta`bgh nd`vg (prèg-hurnc rasms), nbh nb nhhata`bnc sahg gjjget? aj tfg hgvgc`pgr nlrggs t` sgeurg ab nbnbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbt tfg nhhata`bnc e`sts (dut b`t tf`sg e`sts tfntenb dg efnrlgh tfrùlf n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb) kubaeapncatags enb-b`t usg tfg nrlukgbt `j ge`b`kae jgnsadacaty t` rgjusg tfg nppcaenta`b.

X` rgk`vg tfg hasnhvnbtnlgs `j d`tf nctgrbntavgs, at as rge`kkgbhgh tfnt tfg egb-trnc Hutef l`vgrbkgbt sfùch ncc`w ab tfg pcnbbabl cnw harget e`bhata`babl, sakacnrt` f`w tfas fnppgbs ab Zncgbean nbh Gblcnbh. Xfgrgj`rg tw` spgeae k`haenta`bssfùch dg nhhgh t` tfg 4996 Net nbh p`ssadcg ncs` t` tfg Hgergg.

K`hucntabl pr pgrty ralfts ab cnbh


Xfgrg as ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs n str`bl abtgrhgpgbhgbey dgtwggb cènc

pudcae d`hags nbh cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs. Ns n rucg, tfg trnbsneta`bs tfnt nrgbgghgh t` pr`vahg tfg abjrnstrueturg nrg quatg hgpgbhgbt `b nlrggkgbts dgtwggb



Uukknry 84>

pudcae d`hags nbh tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs dgenusg b`bg `j tfg net`rs e`b-tr`c ncc tfg bgghgh rgsùregs? pudcae d`hags fnvg tfg stntut`ry p`wgrs j`r pcnbbabl

e`bsgbt, dut cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs fnvg tfg bnbeanc kgnbs nbh tfg gxecusavg ralftt` hgvgc`p tfg cnbh. Xfas abtgrhgpgbhgbey enbb`t dg rgs`cvgh dy usabl gxpr`pran-ta`b `r tfg prg-gkpta`b ralft, dgenusg tfgsg abstrukgbts fnvg sgvgrg cakatnta`bs abprnetaeg, nbh tfgy akpcy n harget `rlnbasnta`bnc nbh bnbeanc abv`cvgkgbt `j pudcaed`hags. Xfg satunta`b ab Zncgbean fns efnblgh rnhaenccy njtgr tfg rgla`bnc l`vgrbkgbtabtr`huegh tfg bgw pcnbbabl cnw ab >118? sabeg tfgb tfgrg as, t` pr`vahg tfg abjrn-strueturg, b` c`blgr nby ubnvàhndcg hgpgbhgbeg dgtwggb pudcae d`hags nbh cnbh-`wbgrs. Zncgbeanb kubaeapncatags enb b`w `pt j`r e`kpucs`ry cnbh rgnhoustkgbt,watfùt fnvabl t` dge`kg hargetcy abv`cvgh. Xfg kubaeapncaty sgcgets ab n pudcaetgbhgr tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt, nbh cnbh`wbgrs enb ef``sg v`cubtnry gxpr`pranta`b `r

pnrtaeapnta`b ab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Aj tfgy ef``sg gxpr`pranta`b, tfg urdnbasabl nlgbtpnys tfg e`kpgbsnta`b nbh nequargs tfg cnbh. Dut aj tfgy hgeahg t` pnrtaeapntg, tfgyfnvg t` hgcavgr tfg cnbh bgghgh j`r pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags nbh pny t` tfgurdnbasabl nlgbt n pr`p`rta`bnc sfnrg `j tfg cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`sts. Ab gxefnblg,cnbh`wbgrs sfnrg tfg vncug abergnsg? njtgr pr`vahabl tfg abjrnstrueturg, tfg urdnbas-abl nlgbt hgcavgrs tfg sgrvaegh duachabl pnregcs t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs nbh trnbsjgrs tfgpudcae abjrnstrueturg, jrgg `j efnrlg, t` tfg kubaeapncaty. Ab suk, nctfùlf cnbh`wb-grs stacc e`btr`c tfg cnbh, tfg kutunc hgpgbhgbeg ab b`w gnsacy nvàhndcg ns kubaea-pncatags fnvg tfg p`ssadacaty t` nppàbt n tfarh pnrty (wf` h`gs b`t bgegssnracy bgght` `wb tfg cnbh) ns tfg urdnbasabl nlgbt, nbh kubaeapncatags h` b`t bggh t` dge`kg

hargetcy bnbeanccy abv cvgh. Ncs`, tfg kubaeapncatags nrg b`t hgpgbhgbt `b `bg pnr-taeucnr urdnbasabl nlgbt, j`r tfgy enb pàbt ùt n pudcae cnbh hgvgc`pkgbt e`kpnbyns urdnbasabl nlgbt `r sgcget tfg nlgbt tfrùlf n pudcae tgbhgr.

Xfg abtgrhgpgbhgbey dgtwggb pudcae d`hags nbh cnbh`wbgrs ab Gblcnbh nbh tfgBgtfgrcnbhs lavgs t` tfg cnbh`wbgrs tfg `pta`b t` wnat, wfaef at as `jtgb usgh t``pp`sg tfg rgquargkgbts sgt dy cènc pudcae d`hags. Gspgeanccy ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs,pudcae d`hags `jtgb e`becuhg tfnt tfgy enbb`t nsm t`` kuef, wfaef cgnhs t` c`wenpturgh vncug abergnsg. Xfas abtgrhgpgbhgbey jrgqugbtcy cgnhs ncs` t` hgcnys ab tfghgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs, dgenusg cnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs rgjusg tfg rgquargkgbts `j

tfg kubaeapncaty, `r dgenusg hgvgc`pgrs h` b`t sueeggh ab duyabl tfg cnbh j`r nrgns`bndcg praeg. Xfg ùte`kg `j tfg bgl`tanta`bs hgpgbhs `b tfg hgvgc`pgrs‑ nbhcnbh`wbgrs‑ gxpgetnta`bs tfnt, dy hgcnyabl bgl`tanta`bs, tfgar pr`ts wùch abergnsg.Nb`tfgr e`bsgqugbeg as falfgr neeùbtgh cnbh e`sts? knrmgt pnrtags nrg k`rg abtgr-gstgh ab nequarabl cnbh, ns e`btr`c `j tfg cnbh puts tfgk ab n str`bl bgl`tantabl p`sa-ta`b, wfaef ab turb abfflntgs tfg rgnc nbh gxpgetgh knrmgt vncug `j cnbh.

Ab nhhata`b, tfg bhabls sullgst tfnt abtgrhgpgbhgbey cgnhs t` nb abgjeagbt nbhscullasf hgvgc`pkgbt prègss, ab wfaef e`sts nrg ubbgegssnry falf nbh hajjgrgbt ne-t`rs knbnlg t` nppr`prantg pnrt `j tfg vncug abergnsg. Xfas cgnhs t` falfgr e`sts j`r

abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b= ab Gblcnbh nbh tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs tfgynrg vgry `jtgb dgtwggb >.7 nbh 8 takgs falfgr tfnb ab Zncgbean. Xfas cgnvgs k`rg



Uukknry844

bnbeanc r``k j`r tfg Zncgbeanb hgvgc`pgrs t` e`btradutg tfnb j`r tfg Hutef nbhGblcasf hgvgc`pgrs.


Xfg bhabls e`brk tfg rst fyp`tfgsas?

N spgeae j`rk `j spcattabl tfg pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh (sgpnrntabl abjrnstrueturg pr`va-sa`b jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts) enb k`hajy tfg p`wgr-rgcnta`bsfaps ab tfg bgtw`rm j net`rsabv`cvgh ab urdnb rglgbgrnta`b, nbh tfas enb akpr`vg enpturabl vncug abergnsg.

Xfas rgsgnref sùlft gkparaenc gvahgbeg rgcgvnbt t` tfg hgdntg ndùt sgpnrntabl hg-vgc`pkgbt ralfts jr`k pr`pgrty ralfts ab cnbh. Xfg bhabls supp`rt tfg nssukpta`b

tfnt sgpnrntabl abjrnstrueturg pr`vasa`b jr`k tfg e`btr`c j cnbh`wbgrs tfrùlf n cnbhrgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b enb akpr`vg tfg enpturabl j vncug abergnsg. Ab nhhata`b, tfgbhabls sullgst tfnt tfg cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b enb fnvg n hgfflnta`bnry gjjget`b tfg e`sts j`r pr`vahabl abjrnstrueturg nbh prgpnrabl pcnbs, nbh p`ssadcy ncs` `b tfgneeùbtgh cnbh e`sts. Xfg rglucnta`b enb ncs` fgcp t` vgre`kg pr`dcgks j stnlbn-ta`b ab e`bstruetabl bgw fùsabl. Xfg bhabls nrg abtgrgstabl j`r tfg Hutef hgdntg.Xfgy eàbeahg watf tfg p`sata`b tnmgb dy tf`sg wf` nrlug tfnt tfg abergnsg ab pravntge`btr`c j hgvgc`pkgbt cnbh sabeg tfg >119s fns dggb hasnhvnbtnlgùs j`r tfg pudcael`ncs nbh pudcae bnbegs. Xfgy ncs` supp`rt tfg e`becusa`b tfnt sfnpabl pr`pgrtyralfts enb fgcp t` dgttgr nefagvg pudcae l`ncs ab urdnb pcnbbabl. J`r tfg Upnbasf

hgdntg, tfg bhabls supp`rt tfg erataenc nppr`nef j tf`sg wf`, ab tfg >119s, nrlughtfnt drgnmabl tfg k`b`p`castae/`cal`p`castae p`sata`b `j cnbh`wbgrs as tfg `bcy wnyt` nssurg l``h quncaty nbh nhgquntg qunbtaty `j pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags.K`rg rgsgnref as bgghgh abt` nb abtgrbnta`bnc e`kpnras`b `j cnbh praegs nbh hgvgc-`pkgbt e`sts. Jurtfgr rgsgnref sfùch jèus `b tfg hajjgrgbegs ab cnbh praegs, abjrn-strueturg pr`vasa`b e`sts nbh pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts, nbh sfùch pr`vahg k`rg hntntfnt eùch dg usgh t` bg-tubg tfg e`becusa`bs.


Jarst j ncc, kubaeapncatags eùch e`bhuet k`rg rgsgnref abt` tfg pr`t knrlabs ab tfg

gnrcy stnlgs `j hgvgc`pkgbt prègssgs, nbh usg tfas abj`rknta`b ab tfg bgl`tanta`bswatf cnbh`wbgrs nbh hgvgc`pgrs. Xfas rgsgnref sfùch dg knhg t`lgtfgr watf tfg rsthèukgbts tfnt ergntg hgvgc`pkgbt gxpgetnta`bs.

Uge`bh, t` nvàh tfg bglntavg e`bsgqugbegs `j tfg hgpgbhgbey `j kubaeapncatags `bcnbh`wbgrs/hgvgc`pgrs, at as rge`kkgbhgh t` w`rm watf n spgeae cnbh rgnhoust-kgbt e`btrnetunc j`rkucn dnsgh `b tw` hajjgrgbt nbtgra`r Hgvgc`pkgbt nlrggkgbts.N e`kkgreanc hgvgc`pgr, netabl ns n s`rt `j Zncgbeanb urdnbazabl nlgbt, enb nlrggwatf cnbh`wbgrs tfnt, ab gxefnblg j`r sfnrabl hgvgc`pkgbt pr`ts, tfgy pnrtaeapntgab tfg hgvgc`pkgbt. Xfg kubaeapncaty sfùch supp`rt tfas dy e`bhata`babl tfg dabh-

abl rucgs `b tfg cnbh`wbgrs nefagvabl nb nlrggkgbt watf tfg hgvgc`pgr-urdnbazablnlgbt, dy aj bgegssnry knmabl usg j tfg gxpr`pranta`b nbh prg-gkpta`b p`wgrs, nbh



Uukknry 845

dy nppr`vabl n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb. Xfg rge`kkgbhnta`b, aj nppcagh,sfùch pr`vahg sgvgrnc nhvnbtnlgs? (n) at nbbucs tfg bggh t` duy tfg cnbh, r nt cgnst t`

duy ncc tfg cnbh, ns cnbh`wbgrs tfgksgcvgs pnrtaeapntg ab tfg pgrnta`b= (d) at rghuegstfg rasms j hgcny rgsuctabl jr`k cnbh`wbgrs, abstgnh j supp`rtabl tfg pgrnta`b, dg-fnvabl ab nb strntglae wny (a.g. wnatabl) t` `dtnab tfg falfgst p`ssadcg praeg j`r tfgarcnbh= (e) n nbh d sfùch e`bsahgrndcy rghueg tfg e`sts `j tfg pgrnta`b? tfgrg sfùchdg b` bggh t` duy cnbh ab nhvnbeg, nbh at sfùch rghueg tfg nkùbts rgsgrvgh j`r ub-gxpgetgh gxpgbsgs nbh tfg pcnb prgpnrnta`b e`sts= (h) e sfùch e`bsahgrndcy rghuegtfg bnbeanc e`sts, ns tfgrg as bggh `j cgss gxtgrbnc bnbeabl.

F`wgvgr, tfg nppr`vnc `j n Hgvgc`pkgbt e`btraduta`bs pcnb, wfaef ab tfg rge`k-kgbhnta`b kalft dg bgegssnry t` j`reg s`kg cnbh`wbgrs t` e``pgrntg, fns s`kg

hasnhvnbtnlgs, ns kgbta`bgh dgj`rg. Ncs`, gxpr`prantabl cnbh as vgry gxpgbsavg nbhabv`cvgs n harget bnbeanc abv`cvgkgbt `j tfg kubaeapncaty, nbh ab nhhata`b as n p`cata-enccy sgbsatavg kgnsurg tfnt enbb`t dg gxgreasgh aj cnbh`wbgrs gxprgss waccablbgsst` enrry ùt tfg hgvgc`pkgbt tfgksgcvgs. X` rgk`vg tfgsg hasnhvnbtnlgs, tfg Hutefegbtrnc l`vgrbkgbt, abspargh dy tfg Zncgbeanb cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b, sfùchabtr`hueg n cnbh rgnhoustkgbt rglucnta`b ab pcnbbabl cnw.

Gpac`lug

Nt tfg gbh `j tfg 69‑s nbh dglab `j tfg 19‑s, tfg Hutef l`vgrbkgbt abtr`huegh rgcg-vnbt efnblgs t` hakabasf pudcae sudsahaznta`b nbh rghueg tfg bnbeanc rasms j pudcae

d`hags ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. F`wgvgr, prnetaeg sf`ws tfnt tfas fns b`t rghuegh tfgbggh j`r pudcae sudsahaznta`b nbh fns b`t pr`huegh bgw bgalfdùrf``hs watf l``hpudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Xfg 4996 Cnbh Hgvgc`pkgbt Net as nb gjj`rt t`s`cvg tfas pr`dcgk. Nctfùlf tfg Net kalft, ubhgr egrtnab eareukstnbegs, dg fgcpjuc,at sujjgrs jr`k tw` jubhnkgbtnc sf`rte`kabls. Jarst, at nssukgs tfnt tfg cnbh`wbgr astfg `bcy cglatakntg `wbgr `j tfg vncug abergnsg tfnt nrasgs jr`k rgz`babl tfg cnbh.Fgrg tfg Hutef cglascnt`r rgjusgh t` abtr`hueg nb`tfgr p`ssadacaty tfnt as p`pucnr ab`tfgr Gur`pgnb eùbtrags? tfnt pudcae d`hags ncs` fnvg ralft t` n sfnrg `j tfg vncugabergnsg. Uge`bh, at nssukgs tfnt tfg `bcy wny `j gbj`reabl pudcae l`ncs kust dg nharget nbh bnbeanc abv`cvgkgbt `j pudcae d`hags. Xfas rgsuctgh ab nb ubbgegssnracy

e`kpcgx sgt j cglnc abstrukgbts tfnt efnrlgs kubaeapncatags watf t`` knby tnsms nbhrasms - t`` knby e`bsahgrabl tfgar enpneatags. Xfg gxpgragbeg ab Gblcnbh nbh Upnabsf`ws tfnt pudcae cgnhgrsfap ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt kust dg dnsgh `b sakpcg nbhecgnr r`cgs? pudcae d`hags rglucntg dgj`rgfnbh, pravntg d`hags akpcgkgbt nbh nssukgncc tfg e`rrgsp`bhabl rasms.

N bnc rgknrm? tfg abtgrbnta`bnc bnbeanc nbh ge`b`kae erasas as cgnhabl ncrgnhy t`cgss pudcae gxpgbhaturg. Aj b` kgnsurgs nrg tnmgb t` hgvantg pnrt j tfg vncug abergnsgt` pny pudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags, pudcae duhlgtnry euts wacc pcneg urdnbhgvgc`pkgbt nbh ats quncaty ubhgr sgraùs prgssurg, gspgeanccy ab tfg rglgbgrnta`b j

urdnb satgs.



UUnkgbvnttabl

F``jhstum > - Abtr`huetag? pr`dcgkgb kgt hg bnbeagrabl vnb

pudcagmg h`gcgb ab stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl ab

Bghgrcnbh

Fgt as b`l bagt z` cnbl lgcghgb hnt Bghgrcnbhsg vgrfghgb vnnm ggb netagj lr`bhdg-cgah v`grhgb? zg mèftgb hg lr`bh, knnmtgb hag dùw- gb w``braop gb vgrmèftgbhg dùwmnvgcs nnb w`bable`rp`rntags j e`kkgreaícg btwammgcnnrs. Gabh onrgb ‖69wgrh ggb nnbtnc dgcgahsvgrnbhgrablgb h``rlgv`grh hag t`t ggb lgcgahgcaomg vgrlnblbnnr kggr pnssagvg `j jneacatgrgbhg v`rkgb vnb lr`bhdgcgah cgahhg. Fgt zaob tglgb-w``rhal stgghs vnmgr hg w`bable`rp`rntags gb knrmtpnrtaogb hag lr`bh m`pgb gbcèntags btwammgcgb.

_`wgc stnhsuatdrgahabl ncs fgrstrueturgrabl vnb dabbgbstghgcaomg cèntags drgblgbkggstnc ggb staolabl vnb hg ge`b`kasefg wnnrhg vnb lr`bh kgt zaef kgg, knnr``m hg b``hznnm nnb abvgstgrablgb, z`ncs ab `pgbdnrg jneacatgatgb, wglgb, mndgcsgb cgahablgb, knntsefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgb gb sèancg w`babldùw, sefnhgvgr-l`ghablgb, gb hgrlgcaomg (fagrbn m`rtwgl? ‖`pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb‑).\nbbggr lgkggbtgb ggb netagj lr`bhdgcgah v`grgb, mubbgb zg hgzg m`stgb dgtncgbhnbmzao hg uatlajtg vnb dùwmnvgcs. Geftgr, sabhs lgkggbtgb stgghs kabhgr vnnm vgrhg lr`bh dgsefammgb cumt hnt stgghs kabhgr l`gh, tgrwaoc lr`bhgalgbnrgb bagt lg-bgalh dcaomgb tg zaob k dao tg hrnlgb nnb hg m`stgb. Hat fggjt lgcgah t`t ggb vgrs`dg-rabl vnb hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb gb t`t hg b``hznnm vnb pudcagmg

sudsahaírabl.



Unkgbvnttabl84:

Ab hat `bhgrz`gm w`rht hg vrnnl lgstgch `j, ab hag lgvnccgb wnnrdao hg lr`bh ab dab-bgbstghgcaomg cèntags ab pravntg fnbhgb as, hg ge`b`kasefg wnnrhgstaolabl hag fgt

lgv`cl as vnb dgstgkkablswaozalabl (lgfggc `j lghggctgcaom) zù mubbgb w`rhgblgdruamt `k hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg dgtncgb. Ab hat `bhgrz`gmw`rht bnlglnnb `j ggb nnbtnc wgttgcaomg abstrukgbtgb, hg ‖j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbtv``r ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl‑, lgdruamt zù mubbgb w`rhgb `k lr`bhgalgbnrgb tg vgr-cgahgb `k kgg tg dgtncgb. Kgt nbhgrg w``rhgb? `k `vgrfghgb dgtgr vnb wnnrhg-staolabl vnb hg lr`bh tg cntgb pr`tgrgb k hg b`halg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tgdgtncgb (m`rtwgl? ‖pudcagm wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc‑).

J`rkgcg rglgcs hag rgcgvnbt zaob v``r ruaktgcaomg rhgbabl zaob? dabhgbhg v``rsefraj-tgb `vgr fgt lgdruam vnb lr`bh gb vnstl`gh, gb `vgr hg nhkabastrntagvg prèghurg

vnb hgzg v``rsefrajtgb= lr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgb= gb bagt dabhgbhg ruaktgcaomg dg-cgahshèukgbtgb. Gr zaob vgrsefaccgbhg s``rtgb wnnrhgstaolabl? vgr``rznnmt h``r ab-vgstgrablgb ab abjrnstruetuur, h``r fgrdgstgkkabl vnb hg lr`bh, `j lgw``b h``r hgnclgkgbg t`gbnkg vnb hg vrnnl bnnr lr`bh. Hat `bhgrz`gm `bhgrsefgaht hrag sud-dglrappgb bhgr ‖pudcagm vgrfnnc vnb wnnrhgstaolabl‑? ‖m`stgbvgrfnnc‑ (fgt vgrfncgb,van hg daohrnlgb vnb lr`bhgalgbnrgb, vnb hg m`stgb vnb `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gbjneacatgatgb), ‖wnnrhgvnblst‑ (vnblst h``r `vgrfghgb hag daov``rdggch ab abjrnstrue-tuur lgàbvgstggrh fgddgb ab hg `klgvabl vnb fgt ab wnnrhg lgstglgb vnstl`gh), gb‖dnntnjr`kabl‑ (wnnrdao ggb vgrfgahsabstnbtag nccg s``rtgb wnnrhgstaolabl vnblgb).

Ggb jubhnkgbtgcg vrnnl as wag hg wnnrhgstaolabl zù k`gtgb mubbgb vnblgb. Z`c-lgbs ggb e`bsgrvntagj-cadgrncg trnhatag f``rt nccg wnnrhgstaolabl t`g nnb hg lr`bhga-lgbnnr, tgrwaoc ggb nctgrbntagvg trnhatag dgpcgat hnt zg nnb hg lgkggbsefnp t`gdg-f``rt. Ggb vnnm v``rm`kgbh `bhgrwgrp ab hg bg`mcnssagmg ge`b`kasefg tfg`rag asfgt dgcnstgb vnb hg wnnrhgstaolabl. Hgzg ahg`c`lasefg vgrsefaccgb fgddgb lgcgah t`tvgrsefaccgbhg abstrukgbtgb v``r fgt vgrfncgb vnb wnnrhgstaolabl, wnnrvnb s`kkalgggb v`ccghalg dnntnjr`kabl bnstrgvgb gb nbhgrg nccggb fgt abtgrbncasgrgb vnb hg bg-lntagvg lgv`clgb vnb dùwpcnbbgb. @khnt ab Bghgrcnbh nccggb hgzg twgghg v`rkvnb wnnrhgstaolablvnblst as t`glgstnnb, knnmt hat `bhgrz`gm dgcgahsnnbdgvgcablgbv``r m`stgbvgrfnnc gb bagt v``r dnntnjr`kabl. U`kkalg nnbdgvgcablgb pnssgb dab-

bgb fgt fuahalg wgttgcaomg mnhgr, abecusagj hg baguwg \gt ruaktgcaomg rhgbabl gb hgab njhgcabl :.8 vnb hgzg wgt abdglrgpgb Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt. Nbhgrg nnbdgvgcab-lgb akpcaegrgb ggb waozalabl vnb hat wgttgcaomg mnhgr. Hat as hus fgt pr`dcggk hnt hat`bhgrz`gm pr`dggrt `p tg c`ssgb?

F`g zùhgb hg j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``r ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl lgdruamt mubbgbw`rhgb ab hg btwammgcabl vnb `kvnblraomg fgrstrueturgrabl- gb jubetagvgrnbhgrabls-

pcnbbgb `p pravntg lr`bh ab Bghgrcnbh, `phnt hg rgbhndgcg hgcgb hg `brgbhndgcghgcgb dgtncgb0

@k fagr ggb nbtw``rh `p tg lgvgb, hagbgb ggrst hg v`clgbhg `bhgrz`gmsvrnlgb tgw`rhgb dgnbtw``rh?



Unkgbvnttabl 84<

Z``rdgrgahgbhg `bhgrz`gmsvrnnl >? F`g mubbgb hg j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``rruaktgcaomg rhgbabl lgdruamt w`rhgb ab `kvnblraomg fgrstrueturgrabl- gb jubetagvgr-

nbhgrablspcnbbgb p pravntg lr`bh0• Z``rdgrgahgbhg `bhgrz`gmsvrnnl 4? F`gvggc wnnrhgstaolabl ab `kvnblraomg fgr-strueturgrabl- gb jubetagvgrnbhgrablspcnbbgb `p pravntg lr`bh w`rht vgrfnnch`k hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg dgtncgb0

• Z``rdgrgahgbhg `bhgrz`gmsvrnnl 5? F`g w`rht hg kntg vnb pudcagmg wnnr-hgstaolablsvgrfnnc dgàbvc`gh h``r hg knbagr wnnr`p hg j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbtv``r ruaktgcaom rhgbabl w`rhgb lgdruamt0

• F``jh`bhgrz`gmsvrnnl? F`g zùhgb hg j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``r ruaktgcaomg`rhgbabl lgdruamt mubbgb w`rhgb ab Bghgrcnbh k grv``r tg z`rlgb hnt hg rgb-hndgcg `bhgrhgcgb hg `brgbhndgcg `bhgrhgcgb z` vggc k`lgcaom dgtncgb0

F``jhstum 4 ― Xfg`rgtasef mnhgr? pudcagm vgrfnnc vnb

wnnrhgstaolabl dabbgb dgcgahsbgtwgrmgb

Hg fgrstrueturgrabl vnb ggb dabbgbstghgcaomg cèntag mnb w`rhgb dgstuhggrh ncswnrg fgt ggb dgcgahsbgtwgrm wnnrab pudcagmg pnrtaogb pr`dgrgb kggr wnnrhgstao-labl tg vgrfncgb h``r kgt nbhgrg pnrtaogb hg abtgrnetag nnb tg lnnb. Hg ‖dgcgahs-

bgtwgrmdgbnhgrabl‑ as fgt rgsuctnnt vnb nenhgkasef hgdnt `ktrgbt hg vgrnbhgrhgr`c vnb pudcagmg gb pravntg pnrtaogb ab hg cnntstg hgegbban. Hg ``rspr`bl vnb hgzgdgbnhgrabl calt ab hg p`catagmg wgtgbsefnp ab hg vr`glg onrgb ‖<9. Xgrwaoc pudcagmgsturabl ab hg trnhata`bgcg abtrn-`rlnbasntags dgbnhgrabl ggb nut`ratnarg netavatgat as,zaob ab hg dgcgahsbgtwgrmdgbnhgrabl hg kneftsvgrfùhablgb tussgb pnrtaogb kabhgrfaírnrefasef. H``r hg dgsefamdnnrfgah vnb kahhgcgb gb hg rgsuctgrgbhg `bhgrcablgnjfnbmgcaomfghgb tg dgstuhgrgb, as fgt k`lgcaom `k hg strueturgcg jnet`rgb dc``t tgcgllgb hag kneftsvgrfùhablgb vgrmcnrgb.

>. Ggb ggrstg strueturgcg jnet`r as hnt dgcgahsbgtwgrmgb uat vgrsefaccgbhg net`rgb

dgstnnb hag gcm fub galgb h`gcgb bnstrgvgb, wnt ab p`tgbtag e`bfflaetgb kgt zaefkgg mnb drgblgb. Xglgcaomgrtaoh zaob pnrtaogb njfnbmgcaom vnb gcmnnr `khnt bag-knbh nccg kahhgcgb e`btr`cggrt hag b`hal zaob `k aghgrs h`gc tg dgrgamgb. Hgstgrmtg vnb hgzg njfnbmgcaomfgah calt nnb fgt dgcnbl gb hg ‖vgrvnbldnnrfgah‑vnb hg kahhgcgb. _`wgc hg vgrhgcabl vnb kahhgcgb ncs hg kneftsvgrfùhablgbtussgb net`rgb zaob lgrglucggrh h``r j`rkgcg rglgcs (wgtlgvabl). Nnb hg nbhgrgmnbt lgvgb hg vgrhgcabl vnb kahhgcgb gb hg kneftsvgrfùhablgb vnnm ouastv`rk nnb j`rkgcg rglgcs. Ggb twgghg strueturgcg jnet`r as hnt `vgrfghgb nctaohnjfnbmgcaom zaob vnb hg kahhgcgb vnb nbhgrgb. Z`clgbs hg bgtwgrmdgbnhgrablzaob `vgrfghgb hnnr`k bagt kggr há h`kabnbtg pnrtao, knnr kggr ggb prakus

abtgr pnrgs. Erataea v`grgb nnb hnt hg bgtwgrmdgbnhgrabl hg stntus vnb hg `vgr-fgah hgvncuggrt. Ab hgzg mratasefg vasag as hg dgtr`mmgbfgah vnb vgrfghgb ab sn-



Unkgbvnttabl846

kgbwgrmablsv rkgb kgt nbhgrg pnrtaogb - wnt typgrgbh v``r dgcgahsbgtwgrmgbas - bglntagj khnt bgtwgrmgb trnbspnrnbt bèf e`btr`cggrdnnr zaob.

Hat `bhgrz`gm mnb w`rhgb lgzagb ncs ggb mratagm `p hg vgr`bhgrstgccabl hnt `vgrfg-hgb ab stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl nctaoh njfnbmgcaom zaob vnb nbhgrg pnrtaogb. @vgr-fghgb f`gvgb bagt nctaoh hg r`c vnb prakus abtgr pnrgs tg neegptgrgb? zaob mubbgbgjjgetagj gb kgt rgeft d`vgb hg nbhgrg pnrtaogb stnnb gb hag sturgb. Fgt `bhgrz`gmdaght twgg knntrglgcgb nnb `k abtgrnetags dabbgb dgcgahsbgtwgrmgb tg vgrnbhgrgbgb z`h`gbhg `vgrfghgb kggr wnnrhgstaolabl tg cntgb vgrfncgb? ggrst h``r lr`bhga-lgbh`ksrgeftgb nnb tg pnssgb gb vgrv`clgbs h``r hg kntg vnb zgmgrfgah gb fflgxada-catgat ab pcnbv`rkabl tg vgrnbhgrgb.

Lr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgbKgb zù mubbgb hgbmgb hnt galgbh`ksrgeftgb nnb hg lr`bhgalgbnnr ggb t`tncg vrao-fgah daghgb k zaob lr`bh tg lgdruamgb. Geftgr, hg rgncatgat as hnt j`rkgcg rglgcs hgzgrgeftgb dgpgrmgb. Yravnntrgeftgcaomg rglgcs zaob dgh`gch `k fgt b`rkncg vgrmggr vnbgalgbh`ksrgeftgb tussgb abhavahugb tg `rlnbasgrgb. Yudcagmrgeftgcaomg rglgcs rglu-cgrgb f`g `vgrfghgb dgpgrmablgb mubbgb `pcgllgb nnb galgbh`ksrgeftgb vnb hgr-hgb. Fgt pudcagmrgeft fggjt, sabhs ab hg >1g gguw hg sèancg jubetag vnb galgbh`kgb v`cmslgz`bhfgah nnb dgcnbl w`bbgb, nnbzagbcaomg dgpgrmablgb `plgcglh nnblr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgb. Xglgbw``rhal mnb hg galgbnnr zaob lr`bh nccggb lgdruamgbdabbgb hg lrgbzgb vnb wgttgcaomg v``rsefrajtgb, gb wnnr b`hal scgefts bnhnt fao fagr

t`gstgkkabl v``r fggjt lgmrglgb.

Ab Lr``t-Drattnbbaí, Bghgrcnbh gb Upnbog dgstnnt nc cnblgrg taoh hgdnt vgr dgpgrmab-lgb vnb galgbh`ksrgeftgb. Ab >18< abtr`hueggrhg ggb Dratsg wgt hg z`lgbnnkhg‖bnta`bncasntag vnb galgbh`ksrgeftgb‑, wnt t`t lgv`cl fnh hnt wnnrhgstaolabl wgrhdgcnst. Xglgbw``rhal dgstnnt hgzg dgcnstabl geftgr bagt kggr. Hg bnta`bncasntag vnbgalgbh`ksrgeftgb as bagt vgrhgr h``rlgv`grh, ab hag zab hnt fgt prabeapg hnt lr`bhga-lgbnrgb hg gbalgb zaob hag `p fub lr`bh mubbgb dùwgb, `bnnblgtnst dcggj.

Ab Bghgrcnbh zaob d`vgblgb`gkhg pr`dcgkgb kgt hg bnbeagrabl vnb `pgbdnrg

abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb `bhgrwgrp vnb e`btr`vgrsag gb hgdnt lgwggst. _` ashg vrnnl dghaseussaggrh `j fgt pudcagmrgeft nnb `vgrfghgb v`ch`gbhg abstrukgbtgbdaght `k rglag tg v`grgb `p ruaktgcaomg `btwammgcabl. U`kkalg nutgurs zaob fagr `p-takastasef `vgr, nbhgrgb b`lnc segptasef. Hg segptaea vabhgb hnt galgbh`ksrgeftgbggb s``rt `cal`p`cag vnb lr`bhgalgbnrgb ergígrt. _ao dgpcgatgb ggb nnbpnssabl vnbgalgbh`ksrgeftgb k vraog e`beurrgbtag tg dgv`rhgrgb.

Ab Upnbog fgddgb `vgrfghgb vnbnj hg >1g gguw k`gacaomfghgb `bhgrv`bhgb `khg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg dgtncgb. Hnt fggjt lgcgah t`t kggrhgrgv``rstgccgb gb knntrglgcgb hag dgtrgmmabl fgddgb `p galgbh`ksrgeftgb. Ab >17:

wgrh ggb stghgcaomg fgrvgrmnvgcablrglgcabl lgàbtr`hueggrh hag fgt pr`tgrgb vnb hgwnnrhgstaolabl v``rwnnrhgcaom stgchg nnb fgt bgkgb vnb vgrnbtw``rhgcaomfgah `vgr



Unkgbvnttabl 841

hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag. Lr`bhgalgbnrgb zaob sabhshagb vgrpcaeft `k hg `pgbdnrg ab-jrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg rgncasgrgb gb tg dgtncgb. Xgr e`kpgbsntag hgcgb zg hg

dùwmnvgcs. Lgkggbtgb zaob vgrpcaeft `k ggb Nclgkggb Dgstgkkablspcnb v``r fgtlgfgcg lgkggbtgcaomg lr`bhlgdagh vnst tg stgccgb `k fagrkgg lr`bhgalgbnrgb zg-mgrfgah tg daghgb `vgr hg dùwk`lgcaomfghgb. Hg lghgtnaccggrhfgah vnb hat pcnbgb zaob stgrm ourahasef dabhgbh mnrnmtgr lgvgb Upnbog abtgrbnta`bnnc ggb daoz`bhgrgpcgm. Hg fgrvgrmnvgcablrglgcabl rgsuctggrhg geftgr bagt ab v`ch`gbhg gb l`ghg pgb-dnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb. Znbnj hg onrgb ‖69 dgpcgattgb erataea (ab fgt daoz`b-hgr Lnreën-Dgccah`) `k ggb gabhg tg knmgb nnb hg `cal`p`cag vnb lr`bhgalgbnrgbgb hg `btwammgcablsrgeftgb nnb hg `vgrfgah tg lgvgb. Lgàbsparggrh h``r hat v``rstgcabtr`hueggrhg hg rgla` Zncgbean ab >118 ggb wgt k hg lr`bhspgeucntag tg dgstraohgbgb fgt pudcagmg vgrfnnc vnb wnnrhgstaolabl tg vgrdgtgrgb. Ab jgatg dgtgmgbt hgzg wgt

ggb spcatsabl vnb hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag vnb lr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgb.

_gmgrfgah gb fflgxadacatgat ab ruaktgcaomg pcnbv`rkabl

Ab hg nenhgkasefg wgrgch gb ab hg ruaktgcaomg `rhgbablsprnmtaom w`rht ggb cgvgbhalhgdnt lgv`grh vgr hg b``hznmgcaomg knnt vnb fflgxadacatgat ab ruaktgcaomg pcnbv`rkabl?k`gt pcnbv`rkabl ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk zgmgrfgah ergírgb `vgr fgt pcnb (`phnt `vgr-fghgb fgt rgsuctnnt mubbgb e`btr`cgrgb) `j ouast fflgxadacatgat daghgb (`k nnbpnssablnnb hg `kstnbhalfghgb k`lgcaom tg knmgb)0 \nbbggr ruaktgcaomg pcnbbgb ab ggbvr`gl stnhauk vnstlgstgch w`rhgb, lghgtnaccggrhg v``rsefrajtgb dgvnttgb, gb fgt bagtk`lgcaom as `k zg neftgrnj tg waozalgb, hnb as gr kabhgr fflgxadacatgat gb kggr zgmgrfgah

hnb vaeg vgrsn. Ab hg onrgb ‖:9 fnh ‖fflgxadacatgat‑ vnnm ggb bglntagvg daomcnbm, tglgb-w``rhal w`rht hnnr vnnm p`satagvgr bnnr lgmgmgb. Cntgr zuccgb wg zagb hnt hg kntgvnb fflgxadacatgat dgcnblraomg lgv`clgb fggjt v``r fgt pudcagmg wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc.

\nt fflgxadacatgat gb zgmgrfgah ab pcnbv`rkabl dgtrgjt, zaob gr twgg trnhatags. Ab hg‖pcnblgcgahg‑ trnhatag (z`ncs fgt Bghgrcnbhsg pcnb`c`lasefg stgcsgc) w`rht uatlglnnbvnb fgt daghgb vnb ggb lr`tg kntg vnb zgmgrfgah `vgr hg t`gm`kstalg `btwammgcabls-k`lgcaomfghgb ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk kgt dgfucp vnb ourahasef dabhgbhg ruaktgcaomgpcnbbgb (z`ncs fgt dgstgkkablspcnb). Ab hg ‖`btwammgcablslgcgahg‑ trnhatag (z`ncs fgtDratsg stgcsgc) w`rht uatlglnnb vnb kabhgr zgmgrfgah gb kggr ruaktg v``r bhgrfnb-

hgcablgb kgt btwammgcnnrs gb lr`bhgalgbnrgb, `m nc mubbgb ab ggb vr`gl stnhaukabhaentagvg ruaktgcaomg pcnbbgb dgstnnb. Hgzg vgrsefaccgb zaob fgt lgv`cl vnb fast`-rasefg vgrsefaccgb ab fgt rgeftsstgcsgc? pcnblgcgahg trnhatags cgubgb `p hg egbtrncg r`cvnb wgtlgvabl ab hg rgeftsstnnt, gb `btwammgcablslgcgahg trnhatags `p hg egbtrncg r`cvnb ouraspruhgbtag gb fgt prabeapg vnb prèghurgcg daccaomfgah.

Enusnnc k`hgc? wgcmg vnrandgcgb dgàbvc`ghgb fgt pudcagmg wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc

ab stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl0

Zgrsefaccgbhg net`rgb zaob dgtr`mmgb dao stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl? pudcagmg gb pra-vntg, kgt rglucgrgbhg dgv`glhfghgb `j bagt, kgt `j z`bhgr lr`bh, kgt ggb harget `j

abharget dgcnbl. Nccgb abtgrnetgrgb kgt gcmnnr dabbgb ggb e`kpcgx vnb vnrandgcgbgb ggb vnb hg uatm`kstgb as ggb dgpnnchg kntg vnb wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc. \nb-



Unkgbvnttabl859

bggr fgrstrueturgrabl t`t wnnrhgstaolabl cgaht as gr ggb abataícg wabst. Hgzg abataícgwabst hagbt geftgr z`hnbal tg w`rhgb vgrhggch z`hnt uatgabhgcaom ggb bncg wabst

`vgrdcaojt wnnrkgg hg pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb dgtnnch mubbgb w`rhgb.Hg abataícg wabst, gb `j hag zaef cnnt vgrtncgb ab ggb bncg wabst, as njfnbmgcaom vnbvgrsefgahgbg vnrandgcgb?N. E`btgxt vnrandgcgb hag hg f``ltg vnb hg abataícg wabst dgàbvc`ghgb? vnstl`gh-

knrmtgb, pcnbgb cèntag-galgbsefnppgb, nrdgahs- gb dùwkntgrancgbknrmtgb,gb dgcnstablrglakg.

D. E`btgxt vnrandgcgb hag hg vgrhgcabl vnb hg abataícg wabst dgàbvc`ghgb, hnt waczgllgb? hg j`rkgcg rglgcs hag rgcgvnbt zaob v``r ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl.

E. Netags vnb harget ab fgt pròget dgtr`mmgb net`rgb, abecusagj hag net`rgb kgt j`r-kgcg rglucnt`rasefg dgv`glhfghgb, wgcmg hg f``ltg vnb hg abataícg wabst dgàb-

vc`ghgb? f`g vgrfghgb hg abfùh gb jysagmg dglrgbzabl vnb pcnbbgb dgpncgb.H. Netags vnb harget ab fgt pròget dgtr`mmgb net`rgb, abecusagj hag net`rgb kgtj`rkgcg rglucnt`rasefg dgv`glhfghgb, wgcmg hg vgrhgcabl vnb hg abataícg wabstdgàbvc`ghgb? f`g `vgrfghgb lgdruam knmgb vnb j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``rruaktgcaomg rhgbabl, f`g pudcagmg gb pravntg pnrtaogb abtgrnetgrgb, gb spgeagmg`kstnbhalfghgb.

Hat `bhgrz`gm jèust `p hg knbagr wnnr`p hg vgt lgmcgurhg vnrandgcgb lgknbapu-cggrh mubbgb w`rhgb. D`vgbhagb w`rht rgmgbabl lgfùhgb kgt nccg nbhgrg vnrandg-cgb `khnt zg nccgknnc lgznkgbcaom hg f``ltg gb hg vgrhgcabl vnb hg abataícg wabst

(hg pudcagmg wnnrhgstaolablsvnblst) dgàbvc`ghgb. Gr zaob vgcg knbagrgb wnnr`p hgabataícg wabst mnb wglcgmmgb z`hnt hag bagt kggr dgsefamdnnr as `k `pgbdnrg abjrn-struetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg dgtncgb. Ggb knbagr as hnt hg abdrgblwnnrhg vnb lr`bhvggc f`lgr mnb zaob hnb hg kabakncg lr`bhwnnrhg. Kgt nbhgrg w``rhgb? f`lgr hnbhg wnnrhg vnb hg dgstnnbhg dgstgkkabl. Daov``rdggch, ab fgt dgstuhggrhg prògetM`p vnb @`st ab Lr`bablgb, wns hg kabakncg lr`bhwnnrhg earen ₣ 5.: kaco`gb, tgr-waoc hg abdrgblwnnrhg tgbkabstg ₣ >4 kaco`gb wns. Ggb nbhgrg knbagr wnnr`p hgabataícg wabst mnb wglcgmmgb as h``r fgt rglucagrg wabstpgregbtnlg hnt btwammgcnnrsncs vgrhagbstg ab rgmgbabl drgblgb.

Nnb fgt dglab vnb pcnbprègssgb zaob z`wgc hg abdrgblwnnrhg ncs fgt rglucagrgwabstpgregbtnlg b`l bagt vnstlgcglh. Dgahg mubbgb ab ggb cntgr stnhauk f``l vnstm`kgb tg stnnb, daov``rdggch `khnt gr vggc zgmgrfgah as `vgr hg t`gm`kstalg dùw-k`lgcaomfghgb (f`gvggc gb wnt znc hg lr`bhgalgbnnr mubbgb dùwgb) tgrwaoc hg zg-mgrfgah vgr t`gm`kstalg daohrnlgb (f`gvggc hg lr`bhgalgbnnr znc k`gtgb daohrnlgb,ab bnturn `j ab pgeuban) cnnl as.

Hnnrdao as hg `bhgrfnbhgcablsp`satag vnb `vgrfghgb ``m rgcgvnbt. \nbbggr `btwam-mgcnnrs `j lr`bhgalgbnrgb nc zgmgrfgah fgddgb `vgr dùwk`lgcaomfghgb, hnb mnbhg lgkggbtg kabhgr lgknmmgcaom daohrnlgb vnb pravntg pnrtaogb vrnlgb. \nbbggr gr

wgc zgmgrfgah as `vgr hg vgrpcaeftg daohrnlgb, hnb as hg `bhgrfnbhgcablsp`satag vnbhg lgkggbtg ouast stgrmgr `khnt hgzg daohrnlgb hnb fgt uatlnblspubt ab hg `bhgr-



Unkgbvnttabl 85>

fnbhgcablgb zaob. Hg lgkggbtgcaomg bhgrfnbhgcnnrs fgddgb ab hnt lgvnc ggb stgrmgdgcgahsdnsas v``r fub gasgb. Xgbsc`ttg, hg `bhgrfnbhgcablsp`satag vnb hg lgkggbtg

znc ``m dgtgr zaob wnbbggr hg lgkggbtg hg vnststgccabl vnb fgt dgstgkkablspcnb`pgbcaom v``rwnnrhgcaom mnb stgccgb nnb ggb `vgrggbm`kst wnnrab hg `btwammgcnnrzaob daohrnlgb zgmgrt. Lr`bhgalgbnrgb fgddgb ggb l`ghg `bhgrfnbhgcablsp`satag`khnt zg `vgr hg lr`bh dgsefammgb, wnt fgb ab stnnt stgct `k hg knxakncg praos tgvrnlgb v``r fub lr`bh. Xglgcaomgrtaoh mubbgb lr`bhgalgbnrgb pcnbprègssgb vgrtrn-lgb, gb vgrtrnlabl drgblt f`lgrg lr`bhgxpcàtntagm`stgb kgt zaef kgg hag tgb m`stglnnb vnb hg abataícg wabst. Daov``rdggch, ab M`p vnb @`st wnrgb hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag-m`stgb earen ₣ < kaco`gb, tgrwaoc zg vggc cnlgr fnhhgb mubbgb zaob, bnkgcaom blgvggr₣ 4 kaco`gb. Zgrtrnlabl mnb fgt lgv`cl zaob vnb k`gaznkg `bhgrfnbhgcablgb kgt ggbvggcfgah nnb lr`bhgalgbnrgb, knnr ``m ggb dgwustg strntglag vnb lr`bhgalgbnrgb

wnbbggr zg vgrwneftgb hnt hg lr`bhpraos mnb staolgb ab hg t`gm`kst. Fgt lgv`cl vnbhgzg abtgrnetags mnb zaob hnt gr wgabal vgrdcaojt vnb hg abataícg wabst. Ab M`p vnb @`st k`gst hg lgkggbtg hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb sudsahaírgb tgrwaoc ggbabataícg wabst vnb k`lgcaom ₣ >6,7 kaco`gb wns wgllgcgmt.

Xwgg knntrglgcgb `k pudcagm wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc tg vgrdgtgrgb ; twgg

fyp`tfgsgs

Hg twgg d`vgblgb`gkhg knntrglgcgb tgr vgrdgtgrabl vnb pudcagmg wnnrhgstaolabl-vnblst w`rhgb lgj`rkucggrh ncs fyp`tfgsgs?

>. Ggb spgeagmg v`rk vnb sefgahabl vnb lr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgb (lr`bhgxpcà-tntag sefgahgb vnb galgbh`ksrgeftgb) mnb hg kneftsvgrfùhablgb ab fgt ne-t`rgbbgtwgrm ab stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl vgrnbhgrgb, gb hat mnb fgt pudcagmgwnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc vgrdgtgrgb.

4. @bzgmgrfgah ergírgb ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk vnb pcnbprègssgb vgr t`gm`kstalgdùwk`lgcaomfghgb, gb zgmgrfgah vgr t`gm`kstalg daohrnlgb, mnb fgt pudcagmgwnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc p`satagj dgàbvc`ghgb.

F``jhstum 5 ― Kgtf`hg

Hat `bhgrz`gm dgstuhggrt ggb ‖jgb`kggb‑, bnkgcaom hg abtgrnetag tussgb lgkggbtgbhag lgdruam knmgb vnb j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``r ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl gb hg `bt-wammgcnnrs gb lr`bhgalgbnrgb hag ggb cèntag fgrstrueturgrgb. Hg jèus calt `p ggbnnbtnc vnrandgcgb, bnkgcaom fgt lgdruam vnb j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``r ruaktgcaomg`rhgbabl (hg `bnjfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcg) gb fgt h``r `vgrfghgb vgrfncgb vnb hg wnnr-hgstaolabl (hg njfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcg). Fgt gabhh`gc as `k mgbbas tg pr`huegrgb hagncs dnsas mnb hagbgb v``r fgt j`rkucgrgb vnb dgcgahsnnbdgvgcablgb tgb gabhg fgt

wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc ab hg Bghgrcnbhsg prnmtaom vnb fgrstrueturgrabl tg vgrdgtgrgb,gb tglgcaomgrtaoh pcnbprègssgb bagt tg vgrtrnlgb.



Unkgbvnttabl854

Ab hat `bhgrz`gm w`rhgb ggb nnbtnc mguzgs lgknnmt. Hg ggrstg as hnt hgzg stuhag`p ggb dgpgrmt nnbtnc ensgs cgubt? vagr ab Zncgbean, hrag ab Gblgcnbh gb vagr ab Bg-

hgrcnbh. Fgt wns bagt fnncdnnr `k v`ch`gbhg ensgs tg dgstuhgrgb wnnrkgg ggbrgprgsgbtntagvg stntastasefg nbncysg k`lgcaom wns, bèf `k hg rgcntag tussgb hg `b-njfnbmgcaomg gb njfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcgb pgrjget tg as`cgrgb. Hnnrbnnst daght ensg-`b-hgrz`gm kggr abj`rkntag `vgr fgt jgb`kggb gb hagbs abtgrnetags kgt hg e`btgxt hnbggb ggbkncal gbquïtg. Ab Gblgcnbh gb Bghgrcnbh v`bh hg hntnvgrznkgcabl pcnntsv``r hg nnbvnbl vnb hg abtgrbnta`bncg bnbeaícg gb ge`b`kasefg erasas ab hg z`kgrvnb 4996. Ab Upnbog v`bh zg v``r hg nnbvnbl vnb hg vnstl`gherasas, nnb fgt gabhvnb 499<, pcnnts. Z``r dgcnblraomg nspgetgb as gr ggb cnntstg hntnvgrznkgcablsr`bhguatlgv`grh, nnb fgt gabhg vnb 4991 gb lghurgbhg 49>9.

Hg twgghg mguzg wns `k hg vncahatgat vnb hg dgvabhablgb tg `ptakncasgrgb gb fagr-kgg ggb rasae` hnt abfgrgbt nnb ensg bhgrz`gm as, tg vgrkaohgb, bnkgcaom hnt z`hnba-lg spgeagmg mgbbas w`rht lgpr`hueggrh hnt fgt bagt mnb cgahgb t`t lgbgrncasggrdnrge`becusags gb dgcgahsnnbdgvgcablgb. Hat cgahhg grt`g hnt hrag lr`gpgb knntrglgcgblgàbtr`hueggrh zaob `k z`wgc hg abtgrbg ncs hg gxtgrbg vncahatgat tg vgrstgrmgb?>. Hg fyp`tfgtasef-hghuetagvg kgtf`hg tg fnbtgrgb `k hg twgg fyp`tfgsgs gkpa-

rasef tg jncsaegrgb=4. Znranbtgb vnb hg ‖kgtf`h `j hajjgrgbeg‑ tg fnbtgrgb `k fgt rasae` tg vgrkaohgb

vnb hgrhg vnrandgcgb gb vnb spuraguzg e`rrgcntags tussgb hg `bnjfnbmgcaomg gbnjfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcgb? vgrvnnrhalabl vnb ggb caost kgt k`lgcaomg hgrhg vnran-

dgcgb k tg gvncugrgb wnt fub r`c as ab gcm cnbh gb ensg= dgpgrmabl vnb hg t`tncgp`pucntag vnb ensgs, gb tgvgbs hag cnbhgb tg sgcgetgrgb kgt ggb vgrlgcaomdnrgp`catagmg, ge`b`kasefg gb sèancg neftgrlr`bh `k kgt dgahg knntrglgcgb hge`btgxt z` e`bstnbt k`lgcaom tg fùhgb= v``r uatv`gralgr `bhgrz`gm cnbhgb tgsgcgetgrgb kgt tglgb`vgrlgstgchg pcnb`c`lasefg stgcsgcs k fagrkgg hg vnranbtagab hg `bnjfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcg tg knxakncasgrgb, wnt lgcgah fggjt t`t ggb abtgr-bnta`bncg vgrlgcaomabl= hag ensgs sgcgetgrgb hag abb`vntagvg prnmtaomgb ab zaefkgghrnlgb, gb tgbsc`ttg, ncs hnt k`lgcaom wns, fgt jgb`kggb dgstuhgrgb v``r gbbn ggb vgrnbhgrabl ab hg bnjfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcg (ggb wgttgcaomg waozalabl)=

5. Zgrsefgahgbg tgefbagmgb tg fnbtgrgb wnnrkgg hg gxtgrbg vncahatgat (`j lgbg-

rncasggrdnnrfgah) m`b w`rhgb vgrstgrmt? rgprgsgbtntagvg ensgs tg sgcgetgrgb gbnctgrbntagvg, e`kpcgkgbtnarg dr`bbgb tg lgdruamgb bnnst hg ensgs.

Hat `bhgrz`gm as bagt lgraeft `p fgt dgstuhgrgb vnb fgt lgfgcg jgb`kggb, hnt waczgllgb `p ggb `ksefraovabl vnb nccg galgbsefnppgb vnb fgt jgb`kggb. Ab hat `b-hgrz`gm lnnt fgt `k fgt ahgbtaegrgb vnb hg rgcgvnbtg vnrandgcgb ab fgt t`tnnc vnbvnrandgcgb hag fgt jgb`kggb mubbgb mnrnmtgrasgrgb. Hnnr`k jèust hat `bhgrz`gm`p ggb nnbtnc sudvnrandgcgb vnb hg `bnjfnbmgcaomg gb njfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcgb. @khag tg ahgbtaegrgb wgrh ggb njfnbmgcaomfgahsk`hgc `btwammgch gb tgvgbs lgdruamlgknnmt vnb fgt tfg`rgtasefg mnhgr gb fgt enusnnc k`hgc, abecusagj hg twgg fyp`tfg-

sgs. Hg `bnjfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcg (j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``r ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl)wgrh z`h`gbhg vgrhggch ab vaoj sudvnrandgcgb `k prgeagzgr tg mubbgb nbncysgrgb



Unkgbvnttabl 855

f`g vgrfghgb hg j`rkgcg rglgcs lgdruamgb (v``rdgrgahgbhg bhgrz`gmsvrnnl >)?n) _gmgrfgah v``rnjlnnbh `vgr t`gm`kstalg dùwk`lgcaomfghgb gb daohrnlgb=

d) Abfùh vnb dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb=e) Dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb v``rwnnrhgcaom stgccgb nnb zgmgrabl h``r `btwammgcnnrvnb zaob daohrnlgb=

h) Lr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgb waozalgb=g) Yrèghurg v``r v``rdgrgahabl gb vnststgccabl vnb rgcgvnbtg dabhgbhg v``rsefraj-

tgb? lnrnbtags v``r abatantagjbgkgrs= fflgxadacatgat `k dgstnnbhg dabhgbhg v``r-sefrajtgb tg waozalgb= fflgxadacatgat `k pcnblrgbzgb vnb dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb njtfg stgkkgb `p bhgrfnbhgcablsprègs kgt lr`bhgalgbnrgb.

Hg njfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcg (fgt pudcagm wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc) wgrh ``m `bhgrvgr-

hggch ab ggb nnbtnc sudvnrandgcgb? nccg k`lgcaomg s``rtgb daohrnlgb vnb `btwammg-cnnrs gb lr`bhgalgbnrgb, gb tgvgbs k`lgcaomg bgvgbgjjgetgb, ab fgt daoz`bhgr fgttgkp` vnb fgt pcnbprègs. Fagrkgg wgrh fgt k`lgcaom `k hg kntg vnb pudcagmwnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc tg gvncugrgb (v``rdgrgahgbhg `bhgrz`gmsvrnnl 4). Z``rdg-rgahgbhg `bhgrz`gmsvrnnl 5 as dgnbtw``rh h``r fgt s``rt enusncg rgcntag tussgb hg`bnjfnbmgcaomg gb njfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcgb nj tg cgahgb. Fgt nbtw``rh as ab jgatg ggblgtgstg fyp`tfgsg, daov``rdggch? –wnbbggr lgkggbtgb ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk vnbpcnbprègssgb vnstcgllgb wgcmg daohrnlgb `btwammgcnnrs k`gtgb dgtncgb, hnb zncfgt pudcagmg wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc vgrdgtgrgb‛.

Bnhnt ab f``jhstummgb 7 t`t gb kgt < gcmg v``rdgrgahgbhg `bhgrz`gmsvrnnl as dg-nbtw``rh v``r nccg hrag cnbhgb, w`rhgb ab f``jhstum 6 `p dnsas vnb hg lgtgstg fy-p`tfgsgs e`becusags lgtr`mmgb v``r fgt nenhgkasefg hgdnt. Nc hgzg nbtw``rhgb gblgtgstg fyp`tfgsgs, kgt hnnrdao gvgbggbs spgeagmg mgbbas vgr hg Bghgrcnbhsg satu-ntag (wgtlgvabl, p`catagmg gb eucturgcg `vgrwglablgb) zaob b`hal `k ab f``jhstum 1ggb nbtw``rh tg lgvgb `p hg f``jh`bhgrz`gmsvrnnl, bnkgcaom `k dgcgahsnnbdgvg-cablgb tg j`rkucgrgb v``r hg Bghgrcnbhsg prnmtaom.

F``jhstum 8 ― ûaem senb? j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``rruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl ab \gst-Gur`pgsg cnbhgb

Hg ggrstg stnp ab fgt abtgrbnta`bnnc vgrlgcaomgbhg `bhgrz`gm as vgrmgbbgbh `bhgr-z`gm bnnr hg `bnjfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcg ab Bghgrcnbh gb ab neft nbhgrg \gst-Gur`pgsgcnbhgb lgwggst? Huatscnbh, Gblgcnbh (`bhgrhggc vnb Lr``t-Drattnbbaí), Zcnnbhgrgb(`bhgrhggc vnb Dgclaí), Jrnbmraom, _wghgb, Hgbgknrmgb, Atncaí gb Upnbog (rgla` Zn-cgbean). H``r hgzg cnbhgb, hag ggb vgrlgcaomdnrg e`btgxt mgbbgb, tg dgstuhgrgb, ashg abvc`gh vnb k`lgcaomg hgrhg vnrandgcgb vgrkabhgrh. Hg twgghg stnp as fgt dgscuat

`k hg rgla` Zncgbean gb Gblgcnbh tg sgcgetgrgb khnt zao hg drgghstg vnranbtag t``b-hgb ab hg `bnjfnbmgcaomg vnrandgcg (zao stnnb v``r tglgb`vgrlgstgchg k`hgccgb vnb



Unkgbvnttabl858

pcnb`c`lasefg stgcsgcs). Fagrkgg zaob hg mnbsgb vgrlr``t hnt dgtgmgbasv`ccg dgvabhab-lgb w`rhgb lgpr`hueggrh. Hgzg twgg cnbhgb, snkgb kgt Bghgrcnbh, zaob hnb ``m

fgt `bhgrwgrp vnb hagplnnbh `bhgrz`gm ab f``jhstummgb 7 t/k <.

Wat fgt vgrmgbbgbhg `bhgrz`gm mwnkgb dgcnblraomg vgrsefaccgb tussgb hg cnbhgbbnnr d`vgb. \nt dgtrgjt hg pcnnts vnb dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb ab fgt `bhgrfnbhg-cablsprègs stnnt Gblgcnbh v``r fgt ‖`btwammgcablslgcgahg‑ pcnb`c`lasefg stgcsgc, gbUpnbog/Zncgbean (snkgb, knnr ab kabhgrg kntg, kgt Jrnbmraom, Atncaí gb Zcnnbhgrgb)v``r fgt ‖pcnblgcgahg‑ stgcsgc. Bghgrcnbh, bgt z`ncs Huatscnbh, _wghgb gb Hgbgknr-mgb, v`clt ab hg prnmtaom hg `btwammgcablslgcgahg nnbpnm `khnt hg dabhgbhg v``r-sefrajtgb hag baguwg btwammgcabl k`lgcaom knmgb pns vnstlgstgch w`rhgb bnhnt lg-abtgrgssggrhg btwammgcnnrs vgr hg abfùh bhgrfnbhgch fgddgb kgt hg lgkggbtg.

\nt dgtrgjt hg abfùh vnb dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb, fggjt Bghgrcnbh (t`t 4996), sn-kgb kgt Hgbgknrmgb, daobn lggb uatv`grablslgraeftg dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb. Hntwact zgllgb? v``rsefrajtgb lgraeft `p hg pcnbuatv`grabl (hat zaob hèukgbtgb hag hgprnmtasefg uatv`grabl vnb ggb pcnb v``rsefraovgb? jnsgrabl- gb bnbeaícg v``rsefraj-tgb, j nbhgrg s``rtgb rglgcs dgh`gch v``r hg pcnbuatv`grabl). Gblgcnbh gb Zncgbeanfgddgb hat s``rt v``rsefrajtgb wgc. Hg Bghgrcnbhsg dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb (lggbrgmgbabl fùhgbh kgt fgt baguwg gxpcàtntagpcnb) fgddgb snkgb kgt hg Hggbsg,hg kggst dgpgrmtg abfùh (zao mubbgb bagt vggc kggr v``rsefraovgb hnb ruaktgcaom rg-cgvnbtg nspgetgb), tgrwaoc Gblgcnbh hg drgghstg fggjt. Xgbsc`ttg, ab Bghgrcnbh, Huats-cnbh, Jrnbmraom, _wghgb, Hgbgknrmgb gb Zcnnbhgrgb mnb hg vnststgccabl vnb dabhgb-

hg v``rsefrajtgb (pcnb`c`lasefg abpnssabl) bagt, j`rkggc gb `pgbcaom, v``rwnnrhgcaomw`rhgb lgstgch nnb hg dgrgahfgah vnb hg `btwammgcnnr `k hg uatv`grabl tg zgmgrgb(hnt hg `btwammgcnnr ab ggb e`btrnet hg vgrpcaeftabl `p zaef bggkt `k hg `pgbdnrgabjrnstruetuur tg rgncasgrgb, lr`bh vrao vnb m`stgb `vgr tg hrnlgb nnb hg lgkggbtg,dao tg hrnlgb nnb hg m`stgb, gb hgrlgcaomg). Ab Gblgcnbh, Zncgbean gb Atncaí as hat wgck`lgcaom gb as hnnr zgcjs hg stnbhnnrhprèghurg.

Ab nccg cnbhgb as fgt rgeft `k tg dùwgb `bhgrhggc vnb hg galgbh`ksrgeftgb. Gras lggb cnbh wnnr galgbh`ksrgeftgb v`ccghal lgsefgahgb zaob vnb fgt rgeft `k hglr`bh tg `btwammgcgb. Kgt nbhgrg w``rhgb? lr`bhgalgbnrgb zaob hg gbalgb hag lg-

nut`rasggrh zaob `k `p fub lr`bh tg dùwgb, gb zao mubbgb nbhgrgb dgcgkkgrgb`k hat tg h`gb. Geftgr, ab Zncgbean, Huatscnbh, Jrnbmraom gb _wghgb w`rht hg nnb-cgl vnb `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb ab hg ruaktgcaomg `rhgbablswgtlgvablgxpcaeagt lgàhgbtaeggrh ncs ggb pudcagmg tnnm, tgrwaoc ab Bghgrcnbh, Gblgcnbh gbhg nbhgrg cnbhgb hnt bagt z` as. Ab Zncgbean gb, ab kabhgrg kntg ``m ab Huatscnbhgb _wghgb, mubbgb hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb, hnbmzao hg k`lgcaom-fgah vnb lghw`blgb fgrvgrmnvgcabl, w`rhgb nnblgcglh z`bhgr `vgrggbstgkkabl tgfgddgb dgrgamt kgt hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb. Hnnr tglgb`vgr stnnt hnt ab Bghgrcnbh, Gb-lgcnbh, Jrnbmraom, Atncaí, _wghgb, Zcnnbhgrgb gb Hgbgknrmgb, hg nnbcgl vnb `pgb-dnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb wgc njfnbmgcaom as vnb `vgrggbstgkkabl kgt hg

lr`bhgalgbnrgb. Hgzg njfnbmgcaomfgah mnb nccggb w`rhgb vgrkghgb ncs hg `vgrfgahhargetg vgrnbtw``rhgcaomfgah hrnnlt, ab z`wgc bnbeaícg ncs `rlnbasnt`rasefg zab (hg



Unkgbvnttabl 857

lr`bh m`pgb, gb/`j v``rmgursrgeft, `btgalgbabl `j dnntdgcnstabl t`gpnssgb). \nt hgprèghurg v``r hg vnststgccabl vnb dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb dgtrgjt, as fgt ab Gblgcnbh

s`ks k`lgcaom `k rgghs vnstlgstgchg dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb ablraopgbh tg waozalab-lgb h``r kahhgc vnb ggb sakpgcg gb m`rtg prèghurg, tgrwaoc hnnr ab Bghgrcnbh gbZncgbean ggb zwnrg prèghurg v``r b`hal as.

F``jhstum 7 ― Zncgbean

Hg Upnnbsg rgla` Zncgbean fggjt daobn nccg dgv`glhfghgb ab ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabls-wgtlgvabl gb sudsahaggrt, snkgb kgt hg egbtrncg rglgrabl ab Knhrah gb ggb lr``t

nnbtnc lgkggbtgb, ggb nnbtnc pr`lrnkkn‑s lgraeft `p hg fgrstrueturgrabl gb rgvatn-casgrabl vnb fast`rasefg lgdaghgb gb vgrpnupgrhg duurtgb. Geftgr, fgt cgguwgbhggcvnb fgrstrueturgrabl hnt ab hg cnntstg hgegbban fggjt pcnntslgv`bhgb, as fgt abatantagjlgwggst vnb pravntg pnrtaogb, hag z`bhgr pudcagmg sudsahags vgrùhgrhg dabbgbstg-hgcaomg dghraojs- gb mnbt``rcèntags fgddgb lgtrnbsj`rkggrh t`t w`bablgb, wabmgc-ruaktg gb mnbt`rgb. Hat `bhgrz`gm jèust p hat s``rt fgrstrueturgrablsprògetgb.

@k ggb cèntag tg trnbsj`rkgrgb k`gtgb ggrst hg dgstnnbhg dabhgbhg v``rsefraj-tgb w`rhgb lgwaozalh. Gr zaob twgg s``rtgb dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb? fgt ‖Nclgkggbdgstgkkablspcnb‑ gb fgt ‖Lghgtnaccggrhg pcnb‑. Nclgkgbg pcnbbgb hgmmgb fgt fgcg

lgkggbtgcaom lr`bhlgdagh gb fgddgb ggb ourahasef dabhgbh mnrnmtgr. Ab uatdrgahabls-lgdaghgb dgstgkkgb zg hg lr`bh ab dgdùwdnnr gb bagt-dgdùwdnnr, sefraovgb zghg k`lgcaomg typ`c`lagíb v``r, hg `pgbdnrg f``jhabjrnstruetuur gb f``jhjneacatgatgb,gb fgt gxnetg nnbtnc dùwrgeftgb wnnr gcmg galgbnnr rgeft `p fggjt (ab hg v`rk vnbggb ffl``r spneg abhgx). Hg dùwrgeftgb lgvgb ggb f`lg kntg vnb zgmgrfgah `vgrhg t`gm`kstalg dùwk`lgcaomfghgb. Xgvgbs, ab uatdrgahablslgdaghgb hag dabbgb nj-zagbdnrg taoh hagbgb tg w`rhgb `btwammgch, gb ab dabbgbstghgcaomg cèntags, fùhgbNclgkgbg pcnbbgb ``m zggr lghgtnaccggrhg v``rsefrajtgb ab. Hag v``rsefrajtgb fgd-dgb dgtrgmmabl `p hg r`àcaob, hg f``ltg gb fgt v`cukg vnb hg lgdùwgb gb hgmcgabg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb. Lghgtnaccggrhg pcnbbgb zaob dgh`gch

v``r spgeagmg cèntags. Ncs fgt Nclgkgbg pcnb bagt rgghs lghgtnaccggrh as, w`rht hntab ggb Lghgtnaccggrh pcnb lghnnb.

Xrnhata`bggc fgddgb Upnnbsg `vgrfghgb nctaoh lgtrneft `k hg `brgbhndgcg `bhgrhg-cgb vnb stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl tg dgtncgb kgt hg rgbhndgcg bhgrhgcgb. Hat strgvgbcgahhg ab >17: t`t hg abtr`huetag vnb hg rgghs lgb`gkhg stghgcaomg fgrvgrmnvgcablrg-lgcabl. Lr`bhgalgbnrgb wgrhgb vgrpcaeft `k hg fgrvgrmnvgcabl vnb galgbh`kslrgb-zgb gb hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag zgcj tg rlnbasgrgb gb tg dgtncgb. \nbbggr lr`bhgalgbnrgbfagr bagt nnb kggwgrmtgb m`b hg lgkggbtg hg galgbnrgb tgrzaohg sefuavgb h``r lg-hw`blgb fgrvgrmnvgcabl `j `btgalgbabl t`g tg pnssgb. Ab >1<6 abtr`hueggrhg hg egb-

trncg rglgrabl ggb rggms wgttgcaomg kabakncg stnbhnnrhgb vnb `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuurgb jneacatgatgb wgcmg, snkgb kgt fgt Nclgkgbg pcnb, zgmgrfgah sefagp `vgr hg t`g-



Unkgbvnttabl85:

m`kstalg vgrpcaeftg daohrnlgb. Geftgr, hg fgrvgrmnvgcablrglgcabl uat >17: stakucggrhglr`bhspgeucntag (wnt cgahhg t`t f`lg abdrgblwnnrhgs v``r hg lr`bh), `btk`gttg vggc

vgrzgt vnb hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb gb cgahhg t`t vgrtrnlabl vnb pcnbprègssgb (dgahg cgah-hgb t`t `bb`halg kggrm`stgb ab hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag). Hgzg tgm`rtm`kablgb cgahhgbt`t dùwpcnbbgb kgt `bv`ch`gbhg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb tg knssagvg, `plgdcn-zgb dgdùwabl. Ab >118 abtr`hueggrhg hg rgla`bncg rglgrabl vnb Zncgbean dgcnblraomgwaozalablgb ab hg fgrvgrmnvgcablrglgcabl. Ggrst wgrh ggb hgrhg pnrtao lgàbtr`hueggrh,bnnst hg lgkggbtg gb hg lr`bhgalgbnnr `j `btwammgcnnr? hg urdnbasggrhgr (nlgbtgurdnbaznh`r ). Hgzg pnrtao f`gjt lggb lr`bh tg dgzattgb gb mnb rgeftstrggms w`rhgblgsgcgetggrh h``r hg lgkggbtg (fgt lnnt hnb `k ggb pudcagm lr`bhdghraoj) `j lgsgcge-tggrh w`rhgb ab ggb pudcagmg tgbhgr (e`kkgreaícg `btwammgcnnr). Ggbknnc lgsgcge-tggrh bggkt hg urdnbasggrhgr hg vgrnbtw``rhgcaomfgah v``r hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag gb hg

fgrvgrmnvgcabl. Xgb twgghg lnj hg wgt uat >118 lnrnbtags nnb hg e`kkgreaícg pnrtaogbwnbbggr zg kgg wachgb h`gb kgt hg pudcagmg tgbhgr. Xgb hgrhg wgrhgb Lghgtnaccggr-hg pcnbbgb v``rtnnb vgrlgzgch kgt ggb hèukgbt kgt hnnrab nccg uatv`grablslgraeftgdabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb gb ggb rgncasntag`vgrggbm`kst. Ggb aghgr (fgt as bagt b`hal `klr`bh tg dgzattgb) mnb kggh`gb nnb hg pudcagmg tgbhgr h``r ggb pcnb ab tg hagbgb daohg lgkggbtg, gb ggb aghgr as vrao `k dgzwnrgb `j nctgrbntagvg pcnbbgb ab tg hagbgb.Bn gvncuntag dgscast hg lgkggbtgrnnh `vgr fgt hgbatagvg pcnb gb sgcgetggrt zao hg ur-dnbasggrhgr. Hgzg pnrtao knnmt gb hagbt dao hg lgkggbtg ab ggb lghgtnaccggrh v``rstgcv``r hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb gb v``r hg fgrvgrmnvgcabl. Bnhnt hggalgbh`ksrgeftgb zaob lgwaozalh (hat mnb hgsb``hs w`rhgb njlghw`blgb) `btvnblt

hg lgkggbtg hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb gb hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb hg rgstg-rgbhg dùwmnvgcs. Xgbsc`ttg hagbgb hg galgbnrgb vnb hg dùwmnvgcs dùwnnbvrnlgbab dao hg lgkggbtg, hag vgrv`clgbs dùwvgrlubbablgb lubt. Hg Zncgbeannbsg b`vatgatas abkahhgcs ab daobn nccg Upnnbsg rgla`‑s lgàbtr`hueggrh.

F`g vgr mubbgb hg daohrnlgb vnb lr`bhgalgbnrgb gb `btwammgcnnrs lnnb0 Ab Upnbogfgddgb lgkggbtgb ab uatdrgahablscèntags rgeft p hg njr`kabl vnb ggb hggc vnb hgwnnrhgstaolabl? lr`bhgalgbnrgb hagbgb tussgb hg 7% gb >7% vnb hg dùwmnvgcs`vgr tg hrnlgb nnb hg lgkggbtg. Hnnrbnnst hagbgb hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb hg lr`bhgx-pcàtntagm`stgb tg dgtncgb (hg nnbcgl vnb abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb, hg pcnbm`stgb

gb fgt wabstpgregbtnlg vnb hg urdnbasggrhgr) gb hg b`halg lr`bh tgr dgsefammabltg stgccgb. Ab prabeapg hagbgb hg lgdùwgb kgt ggb `pgbdnrg jubetag (sef`cgb, zag-mgbfuazgb gb hgrlgcaomg) tg w`rhgb dgtnnch h``r hg dgv`glhg `vgrfgah, knnr hntlgcht bagt v``r hg dùw vnb sèancg w`bablgb, hag dgtnnch gb lgrgncasggrh hagbgb tgw`rhgb h``r hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb. Xgvgbs as fgt ``m k`lgcaom `k vnb lr`bhgalgbnrgbtg gasgb hnt zg gchgrs lgcglgb lr`bh vgrhrnlgb tgb dgf`gvg vnb d`vgbwaomsg jneaca-tgatgb. Lgkggbtgb zaob vrao `k vgr nnbvuccgbhg gasgb tg bhgrfnbhgcgb kgt urdnba-sggrhgrs. Abhagb hg urdnbasggrhgr hnnrab t`gstgkt, k`gt fao hag gxtrn m`stgb uat galgbkahhgcgb dgtncgb gb mnb fao hag bagt ab rgmgbabl drgblgb nnb hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb.

Ab hg stnh Zncgbean zaob gr hrag ensgs bhgrzèft? Enkab` F`bh` hgc Lrn` (7,< fge-tnrg, 8:7 nppnrtgkgbtgb pcus nnbzagbcaom dùwv`cukg mnbt``r gb hgtnacfnbhgc)=



Unkgbvnttabl 85<

Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn (>,4 fgetnrg, >47 nppnrtgkgbtgb, pcus ggb dggtog hgtnacfnb-hgc)= gb Ygra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn (9,: fgetnrg, >99 nppnrtgkgbtgb, pcus ggb dggtog

hgtnacfnbhgc). Ggb ensg as lgcglgb ab hg stnh Ncaenbtg? Dgbncÿn Uur (6 fgetnrg, :99nppnrtgkgbtgb, pcus nnbzagbcaom dùwv`cukg mnbt``r gb hgtnacfnbhgc). Ab nccg vagrensgs as ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk ggb Nclgkggb pcnb `plgstgch hnt lghgtnaccggrhg v``r-sefrajtgb abfagch, knnr tèf k`gst gr ggb Lghgtnaccggrh pcnb w`rhgb vnstlgstgch nc-v`rgbs hg cèntag fgr`btwammgch kèft w`rhgb. Ab hg ensgs Enkab` gb Dgbncÿnwaozalhg fgt Lghgtnaccggrhg pcnb knogurg v``rsefrajtgb vnb fgt Nclgkggb pcnb= abLuaccgk gb Ygra`hastn kabgurg v``rsefrajtgb. Ab nccg ensgs wns hg urdnbasggrhgr ggbe`kkgreaícg pnrtao hag lgsgcgetggrh wgrh ab ggb pudcagmg tgbhgr. U`ks wnrgb hntpr`jgssa`bgcg `btwammgcnnrs (Luaccgk nbh Ygra`hastn), s`ks hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb zgcjhag lgznkgbcaom urdnbasggrhgr zaob lgw`rhgb (Enkab` gb Dgbncÿn). Ab nccg lgvnccgb

as vnstlgcglh hnt hg urdnbasggrhgrs hg pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb nnbcgl-lgb. @khnt zao kggstnc ``m ggb lr``t hggc vnb hg lr`bh lgmèft fgddgb, zuccgb zao``m hg `btwammgcnnrs vnb fgt vnstl`gh w`rhgb. Ab Ygra`hastn vgrmèftgb daobn nccggalgbnrgb hg lr`bh vrao sbgc nnb hg urdnbasggrhgr. Ab Luaccgk wnefttgb zg. Hg kggs-tgb vgrmèftgb hg lr`bh pns tgb taohg vnb hg fgrvgrmnvgcablprèghurg. Ab Enkab`gb Dgbncÿn wns hg lr`bh rgghs fgt galgbh`k vnb hg urdnbasggrhgr (nnblgzagb hglr`bhgalgbnrgb zgcj ncs urdnbasggrhgr wgrhgb lgsgcgetggrh).

F``jhstum : ― Gblgcnbh

Hg egbtrncg Dratsg rglgrabl gb hg rgla`bncg gb c`mncg vgrfghgb ab Gblgcnbh fgddgbtwgg dgcnblraomg v`rkgb vnb fgrstrueturgrablsdgcgah `btwammgch? dgcgah dgh`gchv``r vgrpnupgrhg w`bablgb (hat dgcgah fggjt ggb cnblg trnhatag), gb dgcgah dgh`gchv``r hg stnhsvgrbaguwabl (ablgzgt vnbnj hg onrgb ‖<9). Hg dgstuhggrhg ensgs cntgbzagb hnt vgrfghgb ab hg cnntstg hgegbban lgpr`dggrh fgddgb ggb ruakgrg dgtr`mmgb-fgah vnb e`kkgreaícg `btwammgcnnrs ab hg bnbeagrabl vnb `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuurgb jneacatgatgb tg vgrwgzgbcaomgb. @k ggb cèntag tg mubbgb fgr`btwammgcgb hagbgblgkggbtgb (Cènc Ycnbbabl Nutf`ratags) ggrst hg dgstnnbhg dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb

tg waozalgb. Tuaktgcaomg pcnbbgb gb vasags mubbgb ab Gblgcnbh ggb dgcnblraomg r`cspgcgb, knnr zg zaob abhaentagj. Kgt nbhgrg w``rhgb? zg fgddgb lggb rgeftstrggmsge`bsgqugbtags v``r hg lgdruamsk`lgcaomfghgb vnb lr`bh gb `pstnccgb. Fgt gbalgpcnbhèukgbt kgt ggb ourahasef dabhgbh mnrnmtgr as hg Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b. Bnhntggb `btwammgcnnr v``r ggb e`bergtg cèntag ggb nnbvrnnl fggjt ablghagbh v``r ggbYcnbbabl Ygrkassa`b, mnb hg lgkggbtg grv``r magzgb k nccggb v``rwnnrhgb tg stgc-cgb, `j vgrhgr tg lnnb gb daohrnlgb tg `bhgrfnbhgcgb ab ggb rgncasntag`vgrggbm`kst(Ycnbbabl Nlrggkgbt , `jtgwgc >9:-nlrggkgbt ).

Ab Gblgcnbh fggjt hg `vgrfgah ab prabeapg rgeft `k hg wnnrhgstaolabl hag hnbmzao fgr-

dgstgkkabl btstnnt, tg btvnblgb. Ab fgt vgrcghgb wns fagr ggb spgeagmg dgcnstablv``r, knnr hag dgstnnt bagt kggr. Yudcagm wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc vabht ab hg prnmtaom



Unkgbvnttabl856

pcnnts h``r nnb `btwammgcnnrs daohrnlgb tg vrnlgb `k hg bglntagvg gxtgrbncatgatgbvnb dùwpcnbbgb tg rgpnrgrgb. Hgzg prnmtaom wgrh vnbnj hg onrgb ‖<9 lgkggbl`gh.

Hg s``rtgb daohrnlgb gv`cuggrhgb vnb nnbvnbmgcaom v``rnc fgt dùw- gb w``braopknmgb vnb hg cèntag zgcj (`b-satg), raeftabl daohrnlgb dgh`gch `k kacagu- gb knnt-sefnppgcaomg jneacatgatgb tg dgm`stalgb, vnnm lgsatuggrh duatgb hg spgeagmg cèntag(`jj-satg). @btwammgcnnrs w`rhgb tglgbw``rhal ``m lgvrnnlh `k sèancg w`babl-dùw tg rgncasgrgb. Ab hg cnntstg onrgb `btst`bh e`btr`vgrsag `vgr hg vrnnl f`gvgrlgkggbtgb k`lgb lnnb ab fub gasgb. Hnt fggjt lgcgah t`t ggb strnmmgrg rglucgrablvnb fgt s``rt daohrnlgb hnt kgb knl vrnlgb, knnr hnt fggjt bagt t`t ggb vgrkabhgrablvnb daohrnlgb lgcgah.

Hg hrag dgstuhggrhg ensgs zaob lgcglgb ab hg stnh Drast`c? Fnrdùrsahg/Enb`b‑s Knrsf

(<,6 fgetnrg, <99 nppnrtgkgbtgb, 88.999 k´ mnbt``r, 59.999 k´ e`kkgreaícg ruaktg),Xgkpcg ûny (<,8 fgetnrg, 817 nppnrtgkgbtgb, :>.999 k´ mnbt``r, gb <.999 k´ e`k-kgreaícg jneacatgatgb) gb Kglnd`wc (>,5 fgetnrg, >68 nppnrtgkgbtgb). Fgt Drast`c CèncYcnb uat >11< (ggb ruaktgcaom pcnb kgt ggb abhaentagj mnrnmtgr hnt hg fgcg stnh hgmt)lnj, v``r nccg hrag ensgs, bagt ourahasef dabhgbhg, lc`dncg v``rsefrajtgb. Ncv`rgbs hgfgr`btwammgcabl kèft nnbvnblgb, k`gst hg lgkggbtg ggb j kggrhgrg Ycnbbabl Ygr-kassa`bs vgrcgbgb, gb hgzg pgrkassa`bs fagchgb gasgb ab `vgr daohrnlgb hag `bhgrfnb-hgch wnrgb kgt hg btwammgcnnrs gb uatgabhgcaom cgahhgb t`t rgncasntag`vgrggbm`kstgb.

F``jhstum < ― Bghgrcnbh

Hg Bghgrcnbhsg `vgrfghgb strgvgb stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl bn gb stakucgrgbbaguwdùw dabbgb hg lrgbzgb vnb dgstnnbhg stghgb. Gr as spgeagm dgcgah v``r?kuctajubeta`bgcg egbtrncg cèntags, abecusagj sp``rstnta`bs (ensg Utnta`bsmwnrtagr , >:fgetnrg, :79 nppnrtgkgbtgb, pcus vggc mnbt`rgb, ggb dggtog hgtnacfnbhgc, ggb baguwstnta`b gb vggc pnrmggrlgdùwgb)= k`b`jubeta`bgcg v``r- gb bn``rc`lsg waomgb(ensg Mruahgbduurt , >< fgetnrg, :79 w`bablgb, pcus ggb dggtog mnbt`rgb) gb ùhgdghraovgbtgrrgabgb (ensgs Hg Jubgb -6 fgetnrg, 7:7 nppnrtgkgbtgb, dggtog mnbt`-

rgb gb M`p vnb @`st -7 fgetnrg, 859 nppnrtgkgbtgb, pcus ggb dggtog e`kkgreaícgruaktg). Dao stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl w`rhgb vnnm abhaentagvg ruaktgcaomg pcnbbgbvnstlgstgch, wnnrvnb hg kggrhgrfgah bagt as lgrglucggrh ab wgtlgvabl. Z``rnjlnnbhnnb hg fgr`btwammgcabl vnb hg lgb`gkhg cèntags k`gstgb ggrst hg bnbeaícg kah-hgcgb w`rhgb lgv`bhgb `k hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg dgtncgb, gbd`vgbhagb dgst`bh gr dgf`gjtg nnb hg waozalabl vnb hg dgstnnbhg dgstgkkabl.

Ab Bghgrcnbh dgf``rt hg wnnrhgstaolabl vnb lr`bh nnb hg galgbnnr. Hg fuahalg wgt-tgcaomg k`lgcaomfghgb `k wnnrhgstaolabl tg vgrfncgb zaob dgpgrmt t`t m`stgbvgrfnnc,kgt nbhgrg w``rhgb? t`t daohrnlgb `k hag `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg

dgtncgb wnnrvnb hg dgtrgjjgbhg cèntag dnnt fggjt. Hat as bagt vgrnbhgrh kgt hg bagu-wg \gt ruaktgcaomg rhgbabl (\r`) gb Dgscuat ruaktgcaomg rhgbabl (Dr`) uat 4996. Ab



Unkgbvnttabl 851

fgt nclgkggb zaob daohrnlgb vnb `btwammgcnnrs fgt rgsuctnnt vnb `bhgrfnbhgcablgb.Hg baguwg \r` knnmt fgt v``r fgt ggrst k`lgcaom `k lr`bhgalgbnrgb ggb daohrnlg

tg vrnlgb z`bhgr hnt hnnr `bhgrfnbhgcablgb b``hznmgcaom v``r zaob. Fagrv``r hagbthg lgkggbtg ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb vnst tg stgccgb, wnt fnnr ab stnnt stgct `k j`rkggc gb`pgbcaom hg dùwvgrlubbabl (knnr bagt hg vnststgccabl vnb fgt dgstgkkablspcnb `jvraostgccabl/prògetdgscuat) v``rwnnrhgcaom tg stgccgb nnb ggb daohrnlg. Hg Dr` rglu-cggrt hg s``rtgb m`stgb hag lgkggbtgb mubbgb h``rdgrgmgbgb nnb lr`bhgalgbnrgbkahhgcs ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb. Fgt lnnt hnb k m`stgb v``r hg pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuurgb jneacatgatgb gb vnb sèancg w`bablgb dabbgb fgt pcnblgdagh, gb vnb pcnb`vgr-sefraohgbhg jneacatgatgb hag rgeftstrggms lgrgcntggrh zaob nnb hg hgsdgtrgjjgbhg cèn-tag. Bagt abdglrgpgb zaob ggb hggc vnb hg pcnb`vgrsefraohgbhg jneacatgatgb, hg m`stgbvnb `bhgrfùh gb gxpcàtntag, vnb knntsefnppgcaomg v``rzagbablgb, gb ggb hggc vnb

hg m`stgb vnb pcnbv``rdgrgahabl gb vnb hg fgrabraeftabl vnb ùhg abjrnstruetuur.Hnnrbnnst, `khnt fgt bagt nnb lr`bhgalgbnrgb knl w`rhgb lgvrnnlh `k (ggb hggcvnb) hg wnnrhgstaolabl vnb fub lr`bh nj tg stnnb, akpcaeggrt fgt knmgb vnb ggb gx-pcàtntagpcnb ab stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrablspr ogetgb vnnm ggb hgeat ab hg lr`bhgx-pcàtntag, hag v``r rgmgbabl vnb hg lgkggbtg m`kt. Ab pcnnts vnb fgt vnststgccgb vnbggb gxpcàtntagpcnb, zaob lgkggbtgb gb `btwammgcnnrs `j lr`bhgalgbnrgb sabhs 4996vrao `k daohrnlgb nj tg sprgmgb ab ggb `vgrggbm`kst. Ggb hgrlgcaomg `vgrggbm`kstw`rht ‖nbtgragur‑ lgb`gkh. Ggb nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kst knl kggr daohrnlgb ab-fùhgb hnb ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb.

F``jhstummgb 6 gb 1 ― E`becusags gb dgcgahs-nnbdgvgcablgb v``r

hg Bghgrcnbhsg prnmtaom

Yudcagmg pnrtaogb vgrfncgb kggr wnnrhgstaolabl ab Zncgbean gb Gblgcnbh hnb ab

Bghgrcnbh

Hg dgvabhablgb knmgb huahgcaom hnt j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``r ruaktgcaomg `rhg-babl ab Zncgbean gb Gblgcnbh nnbzagbcaom nbhgrs zaob hnb ab Bghgrcnbh (zag v`clgbhg

sgetags). Ggb vgrlgcaomabl tussgb f`gvggc wnnrhgstaolabl `vgrfghgb mubbgb vgrfncgbt``bt ``m `pkgrmgcaomg vgrsefaccgb. Ab stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrablscèntags `p pravntglr`bh ab Zncgbean gb Gblgcnbh hrnlgb pravntg pnrtaogb kggr dao hnb ab Bghgrcnbh. Hgvgrsefaccgb dgtrgjjgb hg v`clgbhg s``rtgb daohrnlgb?― Dùw- gb w``braop knmgb `p cèntag? ab Gblgcnbh gb Zncgbean w`rhgb hgzg

m`stgb lr`tgbhggcs j lgfggc dgtnnch h``r hg btwammgcnnrs, tgrwaoc zg ab Bghgr-cnbh vnnm dgtnnch w`rhgb kgt pudcagmg sudsahags=

― Lr`bh v` r hg pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb p cèntag? ab Zncgbean hrn-lgb lr`bhgalgbnrgb hgzg lr`bh lrntas gb vrao vnb m`stgb, tgrwaoc ab Gblgcnbh gbBghgrcnbh gr vggc lr`tgrg pudcagmg daohrnlgb zaob `k hgzg lr`bh tg vgrmraolgb=

― Uèancg w`bablgb? ab Gblgcnbh gb Zncgbean w`rhgb sèancg w`bablgb (fgt fagr-dao dgf`rgbh tgm`rt) lr`tgbhggcs `j daobn lgfggc dgtnnch h``r hg `btwammgcnnrs,



Unkgbvnttabl889

tgrwaoc ab Bghgrcnbh hat tgm`rt v``rbnkgcaom dgtnnch w`rht h``r lgkggbtgb gbw`bable`rp`rntags=

― D`vgbwaomsg jneacatgatgb hag duatgb hg c entag callgb? ab Gblgcnbh gb Zncgbeanhrnlgb `btwammgcnnrs fagr sudstnbtaggc nnb dao (ab Gblgcnbh v``rbnkgcaom kgtlgchgcaomg daohrnlgb, ab Zncgbean praknar kgt lr`bh), tgrwaoc ab Bghgrcnbh hats``rt daohrnlgb bnuwgcaoms v``rm`kt=

― Dnntnjr`kabl? lgkggbtgb ab Zncgbean r`kgb ggb sudstnbtaggc hggc vnb hg ge`-b`kasefg wnnrhgstaolabl vnb lr`bh nj, ``m ncs zg lggb lr`bh dgzattgb. Ab Gblg-cnbh as j`rkggc lgzagb lggb sprnmg vnb dnntnjr`kabl, knnr khnt hg k`lgcaomgs``rtgb daohrnlgb vnb `btwammgcnnrs ruak zaob lghgbaggrh zù fgt k`lgcaomzaob `k tg e`becuhgrgb hnt hnnr wgc sprnmg vnb as. Ab Bghgrcnbh as hat nccggbfgt lgvnc wnbbggr hg lgkggbtg hg lr`bh dgzat gb/`j zgcj abvgstggrt gb rasae`‑s

hrnnlt.

Gr as ggb stgrmg e`rrgcntag tussgb hg vgrfnnchg wnnrhgstaolabl (fgt f``lstg ab Zn-cgbean, cnlgr knnr b`l stgghs f``l ab Gblgcnbh, gb fgt cnnlst ab Bghgrcnbh) gb hgvgrsefaccgbhg k`lgcaomfghgb hag hg j`rkgcg rglgcs rgcgvnbt v``r ruaktgcaomg rhgbabldaghgb. Geftgr, hgzg e`rrgcntag as bagt pgrjget. Gr zaob nbhgrg vnrandgcgb hag k`lgcaom``m ggb hggc vnb hg vgrsefaccgb ab vgrfnnchg wnnrhgstaolabl vgrmcnrgb. X`gb hg hntnwgrhgb vgrlnnrh, wnrgb hg w`bablpraozgb ab hg Gblgcsg ensgs nnbzagbcaom f`lgrhnb hg praozgb ab hg Zncgbeannbsg gb Bghgrcnbhsg ensgs. Hat zù lghggctgcaom mub-bgb vgrmcnrgb wnnr`k Gblgcsg btwammgcnnrs kggr lgbgrguzg daohrnlgb cgvgrgb hnb

fub Bghgrcnbhsg e`ccgln‑s, knnr lgfggc bagt wnnr`k Zncgbeannbsg `btwammgcnnrs,`bhnbms vgrlgcaomdnrg knrmtpraozgb kgt Bghgrcnbh, tèf agts kggr hnb hg Gblgcsggb vggc kggr hnb hg Bghgrcnbhsg `btwammgcnnrs daohrnlgb. Nbhgrg vnrandgcgb hag``m ggb hggc vnb hg vgrsefaccgb mubbgb vgrmcnrgb zaob hg pcnbgb cèntag-galgb-sefnppgb, nrdgahs- gb dùwkntgranncknrmtgb, dgcnstablrglakg, abfùh gb jysagmgdglrgbzabl vnb pcnbbgb, gb spgeagmg kstnbhalfghgb vnb hg dgtr`mmgb abtgrnetagsgb pgrs`bgb.

Nclgkgbg e`becusags v``r fgt nenhgkasefg hgdnt

F``jhstum 4 zgttg twgg spgeagmg knntrglgcgb bggr, lgj`rkucggrh ncs fyp`tfgsgs,

dgh`gch `k hg abtgrnetags tg dgàbvc`ghgb dabbgb hg dgcgahsbgtwgrmgb ab stghgcaomgfgrstrueturgrabl gb fgt rgsuctgrgbhg wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc. Hgzg twgg fyp`tfgsgszaob gkparasef lgtgst. Hg ggrstg spgeucggrt `vgr hg gjjgetgb `p wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnncvnb hg hgbatag vnb lr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgb gb f`g hat hg kneftsvgrfùhabl dgàb-vc`ght tussgb hg dgtr`mmgb pudcagmg gb pravntg pnrtaogb. Hg twgghg spgeucggrt vgr hggjjgetgb vnb hg zgmgrfgah hag ab hg c``p vnb pcnbprègssgb w`rht lgergígrh, hnbmzaodabhgbhg gb bagt dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb. Ab fgt enusncg k`hgc ab f``jhstum 4 `bt-st`bh ggb hgrhg vgr`bhgrstgccabl hag ``m gkparasef as lgtgst? hg vgr`bhgrstgccabl hnthg fflgxadacatgat ab pcnbprègssgb rgcgvnbt zù mubbgb zaob v``r wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc.

@vgr hgzg hgrhg vgr`bhgrstgccabl wns fgt bagt k`lgcaom `k ggb huahgcaomg gb lg-bgrncasggrdnrg rgcntag tg e`becuhgrgb tussgb fflgxadacatgat gb wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc.



Unkgbvnttabl 88>

Geftgr, fgt dcaomt hnt hg twgg ggrstg fyp`tfgsgb wgc vncahg zaob. Hg j`rkgcg rglgcsdgtrgjjgbhg galgbh`ksrgeftgb gb zgmgrfgah zaob abhgrhnnh rgcgvnbt `khnt zg hg

abtgrnetags ab dgcgahsbgtwgrmgb mubbgb dgàbvc`ghgb. @vgrfghgb ab Gblgcnbh gb abfgt daoz`bhgr ab Zncgbean dcaomgb, hnbmzao hgzg j`rkgcg rglgcs, ggb kggr mrneftalgr`c tg spgcgb hnb ab Bghgrcnbh. Lgkggbtgb ab Gblgcnbh gb ab fgt daoz`bhgr ab Zncgb-ean sefraovgb v``rnjlnnbh gb z`bhgr `vgrcgl kgt `btwammgcnnrs gb lr`bhgalgbnrgbfgchgrg gasgb gb vgrpcaeftablgb v``r, wnt rgsuctggrt ab ggb f`lg kntg vnb vgrfnnchgwnnrhgstaolabl. Ab Zncgbean lnnb lgkggbtgb vgrhgr hnb ab Gblgcnbh `khnt hg Zncgb-eannbsg lgkggbtgb, hnbmzao ggb njhwabldnrg stghgcaomg fgrvgrmnvgcablrglgcabl, hgdgv`glhfgah fgddgb `k hg `btwammgcnnr tg sgcgetgrgb hag zao prgjgrgrgb, hgsb``hshg lr`bhgalgbnrgb tg `kzgacgb gb f`gvgb zao lggb lr`bh tg m`pgb `j tg `btgalgbgb.Hgzg h`kabnbtg r`c vnb `vgrfghgb, ab fgt daoz`bhgr ab Zncgbean, pnst huahgcaom bagt

dabbgb hg r`c hag hg dgcgahsbgtwgrmdgbnhgrabl fgb t`gmgbt, gb `bhgrlrnnjt s`k-kalg vnb hg vgr`bhgrstgccablgb hag nnb hg dnsas vnb hgzg dgbnhgrabl tgb lr`bhscnlcallgb? hnt net`rgb b``hznmgcaomgrwaos `bhgrcabl njfnbmgcaom vnb gcmnnr zaob, hnt pu-dcagmg net`rgb ggb kggr dgsefgahgb r`c k`gtgb neegptgrgb gb bagt mrneftal mubbgbzaob.

Hg v`clgbhg pnrnlrnjgb vgrmcnrgb hg vgrsefaccgbhg knbagrgb (`j sudvnrandgcgb)wnnrkgg j`rkgcg rglgcs lgdruamt w`rhgb `k wnnrhgstaolabl tg vgrfncgb. Ygr sudvnra-ndgcg w`rhgb e`becusags lgtr`mmgb v``r fgt nenhgkasefg hgdnt gb v``r hg dgcgahs-nnbdgvgcablgb. Hgzg nnbdgvgcablgb v`clgb ggb lrnhugcg nnbpnm, vnb vraowaccalg

knntrglgcgb hag dabbgb hg Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt vnccgb gb kgtggb mubbgb w`rhgbt`glgpnst, bnnr kggr hagplnnbhg, wgttgcaomg waozalablgb v``r hg kahhgccnblg tgr-kaob.

_gmgrfgah ergírgb v``rnjlnnbh vgr hg t`gm`kstalg dùwk`lgcaomfghgb gb

daohrnlgb

Unkgbvnttabl vnb hg dgvabhablgb

Lgkggbtgb ab nccg hrag cnbhgb ergírgb vnnm, ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk (v``rhnt hg `bhgr-fnbhgcablgb tussgb lgkggbtgb gb `btwammgcnnrs pcnntsvabhgb) gb ab vgrsefaccgbhg

kntg, zgmgrfgah `vgr wnt hg lr`bhgalgbnnr ab hg t`gm`kst znc k`lgb dùwgb. AbBghgrcnbh stgccgb lgkggbtgb vnnm abhaentagvg, bagt ourahasef dabhgbhg pcnbbgb vnst,pcnbbgb hag ggb dgpnnchg kntg vnb zgmgrfgah ergírgb. Fgt lnnt hnb daov``rdggch`k b`tn‑s vnb uatlnblspubtgb, stghgbdùwmubhalg pcnbbgb gb vasags, struetuurvasagsgb hgrlgcaomg. Ab Gblgcnbh lgdgurt agts vgrlgcaomdnnrs, ``m kahhgcs abhaentagvg pcnb-hèukgbtgb, gb ab Zncgbean lgdgurt hat kahhgcs hg vnststgccabl vnb ourahasef dabhgb-hg Nclgkgbg dgstgkkablspcnbbgb. Hg dgvabhablgb sullgrgrgb hnt kggr zgmgrfgahv``rnj mnb rgsuctgrgb ab kabhgr pudcagm wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc `khnt zgmgrfgah hgstaolabl vnb lr`bhpraozgb stakucggrt, gb khnt lgkggbtgb ggb wnnrhgv`c bhgrfnb-hgcablsabstrukgbt mwaotrnmgb. Geftgr, zgmgrfgah `vgr hg dùwk`lgcaomfghgb, ncs hag

vgrlgzgch w`rht h``r zgmgrfgah `vgr t`gm`kstalg daohrnlgb (zag `bhgr), f`gjt bagtbglntagj tg zaob.



Unkgbvnttabl884

Gr zaob lr`tg vgrsefaccgb wnt dgtrgjt hg zgmgrfgah hag v``rnjlnnbh nnb fgt pcnbprègs`vgr t`gm`kstalg daohrnlgb dgstnnt. Ab Zncgbean as gr ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk vggc zgmgr-

fgah kahhgcs (>) wgttgcaomg kabakncg stnbhnnrhgb, (4) lgkggbtgcaom dgcgah gb (5) hgNclgkgbg dgstgkkablspcnbbgb. Gblgcsg lgkggbtgb ergírgb vnnm gbalg zgmgrfgahkahhgcs (>) cèntagspgeagmg abhaentagvg pcnbbgb hag hg daohrnlgb vnstcgllgb v``r hgspgeagmg cèntag, gb (4) bagt `p spgeagmg cèntags lgjèust, abhaentagvg lgbgragmgdgcgahshèukgbtgb hag stnbhnnrh daohrnlgb vnstcgllgb.

Ab Bghgrcnbh as gr kggstnc fgcgknnc lggb zgmgrfgah, bèf kahhgcs ourahasef dab-hgbhg, bèf kahhgcs abhaentagvg hèukgbtgb, v``rhnt `bhgrfnbhgcablgb pcnntsfgddgb, `j v``rhnt hg lr`bhpraos w`rht dgpnnch. Hgzg zgmgrfgah ab Zncgbean gb Gb-lgcnbh as p`satagj lgwggst v``r wnnrhgstaolablvnblst khnt? >) fgt vgrcnnlt hg lr`bh-

praos, `khnt wnbbggr gr lggb zgmgrfgah dgstnnt, hg `btwammgcnnr lgbgalh as tg vggcv``r hg lr`bh tg dgtncgb wnnrh``r fao kabhgr bnbeaícg ruaktg `vgrfùht `k dao tghrnlgb= 4) zgmgrfgah hwablt hg `btwammgcnnr zaob rglucagrg wabstpgregbtnlg gb hgpraos wnnrv``r fao hg lr`bh abdrgblt ab zaob gxpcàtntagdgrgmgbabl tg vgrcnlgb= 5) zg-mgrfgah lggjt hg `bhgrfnbhgcgbhg lgkggbtgcaomg nkdtgbnrgb ggb stgrmg dgcgahsdnsas`k daohrnlgb tg gasgb.

E`becusags v``r fgt nenhgkasefg hgdnt

Hg dgvabhablgb dcaomgb nchus hg twgghg fyp`tfgsg tg dgvgstalgb?

@bzgmgrfgah ergírgb ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk vnb pcnbprègssgb `vgr t`gm`kstalgdùwk`lgcaomfghgb, gb zgmgrfgah `vgr t`gm`kstalg daohrnlgb, mnb fgt pudcagmgwnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc p`satagj dgàbvc`ghgb.

\nt hg vgrlgcaomabl tussgb hg Upnnbsg vgrsus hg Gblgcsg gb Bghgrcnbhsg stgcsgcsdgtrgjt, dcaomt ggb hggc vnb hg catgrntuur `vgr pcnb`c`lasefg stgcsgcs ab Gur`pn vgr-mggrhg e`becusags tg fgddgb lgtr`mmgb. Lgstgch w`rht bnkgcaom hnt stgghs kggrpcnb`c`lasefg stgcsgcs vgrlgcaomdnrg bavgnus vnb zgmgrfgah daghgb (hg z`lgbnnkhg‖e`bvgrlgbtag‑), wnt h``r hg dgvabhablgb `vgr Upnbog, Gblgcnbh gb Bghgrcnbh abhat `bhgrz`gm w`rht tglgblgspr`mgb. Hg dgvabhablgb vnb hat `bhgrz`gm zaob ``m

rgcgvnbt v``r fgt hgdnt ab hg pcnb`c`lag, ggb hgdnt wnnrab fflgxadacatgat vnnm w`rhtbnlgstrggjh ncs agts p`satagjs? hg dgvabhablgb dgbnhrummgb hnt gr ouast dgf`gjtg as nnbggb dgpnnchg kntg vnb zgmgrfgah `vgr daohrnlgb wnbbggr kgb fgt pudcagmg wnnrhg-staolablsvgrfnnc wac vgrdgtgrgb.

Dgcgahsnnbdgvgcablgb v``r hg Bghgrcnbhsg prnmtaom

Bghgrcnbhsg lgkggbtgb zùhgb zgmgrfgah k`gtgb ergírgb `vgr hg daohrnlgb hagzao waccgb vrnlgb nnb `btwammgcnnrs. Hnt mnb v``rnjlnnbh `j tglgcaomgrtaoh kgt hgv``rdgrgahabl ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk vnb pcnbprègssgb vnb abhaentagvg pcnbbgb. Hgm`stgbs``rtgbcaost uat hg Dr` as bagt v`ch`gbhg lghgtnaccggrh k zgmgrfgah tg ergírgb

`khnt hgzg caost fgt bagt k`lgcaom knnmt v``r btwammgcnnrs k ab ggb vr`gl stnhaukneeurnnt tg dgrgmgbgb wgcmg m`stgb gb daohrnlgb zao prgeags zuccgb k`gtgb hrnlgb.



Unkgbvnttabl 885

Hnnr`k zùhgb lgkggbtgb zgmgrfgah k`gtgb ergírgb vgr hg m`stgb hag gvgbtuggch``rdgrgmgbh zùhgb w`rhgb kahhgcs ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb. Zgrhgr, `khnt hat pcnb

fgt bagt k`lgcaom knnmt k nccg m`stgb tg vgrfncgb, zùhgb lgkggbtgb ggrst k`gtgbpr`dgrgb `k kgt hg `btwammgcnnr kggr daohrnlgb nj tg sprgmgb ab ggb nbtgragurg`vgrggbm`kst. Hnnr`k zùhgb lgkggbtgb ``m zgmgrfgah k`gtgb ergírgb `vgr hagm`stgb hag zg kahhgcs nbtgragurg vgrggbm`kstgb waccgb vgrfncgb, nnbvuccgbh p hgm`stgb hag zg kahhgcs gxpcàtntagpcnbbgb waccgb vgrfncgb.

Hg nnbdgv`cgb zgmgrfgah mnb w`rhgb lgergígrh ab vgrsefaccgbhg s``rtgb hèukgb-tgb, wnnrvnb vgcgb gcmnnr mubbgb nnbvuccgb? (>) cèntagspgeagmg hèukgbtgb hag hglgdruamgcaomg cèntagspgeagmg abhaentagvg pcnbbgb vgrlgzgccgb= (4) lgbgragmg hèu-kgbtgb abecusagj stnbhnnrh daohrnlgb vnb ggb abtglrnnc (nccg dgcgahsvgchgb hgmmgbh)

`j sget`rnnc (dgtrgjjgbhg nccggb ggb dgcgahsvgch) mnrnmtgr= gb (5) nclgkgbg ruaktgcaomgpcnbbgb kgt hnnrab hg vgrpcaeftg daohrnlgb, gvgbtuggc ab stnbhnnrh v`rk. Nc hgzgs``rtgb hèukgbtgb zùhgb dao v``rmgur ggb abhaentagj mnrnmtgr k`gtgb fgddgb`khnt hat dgtgr pnst ab hg Bghgrcnbhsg pcnb`c`lasefg trnhatag. Hg rgegbt lgàbtr`hu-eggrhg struetuurvasag mnb fgt ahgncg s``rt hèukgbt zaob, bagt nccggb `khnt fgt ggbfflgxadgc pcnbhèukgbt as, knnr ``m `khnt fgt vgrpcaeft as `k ggb nnbtnc s``rtgbdaohrnlgb tg k`lgb vgrfncgb. Fgt Taom zù lgkggbtgb k`gtgb fgcpgb gb stakucgrgb`k zgmgrfgah tg ergírgb, daov``rdggch h``r snkgb kgt hg Zgrgbalabl BghgrcnbhsgLgkggbtgb k`hgc hèukgbtgb tg knmgb. \nbbggr hgzg vraowaccalg nnbdgvgcablgbbagt drggh zùhgb w`rhgb `vgrlgb`kgb h``r hg lgkggbtgb, hnb zù fgt Taom ggb

nnbtnc wgtwaozalablgb k`gtgb abtr`huegrgb? ggrst h``r lgkggbtgb tg vgrpcaeftgb klgbgragmg abtglrncg hèukgbtgb `p tg bgkgb ab struetuurvasags, gb vgrv`clgbs h``rwgttgcaomg kabakncg stnbhnnrh daohrnlgb gb v``rsefrajtgb tg abtr`huegrgb v``r fgtfgcg cnbh.

Hg abfùh vnb dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb dgpncgb


Dabhgbhg pcnbbgb mubbgb druamdnnr zaob ab hg `bhgrfnbhgcablgb wnbbggr hg lg-kggbtg hnnrab bagt nccggb hg ruaktgcaomg rgcgvnbtg nspgetgb mubbgb `pbgkgb, knnr

``m nspgetgb lgraeft `p hg prnmtasefg pcnbuatv`grabl. Uefraovgb dabhgbhg pcnbbgbnccggb fgt lgwgbst jysagmg gabhdggch v``r, z`bhgr nnb tg lgvgb wag vgrnbtw``rhgcaomas v``r hg akpcgkgbtntag vnb hat gabhdggch0 @j `m hg daohrnlgb hag hg btwammgcnnrk`gt cgvgrgb0 _`wgc ab Zncgbean ncs Gblgcnbh knnmt ruaktgcaomg `rhgbablswgtlgvablfgt k`lgcaom `k ab dabhgbhg pcnbbgb ggb drggh nss`rtakgbt nnb daohrnlgb `p tgbgkgb?n) Uèancg w`babldùw? z`wgc ab Zncgbean ncs Gblgcnbh as fgt k`lgcaom `k sèancg

w`babldùw v``r tg sefraovgb ab dabhgbhg pcnbbgb=d) @b-satg gb `jj-satg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb? z`wgc ab Zncgbean ncs

Gblgcnbh as fgt k`lgcaom `k hg vgrpcaeftabl v``r tg sefraovgb vnb daohrnlgb nnb

`b-satg gb `jj-satg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb. Ab Gblgcnbh mubbgblgkggbtgb ``m daohrnlgb v``rsefraovgb v``r hg dùw, `bhgrfùh gb gxpcà-



Unkgbvnttabl888

tntagm`stgb vnb `pgbdnrg lgdùwgb gb jneacatgatgb, ``m vnb knntsefnppgcaomgv``rzagbablgb (daov``rdggch bhgrwaos gb sèancg v``rzagbablgb)=

e) Xgrkaobgb gb jnsgrabl vnb abvgstgrablgb gb hg pcnbuatv`grabl? ab dgahg cnbhgbmubbgb lgkggbtgb ab dabhgbhg pcnbbgb v``rsefraovgb dabbgb wgcmg tgrkaob gbjnsgrabl hg daohrnlgb lgrgncasggrh/dgtnnch k`gtgb w`rhgb.

Nc hgzg k`lgcaomfghgb zaob p`satagj v``r fgt pudcagmg wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc. Ab Bg-hgrcnbh m`b, v``rhnt hg baguwg \r` ab wgrmabl trnh, lggb vnb hgzg daohrnlgb w`r-hgb v``rlgsefrgvgb ab dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb gb hat fnh bglntagvg gjjgetgb v``r fgtwnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc.


Hg baguwg \r` knnmt fgt v``r fgt ggrst k`lgcaom `k daobn nc hgzg daohrnlgb `p tgbgkgb. Xglgbw``rhal as fgt k`lgcaom `k sèancg w`babldùw ab z`wgc fgt Dgstgk-kablspcnb ncs ab hg vraostgccablgb hnnrvnb `p tg bgkgb (ggb pgregbtnlg), ncs ab fgtgxpcàtntagpcnb (e`bergtg cèntag gb nnbtnc ggbfghgb). Fgt as `m k`lgcaom k ab fgtgxpcàtntagpcnb tgrkaobgb v``r hg pcnbuatv`grabl `p tg bgkgb, gb tgvgbs daohrnlgbv``r hg kggstg `b-satg, gb v``r ggb hggc vnb hg `jj-satg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gbjneacatgatgb. Geftgr, hg v`clgbhg dgpgrmablgb zaob b`l stgghs vnb mrneft?>. Fgt bagt k`lgcaom `k ab gxpcàtntagpcnbbgb daohrnlgb `p tg bgkgb v `r hg

dùw, fgt `bhgrfùh gb hg gxpcàtntagm`stgb vnb knntsefnppgcaomg v``rzagbab-lgb. D`vgbhagb as fgt bzgmgr j hgzg daohrnlgb njlgspr`mgb mubbgb w`rhgb ab

nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kstgb. @k hgzg daohrnlgb k`lgcaom tg knmgb, zù nrtamgc:.4.7 Dr` lgwaozalh k`gtgb w`rhgb.4. _`ncs rgghs uatggblgzgt, mubbgb vggc m`stgb bagt h``rdgrgmgbh w`rhgb nnb hg

lr`bhgalgbnrgb kahhgcs ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb. Hnnr`k zù hg m`stgbs``rtgbcaost(nrtamgcgb :.4.5 t`t :.4.: Dr`) k`gtgb w`rhgb uatlgdrgah.

5. Ab ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb fgddgb lr`bhgalgbnrgb rgeft `p hg f``lstg wnnrhg vnbfub lr`bh, wnt zaef vgrtnnct ab f`lg abdrgblwnnrhgs gb hnt h`gt hg wnnrsefaob-caomfgah vnb ggb tgm`rt t`gbgkgb, ggb tgm`rt hnt h``r hg lgkggbtg hagbt tgw`rhgb lghgmt. Hnnr`k zù nrtamgc :.>5.7 \r`, hnt v``rsefraojt hnt hg wnnrhg-dgpncabl vnb lr`bh hg btgalgbablswgt k`gt v`clgb, lgwaozalh k`gtgb w`rhgb.


Hgzg dgvabhabl cgaht t`t ggb uatwgrmabl vnb hg 4g vnrandgcg (ab vgttg cgttgrlrgpgb hgt`gv`glabl)?

@bzgmgrfgah ergírgb ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk vnb pcnbprègssgb `vgr t`gm`kstalgdùwk`lgcaomfghgb, gb zgmgrfgah `vgr t`gm`kstalg daohrnlgb (v``rnc wnbbggr fgtk`lgcaom as `k nccg daohrnlgb ncs vgrpcaeft `p tg bgkgb ab ourahasef dabhgbhg v``r-

sefrajtgb) , mnb fgt pudcagmg wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc p`satagj dgàbvc`ghgb.



Unkgbvnttabl 887

Dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb v``rwnnrhgcaom stgccgb nnb zgmgrabl h``r `btwammgcnnr vnb

zaob daohrnlgb


Hg vnststgccabl vnb dabhgbhg pcnbbgb kgt hnnrab lgbgrguzg daohrnlgb gb stramtg tgr-kaobgb, ncs z`hnbal, dgtgmgbt bagt nut`kntasef hnt hg `btwammgcnnrs hag abhgrhnnhlnnb uatv`grgb. Xgb gabhg hg akpcgkgbtntag tg vgrzgmgrgb hagbt hg `btwammgcnnr zaeffagr tgvgbs nnb tg vgrdabhgb. Ab hg prnmtaom stgccgb Bghgrcnbhsg lgkggbtgb vnnm fgtdgstgkkablspcnb gb/`j hg vraostgccablgb hnnrvnb v``rwnnrhgcaom nnb ggb `vgrggb-m`kst wnnrab hg `btwammgcnnr zaob daohrnlgb vgrzgmgrt. Geftgr, j`rkggc as fgt bagtk`lgcaom k hat p ggb hargetg gb pgb knbagr tg h`gb. Hat fggjt bglntagvg bgvgbgj-jgetgb?

>. Yrèghurgcg rasae`‑s? bn hg `bhgrtgmgbabl vnb hg vgrggbm`kst, hagbt ncsb`l hgfgcg nhkabastrntagvg prèghurg t`t vnststgccabl vnb hg baguwg dgstgkkabl h``r-c`pgb tg w`rhgb, wnt fgt rasae` vnb vgrtrnlabl gb waozalablgb kgt zaef kggdrgbltwglgbs gvgbtugcg zagbswaozgb gb dgr`gpsprèghurgs. Ab Zncgbean gb Gblgcnbh,lnnt hg prèghurg vnb v``rc`palg vnststgccabl v``rnj nnb hg `bhgrtgmgbabl vnbhg `vgrggbm`kst, gb hnnrbn as gr nccggb b`l ggb m`rtg hgbatagvg vnststgccablb`hal. Hat dgtgmgbt hnt ab Zncgbean gb Gblgcnbh pnrtaogb ggb vgrggbm`kst mub-bgb scuatgb kgt ggb f`lg kntg vnb zgmgrfgah hnt fgt baguwg Dgstgkkablspcnbsueegsv`c znc w`rhgb vnstlgstgch, gb hnt gr ``m lggb vgrtrnlabl lnnt ptrghgb=

4. Dgr`gpsrasae`‑s? wnbbggr ggb lgkggbtg wgalgrt ggb baguw dgstgkkablspcnb

vnst tg stgccgb `khnt hg `btwammgcnnr hg daohrnlgb bagt wac vgrzgmgrgb, hnb dg-stnnt nctaoh fgt rasae` hnt hg `btwammgcnnr ggb dgr`gp abhagbt dao hg rgeftgr. AbGblgcnbh gb Zncgbean sefraojt r.`.-wgtlgvabl ouast v``r hnt hg `btwammgcnnr hgdaohrnlgb hag `plgb`kgb zaob ab fgt v``rc`pal vnstlgstgchg dgstgkkablspcnbk`gt vgrzgmgrgb ncv`rgbs hg hgbatagvg vnststgccabl knl pcnntsvabhgb=

5. Abe`bsastgbtag vnb fgt lgkggbtgcaom pudcagmg dgt``l ? ab hg prnmtaom mubbgblgkggbtgb lghw`blgb w`rhgb `k hg ‖geftg rghgbgb‑ v``r hg vnststgccabl `jwgalgrabl vnb fgt baguwg dgstgkkablspcnb tg vgrdgrlgb. Hg geftg rghgb mnbbnkgcaom zaob hnt hg `btwammgcnnr wgc `j bagt dgrgah wns `k ggb `vgrggbm`ksttg tgmgbgb. Ab Gblgcnbh gb Zncgbean w`rhgb hg geftg rghgbgb pudcagmgcaom vnst-

lgstgch h``r hg lgkggbtgrnnh. Hg lgkggbtgrnnh stgct bnkgcaom hg `pgb gbtrnbspnrnbtg gasgb vnst wnnrnnb hg `btwammgcnnr znc k`gtgb v`ch`gb gb wgcmg`plgb`kgb hagbgb tg w`rhgb ab ggb `vgrggbm`kst. Yns bnhnt hg `btwammgcnnrnnb hgzg gasgb fggjt v`chnnb, knl fgt dgstgkkablspcnb hgbatagj w`rhgb vnst-lgstgch.

Ab Bghgrcnbh mnb hg `btwammgcnnr `j lr`bhgalgbnnr ggb dùwnnbvrnnl abhagbgb,bnhnt fgt dgstgkkablspcnb gb fgt gxpcàtntagpcnb zaob vnstlgstgch. Hg b`vatgat kgthg baguwg \r` as hnt hg lgkggbtg bu hg dùwvgrlubbabl v``rwnnrhgcaom mnb stgc-cgb nnb hg zgmgrabl vnb hg daohrnlgb= v``r hg baguwg \r` wns hnt bagt k`lgcaom.

Geftgr, ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb vnststgccgb fggjt ``m bgvgbgjjgetgb? lgkggbtgb k`gtgbbnbeaícg rasae`‑s hrnlgb `khnt zg vgrnbtw``rhgcaom zaob v``r hg gxpcàtntag`pzgt gb



Unkgbvnttabl88:

wgccaeft v``rabvgstgrablgb k`gtgb pcglgb. _ao k`gtgb abvgstgrgb ab fgt knmgb gbfgt onnrcaoms fgrzagb vnb fgt pcnb gb zg k`gtgb hg lgv`clgb hrnlgb vnb vgrtrnlabl

wnbbggr hg `btwammgcnnrs `j lr`bhgalgbnrgb fub dùwnnbvrnnl zùhgb uatstgccgb.Hnnrbnnst, z`ncs fagrd`vgb vgrkgch, mubbgb bagt nccg m`stgb w`rhgb h``rdgrgmgbhnnb hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb. Hus ab prabeapg as hg dgstg `ptag v``r Bghgrcnbhsg lgkggb-tgb `k ggb nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kst tg scuatgb ncv`rgbs fgt dgstgkkablspcnb w`rhtvnstlgstgch. Fagrkgg zaob hg daohrnlgb gb hg tgrkaobgb vgrzgmgrh gb as gr lggb b``h-znnm v``r ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb. Lgkggbtgb mubbgb `btwammgcnnrs abj`rkggc vrnlgb`k ggb nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kst tg scuatgb. Geftgr, hg fuahalg prnmtaom vnb abj`r-kgcg v``rwnnrhgcaomstgccabl mnb k`gacaomgr w`rhgb kgt hg baguwg \r`. Hg \r`fggjt bnkgcaom hg vgrpcaeftabl vgrstgrmt v``r lgkggbtgb `k ggb j`rkggc dgscuat tgbgkgb wnbbggr ggb pnrtao hg lgkggbtg vgrz`gmt `k hg dgstgkkabl tg waozalgb.

\nbbggr hg lgkggbtg fgt vgrz`gm wgbst tg wgalgrgb (hgzg k`lgcaomfgah vgrstgrmthg `bhgrfnbhgcablsp`satag vnb hg lgkggbtg), hagbt hat dgscuat dabbgb ggb pgra`hgvnb neft wgmgb bn fgt vgrz`gm tg w`rhgb lgb`kgb. Lgkggbtgb hagbgb fub dgscuattg vgrnbtw``rhgb h``r tg vgrwaozgb bnnr vnstlgstgch dgcgah gb ruaktgcaomg pcnbbgb,gb hg vgrz`gmgr fggjt bu hg k`lgcaomfgah `k dgr`gp ab tg hagbgb tglgb ggb wgalg-rablsdgscuat. Kgt nbhgrg w``rhgb, hg lgkggbtg mnb bagt pgbcaom gb rgeftstrggms fgtvgrz`gm wgalgrgb kgt fgt nrlukgbt hnt hg vgrz`gmgr ggb `vgrggbm`kst bagt wgbsttg scuatgb, knnr k`gt nbhgrg nrlukgbtgb vabhgb ab fgt dgstnnbhg dgstgkkablspcnb,hg struetuurvasag `j nbhgrg vnstlgstgchg dgcgahshèukgbtgb. \nbbggr hg lgkggbtgrgghs dgmgbh fggjt lgknnmt (daov``rdggch ab lgsprgmmgb kgt hg vgrz`gmgr wgcmg

lgb`tucggrh zaob) hnt gr lggb dgzwnrgb zaob tglgb hg ruaktgcaomg rgcgvnbtg nspgetgbvnb fgt dùwpcnb, as gr ab jgatg wgabal ruaktg `vgr `k tg wgalgrgb gb hus `k tg`bhgrfnbhgcgb.


Hg dgvabhablgb w`rhgb lgdruamt `k hg twgghg fyp`tfgsg vgrhgr uat tg wgrmgb (abvgttg cgttgrlrgpgb hg t`gv`glabl)?

@bzgmgrfgah ergírgb ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk vnb pcnbprègssgb `vgr t`gm`kstalgdùwk`lgcaomfghgb, gb zgmgrfgah `vgr t`gm`kstalg daohrnlgb (v``rnc wnbbggr fgt

k`lgcaom as `k nccg daohrnlgb ncs vgrpcaeft `p tg bgkgb ab ourahasef dabhgbhg v``r-sefrajtgb , gb wnbbggr fgt k`lgcaom as `k pgbcaom gb rgeftstrggms hg vnststgccabl vnbhg dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb v``rwnnrhgcaom tg stgccgb nnb hg `bhgrtgmgbabl vnb ggb

nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kst hag hg daohrnlgb vgrzgmgrt ), mnb fgt pudcagmg wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc p`satagj dgàbvc`ghgb.


Ncf`gwgc ggb `pgb gb hargetg v``rwnnrhgcaomstgccabl bagt t`glgstnnb as, zaob gr s`k-kalg nctgrbntagvg wglgb `k hat tèf abharget tg h`gb, gb hg baguwg \r` fggjt hnnrggb nnbtnc k`lgcaomfghgb nnb t`glgv`glh?

• Dgnrlukgbtgrgb hnt hg daohrnlgb b``hznmgcaom zaob v``r hg ge`b`kasefg uat-v`grdnnrfgah vnb fgt dgstgkkablspcnb? wnbbggr hg daohrnlgb bagt zaob vgrzg-



Unkgbvnttabl 88<

mgrh gb/`j gr as sprnmg vnb ggb tgm`rt, hnb zù hg lgkggbtg hgzg m`stgb k`gtgbhrnlgb. Knnr wnbbggr hg lgkggbtg nnbv`grt lggb bnbeaícg kahhgcgb tg fgd-

dgb `k fgt tgm`rt tg hgmmgb, hnb mnb zao fgt pcnb wgalgrgb kgt fgt nrlukgbthnt fgt ge`b`kasef bagt uatv`grdnnr as. Hgzg nctgrbntagvg knbagr vnb v``rwnnr-hgcaomstgccabl fggjt hgzgcjhg d`vgblgb`gkhg bglntagvg bgvgbgjjgetgb? (>) pr`-eghurgcg rasae`‑s, (4) dgr`gpsrasae`‑s (abhargetg v``rwnnrhgcaomstgccabl van hg ge`-b`kasefg uatv`grdnnrfgahsgasgb vnb fgt dgstgkkablspcnb as bagt fgtzgcjhg ncs`pgbcaom ps`kkgb wgcmg daohrnlgb hg btwammgcnnr hagbt tg vgrzgmgrgb), gb (5)abe`bsastgbtag vnb fgt lgkggbtgcaomg pudcagmg dgt``l.

• Dabhgbhg v``rsefrajtgb v``rwnnrhgcaom stgccgb van fgt gxpcàtntagpcnb gb van l`gh`bhgrdùwhg m`stgbvgrfnncdgcgahshèukgbtgb. Bnhnt ggb btwammgcnnr hg lg-kggbtg dgbnhgrt kgt ggb vgrz`gm t`t dgstgkkablswaozalabl/dùwnnbvrnnl mnb

hg lgkggbtg kahhgcs ggb gxpcàtntag`pzgt (`bhgrhggc vnb fgt Gxpcàtntagpcnb)huahgcaomfgah ergírgb `vgr wgcmg hggc vnb hg m`stgb v``r rgmgbabl m`kgb vnbhg lr`bhgalgbnrgb wnbbggr hg lgkggbtg ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb zù vnststgccgb.\nbbggr lgkggbtgb hg ggrhgr lgb`gkhg dgcgahsnnbdgvgcablgb abtr`huegrgbgb m`stgbvgrfnnc-dgcgahshèukgbtgb vnststgccgb, as fgt k`lgcaom `k hgulhgcaomtg k`tavgrgb hnt ggb dgstgkkablswaozalabl m`stgb kgt zaef kggdrgblt hag vgr-hgr lnnb hnb ggb kabaknnc pnmmgt nnb `b-satg abjrnstruetuur, knnr ``m drghgrgdaohrnlgb vgrgasgb v``r nbhgrg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb dabbgbgb duatgb fgt pcnblgdagh. Hgzg m`stgbvgrfnnc-dgcgahshèukgbtgb zaob vnb wg-zgbcaom dgcnbl? z`bhgr hag hèukgbtgb zù fgt zggr wnnrsefaobcaom bagt cum-

mgb `k nccg m`stgb tg dgrgmgbgb gb hgulhgcaom tg k`tavgrgb. \nbbggr uat hggxpcàtntag`pzgt dcaomt hnt hg lgkggbtg bagt nccg m`stgb mnb vgrfncgb, hnb mnbzg fgt vgrz`gm `pgbcaom wgalgrgb kgt fgt nrlukgbt hnt zg hnt hgeat bagt zgcjmnb hgmmgb. Hat nctgrbntagj vnb v``rwnnrhgcaomstgccabl drgblt b`l stgghs fgt ggr-stg vnb d`vgblgb`gkhg bgvgbgjjgetgb (prèghurgcg rasae`‑s) kgt zaef kgg, gbv`glt gr ggb baguw bglntagj bgvgbgjjget nnb t`g. \nbbggr hg `btwammgcnnr zùabstgkkgb `k ab ggb nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kst fgt tgm`rt tg zgmgrgb (knnr bagthg m`stgb hag kahhgcs ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb zùhgb mubbgb w`rhgb vgrfnnch) hnbzùhgb lgkggbtgb bagt kggr fgt nrlukgbt vnb ge`b`kasefg uatv`grdnnrfgahmubbgb nnbv`grgb k fgt vgrz`gm tg wgalgrgb.

@k nccg bglntagvg bgvgbgjjgetgb vnb dgahg nctgrbntagvgb wgl tg bgkgb w`rht fagrnnb fgt Taom nnbdgv`cgb `k kahhgcs ggb wgtswaozalabl hargetg v``rwnnrhgcaomstgc-cabl, `p ggb vgrlgcaomdnrg waozg ncs ab Zncgbean gb Gblgcnbh, k`lgcaom tg knmgb.Fagrv``r w`rhgb twgg spgeagmg waozalablgb v``rlgstgch v``r hg \r` gb wgccaeft``m v``r hg Dr`.

Lr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgb waozalgb


_`wgc ab Gblgcnbh ncs Bghgrcnbh dgstnnt ggb stgrmg `bhgrcablg njfnbmgcaomfgah tus-sgb lgkggbtgb, lr`bhgalgbnrgb gb `btwammgcnnrs. Ab hg rglgc zaob hg trnbsnetags hag



Unkgbvnttabl886

b`hal zaob `k `p ggb cèntag hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag tg v`grgb, dgf``rcaom njfnbmgcaomvnb vgrggbstgkkabl tussgb nccg pnrtaogb `khnt lggb vnb fgb `vgr nccg b`halg kah-

hgcgb dgsefamt? lgkggbtgb fgddgb hg wgttgcaomg dgv`glhfgah `vgr pcnb`c`lasefgabpnssabl, knnr lr`bhgalgbnrgb gb `btwammgcnnrs fgddgb hg bnbeaícg kahhgcgbgb fgt gxecusagvg rgeft `k hg lr`bh tg `btwammgcgb. Hgzg `bhgrcablg njfnbmgcaom-fgah mnb cnbl bagt nctaoh w`rhgb `kzgach h``r lgdruam tg knmgb vnb `btgalgbabl`j fgt v``rmgursrgeft. Hnt as fgt lgvnc `khnt hg t`gpnssabl vnb hgzg abstrukgbtgbnnb dgpgrmablgb `bhgrfgval as, gb `khnt zao kgt zaef kggdrgblgb hnt hg `vgrfgahharget, `rlnbasnt`rasef gb bnbeaggc, dgtr`mmgb rnnmt. Hg satuntag ab Zncgbean vgrnb-hgrhg rnhaennc bnhnt hg rgla`bncg `vgrfgah ab >118 ggb baguwg wgt abtr`hueggrhg.Znbnj hnt k`kgbt as gr lggb `bvgrkaohdnrg `bhgrcablg njfnbmgcaomfgah kggr tus-sgb lgkggbtgb gb lr`bhgalgbnrgb `k hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag tg v`grgb. Zncgbeannbsg

lgkggbtgb mubbgb bu magzgb v``r lghw`blgb fgrvgrmnvgcabl z`bhgr hg dgf`gjtg`k harget `rlnbasnt`rasef gb bnbeaggc dgtr`mmgb tg rnmgb. Hg lgkggbtg sgcgetggrtab ggb pudcagmg tgbhgr hg urdnbasggrhgr. Lr`bhgalgbnrgb mubbgb magzgb tussgb vrao-waccalg btgalgbabl j hggcbnkg nnb hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag. \nbbggr zao v``r btgalg-babl magzgb, dgtnnct hg urdnbasggrhgr hg sefnhgvgrl`ghabl gb btvnblt fao hg lr`bh.\nbbggr lr`bhgalgbnrgb magzgb `k kgg tg h`gb, zaob zao vgrpcaeft `k hg lr`bh tgcgvgrgb hag b`hal as v``r hg pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb, gb nnb hg urdnba-sggrhgr ggb pr`p`rta`bggc hggc vnb hg lr`bhgxpcàtntagm`stgb tg dgtncgb. Ab ruac fagr-v``r hgcgb hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb hg wnnrhgstaolabl. Bnhnt hg urdnbasggrhgr hg lr`bh-gxpcàtntag fggjt lgv`grh, cgvgrt fao hg dùwmnvgcs nnb hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb gb hrnnlt

fao hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb, vrao vnb m`stgb, `vgr nnb hg lgkggbtg.Unkgblgvnt? ncf`gwgc lr`bhgalgbnrgb b`l stgghs hg lr`bh e`btr`cgrgb, as hg `bhgr-cablg njfnbmgcaomfgah bu lgknmmgcaom vgrkaohdnnr khnt lgkggbtgb hg k`lgcaomfgahfgddgb `k ggb hgrhg pnrtao (hag lggb lr`bh f`gjt tg fgddgb) ncs urdnbasggrhgr nnbtg waozgb. Fagrdao f`gvgb lgkggbtgb bnbeaggc bèf `rlnbasnt`rasef harget dgtr`m-mgb tg rnmgb. Lgkggbtgb zaob ``m bagt njfnbmgcaom vnb ggb urdnbasggrhgr `khnt zaoggb pudcagm lr`bhdghraoj mubbgb nnbwaozgb ncs urdnbasggrhgr `j hnnrv``r van ggbpudcagmg tgbhgr ggb e`kkgreaícg pnrtao mubbgb uatmagzgb.

Hg `bhgrcablg njfnbmgcaomfgah tussgb `vgrfghgb gb lr`bhgalgbnrgb ab Gblgcnbh

gb Bghgrcnbh lggjt lr`bhgalgbnrgb hg `ptag `k tg wneftgb. Hag `ptag w`rht h``rlr`bhgalgbnrgb ``m vnnm lgdruamt `k zaef tglgb gasgb vnb lgkggbtgb tg vgrzgttgb.Ab fgt daoz`bhgr ab Bghgrcnbh trgmmgb lgkggbtgb hnb vnnm hg e`becusag hnt zg bagtvggc mubbgb vrnlgb, wnt cgaht t`t cnnl wnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc. Hgzg njfnbmgcaomfgahcgaht vnnm ``m t`t vgrtrnlabl vnb fgt pcnbprègs `khnt lr`bhgalgbnrgb `j `btwam-mgcnnrs lgkggbtgcaomg gasgb njwaozgb, `j `khnt `btwammgcnnrs bagt sueegsv`c zaob abfgt vgrwgrvgb vnb nccg lr`bhgb v``r ggb rghgcaomg praos. Fgt rgsuctnnt vnb hg `bhgr-fnbhgcablgb as njfnbmgcaom vnb hg vgrwneftablgb vnb `btwammgcnnrs gb lr`bhgalg-bnrgb hnt, h``r hg `bhgrfnbhgcablgb tg vgrtrnlgb, fub wabst znc t`gbgkgb. F`lgrgabdrgblwnnrhgs v``r hg lr`bh zaob ggb nbhgr lgv`cl? knrmtpnrtaogb zaob kggr lgàbtg-

rgssggrh ab fgt vgrwgrvgb vnb lr`bhp`satags `khnt hag fub ggb stgrmg `bhgrfnbhg-cablsp`satag lgvgb, wnt vgrv`clgbs hg lr`bhpraozgb h`gt staolgb.



Unkgbvnttabl 881

Ab nnbvuccabl fagr`p, sullgrgrgb hg dgvabhablgb hnt `bhgrcablg njfnbmgcaomfgah t`tggb abgjeaíbt gb str`pgral pcnbprègs cgaht wnnrab m`stgb `bb`hal f``l zaob gb

wnnrab vgrsefaccgbhg net`rgb hg wnnrhgstaolabl bnnr zaef t`gtrgmmgb. Hat cgaht t`tf`lgrg lr`bhgxpcàtntagm`stgb (wnnr`bhgr dùw- gb w``braop knmgb gb hg pcnbm`s-tgb). Ab Gblgcnbh gb Bghgrcnbh zaob hgzg m`stgb vnnm tussgb >,7 gb 8 mggr f`lgr hnbab Zncgbean. Hat cgaht grt`g hnt Zncgbeannbsg `btwammgcnnrs kggr bnbeaícg ruaktgfgddgb `k daohrnlgb tg cgvgrgb hnb hg Bghgrcnbhsg gb Gblgcsg `btwammgcnnrs.


Hg dgvabhablgb dgvgstalgb hg ggrstg fyp`tfgsg?

Ggb spgeagmg v`rk vnb sefgahabl vnb lr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgb (lr`bhgxpcàtntag

sefgahgb vnb galgbh`ksrgeftgb) mnb hg kneftsvgrfùhablgb ab fgt net`rgbbgtwgrmab stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrabl vgrnbhgrgb, gb hat mnb fgt pudcagmg wnnrhgstaolablsvgr-fnnc vgrdgtgrgb.

Hat `bhgrz`gm zèft gkparasefg gvahgbtag hag rgcgvnbt as v``r fgt hgdnt `vgr hgspcatsabl vnb `btwammgcablsrgeftgb gb lr`bhgalgbh`ksrgeftgb. Hg dgvabhablgb `b-hgrstgubgb hg nssukptag hnt hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag kahhgcs ggb fgrvgrmnvgcablrglgcabluat hg e`btr`cg vnb hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb wgllgb`kgb mnb w`rhgb gb hnt fgt pudcagmgwnnrhgstaolablsvgrfnnc hnnrh``r mnb vgrdgtgrgb. Xgvgbs sullgrgrgb hg dgvabhablgbhnt hg fgrvgrmnvgcablrglgcabl ggb hgfflnta`bnar gjjget mnb fgddgb p hg lr`bhgxpcà-

tntagm`stgb, gb k`lgcaom ``m `p hg abdrgblwnnrhg vnb lr`bh. Hg rglgcabl mnb ``mfgcpgb `k pr`dcgkgb kgt dùwstnlbntag `p tg c`ssgb. Hg dgvabhablgb zaob abtgrgs-snbt v``r fgt hgdnt ab Bghgrcnbh khnt zg vgrggbm`kgb kgt hg p`satag vnb haglg-bgb hag dgnrlukgbtgrgb hnt hg t`gbnkg vnb pravntg e`btr`cg p `btwammgcablslr bhvnbnj hg onrgb ‖19 `bv``rhgcal fggjt uatlgwgrmt `p hg pudcagmg h`gcgb gb uatlnvgb.Hg dgvabhablgb `bhgrstgubgb ``m hg e`becusag hnt fgt fgrv`rkgb vnb lr`bhga-lgbh`ksrgeftgb mnb fgcpgb `k pudcagmg h`gcgb ab ruaktgcaomg `btwammgcabl dgtgrtg vgrwgzgbcaomgb. Ab fgt Upnnbsg hgdnt `bhgrstgubgb hg dgvabhablgb hg mratasefgdgbnhgrabl vnb haglgbgb hag, ab hg onrgb ‖19, dgnrlukgbtggrhgb hnt fgt h``rdrgmgbvnb hg k`b`p`castasefg/`cal`p`castasefg p`satag vnb lr`bhgalgbnrgb, hg gbalg wgl as

`k v`ch`gbhg gb mwncatntagj nhgquntg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg ln-rnbhgrgb. Xgbsc`ttg as gr kggr `bhgrz`gm b`hal bnnr ggb abtgrbnta`bncg vgrlgcaomablvnb lr`bhpraozgb gb `btwammgcablsm`stgb. Hat `bhgrz`gm zù k`gtgb jèussgb `phg vgrsefaccgb tussgb cnbhgb gb fagrkgg kggr hntn lgbgrgrgb hag lgdruamt mubbgbw`rhgb `k hgzg e`becusags nnb tg sefgrpgb.


Ab hg ggrstg pcnnts zùhgb lgkggbtgb ab ggb vr`gl stnhauk vnb pcnbprègssgb kggr`bhgrz`gm k`gtgb h`gb bnnr hg wabstknrlgs, gb hgzg abj`rkntag vgrv`clgbs ab hg`bhgrfnbhgcablgb kgt lr`bhgalgbnrgb gb `btwammgcnnrs lgdruamgb . Hat `bhgrz`gm

zù lgcaomtaohal k`gtgb pcnntsvabhgb kgt fgt `pstgccgb vnb hg ggrstg pcnbhèukgb-tgb hag btwammgcablsvgrwneftablgb wgmmgb.



Unkgbvnttabl879

Ab hg twgghg pcnnts, `k hg bglntagvg lgv`clgb vnb hg `bhgrcablg njfnbmgcaomfgahtussgb lgkggbtgb gb lr`bhgalgbnrgb `j `btwammgcnnrs tg vgrkaohgb, w`rht fagr ggb

spgeagmg e`btrnetugcg j`rkucg vnb fgrvgrmnvgcabl nnbdgv`cgb hag lgdnsggrh as `pggb twggtnc nbtgragurg `vgrggbm`kstgb. Ggb e`kkgreaícg `btwammgcnnr, ab hg r`c vnbggb s``rt Zncgbeannbsg urdnbasggrhgr, mnb kgt hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb `vgrggbm`kgbhnt, ab ruac v``r hg wnnrhgstaolabl, zao zuccgb pnrtaeapgrgb ab hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag. Hglgkggbtg zù hat k`gtgb `bhgrstgubgb h``r dgstgkkablswaozalabl v``rwnnrhgcaomtg stgccgb nnb ggb `vgrggbm`kst tussgb hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb gb hg urdnbasggrhgr. Hgs-b``hs zù hg lgkggbtg hnnrdao lgdruam k`gtgb knmgb vnb `btgalgbabl, v``rmgurs-rgeft `j ggb `j kggrhgrg gxpcàtntagpcnbbgb. \nbbggr hgzg nnbdgvgcabl t`glgpnstzù w`rhgb, zù hnt ggb nnbtnc v``rhgcgb kgt zaef kggdrgblgb? (n) fgt bggkt hgb``hznnm wgl `k hg lr`bh tg vgrwgrvgb, `j tgbkabstg nccg lr`bh, nnblgzagb hg

lr`bhgalgbnrgb zgcj kggh`gb nnb hg lr`bhgxpcàtntag= (d) fgt vgrmcgabt fgt rasae` vnbvgrtrnlabl hnt zù pcnntsfgddgb wnbbggr hg lr`bhgalgbnrgb, ab pcnnts vnb kggwgr-mgb, zaef strntglasef zùhgb lghrnlgb `k hg f``lst k`lgcaomg praos nj tg hwablgb=(e) n gb d zùhgb hg m`stgb nnbzagbcaom vgrkabhgrgb? gr zù lggb dgf`gjtg zaob `khg lr`bh v``rnj tg m`pgb. Hg lgrgsgrvggrhg dghrnlgb v``r `bvgrwneftg m`stgb gbpcnbm`stgb zùhgb fagrh``r vgrkabhgrgb= (h) e zù hg bnbeaícg m`stgb nnbzagbcaomh`gb vgrkabhgrgb khnt gr hnb kabhgr j lggb dgf`gjtg zù zaob nnb gxtgrbg bnb-eagrabl.

Geftgr, hg vnststgccabl vnb ggb gxpcàtntagpcnb, wnt b`hal zù mubbgb zaob `k s`k-

kalg lr`bhgalgbnrgb tg hwablgb kgg tg wgrmgb, fggjt z`ncs rgghs lgkgch bnhgcgb.Xgvgbs as fgt fggc huur `k lr`bh tg `btgalgbgb gb drgblt hat ggb hargetg bnbeaícgdgtr`mmgbfgah vnb hg lgkggbtg kgt zaef kgg. Hat as `m b`l ggb p`catagm lgv`gcalgknntrglgc hag s`wags` bagt t`glgpnst mnb w`rhgb ncs lr`bhgalgbnrgb hg dgstgkkablzgcj zùhgb waccgb rgncasgrgb. @k hgzg bnhgcalg gjjgetgb wgl tg bgkgb zù fgt Taom,lgàbsparggrh h``r hg Zncgbeannbsg fgrvgrmnvgcablrglgcabl, ggb wgttgcaomg stghgcaomgfgrvgrmnvgcablrglgcabl k`gtgb abtr`huegrgb.

Uc`tw``rh

Nnb fgt gabhg vnb hg onrgb ‖69 gb ‖19 abtr`hueggrhg hg Bghgrcnbhsg `vgrfgah dg-

cnblraomg dgcgahsvgrnbhgrablgb `k hg pudcagmg uatlnvgb gb bnbeaícg rasae`‑s tg vgr-kabhgrgb. Geftgr, hg prnmtaom fggjt sabhshagb cntgb zagb hnt hgzg vgrnbhgrablgb bèflgcgah fgddgb t`t kabhgr sudsahags, bèf t`t baguwg waomgb kgt v`ch`gbhg gb l`ghg`pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb. Hg lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt as ggb p`labl `k hatpr`dcggk `p tg c`ssgb. Ncf`gwgc hgzg wgt `bhgr dgpnnchg `kstnbhalfghgb buttalmnb zaob, caoht hag nnb twgg jubhnkgbtgcg tgm`rtm`kablgb. Xgb ggrstg lnnt hg wgtgrvnb uat hnt hg lr`bhgalgbnnr hg gbalg as hag lgcglatakggrh as `k hg ge`b`kasefgwnnrhgstaolabl hag h``r fgrdgstgkkabl as `btstnnb, bnnr zaef t`g tg trgmmgb. Fagr`btmgbhg hg wgtlgvgr ggb nbhgrg k`lgcaomfgah hag p`pucnar as ab nbhgrg Gur`pgsgcnbhgb? hnt `vgrfghgb ``m rgeft fgddgb `p ggb hggc vnb hg wnnrhgstaolabl. Xgb

twgghg lnnt hg wgt grvnb uat hnt hg gbalg knbagr `k pudcagmg h`gcgb tg vgrwgzgb-caomgb ggb hargetg gb bnbeaícg dgtr`mmgbfgah vnb hg `vgrfgah as. Hat rgsuctggrhg ab



Unkgbvnttabl 87>

ggb tg e`kpcgxg rggms vnb wgttgcaomg abstrukgbtgb hag lgkggbtgb `vgrcnnht kgt tgvggc tnmgb gb rasae`‑s. Hg grvnrabl ab Gblgcnbh gb Upnbog cnnt zagb hnt pudcagmg rglag

ab ruaktgcaomg `btwammgcabl lgdnsggrh k`gt zaob `p sakpgcg gb huahgcaomg r`ccgb?`vgrfghgb rglucgrgb v``rnj, pravntg pnrtaogb akpcgkgbtgrgb gb hrnlgb nccg rasae`‑s.

Ggb cnntstg w``rh? hg abtgrbnta`bncg bnbeaícg gb ge`b`kasefg erasas cgaht gr rgghst`g hnt `vgrfghgb k`gtgb dgzuabalgb `k kabhgr uat tg lgvgb. \nbbggr lggb knnt-rglgcgb w`rhgb lgb`kgb `k ggb hggc vnb hg ge`b`kasefg wnnrhgstaolabl tg lgdrua-mgb `k hg `pgbdnrg abjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb tg dgtncgb, zuccgb hg dgzuabalab-lgb gr t`g cgahgb hnt ruaktgcaomg `btwammgcabl gb hagbs mwncatgat `bhgr hrum m`kt tgstnnb, ab fgt daoz`bhgr ab stghgcaomg fgrstrueturgrablsc`entags.



TTgsukgb

Enpëtuc` > ― Abtr`hueeaõb? pr`dcgkns e`b cn bnbeaneaõb hg c`s

`dogtav`s pÿdcae`s gb pr`yget`s hg rggstrueturneaõb

urdnbn gb F`cnbhn

Xrnhaea`bnckgbtg cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen f`cnbhgsn s`cën npcaenr ubn p`cëtaen ‖ne-tavn‑ hg sugc`? e`kprndn gc sugc`, c` urdnbazndn y vgbhën c`s s`cnrgs n e``pgrntavnshg vavagbhn y n pr`k`t`rgs abk`dacanra`s. N bncgs hg c`s nþ`s 69 havgrs`s enkda`sgb cns p`cëtaens hg vavagbhn y sugc` ccgvnr`b n ubn trnbsaeaõb lrnhunc fnean jõrku-cns kîs pnsavns. Hgshg gbt`begs, enhn vgz kîs s`b cns e``pgrntavns hg vavagbhns yc`s nlgbtgs hg kgrenh` c`s qug e`kprnb gc sugc` y c` hgsnrr`ccnb. C`s hgsnrr`cc`surdnb`s gb lgbgrnc (tnbt` gb gbsnbefgs e`k` gb rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn) akpcaenblgbgrnckgbtg ub abergkgbt` gb gc vnc`r ge`bõkae` hgc sugc` (n pnrtar hg nf`rn?

–pcusvncën urdnbëstaen‛), pgr` tnkdaáb cn bgegsahnh hg abvgrtar gb bugvns enccgs ygspnea` pÿdcae`, ncenbtnraccnh`, ghaea`s pÿdcae`s y vavagbhn s`eanc y pr`tglahn, ab-hgkbaznea`bgs, gte. (n pnrtar hg nf`rn? –abjrngstrueturn y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens‛). Uaub Nyubtnkagbt` npcaen ubn p`cëtaen netavn hg sugc` pughg rgeupgrnr gst`s e`stgs ncvgbhgr c`s s`cnrgs. Uab gkdnrl`, e`k` c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s f`cnbhgsgs tagbgb enhn vgzkgb`s sugc` gstîb tgbagbh` pr`dcgkns pnrn pnlnr c`s e`stgs p`rqug c`s pr`pagtnra`shgc sugc` b` gstîb haspugst`s n e`btraduar. Gst` fn ccgvnh` n qug c`s Nyubtnkagbt`sfnynb rgdnonh` c`s `dogtav`s hg encahnh urdnbëstaen, p`r gogkpc` gb rggstrueturneaõburdnbn, y n cn bgegsahnh hg sudsaha`s pÿdcae`s.

Gstn abvgstalneaõb sg eugsta`bn sa, eunbh` gc sugc` gstî gb knb`s pravnhns, cn pcus-vncën urdnbëstaen p`hrën sgr utacaznhn (t`hn ` nc kgb`s ubn pnrtg) pnrn pnlnr cns



Tgsukgb878

abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens. Ug abvgstaln sa eagrt`s abstrukgbt`s cglncgs,e`kprgbhah`s hgbtr` hg cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen, sgrënb ÿtacgs pnrn gstakucnr n c`s

pr`pagtnra`s hgc sugc` n e`btraduar, gs hgear, n kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncënsurdnbëstaens. Gstn abvgstalneaõb sg egbtrn gb cn saluagbtg b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen? gc `r-hgbnkagbt` ourëhaenkgbtg vabeucnbtg qug rglucn gc us` hgc sugc` y su pr`eghakagbt`nhkabastrntav` hg npr`dneaõb= hgrgef`s hg cn pr`paghnh hgc sugc`= y `rhgbnkagbt`b` vabeucnbtg. Cns pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens pughgb sgr hg hajgrgbtgs tap`s? cns lgbg-rnhns p`r abvgrsa`bgs gb abjrngstrueturn, p`r enkdanr gc us` hgc sugc`, ` p`r ub nu-kgbt` hg cn hgknbhn hg sugc` enusnh` p`r `tr`s jnet`rgs hg enrîetgr kîs lgbgrnc.Gstn abvgstalneaõb hastablug trgs hajgrgbtgs sud-e`begpt`s hgbtr` hg ‖rgeupgrneaõb hgpcusvncëns‑? ‖rgeupgrneaõb hg e`stgs‑ (rgeupgrneaõb, lrneans n cns e`btraduea`bgs hgc`s pr`pagtnra`s, hg cns abvgrsa`bgs gb abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens), ‖enp-

turn pÿdcaen hg pcusvncën‑ (eunbh` cns Nhkabastrnea`bgs Yÿdcaens qug fnb abvgrtah`gb, p`r gogkpc`, abjrngstrueturns, enpturnb cn pcusvncën lgbgrnhn p`r gsn abvgrsaõb) y‖rgeupgrneaõb pÿdcaen hg pcusvncëns‑ pr`pankgbtg haefn (eunbh` cns Nhkabastrnea`-bgs Yÿdcaens rge`lgb t`h`s c`s tap`s hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens).

Wbn eugstaõb jubhnkgbtnc gs quaáb hgdgrën rgeadar cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen. Uglÿbubn trnhaeaõb cadgrnc e`bsgrvnh`rn, t`hn pcusvncën pgrtgbgeg nc pr`pagtnra` hgc sugc`,kagbtrns qug ubn trnhaeaõb nctgrbntavn hggbhg qug pgrtgbgeg n cn e`kubahnh. Wbtgkn rgeurrgbtg gb cn tg`rën ge`bõkaen bg`-ecîsaen gs cn ahgn hg sencaznr (rgeupg-rnr kghanbtg akpugst`s) cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen. Hg gstns hajgrgbeans ahg`cõlaens

fnb rgsuctnh` hajgrgbtgs abstrukgbt`s pnrn cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns, nclub`shg gcc`s hgstabnh`s n rgeupgrnr t`h`s c`s tap`s hg pcusvncëns y `tr`s sõc` n abtgrbnca-znr c`s akpnet`s bglntav`s hgc hgsnrr`cc` urdnb` (gs hgear, rgeupgrneaõb hg e`stgs).Hgdah` n qug gb F`cnbhn cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns b` pughg ar kîs nccî hg cnrgeupgrneaõb hg cns abvgrsa`bgs gb abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens (gs hgear,rgeupgrneaõb hg e`stgs), gstn abvgstalneaõb b` fneg rge`kgbhnea`bgs pnrn rgeupgrnrkîs nccî hg gstns abvgrsa`bgs. Nclubns hg cns rge`kgbhnea`bgs gbenonb hgbtr` hgcnetunc knre` cglnc f`cnbhás, abecuahns cns bugvns Cgy hg Wrdnbask` y @rhgbneaõbXgrrat`ranc (\gt ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl ) y Cgy hg cn Wrdnbazneaõb hgc Uugc` (Lr`bhgx-

pc`atntagwgt ). @trns rge`kgbhnea`bgs akpcaenb k`haenea`bgs cglncgs. Nsë pugs, gc

pr`dcgkn qug gstn abvgstalneaõb prgtgbhg rgs`cvgr gs gc saluagbtg?

°Eõk` sg p`hrën utacaznr cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen gb F`cnbhn e`b gc b hg qug gbrggstrueturneaõb urdnbn s`drg sugc` pravnh` cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen pnlnsg cns abjrn-gstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens0

Ynrn p`hgr rgsp`bhgr gstn prglubtn fny qug rgs`cvgr prakgr` cns saluagbtgs eugsta`-bgs?• Eugstaõb prgvan >? °Eõk` sg pughg utacaznr cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen gb rggstrue-

turneaõb urdnbn s`drg sugc` pravnh`0

• Eugstaõb prgvan 4? °Euîbtn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen sg rgeupgrn netunckgbtg gbrggstrueturneaõb urdnbn s`drg sugc` pravnh`0



Tgsukgb 877

• Eugstaõb prgvan 5? °Eõk` abffluyg cn j`rkn gb qug sg usn cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaengb cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens0

• Eugstaõb prabeapnc? °Eõk` p`hrën usnrsg cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen gb F`cnbhn pnrn qug cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen pnlnsg cns abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdca-ens0

Enpëtuc` 4 ― Knre` tgõrae`? rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns

urdnbëstaens gb cns rghgs hg lgstaõb hg p`cëtaens

Gs p`sadcg nbncaznr ub pr`yget` hg rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn e`k` sa jugsg ubn rghhg lgstaõb hg p`cëtaens, rgh gb cn eunc hastabtns Nhkabastrnea`bgs Yÿdcaens trntnb,eunbh` abtgrnetÿnb e`b `tr`s nlgbtgs, hg kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns ur-dnbëstaens. Gc gbj`qug e`bèah` e`k` ‖ rghgs hg lgstaõb hg p`cëtaens‑ (Y`caey bgtw`rmnppr`nef) gs rgsuctnh` hgc hgdntg nenhákae` s`drg c`s enkda`s fndah`s hurnbtgc`s ÿctak`s hgegba`s gb c`s r`cgs hgsgkpgþnh`s p`r cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen y p`rc`s nlgbtgs hg kgrenh`. C`s jubhnkgbt`s hg gstg gbj`qug sg pughgb gbe`btrnr gbcn eagbean p`cëtaen hg c`s prakgr`s nþ`s <9. Kagbtrns qug gb gc gbj`qug trnhaea`bnc‖abtrn-`rlnbaznea`bgs‑ cn lgstaõb hg p`cëtaens pÿdcaens gs ubn netavahnh ogrîrquaen, gbgc gbj`qug hg rghgs cns rgcnea`bgs hg p`hgr pÿdcae`-pravnhns s`b kgb`s ogrîrqua-

ens. Ynrn hgseudrar c`s jnet`rgs gstrueturncgs qug pughgb gxpcaenr gstns rgcnea`bgs sgpughg utacaznr gc kát`h` hg hgpgbhgbean p`r rgeurs`s. Wb prakgr jnet`r gstrueturncgs qug cns rghgs hg lgstaõb hg p`cëtaens e`bsastgb gb havgrs`s net`rgs, enhn ub` hgc`s euncgs pgrsaluagbh` sus pr`pa`s `dogtav`s. Gst` e`bccgvn ub p`tgbeanc e`bfflaet`.Nc kask` tagkp`, c`s net`rgs s`b rgeëprènkgbtg hgpgbhagbtgs p`rqug bablub` hggcc`s e`btr`cn t`h`s c`s rgeurs`s bgegsnra`s pnrn c`lrnr sus `dogtav`s. Cn jugrzn hggstn hgpgbhgbean gs pr`p`rea`bnc n cn akp`rtnbean y n cn ‖sustatuadacahnh‑ hgc rgeur-s`. Xnbt` cn hastradueaõb hg rgeurs`s e`k` cns rgcnea`bgs hg p`hgr gstîb rglucnhnsy k`chgnhns p`r cn b`rkntavn cglnc. Y`r su pnrtg, cns rgcnea`bgs hg p`hgr, e`b gctagkp`, n kgbuh` k`chgnb, e`bs`cahîbh`cn ` nctgrîbh`cn, cn b`rkntavn cglnc. Wb

sglubh` jnet`r gstrueturnc gs qug cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen hgpgbhg sagkprg hg c`srgeurs`s hg tr`s y b` gs, pugs, gc net`r h`kabnbtg sab` ub prakus abtgr pnrgs. Zègserëtaens nrlukgbtnb qug gc gbj`qug hg rghgs hgvncÿn gc gstntus hgc sget`r pÿdcae`, yqug cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen b` hgdgrën abv`cuernrsg hgknsanh` gb abtgrneea`bgsy ncanbzns p`rqug cns rghgs b` s`b trnbspnrgbtgs ba hgkèrîtaenkgbtg e`btr`cndcgs.

Gstn abvgstalneaõb erataen cn prgsubeaõb dîsaen hg qug cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen, gbpr`yget`s hg hgsnrr`cc` urdnbëstae`, hgpgbhg sagkprg hg `tr`s net`rgs, y pr`p`bgh`s kghahns pnrn k`haenr cns abtgrneea`bgs gb cns rghgs y hg gstn j`rkn kgo`rnr cnrgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns? prakgr` k`haenr c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hgc sugc`,

y sglubh` k`haenr gc lrnh` hg fflgxadacahnh y sglurahnh gb gc Ycnbgnkagbt` urdnb`.



Tgsukgb87:

Hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hgc sugc`

Ug p`hrën pgbsnr qug c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hnb nc pr`pagtnra` hgc sugc` ubn

cadgrtnh t`tnc pnrn hgeahar eõk` usnrc`. Uab gkdnrl`, cn rgncahnh gs qug cn b`rkntavncglnc rgstrablg gst`s hgrgef`s. Gc Hgrgef` Yravnh` rglucn gc trîe` b`rknc hg hgrg-ef`s hg pr`paghnh gbtrg pgrs`bns. Gc Hgrgef` Yÿdcae` rglucn sa cn NhkabastrneaõbYÿdcaen pughg ` b`, y eõk`, akp`bgr rgstraeea`bgs n c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh. GcHgrgef` Yÿdcae` fn rgstrablah` kuy salbaentavnkgbtg c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnhhgc sugc`, jubhnkgbtnckgbtg n pnrtar hg cn abtr`hueeaõb gb gc salc` VAV hg cn jubeaõbs`eanc hg cn pr`paghnh y hg e`bsahgrnea`bgs hg enrîetgr snbatnra`. Gb cn netuncahnhgc pr`pagtnra` pughg hasjrutnr hg su pr`paghnh sõc` sa c` fneg hgbtr` hg cn b`rkntavny hg cns prgserapea`bgs cglncgs, y hgspuás hg rgeadar ubn nut`razneaõb ` e`begsaõbpÿdcaen. Gb Lrnb Drgtnþn, F`cnbhn y Gspnþn sg hgdntg s`drg gstg tgkn. Gb >18< ubn

cgy abtr`huo` y ccgvõ n end` gb Lrnb Drgtnþn c` qug sg vab` n hgb`kabnr cn ‖bnea`-bncazneaõb hgc hgrgef` n hgsnrr`ccnr urdnbëstaenkgbtg‑ (bnta`bncaznta`b `j hgvgc`p-kgbt ralfts). Gstn cgy ergõ ub akpugst` qug sab gkdnrl` yn b` gxastg f`y gb hën. Gbrgncahnh gstn bnea`bncazneaõb b` ccglõ kîs nccî hg gstg akpugst`, yn qug b` nctgrõgc prabeapa` cglnc hg qug sõc` gc pr`pagtnra` hgc sugc` gstî nut`raznh` n hgsnrr`ccnr(urdnbaznr y/` ghaenr) su sugc`.

C`s kgbea`bnh`s pr`dcgkns gb F`cnbhn e`b cn bnbeaneaõb hg cns abjrngstrueturnsy h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens fnb sah` `dogt` hg e`btr`vgrsan y hgdntg. Cn haseusaõb vgrsns`drg sa gc Hgrgef` Yÿdcae` jrgeg n cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen abstrukgbt`s sueagb-

tgs pnrn abffluar gb gc hgsnrr`cc` urdnbëstae`. Nclub`s nut`rgs s`b kîs ptakastns, tr`skîs gseáptae`s. Ást`s ÿctak`s e`bsahgrnb qug c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hgc sugc`ergnb ubn gspgeag hg cal`p`ca` hg pr`pagtnra`s y pr`p`bgb ubn k`haeneaõb hg c`shgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh pnrn gstakucnr cn cadrg e`kpgtgbean.

Cns haeuctnhgs qug cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen gspnþ`cn gbe`btrõ hgshg gc salc` VAVpnrn bnbeanr cns abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens fnb absparnh` pr`pugstns ykghahns qug njgetndnb n c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh. Gb >17: sg abtr`huo` cn Tgpnr-egcneaõb gb gc Hgrgef` Nhkabastrntav` pnrn e`bhaea`bnr gc hasjrutg hg cn pcusvncën ur-dnbëstaen n cn `dcalneaõb hg nsukar cn rgsp`bsndacahnh hg urdnbaznr. Hgshg gbt`begs

c`s pr`pagtnra`s hg sugc` gstîb `dcalnh`s n urdnbaznr gc sugc` y e`k` e`kpgbsneaõbe`kpnrtgb cn pcusvncën. C`s Nyubtnkagbt`s gstîb dcalnh`s n npr`dnr ub Ycnbgnkagb-t` Lgbgrnc pnrn t`h` gc tárkab` kubaeapnc y hg gstg k`h` hnr sglurahnh nc pr`pagtn-ra` s`drg cns p`sadacahnhgs hg ghaeneaõb. Gc enrîetgr hgtnccnh` hg gstg Ycnbgnkagbt`Lgbgrnc y su enrîetgr ourëhae` vabeucnbtg fnb e`bvgrtah` n Gspnþn gb ubn sablucnra-hnh gb gc e`btgxt` abtgrbnea`bnc. Cn Tgpnregcneaõb b` c`lrõ sab gkdnrl` lnrnbtaznrubns abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens hg encahnh. Hgshg c`s nþ`s 69, nclub`serëtae`s (gspgeanckgbtg Lnreën-Dgccah`) pcnbtgnr`b hnr n cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen gchgrgef` n hgsnrr`ccnr gc sugc` y nsë r`kpgr gc `cal`p`ca` hgc pr`pagtnra`. Absparnhn gbgstn pr`pugstn, gb >118 cn E`kubahnh Nutõb`kn hg Zncgbean (gb nhgcnbtg, ENZ) ab-

tr`huo` ubn cgy pnrn e`kdntar cn gspgeucneaõb hgc sugc` y kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hgpcusvncëns. Gb cn prîetaen gstn cgy sgpnrõ cn urdnbazneaõb hg cn pr`paghnh hgc sugc`.



Tgsukgb 87<

Jcgxadacahnh y sglurahnh gb gc Ycnbgnkagbt` urdnb`

Netunckgbtg gxastg ub vav` hgdntg negren hg quá lrnh` hg fflgxadacahnh hgdgrën tgbgr

gc Ycnbgnkagbt` urdnb`? °hgdg ergnr sglurahnh gb k`kgbt`s tgkprnb`s hg c`s pr`-egs`s hg urdnbazneaõb (hg j`rkn qug cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen pughn e`btr`cnrc`s)` sgr fflgxadcg (y nsë p`hgr nhnptnrsg n cns eareubstnbeans)0 Ua gc Ycnbgnkagbt` gs npr`-dnh` tgkprnbnkgbtg g abecuyg ubn `rhgbneaõb hgtnccnhn, y nhgkîs b` gs p`sadcgk`haenrc`, gbt`begs fndrî kgb`s fflgxadacahnh y kîs sglurahnh. Kagbtrns qug gb c`snþ`s :9 cn fflgxadacahnh gstndn e`bsahgrnhn e`k` ncl` bglntav`, gb cn netuncahnh gstnpgregpeaõb fn enkdanh`. E`k` vgrgk`s kîs nhgcnbtg, gc lrnh` hg sglurahnh tagbge`bsgeugbeans akp`rtnbtgs pnrn cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens.

Fny h`s trnhaea`bgs rgcnea`bnhns e`b gc lrnh` hg fflgxadacahnh y sglurahnh gb gc Ycn-

bgnkagbt`. Cn trnhaeaõb pcnb-cgh , gs hgear, ‖luanhn p`r gc pcnb‑ (e`k` p`r gogkpc`c`s Wrdnbask`s f`cnbhás y gspnþ`c) prgsubtnkgbtg `jrgeg sglurahnh gb k`kgbt`stgkprnb`s s`drg cns p`sadacahnhgs hg hgsnrr`cc` urdnbëstae` lrneans n cn npr`dneaõbhg ubn rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg hg c`s us`s hgc sugc`. Cn trnhaeaõb hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh , `‖luanhn p`r cn habîkaen hgc hgsnrr`cc` urdnbëstae`‑ (e`k` gc Wrdnbask` dratîbae`),nubqug gb k`kgbt`s tgkprnb`s sugcg gcnd`rnr rhgbneaõb abhaentavn, b` vabeucnb-tg, supugstnkgbtg `jrgeg kgb`s sglurahnh y hgon ub knrlgb kîs nkpca` pnrn cnsbgl`eanea`bgs e`b pr`k`t`rgs y pr`pagtnra`s. Gstns hajgrgbeans s`b cn e`bsgeugbeanhg hajgrgbeans fastõraens? gc Wrdnbask` pcnb-cgh sg np`yn gb cn egbtrncahnh hg cn cgygseratn y gc hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh gb gc sastgkn hg ouhlg-knhg cnw (hgrgef` ouraspruhgb-

eanc) y gc prabeapa` cglnc hg pr`eghurnc jnarbgss (gquahnh).

K`hgc` hg enusncahnh? °quá vnrandcgs abffluygb gb cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns gb

rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn0

Gb rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn gstîb abv`cuernh`s hastabt`s net`rgs? pÿdcae`s y pravnh`s,e`b e`kpgtgbeans rglucnh`rns ` b`, e`b ` sab sugc`, e`b ub abtgrás harget` ` abha-rget`. X`h`s gcc`s abtgrnetÿnb hgbtr` hg ub e`kpcgo` hg kÿctapcgs vnrandcgs fnstnk`chgnr gc lrnh` bnc hg pcusvncën qug enhn ub` hg gcc`s c`lrn rgeupgrnr. Ua gc vnc`rge`bõkae` hg ub sugc` ergeg lrneans n cn rggstrueturneaõb y n c`s enkda` hg us`s,gbt`begs sg pr`hueg ub dgbgea` abaeanc. Ygr` gstg dgbgea` abaeanc hgdg hastraduarsg

hg ubn j`rkn tnc qug nendg rgsuctnbh` gb ub dgbgea` bnc qug sarvn pnrn pnlnr cnsabjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens. Ua gc dgbgea` bnc gs sueagbtgkgbtg lrnb-hg, sgrî p`sadcg sudstrngr gsns e`btraduea`bgs. Gc tnknþ` hgc dgbgea` abaeanc, y sanendn ` b` rgsuctnbh` gb ub dgbgea` bnc, hgpgbhg hg havgrsns vnrandcgs?N. Znrandcgs hg e`btgxt` qug abffluygb gb gc tnknþ` hgc dgbgea` abaeanc? kgrenh`s

abk`dacanra`s, cns kghahns y enrnetgrëstaens hgc sugc`, kgrenh`s cnd`rncgs y hgkntgrancgs hg e`bstrueeaõb, y rglëkgbgs sencgs.

D. Znrandcgs hg e`btgxt` qug abffluygb gb cn hastradueaõb hgc dgbgea` abaeanc, gstgs cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen.

E. Net`s hg nqugcc`s suogt`s hargetnkgbtg abv`cuernh`s gb gc pcnb, abecuygbh`

nqugcc`s e`b e`kpgtgbeans pnrn rglucnr, qug abffluygb gb gc tnknþ` hgc dgbg-ea` abaeanc? hgbaeaõb hg c`s e`btgbah`s y hgcakatneaõb hgc pcnb.



Tgsukgb876

H. Net`s hg nqugcc`s suogt`s hargetnkgbtg abv cuernh`s gb gc pcnb, abecuygbh`nqugcc`s e`b e`kpgtgbeans pnrn rglucnr, qug abffluygb gb cn hastradueaõb hgc

dgbgea` abaeanc? eõk` c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s y c`s pr`pagtnra`s usnb cn b`rkntavnurdnbëstaen, eõk` net`rgs pÿdcae`s y pravnh`s abtgrnetÿnb abj`rknckgbtg, y ear-eubstnbeans gspgeëens.

Gstn abvgstalneaõb sg egbtrn gb eõk` sg pughgb knbapucnr cns vnrandcgs akprgsns gbbglratn, pgr` tagbg nhgkîs gb eugbtn cns `trns vnrandcgs p`rqug t`hns gccns abffluygboubtns gb gc tnknþ` y cn hastradueaõb hgc dgbgea` abaeanc, gs hgear gb cn rgeupgrn-eaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens. Gxastgb kuefns knbgrns n trnvás hg cns euncgs gcdgbgea` abaeanc pughg nendnr ‖gsjukîbh`sg‑ hg tnc j`rkn qug, nc bnc, b` gstá has-p`badcg pnrn pnlnr cns abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens. Wbn hg gccns gs gstaknr

gc e`stg e`btndcg qug sg ntraduyg nc sugc` gb c`s eîceuc`s hg cn `pgrneaõb p`r ubvnc`r kuy p`r gbeakn hgc vnc`r abaeanc hgc sugc`, gs hgear, p`r gbeakn hgc vnc`r hgcus` prggxastgbtg hgc sugc`. Y`r gogkpc`, gb gc pr`yget` f`cnbhás M`p vnb @`st , gcvnc`r abaeanc hgc sugc` grn s`drg ₣ 5,: kacc`bgs, pgr` sg abecuyõ gb c`s eîceuc`s p`rnc kgb`s ₣ >4 kacc`bgs. @trn j`rkn hg ‖juln‑ hg cn pcusvncën gs gc kîrlgb rglucnr hgdgbgea` qug gc pr`k`t`r enrln e`k` e`kpgbsneaõb b`rknc p`r cn cnd`r y ragsl`squg nsukg. N kgbuh`, gb gtnpns tgkprnbns hg ub pr`yget`, tnbt` gc vnc`r e`btndcghgc sugc` e`k` gc kîrlgb rglucnr hg dgbgea` b` gstîb hgbah`s, y pr`pagtnra`s hgcsugc` y pr`k`t`rgs tagbgb eagrt` kîrlgb pnrn sudarc`s ` dnonrc`s? c`s sudgb sa gxastgsglurahnh negren hgc npr`vgefnkagbt` urdnbëstae` jutur` (euîbt` y quá sg p`hrî

ghaenr), y c`s dnonb sa gxastg sglurahnh negren hg cns e`btraduea`bgs `dcalnt`rans `gstîbhnrgs urdnbëstae`s këbak`s (euîbt` sg tgbhrî qug e`btraduar, gb pgeuban y/` gbbnturn). Xnkdaáb gs rgcgvnbtg cn p`saeaõb bglèanh`rn hg cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen.Ua gxastg sglurahnh negren hg cn juturn ghaendacahnh sg hgdacatn cn p`saeaõb bgl`-eanh`rn hgc Nyubtnkagbt` p`rqug b` pughg bglèanr e`btraduea`bgs nhaea`bncgs nenkda` hg kîs ghaendacahnh. Ua gxastg sglurahnh negren hg cns e`btraduea`bgs ygstîbhnrgs, su p`saeaõb bglèanh`rn kgo`rn p`rqug ást`s pnsnb n j`rknr gc pubt`hg pnrtahn gb cns bglèanea`bgs. Jabnckgbtg, su p`saeaõb bglèanh`rn tnkdaáb kg-o`rnrî sa pughg e`bhaea`bnr ndagrtn y pÿdcaenkgbtg cn npr`dneaõb hg cn `rhgbneaõbvabeucnbtg n qug gc pr`k`t`r lnrnbtaeg sus e`btraduea`bgs kghanbtg cn rkn hg ub

E`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae`. C`s pr`pagtnra`s hgc sugc` tagbgb ubn dugbn p`saeaõb bg-lèanh`rn p`rqug sus hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh cgs pgrkatgb pghar gc kîxak` prgea`p`r su sugc`. Xnkdaáb pughgb rgtrnsnr gc prègs` hg urdnbazneaõb, c` qug n su vgzakpcaen kny`rgs e`stgs, p`r gogkpc` bnbeagr`s ` cn bgegsahnh hg fnegr kîs gstu-ha`s y pcnbgs, gteátgrn, qug nendnb e`bsukagbh` gc dgbgea` abaeanc. Y`r gogkpc`,gb gc pr`yget` M`p vnb @`st c`s e`stgs qug akpcaen cn urdnbazneaõb jugr`b hg gbt`rb` n < kacc`bgs hg gur`s, kagbtrns qug p`hrënb fndgr sah` kîs dno`s, gb t`rb` n4 kacc`bgs hg gur`s. Gc rgtrns` pughg sgr hgdah` n bglèanea`bgs hajëeacgs e`b ubnkuctatuh hg pr`pagtnra`s, y/` n ubn gstrntglan hgcadgrnhn hg c`s pr`pagtnra`s sa gspg-rnb qug gc prgea` hgc sugc` pughg nukgbtnr e`b gc tagkp`. E`k` e`bsgeugbean hg

t`hns gstns abtgrneea`bgs, gc dgbgea` abaeanc nendn hgsnpnrgeagbh`. Gb gc pr`yget`M`p vnb @`st gc Nyubtnkagbt` tuv` qug sudsahanr cns abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs



Tgsukgb 871

pÿdcaens kagbtrns qug ub dgbgea` abaeanc hg gb t`rb` n ₣ >6,7 kacc`bgs pnrgegfndgrsg julnh`.

H`s kghahns pnrn kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns? h`s fapõtgsas

Y`hgk`s rgj`rkucnr cns kgbea`bnhns kghahns (k`haenr c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnhy cn sglurahnh & fflgxadacahnh gb gc pcnbgnkagbt` urdnbëstae`) e`k` fapõtgsas?

>. Wbn j rkn gspgeëen hg sgpnrneaõb hg c s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hgc sugc (sgpnrnr cn urdnbazneaõb hgc hgrgef` hg pr`paghnh) pughg k`haenr cns rgcnea`bgshg p`hgr gb cns rghgs hg net`rgs abv`cuernh`s gb rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn hg tncj`rkn qug gcc` pughg kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens.

4. Gb gtnpns tgkprnbns hg c`s prègs`s hg urdnbazneaõb, gvatnr cn sglurahnh negren

hg cn ghaendacahnh juturn, y ergnr sglurahnh s`drg juturns e`btraduea`bgs y gs-tîbhnrgs urdnbëstae`s, pughg kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens.

Enpëtuc` 5 ― Kgt`h`c`lën

Gstn abvgstalneaõb gstuhan ub ‖jgbõkgb`‑? cn abtgrneeaõb gbtrg Nyubtnkagbt`s, fn-eagbh` us` hg cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen, y pr`k`t`rgs/pr`pagtnra`s n enrl` hg pr`-yget`s hg rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn. H`s vnrandcgs s`b egbtrncgs nquë? sa gc us` hg cn

b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen (cn vnrandcg abhgpgbhagbtg) p`hrën kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hgpcusvncëns urdnbëstaens (cn vnrandcg hgpgbhagbtg). Gc dogtav` bnc gs pr`huear e`bèa-kagbt` qug np`yg cn j`rkucneaõb hg rge`kgbhnea`bgs negren hg eõk` gb cn prîeta-en urdnbëstaen f`cnbhgsn sg p`hrën kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns sab p`r gcc`rgtrnsnr c`s prègs`s hg urdnbazneaõb.

E`b gstg `dogtav` fg t`knh` havgrsns hgeasa`bgs. Gb prakgr culnr, dnsnr cn abvgsta-lneaõb gb ub bÿkgr` cakatnh` hg pr`yget`s? euntr` gb cn ENZ, trgs gb Ablcntgrrn yeuntr` gb F`cnbhn. B` grn p`sadcg ba rge`lgr sueagbtgs hnt`s hg ubn kugstrn su-eagbtgkgbtg rgprgsgbtntavn qug pgrkatagsg ub nbîcasas gstnhëstae`, ba tnkpè` nascnr

n cn pgrjgeeaõb hg tgregrns vnrandcgs cn rgcneaõb gbtrg cns vnrandcgs abhgpgbhagbtgy hgpgbhagbtg. Nhgkîs, gc gstuha` hg pr`yget`s `jrgeg kîs abj`rkneaõb s`drg gcjgbõkgb` y su abtgrneeaõb e`b gc e`btgxt` qug ub gstuha` gxtgbsav` tap` gbeugstn.Cn rge`lahn hg hnt`s tuv` culnr nbtgs hgc e`kagbz` hg cn erasas bnbeagrn y ge`bõ-kaen abtgrbnea`bnc hurnbtg gc vgrnb` y `t`þ` hgc nþ` 4996, y pnrn Gspnþn nbtgs hgce`kagbz` hg cn erasas abk`dacanran n bncgs hgc 499<. Ynrn hgtgrkabnh`s nspget`srgcgvnbtgs, sg ccgvõ n end` ubn ÿctakn r`bhn hg rge`lahn hg hnt`s n bncgs hgc 4991y hurnbtg gc 49>9.

Ka sglubhn hgeasaõb jug nsglurnr ub nct` lrnh` hg vncahgz hg cns e`becusa`bgs pnrn

gcuhar gc ragsl`, abfgrgbtg n gstuha`s dnsnh`s gb ub bÿkgr` cakatnh` hg pr`yget`s,hg pr`huear e`bèakagbt` tnb gspgeëe` qug b` sgrën ÿtac pnrn pr`huear e`becusa`bgs



Tgsukgb8:9

lgbgrncgs y rge`kgbhnea`bgs pnrn F`cnbhn. E`b gstg `dogtav` t`ká trgs lrup`s hgkghahns hgstabnhns n abergkgbtnr tnbt` cn vncahgz abtgrbn e`k` cn gxtgrbn?

>. Wsnr gc kát`h` fap`tátae`-hghuetav pnrn tgstgnr gkpëraenkgbtg cns h`s fapõtgsas=4. Wsnr vnranbtgs hgc kát`h` hg hajgrgbean pnrn gcuhar gc ragsl` hg tgregrns vnran-dcgs y hg e`rrgcnea`bgs gspurans gbtrg cns vnrandcgs abhgpgbhagbtg y hgpgbhagb-tg? gcnd`rneaõb hg ubn castn hg p`sadcgs tgregrns vnrandcgs pnrn nsgs`rnr su pnpgcgb enhn pnës y pr`yget`= cakatnr cn p`dcneaõb t`tnc hg pr`yget`s y gcglar pnësgse`b ub sustrnt` p`cëtae`, ge`bõkae` y sèanc pnrgeah`, gb nkd`s ens`s e`b gc`dogt` hg knbtgbgr gc e`btgxt` c` kîs gstndcg p`sadcg= pnrn gc gstuha` gb pr`-jubhahnh sgcgeea`bnr nqugcc`s k`hgc`s urdnbëstae`s e`btrnra s e`b gc `dogt` hgknxakaznr cn vnranbzn hg cn vnrandcg abhgpgbhagbtg, c` qug ccgvõ n cn hgeasaõb hgfnegr ub gstuha` abtgrbnea`bnc e`kpnrntav` hg sastgkns urdnbëstae`s= sgcgeea`-

bnr pr`yget`s qug puhagsgb abecuar prîetaens abb`vnh`rns= bnckgbtg, eunbh`jug p`sadcg, gstuhanr gc jgbõkgb` nbtgs y hgspuás hg ubn k`haeneaõb hg cnvnrandcg abhgpgbhagbtg (ubn k`haeneaõb cglnc y ubn k`haeneaõb hg p`cëtaen)=

5. Wsnr nclubns táebaens pgbsnhns pnrn rgj`rznr cn vncahgz gxtgrbn p`sadacahnh hggxtrnp`cnr cns e`becusa`bgs? sgcgeea`bnr pr`yget`s rgprgsgbtntav s y usnr jugbtgsnhaea`bncgs y e`kpcgkgbtnrans n c`s pr`yget s.

Gstn abvgstalneaõb b` gstuhan cn t`tncahnh hgc jgbõkgb`, gs hgear, b` nbncazn t`hns cnsenrnetgrëstaens hgc jgbõkgb`, sab` qug sgpnrn cns vnrandcgs rgcgvnbtgs hgc rgst` hgcabbat` bÿkgr` hg `trns vnrandcgs qug p`hrënb enrnetgraznr gc jgbõkgb`. Y`r gcc`,

gstn abvgstalneaõb sg egbtrn gb vnrans sud-vnrandcgs hg cns vnrandcgs abhgpgbhagbtg yhgpgbhagbtg. Ynrn hastabluarcns, gstn abvgstalneaõb hgsnrr`ccn y npcaen ub k`hgc` hghgpgbhgbean y usn nhgkîs gc k`hgc` tgõrae` (abecuahns cns h`s fapõtgsas) y gc k`hg-c` hg enusncahnh gxpugst`s nrradn. Cn vnrandcg abhgpgbhagbtg (b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen)fn sah` havahahn gb eabe` sud-vnrandcgs pnrn nbncaznr eõk` cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdca-en usn gstn b`rkntavn (eugstaõb prgvan >)?n) Uglurahnh prgvan s`drg cn juturn ghaendacahnh y s`drg cns e`btraduea`bgs=d) E`btgbah` hg cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg=e) E`bhaea`bnr cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg n qug gc pr`k`t`r lnrnbtaeg sus e`btra-

duea`bgs=

h) K`chgnr c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hgc sugc`=g) Yrèghakagbt` nhkabastrntav` pnrn cn prgpnrneaõb y npr`dneaõb hg cn `rhgbn-

eaõb vabeucnbtg? lnrnbtëns pnrn gc qug prgsgbtn pr`pugstns= fflgxadacahnh pnrn k`-haenr cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg gxastgbtg= fflgxadacahnh pnrn hgcakatnr gc îkdat`jësae` hg cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg gb sabt`bën e`b cns bglèanea`bgs e`b pr`-pagtnra`s.

Cn vnrandcg hgpgbhagbtg (rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns) tnkdaáb fn sah` sudhavahahngb vnrans sud-vnrandcgs? t`hns cns p`sadcgs j`rkns hg e`btraduea`bgs hg pr`k`t`rgs/ pr`pagtnra`s y tnkdaáb p`sadcgs gjget`s e`cntgrncgs s`drg c`s ratk`s hg gogeueaõb hgc

Ycnbgnkagbt`. Gst` faz` p`sadcg gvncunr gc lrnh` hg pcusvncën bnckgbtg rgeupgrn-hn (eugstaõb prgvan 4). Cn eugstaõb prgvan 5 fn sah` rgsugctn hghueagbh` gc tap` hg



Tgsukgb 8:>

rgcneaõb enusnc gbtrg cns vnrandcgs abhgpgbhagbtg y hgpgbhagbtg. Cns rgspugstns s`bhg fgef` fapõtgsas e`brknhns, p`r gogkpc`? –sa c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s gstndcgegb gb

gtnpns tgkprnbns quá e`btraduea`bgs tgbhrîb qug pnlnr/gogeutnr c`s pr`k`t`rgs,kgo`rnrî cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns‛.

Hgspuás hg rgsp`bhgr gb c`s enpëtuc`s 7 n < enhn eugstaõb prgvan pnrn enhn pnës, gcenpëtuc` 6 prgsgbtn cns e`becusa`bgs, dnsnhns gb cns fapõtgsas e`brknhns, qug pug-hgb sgr hg abtgrás pnrn gc hgdntg nenhákae`. X hns gstns rgspugstns g fapõtgsas e`b-rknhns, abe`rp`rnbh` nhgkîs e`bèakagbt` gspgeëe` hg cn satuneaõb f`cnbhgsn(cglascneaõb y e`bsahgrnea`bgs p`cëtaens y eucturncgs), sarvgb hg dnsg pnrn rgsp`bhgrgb gc enpëtuc` 1 cn eugstaõb prabeapnc, gs hgear, pnrn fnegr rge`kgbhnea`bgs pnrn cnprîetaen urdnbëstaen f`cnbhgsn.

Enpëtuc` 8 ― Gstuha` gxpc`rntav`? b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen gb

Gur`pn @eeahgbtnc

Gc prakgr pns` gb ub gstuha` abtgrbnea`bnc e`kpnrntav` gs ub gstuha` gxpc`rntav`s`drg cn vnrandcg abhgpgbhagbtg ‖b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen‑ gb F`cnbhn y gb `tr`s èf`pnësgs hg cn Gur`pn @eeahgbtnc? Ncgknban, Ablcntgrrn (pnrtg hgc Tgab` Wbah`), Jcnb-

hgs (rglaõb dgcln), Jrnbean, Uugean, Habnknren, Atncan y Gspnþn (cn E`kubahnh Nutõ-b`kn hg Zncgbean, ENZ). Gstuhanr pnësgs e`b ub sustrnt` sakacnr e`k` ást`s rghueg cnabfflugbean hg tgregrns vnrandcgs. Gc sglubh` pns` jug sgcgeea`bnr cn ENZ g Ablcntgrrnp`rqug gst`s kugstrnb cn kny`r vnraneaõb gb cn vnrandcg abhgpgbhagbtg (rgprgsgbtnbk`hgc`s e`btrnra`s hg Wrdnbask`). Hg gstg k`h` sg abergkgbtnb cns p`sadacahnhgshg pr`huear e`becusa`bgs salbaentavns. Gst`s h`s pnësgs y F`cnbhn s`b gc `dogt` hgubn abvgstalneaõb gb pr`jubhahnh gb c`s enpëtuc`s 7 n <.

Cns hajgrgbeans gbtrg gst`s bugvg pnësgs s`b rgknrendcgs. Gb c` qug sg rggrg nc cu-lnr hg cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg hgbtr` hg c`s prègs`s hg urdnbazneaõb, Ablcntgrrn

rgprgsgbtn gc k`hgc` urdnbëstae` hgvgc`pkgbt-cgh , y Gspnþn/ENZ (oubt` n Jrnbean,Atncan y Jcnbhgs, nubqug ást`s pnësgs gb kgb`r kghahn) gc k`hgc` pcnb-cgh . F`cnbhn,nc alunc qug Ncgknban, Uugean y Habnknren, salug gb cn prîetaen gc k`hgc` hgvgc`-

pkgbt-cgh p`rqug cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg sugcg sgr npr`dnhn sõc` hgspuás hg qugc`s Nyubtnkagbt`s fnb bglèanh` e`b áxat` gc e`btgbah` hg gstn rhgbneaõb e`b c`spr`k`t`rgs abk`dacanra`s. Gb eunbt` n c`s e`btgbhah`s hg cn rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg,gb F`cnbhn (fnstn gc nþ` 4996), oubt` e`b Habnknren, ástn b` e`btagbg ensa bablu-bn prgserapeaõb pr`lrnkîtaen (prgserapea`bgs tgkp`rncgs y bnbeagrns ` euncquagr`trn prgserapeaõb qug tgbln e`k` dogtav` cn gogeueaõb hgc Ycnbgnkagbt`), kagbtrnsqug cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg gb Ablcntgrrn y cn ENZ së qug e`btagbg prgserapea`bgs

pr`lrnkîtaens. Nhgkîs, cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg gb F`cnbhn (gxegpt` gc Ycnb hgWrdnbazneaõb, Gxpcàtntagpcnb, abtr`hueah` gb gc 4996), oubt` cn Hnbgsn, tagbg c`s



Tgsukgb8:4

e`btgbah`s kîs rghueah`s (gs hgear, b` pughg abecuar kuef` kîs qug prgserapea`bgshg `rhgbneaõb jësaen), kagbtrns qug cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg gb Ablcntgrrn tagbg c`s

e`btgbah`s kîs havgrs`s. Jabnckgbtg, gb F`cnbhn, Ncgknban, Jrnbean, Uugean, Habn-knren y Jcnbhgs cn npr`dneaõb hg cn rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg b` pughg e`bhaea`bnrsg,j`rknc, pÿdcaen y ndagrtnkgbtg, n qug gc pr`k`t`r lnrnbtaeg sus e`btraduea`bgs (gshgear, n qug sg e`kpr`kgtn gb ub E`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae` n urdnbaznr, eghgr sugc`,e`btraduar n c`s e`stgs, gte), kagbtrns qug gb Ablcntgrrn, cn ENZ g Atncan gst` së gs p`-sadcg y e`bstatuyg nhgkîs gc prèghakagbt` gstîbhnr.

Gb eunbt` n c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hgc sugc`, gb t`h`s c`s pnësgs gstuhanh`s gchgrgef` hg pr`paghnh abecuyg gc hgrgef` n ghaenr. B` sg fn e`bstntnh` bablÿb ens`gb gc qug c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh gstáb e`kpcgtnkgbtg sgpnrnh`s hgc hgrgef`

n hgsnrr`ccnr urdnbëstaenkgbtg gc sugc`. Gst` gs, gc pr`pagtnra` hgc sugc` gs gc ÿbae`nut`raznh` n ghaenr s`drg su sugc`, y pughg gxecuar n tr`s hg fnegrc`. Uab gkdnrl`,gb cn ENZ, Ncgknban, Jrnbean y Uugean cn cglascneaõb urdnbëstaen ahgbtaen gxpcëeatn-kgbtg cn urdnbazneaõb e`k` ubn tnrgn pÿdcaen, kagbtrns qug gb F`cnbhn, Ablcntgrrny c`s `tr`s pnësgs b`. Nhgkîs, gb cn ENZ y, gb kgb`r kghahn gb Ncgknban y Uugean,cn urdnbazneaõb pughg sgr gogeutnhn sab bgegsahnh hg neugrh` v`cubtnra` e`b gc pr`-pagtnra` lrneans n cn p`sadacahnh hg npcaenr rgpnregcneaõb j`rz`sn. Y`r gc e`btrnra`, gbF`cnbhn, Ablcntgrrn, Jrnbean, Atncan, Uugean, Jcnbhgs y Habnknren, urdnbaznr hgpgbhghg ub neugrh` e`b c`s pr`pagtnra`s, y gstn hgpgbhgbean sõc` pughg sgr gcuhahn sacn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen sg akpcaen salbaentavnkgbtg, gb tárkab`s bnbeagr`s y

hg `rlnbazneaõb (e`kprnbh` gc sugc` y npcaenbh` gc hgrgef` hg tnbtg` y rgtrnet`,gxpr`panbh` npcaenbh` jõrkucns sencgs n p`stgra`ra ). Gb eunbt` nc prèghakagbt`nhkabastrntav` hg npr`dneaõb hg cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg, gb Ablcntgrrn gs p`sadcgk`haenr nclubns prgserapea`bgs gstrueturncgs p`r kgha` hg ub prèghakagbt` kuysgbeacc`, kagbtrns qug gb F`cnbhn y cn ENZ gs bgegsnra` ub prèghakagbt` cnrl` ye`kpcgo`.

Enpëtuc` 7 ― Cn E`kubahnh Nutõb`kn hg Zncgbean (ENZ)

Cn ENZ tagbg ensa t`hns cns e`kpgtgbeans hg gcnd`rneaõb y gogeueaõb gb kntgran hgcglascneaõb urdnbëstaen, y nhgkîs sudsahan, oubt` nc Gstnh` Egbtrnc y kuef`s Nyubtn-kagbt`s, havgrsns p`cëtaens `ragbtnhns n cn rggstrueturneaõb y rgvatncazneaõb hg îrgnsurdnbns fastõraens y `trns îrgns urdnbns gb hgtgra`r`. Uab gkdnrl`, ubn lrnb pnrtghg cn rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn gb c`s ÿctak`s hgegba`s fn sah` gc rgsuctnh` hg abaean-tavns pravnhns hg rgencaeneaõb n us`s prak`rhanckgbtg rgsahgbeancgs hg vagons îrgnsabhustrancgs satunhns hgbtr` hgc sugc` urdnb`. Gc prgsgbtg trndno` sg egbtrn gb gst`stap`s hg pr`yget`s hg rggstrueturneaõb, h`bhg b` gxastgb sudsaha`s pÿdcae`s. Ynrn hnrub bugv` us` nc sugc`, cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen tagbg prakgr` qug k`haenr cn `r-

hgbneaõb vabeucnbtg prgvan, qug gs hg h`s tap`s? Ycnbgnkagbt` lgbgrnc y hg hgsnrr`-cc`. Gc Ycnbgnkagbt` lgbgrnc (Ycnbgs Lgbgrncgs) eudrgb t`h` gc tgrrat`ra` kubaeapnc y



Tgsukgb 8:5

tagbgb ub enrîetgr ourëhae` vabeucnbtg. Gb sugc` urdnbazndcg abecuygb cn `rhgbneaõbgstrueturnc, gs hgear ecnsaenb gc sugc` gbtrg urdnb`, urdnbazndcg y b` urdnbazndcg,

prgseradgb cns p`sadcgs tap`c`lëns ghaentavns, cn rgh praknran hg h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaensy c`s hgrgef`s hg ghaeneaõb hg enhn pr`pagtnra` (gc npr`vgefnkagbt` tap`, ubn gs-pgeag hg ëbhaeg hg ghaendacahnh p`r kgtr` eunhrnh` hg sugc`). X`h` gst` hn ub nct`lrnh` hg sglurahnh s`drg cns juturns p`sadacahnhgs ghaent`rans. Gb gc sugc` urdnba-zndcg pr`lrnknh` y gb gc sugc` urdnb`, gc Ycnb Lgbgrnc abecuyg nhgkîs cn `rhgbn-eaõb p`rkgb`raznhn, gs hgear cn encaeneaõb hgc sugc` gb us`s urdnb`s gspgeëe`s(vavagbhn, abhustranc, eabns, gte.), ncabgneaõb, ncturn y v`cÿkgbgs hg c`s ghaea`s, ycn rgh sgeubhnran hg h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens. C`s Ycnbgs hg hgsnrr`cc` (Ycnbgs Gspgean-cgs, Ynreancgs y hg Tgj`rkn Abtgra`r) eudrgb îrgns gspgeëens y pughgb k`haenr c`sYcnbgs Lgbgrncgs, n c`s qug fnb hg hgtnccnr sa qug gs qug ást`s b` e`btagbgb nÿb cn

`rhgbneaõb p`rkgb`raznhn.

Cns Nhkabastrnea`bgs Yÿdcaens gspnþ`cns fnb pgrsgluah` trnhaea`bnckgbtg qug cnpcusvncën urdnbëstaen pnlug cns abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens. Gstg `dogtav`ccgvõ n cn abtr`hueeaõb gb >17: hg cn kgbea`bnhn Tgpnregcneaõb. C`s pr`pagtnra`skask`s fndënb hg rgpnregcnr sus pr`paghnhgs y urdnbaznr gc sugc`. Ua c`s pr`pagtnra`sb` e`cnd`rndnb, gc Nyubtnkagbt` p`hën npcaenr rgpnregcneaõb j`rz`sn gxpr`panr c`stgrrgb`s y gogeutnr hargetnkgbtg cn urdnbazneaõb. Gb >1<6 gc Gstnh` Egbtrnc abtr`huo`ubn sgrag hg gstîbhnrgs këbak`s hg h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens (c`s ‖gstîbhnrgs urdnbës-tae`s‑) qug, oubt` e`b c`s Ycnbgs Lgbgrncgs, ergnb sglurahnh negren hg cns juturns

e`btraduea`bgs qug fndrîb hg sgr sntasjgefns p`r c`s pr`k`t`rgs y pr`pagtnra`s. Uabgkdnrl`, cn npcaeneaõb hg cn Tgpnregcneaõb hg >17: gstakucõ gb cn prîetaen cn gspg-eucneaõb hgc sugc` (c` qug ccgvõ n gcgvnh`s e`stgs e`btndcgs hgc sugc`), e`bccgvõ trg-kgbhns haeuctnhgs pnrn `rlnbaznr n c`s pr`pagtnra`s y rgtrnsõ c`s pr`egs`s hg urdn-bazneaõb (c` qug e`kp`rtõ ubn abfflneaõb hg c`s e`stgs qug akpcaen cn urdnbazneaõb).X`h` gst` rgsuctõ gb s`cnrgs knc urdnbaznh`s, abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaenshg encahnh abjgra`r y ubn ghaeneaõb knsavn y jësaenkgbtg abfflnhn. Gb gc nþ` >118gc l`dagrb` rgla`bnc hg cn ENZ abtr`huo` p`r kgha` hg cn Cgy hg Tglucneaõb hg cnNetavahnh Wrdnbëstaen (CTNW) akp`rtnbtgs b`vghnhgs gb cn Tgpnregcneaõb. Gb prakgrculnr, abtr`huo` n ub tgregr net`r oubt` nc Nyubtnkagbt` y nc pr`pagtnra`/pr`k`t`r? gc

nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r. Gstg nlgbtg b` bgegsatn p`sggr sugc` y gc Nyubtnkagbt` pughgsgcgeea`bnrc` hargetnkgbtg (nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r pÿdcae`) ` n trnvás hg ub e`beurs`pÿdcae` (nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r pravnh`? c`s pr`pagtnra`s, ubn pr`k`t`rn, ubn e`bs-truet`rn, gte). Wbn vgz sgcgeea`bnh`, gc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r nsukg cn rgsp`bsndaca-hnh hg urdnbaznr y rgpnregcnr c`s tgrrgb`s. Gb sglubh` culnr, cn CTNW cg ha` lnrnbtënsn c`s net`rgs hg kgrenh` sa ást`s t`kndnb cn abaeantavn hg prgsgbtnr ubn pr`pugstn hgurdnbazneaõb. Gb tgregr culnr, c`s Ycnbgs hg hgsnrr`cc` fndënb hg sgr ne`kpnþnh`shg `rhgbneaõb pr`lrnkîtaen (prgserapea`bgs tgkp`rncgs y bnbeagrns ` euncquagr`trn prgserapeaõb qug tgbln e`k` `dogtav` cn gogeueaõb hgc Ycnbgnkagbt`) y hg ubE`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae . Euncquagr gkprgsn pgrs`bn pughg pnrtaeapnr gb gc e`beurs`

pÿdcae` sa prgsgbtn ubn pr`pugstn nc Nyubtnkagbt`, yn qug b` gs bgegsnra` sgr pr`-pagtnra` hgc sugc`, y euncquagr `trn gkprgsn ` pgrs`bn pughg prgsgbtnr ncglnea`bgs



Tgsukgb8:8

y/` ubn pr`pugstn nctgrbntavn. Hgspuás hg gvncunr cns pr`pugstns, gc Ycgb` Kubaeapncsgcgeea`bn ubn hg gccns y sgcgeea`bn nc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r. Gc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r

gcnd`rn y prgsgbtn nc Nyubtnkagbt` ubn pr`pugstn hgtnccnhn hg urdnbazneaõb y hgrgpnregcneaõb. Hgspuás hg rgpnregcnr cns pr`paghnhgs (npcaenbh` rgpnregcneaõb j`r-z`sn sa jugsg bgegsnra`), gc Nyubtnkagbt` rgeadg cns abjrngstrueturns, gc sugc` pnrnh`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens (gquapnkagbt`s y z`bns vgrhgs) y, n kgbuh`, tnkdaáb nclub`ss`cnrgs, y c`s pr`pagtnra`s hgc sugc` rgeadgb c`s rgstnbtgs s`cnrgs. Jabnckgbtg, c`spr`pagtnra`s hg c`s s`cnrgs s`caeatnb c`s pgrkas`s hg ghaeneaõb nc Nyubtnkagbt`.Gstn b`vghnh vncgbeanbn fn sah` abtr`hueahn gb ensa t`hns cns trns >< E`kubahnhgsNutõb`kns gspnþ`cns.

°Fnstn hõbhg pughgb ccglnr cns e`btraduea`bgs hg pr`pagtnra`s y pr`k`t`rgs0 Gb

Gspnþn, c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s enpturnb pnrtg hg cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen gb sugc` ur-dnbazndcg, y c` fnegb rgquaragbh` gbtrg ub 7 y ub >7% hg c`s s`cnrgs. Nhgkîs, c`spr`pagtnra`s fnb hg pnlnr c`s e`stgs hg cn urdnbazneaõb, eghgr gc sugc` bgegsnra`pnrn gstn urdnbazneaõb y t`hns cns h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens y pnlnr nc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`rsus lnst`s hg lgstaõb y ub p`regbtnog hg dgbgea`. Gb prabeapa`, c`s ghaea`s y h`tn-ea`bgs pÿdcae`s (gseugcns, f`spatncgs, gte) fnb hg sgr pnlnh`s p`r cn rgspgetavn Nh-kabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen, gxegpt` gb gc ens` hg cns vavagbhns pr`tglahns, qug fnb hg sgre`bstruahns y pnlnhns p`r c`s pr`pagtnra`s. Nhaea`bnckgbtg, tnkdaáb gs p`sadcg dca-lnr n c`s pr`pagtnra`s n eghgr sugc` satunh` jugrn hgc sget`r pnrn hgstabnrc` n sastgknslgbgrncgs hg abjrngstrueturn, pnrqugs y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens. C`s Nyubtnkagbt s s`b

cadrgs hg ne`rhnr e`btraduea`bgs nhaea`bncgs e`b gc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r, pgr` ástgfndrî hg pnlnrcns e`b sus pr`pa`s rgeurs`s y b` pughg enrlnrcns n c`s pr`pagtnra`s.

Hg c`s pr`yget`s qug s`b `dogt` hg gstg gstuha`, trgs gstîb cèncaznh`s gb cn eauhnhhg Zncgbean? Enkab` F`bh` hgc Lrn` (7,< fn, 8:7 npnrtnkgbt`s y ubn e`bsahgrndcgenbtahnh hg èabns y tgreanra`)= Luaccgk hg Nblcgs`cn (>,4 fn, >47 npnrtnkgbt`s yncl` hg tgreanra`)= y Ygra`hastn Lac Uukdagcn (9,: fn, >99 npnrtnkgbt`s y ncl` hg tgr-eanra`). Nhgkîs, ub pr`yget` gstî cèncaznh` gb cn eauhnh hg Ncaenbtg? Dgbncÿn Uur (6 fn, :99 npnrtnkgbt`s y ubn e`bsahgrndcg enbtahnh hg èabns y tgreanra`). Gb c`seuntr` pr`yget`s, gxastën prgvankgbtg ub Ycnb Lgbgrnc qug prgseradën cn `rhgbneaõb

gstrueturnc y, gb c`s ens`s hg Luaccgk y hg Ygra`hastn, tnkdaáb ondn cn `rhgbneaõbp`rkgb`raznhn. Xnkdaáb jug bgegsnra` npr`dnr ub Ycnb hg hgsnrr`cc`. Gb c`s pr`-yget`s Enkab` y Dgbncÿn gc Ycnb hg hgsnrr`cc` k`haeõ nspget`s hg cn `rhgbneaõbgstrueturnc hgc Ycnb Lgbgrnc. Gb Luaccgk y gb Ygra`hastn, gc Ycnb hg hgsnrr`cc` hgtnccõy k`haeõ sõc` gcgkgbt`s hg cn rhgbneaõb p`rkgb`raznhn. Gb t`h`s c`s pr`yget s,gc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r gs ub nlgbtg pravnh` sgcgeea`bnh` gb ub e`beurs` pÿdcae`,n vgegs ub pr`k`t`r pr`jgsa`bnc, e`k` gb Luaccgk y Ygra`hastn, n vgegs c`s kask`spr`pagtnra`s hgc sugc` `rlnbaznh`s gb ubn Nlrupneaõb hg Abtgrás Wrdnbëstae , e`k`gb Enkab` y Dgbncÿn. Ensa sagkprg c`s nlgbtgs urdnbaznh`rgs b` sõc` urdnbaznb yrgpnregcnb c`s tgrrgb`s, sab` qug nhgkîs e`kprnb sugc` y sg e`bvagrtgb tnkdaáb gb

c`s pr`k`t`rgs hg cn ghaeneaõb, ` nc kgb`s hg pnrtg hg gccn. Gb Ygra`hastn cn kn-y`rën hg c`s pr`pagtnra`s vgbhagr`b su sugc` rgcntavnkgbtg rîpah` nc urdnbaznh`r. Gb



Tgsukgb 8:7

Luaccgk gspgrnr`b y cn kny`rën vgbhaõ hurnbtg gc prèghakagbt` nhkabastrntav` hgnpr`dneaõb hg cn rgpnregcneaõb. Gb Enkab` y Dgbncÿn gc sugc` yn grn cn pr`paghnh

hgc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r (hgdah` n qug c`s pr`pagtnra`s kask`s sg e`bvartagr`b gbnlgbtg urdnbaznh`r).

Enpëtuc` : ― Ablcntgrrn

Gc l`dagrb` egbtrnc hgc Tgab` Wbah`, oubt` e`b cns Nhkabastrnea`bgs Yÿdcaens rg-la`bncgs y cèncgs, fnb pr`hueah` prabeapnckgbtg h`s p`cëtaens hg rglgbgrneaõb ur-dnbn? cns hgstabnhns n kgo`rnr cns e`bhaea`bgs hg vavagbhn (qug tagbgb ubn cnrln

trnhaeaõb), y cns hgstabnhns n rglgbgrnr c`s egbtr`s urdnb`s (qug sg abaeanr`b gb c`snþ`s <9). Gb c`s ÿctak`s hgegba`s, tnc y e`k` kugstrnb c`s pr`yget`s gstuhanh`s, cnNhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen fn dusenh` qug c`s pr`k`t`rgs abk`dacanra`s pnlugb kîsabjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens. Nbtgs hg hnr ub bugv` us` n c`s sugc`s, cnsNhkabastrnea bgs Yÿdcaens cèncgs (Cènc Ycnbbabl Nutf`ratags, CYNs) fnb hg k`ha-enr cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg valgbtg. Gb Ablcntgrrn, gxastgb pcnbgs hg us`s hgc sugc`qug eudrgb nkpcans îrgns, y gst`s pcnbgs pughgb oulnr ub pnpgc akp`rtnbtg, pgr`s`b hg ub enrîetgr ourëhae` abhaentav`, gs hgear, b` vabeucnb hargetnkgbtg gc us` hgcsugc`. Gc ÿbae` pcnb qug e`btagbg `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg gs gc Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b,qug eudrg ubn cèncazneaõb e`bergtn. Wbn vgz qug ub pr`k`t`r prgsgbtn ubn s`ca-

eatuh hg Ycnbbabl Ygrkassa`b pnrn ub pr`yget` e`bergt`, cn CYN pughg akp`bgrcge`bhaea`bgs (e`bhata`bs), ar kîs nccî y bglèanr gb ub E`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae` (Ycnb-babl Nlrggkgbt , ` >9:-nlrggkgbt ) qug gc pr`k`t`r rgncaeg ` pnlug e`btraduea`bgs(`dcalnta`bs).

Gb prabeapa` cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen gb Ablcntgrrn tagbg gc hgrgef` n sencaznr cnpcusvncën urdnbëstaen enusnhn p`r cn hgeasaõb nhkabastrntavn hg enkda` hg us` hgcsugc`. Gb gc pnsnh` sg npcaenr`b hastabt`s tap`s hg akpugst`s, pgr` gb cn netuncahnhyn b` gxastgb. Gb cn prîetaen, cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns tagbg culnr gxalagbh` n c`spr`k`t`rgs qug e`btraduynb pnrn katalnr cns gxtgrbncahnhgs bglntavns hg pr`yget`s

urdnbëstae`s. Gstns e`btraduea`bgs sg lgbgrncaznr`b gb c`s nþ`s <9, gv`cuea`bnbh`hgshg cn urdnbazneaõb jësaen hgbtr` hg c`s cëkatgs jësae`s hgc pr`yget`, fnstn abecuartnkdaáb abjrngstrueturn kgha`nkdagbtnc, e`kubatnran y sèanc cèncaznhn hgbtr` yjugrn hg c`s cëkatgs hgc pr`yget`. Gst` abecuyg p`r gogkpc` gxalar n c`s pr`k`t`rgsqug ghaqugb vavagbhn sèanc y pr`tglahn. Gb c`s ÿctak`s nþ`s fn fndah` e`btr`vgr-san negren hg cn gbvgrlnhurn y vnraghnh hg gstns e`btraduea`bgs, e`btr`vgrsan qugfn rgsuctnh` gb ubn rglucneaõb kîs hgtnccnhn hg quá e`btraduea`bgs s`b gxaladcgsy euîcgs b`, c` eunc sab gkdnrl` b` fn rghueah` ba cn gbvgrlnhurn ba cn vnraghnh hgcns e`btraduea`bgs.

C`s trgs pr`yget`s gstuhanh`s gstîb cèncaznh`s gb cn eauhnh hg Drast`c? Fnrdùrsa-hg/Enb`b‑s Knrsf (<,6 fn, <99 npnrtnkgbt`s, 88,999 k´ hg èabns, 59,999 k´ hg



Tgsukgb8::

tgreanra` y e`kgreanc)= Xgkpcg ûny (<,8 fn, 817 npnrtnkgbt`s, :>,999 k´ hg èa-bns, y <,999 k´ hg tgreanra` y e`kgreanc)= y Kglnd`wc (>,5 fn, >68 npnrtnkgbt`s).

Gc Drast`c Cènc Ycnb hg >11< (ub pcnb hg us`s hgc sugc` hg enrîetgr abhaentav`, b`vabeucnbtg, qug eudrg t`hn cn eauhnh hg Drast`c) prgseradën cn `rhgbneaõb abhaentavnpnrn gst`s trgs pr`yget`s. Nbtgs hg prèghgr n rgurdnbaznr c`s tgrrgb`s fudagr`b hge`beghgrsg ub` ` vnra`s pcnbbabl pgrkassa`bs qug abecuënb cns e`btraduea`bgs qugfndënb hg sgr bglèanhns e`b c`s pr`k`t`rgs y qug jugr`b bnckgbtg abecuahns gbE`bvgba`s Wrdnbëstae`s.

Enpëtuc` < ― F`cnbhn

Cns Nhkabastrnea`bgs Yÿdcaens egbtrnc y cènc f`cnbhgsns j`kgbtnb netavnkgbtg cnrggstrueturneaõb y rgvatncazneaõb hg z`bns urdnbns y cn e`bstrueeaõb gb gccns hg bug-vns vavagbhns y èabns. Gxastgb p`cëtaens gspgeëens pnrn? îrgns egbtrncgs kuctajub-ea`bncgs, abecuygbh` gstnea`bgs hg jgrrènrracgs (pr`yget` Utnta`bsmwnrtagr , >: fn,:79 npnrtnkgbt`s kîs dnstnbtgs èabns, ncl` hg tgreanra`, ubn bugvn gstneaõb hgjgrrènrracgs y dnstnbtgs ghaea`s hg npnrenkagbt`s)= hastrat`s k`b`jubea`bncgs hgnbtgs y hgspuás hg cn Uglubhn Lugrrn Kubhanc (pr`yget` Mruahgbduurt , >< fn, :79vavagbhns kîs nclubns èabns)= y vagons îrgns abhustrancgs (pr`yget`s Hg Jubgb -6fn, 7:7 npnrtnkgbt`s, ncl` hg èabns- y M`p vnb @`st -7 fn, 859 npnrtnkgbt`s,

kîs ncl` hg tgreanra`). X`h` pr`yget` hg rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn sugcg akpcaenr cngcnd`rneaõb hg pcnbgs hg us` hgc sugc` hg enrîetgr abhaentav , kuef`s hg c`s euncgsb` gstîb rglucnh`s gb cn cglascneaõb urdnbëstaen. Nf`rn dagb, nbtgs hg qug cn rggstrue-turneaõb pughn tgbgr culnr gjgetavnkgbtg gs bgegsnra` gbe`btrnr gb prakgr culnr c`skgha`s qug pgrkatnb cn dtgbeaõb hg cns abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens, y gbsglubh` culnr npr`dnr cn rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg (gc pcnb hg us`s hgc sugc` vabeucnbtg― Dgstgkkablspcnb ― ` k`haenea`bgs hgc kask`).

Gb F`cnbhn cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen pgrtgbgeg nc pr`pagtnra` hgc sugc`. Gc netunc knr-e` cglnc hg rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns sg cakatn n cn rgeupgrneaõb hg e`stgs, gs hgear,

n p`hgr gxalar n c`s pr`k`t`rgs qug pnlugb nqugcc`s e`stgs hg abjrngstrueturn pÿdca-en qug cgs dgbgeanb. Gstg prabeapa` b` fn sah` k`haenh` ba p`r cn bugvn Cgy hgWrdnbask` y @rhgbneaõb Xgrrat`ranc (\gt ruaktgcaomg rhgbabl ) ba p`r gc Tglcnkgbt`hg Wrdnbask` y @rhgbneaõb Xgrrat`ranc (Dgscuat ruaktgcaomg `rhgbabl ), abtr`hueah`snkd`s gb gc nþ` 4996. Gb lgbgrnc, cns e`btraduea`bgs hg c`s pr`k`t`rgs s`b gc rgsuc-tnh` hg bglèanea`bgs. N pnrtar hgc 4996 gs p`sadcg, p`r prakgrn vgz, gxalar nc pr`-pagtnra` ubn e`btradueaõb sab bgegsahnh hg bglèanrcn. Ynrn gcc` gc Nyubtnkagbt` fnhg npr`dnr oubt` e`b gc Dgstgkkablspcnb ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb (Gxpcàtntagpcnb),c` qug cg pgrkatg e`bhaea`bnr cn caegbean hg ghaeneaõb (pgr` b` cn npr`dneaõb hg cn`rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg, gs hgear, hgc Dgstgkkablspcnb) nc pnl` hg ubn e`btradueaõb.

Gc Tglcnkgbt` hgc 4996 rglucn quá tap`s hg e`stgs sg pughgb enrlnr s`drg gc pr`-pagtnra` n trnvás hg ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb? cn urdnbazneaõb y cn vavagbhn sèanc/



Tgsukgb 8:<

pr`tglahn cèncaznh`s hgbtr` hg c`s cëkatgs jësae`s hgc pr`yget`, y e`btraduea`bgs nsastgkns lgbgrncgs qug dgbgeagb hargetnkgbtg nc pr`yget`. Gst` gxecuyg c`s e`stgs

hg knbtgbakagbt` y gxpc`tneaõb hg gquapnkagbt`s sèancgs, y pnrtg hg c`s e`stgs hgrgurdnbazneaõb hg cn abjrngstrueturn yn gxastgbtg y hg gcnd`rneaõb hgc pcnbgnkagbt`.Nhgkîs, e`k` b` sg pughg gxalar n c`s pr`pagtnra`s n gkpcgnr cn pcusvncën urdnbësta-en pnrn pnlnr gst`s e`stgs, cn gcnd`rneaõb hg ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb sugcg akpcaenr,s`drg t`h` gb pr`yget`s hg rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn, qug gc Nyubtnkagbt` fn hg fn-egrsg enrl` hg ub háeat nþnhah` n c`s e`stgs b` rgeupgrndcgs kgbea`bnh`s nrradn.Gb culnr hg npr`dnr ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb, c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s y c`s pr`k`t`rgs/ pr`pagtnra`s s`b cadrgs, hgshg gc 4996, hg bglèanr, prgvankgbtg n cn npr`dneaõbhg cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg, e`btraduea`bgs gb ub ccnknh` E`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae`‖nbtgra`r‑. Wb E`bvgba` nbtgra`r pughg abecuar kîs e`btraduea`bgs qug ub Ycnb hg

Wrdnbazneaõb.

Enpëtuc`s 6 y 1 ― E`becusa`bgs pnrn gc hgdntg nenhákae` y

rge`kgbhnea`bgs pnrn cn prîetaen urdnbëstaen

f`cnbhgsn

Kîs rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens gb cn ENZ g Ablcntgrrn qug gb

F`cnbhnC`s hnt`s rge`lah`s hgonb ecnr` qug cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen gb cn ENZ y gb Ablcntg-rrn sg hajgrgbean sustnbeanckgbtg hg cn f`cnbhgsn (vgr cns saluagbtgs sgeea`bgs). Wbne`kpnrneaõb gbtrg gc bavgc hg rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns kugstrn tnkdaáb hajgrgb-eans sustnbeancgs? gb cn ENZ y gb Ablcntgrrn, c`s pr`k`t`rgs y pr`pagtnra`s hgc sugcè`btraduygb gb rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn salbaentavnkgbtg kîs qug gb F`cnbhn. Cnshajgrgbeans sg rggrgb jubhnkgbtnckgbtg n?― C`s e`stgs hg abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens cèncaznh s hgbtr` hg c s

cëkatgs jësae`s hgc pr`yget`? gb Ablcntgrrn y cn ENZ c`s pr`k`t`rgs/pr`pagtnra`spnlnb ensa t`h`s gst`s e`stgs, kagbtrns qug gb F`cnbhn cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdca-

en fn hg sudvgbea`bnrc`s salbaentavnkgbtg=― Uugc` pnrn gstns abjrngstrueturns? gb Zncgbean s`b c`s pr`pagtnra`s c`s qug eghgbgstg sugc`, kagbtrns qug gb Ablcntgrrn y F`cnbhn s`b bgegsnrans e`btraduea`bgspÿdcaens pnrn `dtgbgr gstg sugc`=

― Zavagbhn sèanc y pr tglahn? gb Ablcntgrrn y cn ENZ s`b c`s pr`k`t`rgs/pr pag-tnra`s c`s qug pnlnb dugbn pnrtg ` ensa t`h`s gst`s e`stgs, kagbtrns qug gb F`-cnbhn s`b cns Nhkabastrnea`bgs Yÿdcaens y cns e``pgrntavns hg vavagbhn cns qugnsukgb gstn enrln=

― Abjrngstrueturns pÿdcaens hg sastgkns lgbgrncgs? gb Ablcntgrrn y cn ENZ c`s pr`-k`t`rgs/pr`pagtnra`s e`btraduygb salbaentavnkgbtg (gb Ablcntgrrn jubhnkgbtnc-

kgbtg ab pgeuban, gb cn ENZ jubhnkgbtnckgbtg e`b sugc`), kagbtrns qug gbF`cnbhn gstns e`btraduea`bgs s`b kuy gxegpea`bncgs=



Tgsukgb8:6

― Tgeupgrneaõb pÿdcaen hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens? c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s vncgbeanb`srgeupgrnb ubn pnrtg salbaentavn hg cn pcusvncën, abecus` sa b` s`b pr`pagtnra`s

prgva`s hgc sugc`. Gb Ablcntgrrn b` gxastg j`rknckgbtg rgeupgrneaõb pÿdcaen hgpcusvncëns, pgr` hgdah` n cn hgbaeaõb tnb nkpcan hg cns e`btraduea`bgs qugpughgb bglèanrsg e`b c`s pr`k`t`rgs, sg p`hrën e`becuar qug gb cn prîetaen sëfny hg nclÿb k`h` rgeupgrneaõb pÿdcaen hg pcusvncëns. Gb F`cnbhn c`s Nyubtn-kagbt`s sõc` pughgb dgbgeanrsg hg cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen gb gc ens` hg qugjugsgb prgvankgbtg pr`pagtnra`s hgc sugc`.

Ka e`becusaõb gs qug gxastg ubn jugrtg e`rrgcneaõb gbtrg cn pcusvncën rgeupgrnhn (quggs cn kîs nctn gb cn ENZ, kgb`r pgr` tnkdaáb salbaentavn gb Ablcntgrrn, y cn kîsdnon gb F`cnbhn) y cns p`sadacahnhgs qug jrgeg cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen. Haef` gst`,

gs akp`rtnbtg rgencenr qug gstn e`rrgcneaõb b` gs pgrjgetn. Gxastgb `trns vnrandcgsqug p`hrënb gxpcaenr tnkdaáb pnrtg hg cns hajgrgbeans gb pcusvncën rgeupgrnhn. Wbnvnrandcg rgcgvnbtg gs gc prgea` hg kgrenh` hg c`s dagbgs abk`dacanra`s. Eunbh` c`shnt`s jugr`b rge`lah`s, c`s prgea`s hg cn vavagbhn gb c`s pr`yget`s ablcgsgs grnb sal-baentavnkgbtg kny`rgs qug c`s prgea`s gb c`s pr`yget`s vncgbeanb`s y f`cnbhgsgs.Gst` p`hrën gxpcaenr pnreanckgbtg p`r quá c`s pr`k`t`rgs ablcgsgs e`btraduygr`b kîslgbgr`snkgbtg qug sus e`cglns f`cnbhgsgs, pgr` gb nds`cut` p`r quá c`s pr`k`t`rgsvncgbeanb s, n pgsnr hg e`btnr e`b prgea`s hg kgrenh` pnrgeah`s n c`s f`cnbhgsgs ykgb`rgs n c`s ablcgsgs, e`btraduygb ncl` kîs qug c`s pr`k`t`rgs ablcgsgs, y kuef`kîs qug c`s f`cnbhgsgs. @trns vnrandcgs qug p`hrënb tnkdaáb gxpcaenr pnrtg hg cns

hajgrgbeans s`b cns enrnetgrëstaens gspgeëens hgc pr`yget`, c`s kgrenh`s cnd`rncgs yhg kntgrancgs hg e`bstrueeaõb, c`s rglëkgbgs sencgs, c`s e`btgbah`s y cëkatgs jësa-e`s hgc pr`yget`, y `trns eareubstnbeans gspgeëens hg cns abtgrneea`bgs y pgrs`bnsabv`cuernhns.

E`becusa`bgs pnrn gc hgdntg nenhákae`

Gc enpëtuc` 4 prgsgbtõ h`s kghahns e`bergtns, j`rkucnhns e`k` fapõtgsas, hgstabn-hns n abffluar gb cns abtgrneea`bgs qug tagbgb culnr hgbtr` cns rghgs hg lgstaõb gbrggstrueturneaõb urdnbn y gb gc lrnh` hg pcusvncën bnckgbtg rgeupgrnh`. Gstns h`sfapõtgsas fnb sah` efgqugnhns gkpëraenkgbtg. Cn prakgrn gspgeucn s`drg c`s gjget`s

gb cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns hg cn hgbaeaõb hg c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hgcsugc` y eõk` gstn hgbaeaõb abffluyg gb cns rgcnea`bgs hg p`hgr gbtrg c`s nlgbtgspÿdcae`s y pravnh`s. Cn sglubhn gspgeucn s`drg c`s gjget`s hg cn sglurahnh ergnhnp`r cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg y b` vabeucnbtg hurnbtg c`s prègs`s hg hgsnrr`cc` ur-dnbëstae`. Gb gc k`hgc` hg enusncahnh gxpugst` gb gc enpëtuc` 4, hgseudrak`s ubntgregrn gspgeucneaõb qug tnkdaáb fn sah` tgstnhn gkpëraenkgbtg? cn prgsubeaõb hgqug cn fflgxadacahnh gb c`s prèghakagbt`s nhkabastrntav`s p`hrën sgr rgcgvnbtg pnrnrgeupgrnr pcusvncëns.

Gb c` qug sg rggrg n gstn tgregrn prgsubeaõb, b` fn sah` p`sadcg hghuear rgcnea`bgs

ecnrns y lgbgrncazndcgs gbtrg cn fflgxadacahnh nhkabastrntavn y cn pcusvncën rgeupgrnhn.Uab gkdnrl`, pnrgeg qug cns h`s prakgrns fapõtgsas së s`b vîcahns. Cn b`rkntavn s`-



Tgsukgb 8:1

drg hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh y fflgxadacahnh hg cn `rhgbneaõb gs eagrtnkgbtg rgcgvnbtgp`rqug pughg abffluar cns abtgrneea`bgs hgbtr` hg cns rghgs hg lgstaõb hg p`cëtaens. Cn

Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen gb Ablcntgrrn y, gspgeanckgbtg, gb cn ENZ, pnrgeg tgbgr, lrn-eans n gstn b`rkntavn, ub pnpgc kîs hgtgrkabnbtg qug gb F`cnbhn. C`s Nyubtnkagb-t`s ablcgsgs y s`drg t`h` c`s Zncgbeanb`s prgseradgb n pra`ra y ubacntgrnckgbtg ub`secnr`s rgquasat`s y ubns e`btraduea`bgs e`bergtns, c` qug rgsuctn gb ub nct` lrnh` hgpcusvncën rgeupgrnhn. C`s Nyubtnkagbt`s vncgbeanb`s vnb kîs nccî qug c`s ablcgsgs,yn qug tagbgb, lrneans n cn Tgpnregcneaõb j`rz`sn, gc p`hgr hg gcglar nc urdnbaznh`r,sa gs bgegsnra` gcuhagbh` n c`s pr`pagtnra`s hgc sugc` y sab bgegsahnh hg e`kprnr `gxpr`panr gc sugc`. Gstg pnpgc h`kabnbtg hg cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen, gspgeanckgb-tg gb cn ENZ, b` gbenon hgbtr` hgc pnpgc qug cg hn gc ccnknh` gbj`qug hg ‖rghgs hglgstaõb hg p`cëtaens‑, y nhgkîs hgsdnrntn nclubns hg cns nsubea`bgs dîsaens hg gstg

gbj`qug? qug c`s net`rgs gb cns rghgs, tnbt` pÿdcae`s e`k` pravnh`s, s`b bgegsnran-kgbtg abtgrhgpgbhagbtgs, y qug cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen fn hg nsukar j`rz`snkgb-tg ub pnpgc k`hgst` y b` pughg sgr h`kabnbtg.

C`s saluagbtgs pîrrnj`s gxpcaenb cns hajgrgbtgs knbgrns (` sud-vnrandcgs) kghanbtgcns euncgs cn b`rkntavn urdnbëstaen pughg sgr utacaznhn pnrn abffluar cn rgeupgrneaõbhg pcusvncëns. Ynrn enhn sud-vnrandcg sg prgsgbtnb nclubns e`becusa`bgs pnrn gc hg-dntg nenhákae` qug sg nþnhgb n cns nrradn prgsgbtnhns, y sg prgsgbtnb nhgkîs cnsrge`kgbhnea`bgs pnrn cn prîetaen urdnbëstaen f`cnbhgsn. Gb eunbt` n gstns rge`-kgbhnea`bgs, sg trntn prakgr` hg kghahns v`cubtnrans qug gbenonb hgbtr` hg cn Cgy

hg Wrdnbazneaõb hg 4996, y sglubh` hg pr`pugstns hg k`haeneaõb cglascntavn kîspr`jubhns g abtr`hueadcgs gb ub pcnz` hg tagkp` kîs cnrl`.

Ergnr sglurahnh tgkprnbn s`drg cns p`sadacahnhgs ghaent`rans y s`drg cns

e`btraduea`bgs

Tgsukgb hg c`s fnccnzl`s

C`s Nyubtnkagbt`s gb c`s trgs pnësgs sugcgb ergnr sglurahnh gb gtnpns tgkprnbns(nbtgs hg cns bglèanea`bgs e`b c`s pr`k`t`rgs/pr`pagtnra`s) y gb hajgrgbtg kghahn,negren hg c` qug gc pr`pagtnra` p`hrî ghaenr gb gc jutur`. Gb F`cnbhn, c`s nyubtn-

kagbt`s sugcgb npr`dnr pcnbgs abhaentav`s, b` vabeucnbtgs, c`s euncgs ergnb eagrtnsglurahnh. Gb Ablcntgrrn èurrg ncl` sakacnr, tnkdaáb gb hèukgbt`s abhaentav`s, y gbcn ENZ cn sglurahnh sg ergn p`r kgha` hg `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg, hgc Ycnbgnkagbt`lgbgrnc. C`s hnt`s sulagrgb qug ubn kny`r sglurahnh tgkprnbn pughg rgsuctnr gbkgb`r pcusvncën rgeupgrnhn p`rqug pughg gstakucnr gc abergkgbt` hg c`s prgea`s hgcsugc`, y nhgkîs c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s pagrhgb ub vnca`s` abstrukgbt` hg bglèaneaõb.Uab gkdnrl`, cn sglurahnh s`drg p`sadacahnhgs ghaent`rans, sa gstî ne`kpnþnhn hgsglurahnh s`drg cns juturns e`btraduea`bgs (vgr ndno`), b` gs bgegsnrankgbtg bglntavn.

Gxastgb lrnbhgs hajgrgbeans s`drg gc lrnh` hg sglurahnh tgkprnbn negren hg cns

e`btraduea`bgs. Gb cn ENZ, gb gtnpns tgkprnbns fny kuefn sglurahnh lrneans n (>)gstîbhnrgs urdnbëstae`s cglncgs, (4) p`cëtaens cèncgs y (5) gc Ycnbgnkagbt` lgbgrnc.



Tgsukgb8<9

C`s Nyubtnkagbt`s ablcgsgs sugcgb ergnr eagrtn sglurahnh n trnvás hg cn npr`dneaõbhg (>) pcnbgs abhaentav`s pnrn cèncaznea`bgs e`bergtns qug prgseradgb cns e`btra-

duea`bgs pnrn gc pr`yget` hg qug sg trntg, y (4) hèukgbt`s abhaentav`s, b` gspg-eëenkgbtg fgef`s pnrn ubn cèncazneaõb e`bergtn, qug prgseradgb e`btraduea`bgsgstîbhnr. Gb F`cnbhn, nbtgs hg qug sg abaeagb cns bglèanea`bgs ` hg qug sg og gcprgea` hgc sugc`, ensa buben gxastg sglurahnh, ba ergnhn p`r `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtgba p`r hèukgbt`s y pcnbgs abhaentav`s. Gstn sglurahnh gb cn ENZ g Ablcntgrrn fnabffluah` p`satavnkgbtg gb cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns p`rqug? >) rghueg gc prgea`hgc sugc`, yn qug sa b` gxastg sglurahnh, gc pr`k`t`r pnln hgknsanh` p`r gc sugc` yb` tagbg cugl` knrlgb pnrn e`btraduar= 4) rghueg gc prgea` p`r gc eunc gc pr`k`t`rgstakn gc e`stg e`btndcg hgc sugc` y su knrlgb rglucnr hg dgbgea`= 5) hn n c`s jub-ea`bnra`s pÿdcae`s n enrl` hg cns bglèanea`bgs ubn jugrtg dnsg cglataknh`rn pnrn

sus gxalgbeans.


C`s hnt`s pnrgegb e`brknr cn sglubhn fapõtgsas?

Gb gtnpns tgkprnbns hg c`s prègs`s hg urdnbazneaõb, gvatnr cn sglurahnh negren hgcn ghaendacahnh juturn, y ergnr sglurahnh s`drg juturns e`btraduea`bgs y gstîbhnrgsurdnbëstae`s, pughg kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens.

Ynrtg hg cn catgrnturn e`kpnrntavn hg sastgkns urdnbëstae`s gb Gur`pn pnrgeg fndgr

e`becuah` grrõbgnkgbtg, nc kgb`s gb c` qug rgspgetn n Gspnþn vgrsus Ablcntgrrn yF`cnbhn, qug c`s sastgkns urdnbëstae`s tagbhgb n e`bvgrlar gb c` qug sg rggrg nsu bavgc hg sglurahnh. C`s hnt`s rge`lah`s tnkdaáb pughgb sgr abtgrgsnbtgs pnrn gchgdntg gb cn pr`jgsaõb urdnbëstaen, ub hgdntg gb gc qug sg prgsgbtn cn fflgxadacahnhe`k` ncl` p`satav`? c`s hnt`s hgstnenb qug hgdg hg fndgr eagrt` bavgc hg sglurahnhs`drg cns e`btraduea`bgs sa sg quagrg kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbës-taens.

Tge`kgbhnea`bgs pnrn cn prîetaen urdnbëstaen f`cnbhgsn

C`s Nyubtnkagbt`s f`cnbhgsgs hgdgrënb, nbtgs oubt` n cn npr`dneaõb hg c`s pcnbgs

abhaentav`s qug prgeghgb n c`s hgsnrr`cc`s urdnbëstae`s, ergnr eagrtn sglurahnh negrenhg quá e`btraduea`bgs gxalarîb n c`s pr`k`t`rgs. Cn castn hg tap`s hg e`btraduea`bgsabecuahn gb gc Tglcnkgbt` hgc 4996 b` gs sueagbtg p`rqug gs hgknsanh` lgbáraeny b` cg pgrkatg nc pr`k`t`r, gb gtnpns tgkprnbns, enceucnr gxnetnkgbtg quá cg vnbn e`stnr cns e`btraduea`bgs. Gs p`r gcc` qug c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s hgdgrënb ergnr sglura-hnh negren hg c`s e`stgs qug sgrîb enrlnh`s n trnvás hg ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb. Uabgkdnrl`, e`k` gstg pcnb b` pgrkatg rgeupgrnr t`h`s c`s e`stgs, c`s Nyubtnkagbt`sb` hgdgrënb npr`dnrc`, sab` trntnr hg bglèanr e`b gc pr`k`t`r kîs e`btraduea`bgsgb ub E`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae` prgva`. Gs p`r gcc` qug c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s hgdgrënb ergnrsglurahnh negren hg c`s e`stgs qug hgsgnb rgeupgrnr kghanbtg ub E`bvgba` prgva`,

e`kpcgkgbtnrankgbtg n c`s e`stgs qug p`hrën rgeupgrnr gb ens` hg vgrsg j`rznh` nnpr`dnr ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb.



Tgsukgb 8<>

Cn sglurahnh nquë rge`kgbhnhn pughg sgr ergnhn p`r kgha` hg cn npr`dneaõb hghajgrgbtgs tap`s hg hèukgbt`s, kuef`s hg c`s euncgs pughgb e`kpcgkgbtnrsg c`s

ub`s n c`s `tr`s? (>) hèukgbt`s eudragbh` ubn cèncazneaõb e`bergtn pnrn ne`k-pnþnr c`s tnb jrgeugbtgs pcnbgs abhaentav`s= (4) hèukgbt`s lgbárae`s qug abecuynbe`btraduea`bgs gstîbhnrgs hg enrîetgr abtglrnc (eudragbh` t`h`s c`s tap`s hg e`btra-duea`bgs) ` sget`ranc (eudragbh` ub tap` gspgeëe`, p`r gogkpc` vavagbhn sèanc, `z`bns vgrhgs, gte)= (5) pcnbgs lgbgrncgs hg us`s hgc sugc` qug abecuynb cns e`btradu-ea`bgs, gstîbhnrgs ` b`. Gs prgjgradcg qug c`s hèukgbt`s, hg euncquagr tap`, sgnbhg enrîetgr abhaentav` p`rqug gst` gbenon kgo`r gb cn trnhaeaõb urdnbëstaen f`cnbhg-sn. Wb hèukgbt` ahgnc p`hrën sgr gc rgeagbtgkgbtg abtr`hueah` Zasaõb Gstrueturnc(Utruetuurvasag), b` sõc` p`rqug sus e`btgbah`s s`b hg cadrg hgbaeaõb, sab` p`rqugnhgkîs cn Cgy hg cn Wrdnbazneaõb hgc Uugc` (Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt ) prgseradg qug gs

ub hèukgbt` bgegsnra` pnrn p`hgr enrlnr eagrt` tap` hg e`stgs. Gc l`dagrb` egb-trnc f`cnbhás hgdgrën nhgkîs hg nyuhnr y gstakucnr n c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s n ergnrsglurahnh, p`r gogkpc` gcnd`rnbh`, oubt` e`b cn Jghgrneaõb hg Kubaeapa`s F`cnb-hgsgs (Zgrgbalabl Bghgrcnbhsg Lgkggbtgb), hèukgbt`s k`hgc`s. Gb ens` hg qugbnckgbtg c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s b` sg hgeahagsgb n npcaenr gstns kghahns, gc l`dagrbègbtrnc hgdgrën abtr`huear nclubns k`haenea`bgs cglncgs? gb prakgr culnr `dcalnrn c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s n gcnd`rnr hèukgbt`s lgbárae`s hg enrîetgr abtglrnc n abecuargb Zasa`bgs Gstrueturncgs, y gb sglubh` culnr abtr`huear gstîbhnrgs y prgserapea`bgsurdnbëstaens cglncgs vîcah`s gb t`h` gc pnës.

Hgbar gc e`btgbah` hg cn rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg

Tgsukgb hg c`s fnccnzl`s y rge`kgbhnea`bgs pnrn cn prîetaen urdnbëstaen f`cnbhgsn

Gc us` hg pcnbgs vabeucnbtgs pughg sgr ÿtac sa gc Nyubtnkagbt` pughg abecuar gb gcc`sb` sõc` cn `rhgbneaõb jësaen, sab` tnkdaáb cn pr`lrnkîtaen (prgserapea`bgs tgkp`rn-cgs y bnbeagrns euncquagr trn prgserapeaõb qug tgbln e`k` `dogtav` cn gogeueaõbhgc Ycnbgnkagbt`). Xnbt` gb cn ENZ e`k` gb Ablcntgrrn cn cglascneaõb urdnbëstaenpgrkatg abecuar gb pcnbgs vabeucnbtgs ubn nkpcan vnraghnh hg prgserapea`bgs?• Zavagbhn sèanc/pr`tglahn? tnbt` gb cn ENZ e`k` gb Ablcntgrrn gs p`sadcg prgsera-

darcn gb c`s pcnbgs vabeucnbtgs=

• Abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens hgbtr` y jugrn hg c`s cëkatgs jësae`s hgcpr`yget`? tnbt` gb cn ENZ e`k` gb Ablcntgrrn gs p`sadcg prgseradar cn `dcalneaõbhg e`btraduar n gst`s e`stgs. Gb Ablcntgrrn c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s tnkdaáb pughgbprgseradar e`btraduea`bgs pnrn cn e`bstrueeaõb, knbtgbakagbt` y gxpc`tneaõb hgghaea`s pÿdcae`s, abecuygbh` gquapnkagbt`s sèancgs (p`r gogkpc` gseugcns ysgrvaea`s sèancgs)=

• Gsqugkns hg pnl` y gogeueaõb? gb nkd`s pnësgs c`s pcnbgs vabeucnbtgs pughgbabecuar gc k`kgbt` y cëkatgs tgkp`rncgs hgbtr` hg c`s euncgs cns e`btraduea`bgsfnb hg sgr gogeutnhns.

X`hns gstns p`sadacahnhgs abffluygb p`satavnkgbtg gb cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns.Gb F`cnbhn, fnstn cn Cgy hgc 4996, b` grn p`sadcg abecuar bablubn prgserapeaõb pr`-



Tgsukgb8<4

lrnkîtaen gb cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg, c` qug fn tgbah` ub gjget` bglntav` gb cnrgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns. Cn Cgy hgc 4996 faz` p`r prakgrn vgz p`sadcg abecuar cn

kny`rën hg gstns prgserapea`bgs. Gb cn netuncahnh gs p`sadcg abecuar vavagbhn sèanc/ pr`tglahn tnbt` gb gc Ycnb hg us`s hgc sugc` vabeucnbtg (ub p`regbtnog hg gstg tap` hgvavagbhn) e`k` gb gc Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb (cèncazneaõb y bÿkgr` hg gstg tap` hgvavagbhn). Xnkdaáb gs p`sadcg abecuar gb gc Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb gsqugkns hg pnl`y gogeueaõb, nhgkîs hg e`btraduea`bgs pnrn dugbn pnrtg hg cn urdnbazneaõb abtgrbny pnrn ubn pnrtg hg c`s sastgkns lgbgrncgs. Uab gkdnrl`, sg knbtagbgb ubn sgrag hgcakatnea`bgs?>. B` gs p`sadcg hg abecuar gb gc Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb e`btraduea`bgs pnrn cn e`bs-

trueeaõb, knbtgbakagbt` y gxpc`tneaõb hg gquapnkagbt`s sèancgs, y gs huh`s`hg qug sg pughn ne`rhnr gstg tap` hg e`btraduea`bgs gb E`bvgba`s Wrdnbëstae`s.

Ynrn fnegr p`sadcg gc enrl` hg gstns e`btraduea`bgs fndrën qug k`haenr gc nrtë-euc` :.4.7 hgc Tglcnkgbt` hg 4996.4. Qn sg fn kgbea`bnh` qug kghanbtg ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb b` sg pughgb enr-

lnr kuef`s hg c`s e`stgs. Gs p`r gcc` qug hgdgrën hg nkpcanrsg cn castn hg tap`shg e`stgs qug sg pughgb enrlnr n c`s pr`pagtnra`s (nrtëeuc`s :.4.5 fnstn :.4.: hgcTglcnkgbt` hgc 4996).

5. Gb ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb c`s pr`pagtnra`s tagbgb hgrgef` n abecuar sus sugc`sp`r gc vnc`r hg su us` jutur`, b` p`r su vnc`r abaeanc, c` qug abergkgbtn gc e`stge`btndcg hgc sugc` y p`r c` tnbt` cn pr`dndacahnh hg ub háeat, háeat hgc qugtagbg qug fnegrsg enrl` gc Nyubtnkagbt`. Gs p`r gcc` qug fndrën qug k`haenr

gc nrtëeuc` :.>5.7 hg cn Cgy hgc 4996, qug prgseradg qug cn vnc`rneaõb hgc sugc`fn hg sgluar cn Cgy hg Gxpr`paneaõb (@btgalgbablswgt ).


Gst`s fnccnzl`s fnb sah` utacaznh`s pnrn rgbnr cn sglubhn fapõtgsas (gb cgtrns bglratnc` nþnhah`)?

Gb gtnpns tgkprnbns hg c`s prègs`s hg urdnbazneaõb, gvatnr scn sglurahnh negren hgcn ghaendacahnh juturn, y ergnr sglurahnh s`drg juturns e`btraduea`bgs y gstîbhnrgsurdnbëstae`s (gspgeanckgbtg sa gs p`sadcg abecuar t`hns gstns e`btraduea`bgs y gstîb-

hnrgs e`k` `dcalnt`ra`s gb cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg) , pughg kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrn-eaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens.

E`bhaea`bnr cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg n qug gc pr`k`t`r lnrnbtaeg sus

e`btraduea`bgs

Tgsukgb hg c`s fnccnzl`s

Cn npr`dneaõb hg `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg qug abecuyn ubn lgbgr`sn rgeupgrneaõb hgpcusvncëns y tárkab`s gstraet`s pnrn fnegrcn rgncahnh b` akpcaen, nut`kîtaenkgbtg,qug gc pr`k`t`r vnyn gjgetavnkgbtg n gogeutnrc`s. E`b gc `dogtav` hg nsglurnr su

gogeueaõb gc pr`k`t`r fn hg e`kpr`kgtgrsg n gcc`. Gb cn prîetaen c`s Nyubtnkagbt`sf`cnbhgsgs n kgbuh` e`bhaea`bnb cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg n cn rkn hg ub E`b-



Tgsukgb 8<5

vgba` Wrdnbëstae` qug nsglurg cns e`btraduea`bgs= sab gkdnrl`, b` tagbgb cn p`sada-cahnh j`rknc hg fnegrc` hg ub k`h` harget` y ndagrt`, c` eunc e`bccgvn ubn sgrag hg

hgsvgbtnons?>. Tagsl`s hg prèghakagbt` nhkabastrntav`? hgspuás hg egrrnr gc E`bvgba` Wrdn-bëstae`, cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg fn hg s`kgtgrsg nc gbtgr` prèghakagbt` hgnpr`dneaõb, c` qug akpcaen ragsl`s hg rgtrns` y hg k`haenea`bgs jrut` hgc pr`-eghakagbt` hg e`bsuctn pÿdcaen y npr`dneaõb gb gc Ycgb` kubaeapnc. Gb cn ENZy gb Ablcntgrrn, gc prèghakagbt` hg npr`dneaõb pr`vasa`bnc hg cn `rhgbneaõbvabeucnbtg prgeghg cn bglèaneaõb y rkn hgc E`bvgba`, hgspuás hgc eunc sõc`rgstn ubn e`rtn npr`dneaõb bnc. Gst` salbaen qug gb cn ENZ g Ablcntgrrn, c`snlgbtgs pÿdcae`s y pravnh`s pughgb egrrnr ub E`bvgba` e`b ub nct` lrnh` hgsglurahnh hg qug gc pcnb b` vn n sgr k`haenh` sustnbeanckgbtg, y hg qug b`

fn hg fndgr ub rgtrns` salbaentav`=4. Tagsl`s hg rgeurs`s e`btrn gc pcnb? sa ub Nyubtnkagbt` f`cnbhás sg bagln n npr`-dnr cn rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg p`rqug gc pr`k`t`r sg bagln n rknr ub E`bvgba`,sagkprg gxastg gc ragsl` hg qug ncluagb (p`r gogkpc` gc pr`k`t`r) rgeurrn cn hg-easaõb. Gb Ablcntgrrn y cn ENZ cn cglascneaõb urdnbëstaen prgseradg qug gc pr`k`-t`r gstî `dcalnh` n nsglurnr gb ub E`bvgba` cns e`btraduea`bgs y `dcalnea`bgsabecuahns gb cn vgrsaõb pr`vasa`bnckgbtg npr`dnhn hg cn rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg,y qug gstg E`bvgba` gs ub rgquasat` sabg qun b`b pnrn npr`dnrcn hgbatavnkgb-tg=

5. Abe`blrugbtg haseurs` pÿdcae` hgc Nyubtnkagbt`? gb cn prîetaen urdnbëstaen f`-

cnbhgsn c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s sg pughgb vgr dcalnh`s n èuctnr cns ‖rnz`bgs vgrhn-hgrns‑ p`r cns euncgs hgeahgb k`haenr ` b` cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg, gs hgear,n èucnr p`r gogkpc` qug cn rnzõb hg bglnrsg n npr`dnr ub pcnb gs qug gc pr`-k`t`r sg bagln n egrrnr ub E`bvgba`. Gb Ablcntgrrn y gb cn ENZ, cn ‖rnzõb vgrhn-hgrn‑ gs npr`dnhn gb pÿdcae` p`r gc Ycgb` Kubaeapnc y j`rkn gc knre` ndagrt` ytrnbspnrgbtg pnrn gvncunr cn npr`dneaõb hgbatavn hg cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg.

Gb F`cnbhn, ubn vgz qug sg nprugdnb gc Ycnb hg us`s hgc sugc` vabeucnbtg y gc Ycnbhg Wrdnbazneaõb, gc pr`pagtnra` pughg s`caeatnr cn caegbean hg ghaeneaõb. Cn b`vghnhtrns cn Cgy hgc 4996 gs qug gc Nyubtnkagbt`, sa nprugdn ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb,

pughg e`bhaea`bnr cn caegbean hg ghaeneaõb nc pnl` hg ubn e`btradueaõb= nbtgs hgc4996 gst` b` grn p`sadcg. Uab gkdnrl`, npr`dnr ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb tagbg sgranshgsvgbtnons? gc Nyubtnkagbt` fn hg nsukar nclub`s ragsl`s bnbeagr`s p`rqug gsrgsp`bsndcg hg c`s eîceuc`s hgc Ycnb y pughg vgrsg `dcalnh` n nvnbznr abvgrsa`bgs=tagbg qug gkpcgnr sus rgeurs`s gb gcnd`rnr gstg hèukgbt` y netuncaznrc` enhn nþ`=y tagbg qug enrlnr e`b cns e`bsgeugbeans (p`sadcgkgbtg bnbeagrns) gb ens` hg qugub` ` vnra`s pr`pagtnra`s hgeahnb rgtrnsnr su s`caeatuh hg caegbean hg ghaeneaõb.Nhgkîs, tnc e`k` vak`s kîs nrradn, b` t`h`s c`s e`stgs pughgb sgr enrlnh`s s`drgc`s pr`pagtnra`s. Gs p`r t`hns gstns rnz`bgs qug gb prabeapa` cn kgo`r peaõb pnrn c`sNyubtnkagbt`s f`cnbhgsgs gs bglèanr ub E`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae` y egrrnrc` nbtgs hg

npr`dnr cn rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg? hg gstg k`h` sg nsglurnb cns e`btraduea`bgs y b`fny yn bgegsahnh hg npr`dnr ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb. C`s Nyubtnkagbt`s pughgb



Tgsukgb8<8

rgqugrar abj`rknckgbtg nc pr`k`t`r qug bglèag ub E`bvgba`. Uab gkdnrl`, e`kè`bsgeugbean hg cn Cgy hgc 4996, gstg e`bhaea`bnkagbt` abj`rknc pughg sgr kîs

haeuct`s` qug nbtgs. Cn Cgy fn rgj`rznh` cn `dcalneaõb hgc Nyubtnkagbt` hg qugt`kg ubn hgeasaõb j`rknc s`drg ubn pr`pugstn hg k`haeneaõb hgc Ycnbgnkagbt`.Ua gc Nyubtnkagbt` hgsgn bglnrsg (y p`hgr bglnrsg gs ub akp`rtnbtg abstrukgbt` hgbglèaneaõb), hgdg t`knr ubn hgeasaõb j`rknc hgbtr` hg ub pgra`h` hg èf` sgkn-bns. Gc Nyubtnkagbt` hgdg oustaenr su hgeasaõb dnsîbh`sg gb hèukgbt`s y pcnbgsnpr`dnh`s, y gc s`caeatnbtg pughg nf`rn rgeurrar cn hgeasaõb kubaeapnc (` cn nusgbeanhg hgeasaõb) n c`s tradubncgs. Gb `trns pncndrns, gc Nyubtnkagbt` b` pughg, hargetn yndagrtnkgbtg, bglnrsg n k`haenr gc Ycnbgnkagbt` p`rqug gc s`caeatnbtg sg baglugn egrrnr ub E`bvgba`, y hgdg dnsnrsg gb nrlukgbt`s abecuah`s gb cn `rhgbneaõbvabeucnbtg, ubn Zasaõb Gstrueturnc u `tr` hèukgbt` npr`dnh` pÿdcaenkgbtg. Ua gc

Nyubtnkagbt` yn fn gxprgsnh` (p`r gogkpc` gb ub hèukgbt` pÿdcae`, gb ubn rg-ubaõb j`rknc e`b gc pr`k`t`r hgc qug e`bstg gc e`btgbah` hg cn e`bvgrsneaõb) qug cnpr`pugstn hg rhgbneaõb jësaen gs negptndcg, gb rgncahnh yn b` qughn kuef` knrlgbcglnc pnrn bglnrsg, y p`r c` tnbt`, pnrn bglèanr.


C`s hnt`s fnb sah` utacaznh`s pnrn rgbnr cn sglubhn fapõtgsas (gb cgtrns bglratn c`nþnhah`)?

Gb gtnpns tgkprnbns hg c`s prègs`s hg urdnbazneaõb, gvatnr cn sglurahnh negren hg

cn ghaendacahnh juturn, y ergnr sglurahnh s`drg juturns e`btraduea`bgs y gstîbhnrgsurdnbëstae`s (gspgeanckgbtg sa gs p`sadcg abecuar t`hns gstns e`btraduea`bgs y gstîb-hnrgs e`k` `dcalnt`ra`s gb cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg , y sa gs p`sadcg hg e`bhaea`bnr

ndagrtn y hargetnkgbtg cn npr`dneaõb hg gstn rhgbneaõb n ub E`bvgba` Wrdnbëstae`qug lnrnbtaeg cns e`btraduea`bgs y gstîbhnrgs), pughg kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg

pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens.


Nubqug ub e`bhaea`bnkagbt` ndagrt` y harget` hg cn `rhgbneaõb n ub E`bvgba` gsgb rgncahnh acglnc, gxastgb nclubns nctgrbntavns, y cn Cgy hgc 4996 fn nþnhah` nclubns

p`sadacahnhgs?• Nrlukgbtnr qug cns e`btraduea`bgs s`b bgegsnrans pnrn qug gc Ycnb vabeucnbtg

hg us`s hgc sugc` sgn vandcg hgshg gc pubt` hg vastn ge`bõkae`? sa cns e`btra-duea`bgs b` gstîb nsglurnhns y/` fny ub háeat, gc Nyubtnkagbt` fndrën hgpnlnr gst`s e`stgs. Ygr` sa gc Nyubtnkagbt` b` fn hgstabnh` rgeurs`s pnrn gcc`pughg bglnrsg n npr`dnr gc pcnb nrlukgbtnbh` qug su gogeueaõb b` gs vandcg.Gstn nctgrbntavn tagbg cns kaskns hgsvgbtnons kgbea`bnhns nrradn? (>) ragsl`s hgprèghakagbt` nhkabastrntav`, (4) ragsl`s hg rgeurs`s e`btrn gc pcnb (e`bhaea`bnrabhargetnkgbtg n trnvás hg cn vandacahnh ge`bõkaen hgc pcnb b` gs c` kask` quggbukgrnr ndagrtnkgbtg cns e`btraduea`bgs qug gc pr`k`t`r fndrën hg nsglurnr),

y (5) abe`blrugbtg haseurs` pÿdcae` hgc Nyubtnkagbt`.• E`bhaea`bnr cn `rhgbneaõb n ub E`bvgba` n trnvás hg ub dègt` hgc Ycnb hg



Tgsukgb 8<7

Wrdnbazneaõb y s`drg cn dnsg hg hèukgbt`s pÿdcae`s s`drg e`btraduea`bgs`dcalnt`rans. Hgspuás hg qug ub pr`k`t`r s`caeatn ubn k`haeneaõb hgc Ycn-

bgnkagbt`, gc Nyubtnkagbt` hgdg fnegr ub eîceuc` hg c`s e`stgs y dgbgea`shgc pr`yget` saluagbh` c`s rgquasat`s qug cn cgy gstndcgeg pnrn gc Ycnb hg Wrdn-bazneaõb. Gstg eîceuc` hgonrën ecnr`, gb ens` hg qug gc Nyubtnkagbt` npr`dnsggc Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb, quá pnrtg hg c`s e`stgs p`hrënb sgr enrlnh`s n c`spr`pagtnra`s. Ua gc Nyubtnkagbt` fn npcaenh` cns rge`kgbhnea`bgs fgefns nrradnhg ergnr sglurahnh s`drg e`btraduea`bgs p`r kgha` hg havgrs`s tap`s hg hèu-kgbt`s, cg sgrî p`sadcg nrlukgbtnr nhgeunhnkgbtg qug cn k`haeneaõb hgc Ycn-bgnkagbt` akpcaen e`stgs qug s`drgpnsnb gc pnqugtg këbak` hg urdnbazneaõb gabecuyg tnkdaáb e`btraduea`bgs kîs nkpcans pnrn abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgshgbtr` y jugrn hg c`s cëkatgs jësae`s hgc pcnb. Gst`s hèukgbt`s pÿdcae`s qug

ergnb sglurahnh s`b hg vatnc akp`rtnbean? sab gcc`s gs akpr`dndcg qug jugsg p`-sadcg enceucnr y nrlukgbtnr nhgeunhnkgbtg t`h`s c`s e`stgs. Gb ens` hg qug c`seîceuc`s hgogb ecnr` qug gc Nyubtnkagbt` b` pughg rgeupgrnr t`h`s c`s e`stgs,gc Nyubtnkagbt` pughg bglnrsg n k`haenr gc Ycnbgnkagbt` nrlukgbtnbh` qugb` pughg fnegrsg enrl` hgc háeat. Gstn nctgrbntavn salug tgbagbh` gc prakgrabe`bvgbagbtg kgbea`bnh` nrradn (ragsl`s hg prèghakagbt` nhkabastrntav`), yub abe`bvgbagbtg nþnhah`? sa gc pr`k`t`r neeghg n lnrnbtaznr gb ub E`bvgba`c`s e`stgs nhaea`bncgs (pgr` b` c`s e`stgs qug sg p`hrënb enrlnr n trnvás hg ubYcnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb), gc Nyubtnkagbt` b` p`hrën yn utacaznr gc nrlukgbt` hgcn vandacahnh ge`bõkaen pnrn rgefnznr cn s`caeatuh yn qug gb tg`rën gc Ycnb hg

Wrdnbazneaõb yn c` nsglurn.

Ynrn gcuhar cns hgsvgbtnons hg nkdns nctgrbntavns, sg rge`kagbhn nc l`dagrb` egbtrncf`cnbhás qug k`haqug cn cglascneaõb urdnbëstaen pnrn pgrkatar ub e`bhaea`bnkagb-t` harget` y ndagrt` hg k`h` sakacnr n e`k` èurrg gb cn ENZ g Ablcntgrrn. E`b tnc`dogt` fndrënb hg abtr`huearsg h`s k`haenea`bgs gspgeëens gb cn Cgy hgc 4996 yp`sadcgkgbtg tnkdaáb gb gc Tglcnkgbt` hgc kask` nþ`.

K`chgnr c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hgc sugc`

Tgsukgb hg c`s fnccnzl`sGb Ablcntgrrn y gb F`cnbhn gxastg ubn jugrtg abtgrhgpgbhgbean gbtrg cn Nhkabastrn-eaõb Yÿdcaen cènc y c`s pr`pagtnra`s y pr`k`t`rgs. Y`r c` lgbgrnc, cns trnbsneea`bgsqug s`b bgegsnrans pnrn urdnbaznr ub tgrrgb` hgpgbhgb kuef` hg neugrh`s v`cub-tnra`s gbtrg Nyubtnkagbt`, pr`pagtnra`s y pr`k`t`rgs p`rqug bablub` hg gcc`s e`b-tr`cn t`h`s c`s rgeurs`s bgegsnra`s? c`s nyubtnkagbt`s tagbgb cns jneuctnhgs cglncgs hgk`haeneaõb hgc Ycnbgnkagbt`, pgr` c`s pr`pagtnra`s/pr`k`t`rgs tagbgb c`s rgeurs`sbnbeagr`s y gc hgrgef` gxecusav` hg hgsnrr`ccnr gc sugc`. Gstn abtgrhgpgbhgbean b`pughg rgs`cvgrsg fneagbh` us` hg cn gxpr`paneaõb hgc hgrgef` hg tnbtg` y rgtrnet`p`rqug gst`s abstrukgbt`s cglncgs sujrgb gb cn prîetaen hg cakatnea`bgs g akpcaenb

nhgkîs ubn akpcaeneaõb hargetn y bnbeagrn hg cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen. Cn satun-eaõb gb cn ENZ enkdaõ rnhaenckgbtg hgspuás hg qug gc l`dagrb` rgla`bnc abtr`huo`



Tgsukgb8<:

gb >118 cn CTNW? hgshg gbt`begs yn b` gxastg, pnrn urdnbaznr, ubn abtgrhgpgbhgbeangbtrg Nhkabastrneaõb y pr`pagtnra`s qug b` pughn gcuharsg e`b rgcntavn jneacahnh. Gb

cn netuncahnh, c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s vncgbeanb`s pughgb npcaenr cn rgpnregcneaõb j`rz`-sn sab tgbgr p`r gcc` qug akpcaenrsg hargetnkgbtg ba nsukar ragsl`s. Gc Nyubtnkagbt`sgcgeea`bn gb e`beurs` pÿdcae` nc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r, y c`s pr`pagtnra`s pughgbgcglar gbtrg gxpr`paneaõb v`cubtnran ` pnrtaeapnr gb cn `pgrneaõb. Ua gcalgb cn gxpr`-paneaõb, gc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r pnln cn e`kpgbsneaõb y sg qughn e`b gc sugc`. Ygr`sa hgeahgb pnrtaeapnr gstîb `dcalnh`s n eghgr gc sugc` bgegsnra` pnrn cns abjrngstrue-turns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens y n pnlnr nc nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r ubn pnrtg pr`p`rea`bnchg c`s e`stgs qug e`bccgvg cn urdnbazneaõb. N enkda` c`s pr`pagtnra`s e`kpnrtgb cnpcusvncën urdnbëstaen rgstnbtg? hgspuás hg urdnbaznr c`s tgrrgb`s gc nlgbtg urdnbazn-h`r gbtrgln c`s s`cnrgs n c`s pr`pagtnra`s y eghg cn abjrngstrueturn pÿdcaen, oubt` e`b

c`s s`cnrgs hgstabnh`s n h`tnea`bgs, nc Nyubtnkagbt`. Gb rgsukahns eugbtns, nubqugc`s pr`pagtnra`s nÿb e`btr`cnb gc sugc`, cn hgpgbhgbean kutun gs nf`rn jîeackgbtggcuhadcg p`rqug c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s pughgb sgcgeea`bnr n ub tgregr net`r (qug b`tagbg bgegsnrankgbtg qug p`sggr sugc`) e`k` nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r y b` bgegsatnb ab-v`cuernrsg ba gb cn lgstaõb ba gb cn bnbeaneaõb. C`s Nyubtnkagbt`s tnkpè` hgpgb-hgb hg ub nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r e`bergt`, yn qug pughgb sgcgeea`bnr n ubn gkprgsnpÿdcaen ` n `tr` pr`k`t`r e`k` nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r.

Gstn abtgrhgpgbhgbean gbtrg Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen y pr`pagtnra`s gb Ablcntgrrn yF`cnbhn cg hn n c`s pr`pagtnra`s cn `peaõb hg gspgrnr, `peaõb hg cn qug fnegb us`

e`b jrgeugbean pnrn `p`bgrsg n c`s rgquasat`s hgc Nyubtnkagbt`. Cn NhkabastrneaõbYÿdcaen, gspgeanckgbtg gb F`cnbhn, sugcg e`becuar qug b` pughg pghar hgknsanh`,c` qug hgravn gb ub`s bavgcgs dno`s hg rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns. Gstn abtgrhgpgb-hgbean tnkdaáb e`bccgvn e`b jrgeugbean ub rgtrns` gb cn urdnbazneaõb p`rqug c`spr`pagtnra`s rgefnznb cns gxalgbeans kubaeapncgs p`rqug c`s pr`k`t`rgs b` e`bsa-lugb e`kprnr sueagbtg sugc` p`r ub prgea` rnz`bndcg. Gc rgsuctnh` hg cns bglèan-ea`bgs hgpgbhg hg cns gxpgetntavns qug pughnb tgbgr pr`k`t`rgs y pr`pagtnra`s hgnukgbtnr sus dgbgea`s rgtrnsnbh` haefns bglèanea`bgs. @trn e`bsgeugbean bglnta-vn gs ub nukgbt` hgc vnc`r e`btndcg hgc sugc`? cns pr`k`t`rns gstîb kîs abtgrgsnhnsgb nhquarar sugc` p`rqug p`sggrc` cgs hn ubn rkg p`saeaõb bglèanh`rn, c` qug

rgsuctn gb ub nukgbt` hg c`s prgea`s rgncgs y gspgrnh`s hgc sugc`.

Nhaea`bnckgbtg c`s hnt`s sulagrgb qug cn abtgrhgpgbhgbean ccgvn n ub prègs` hgurdnbazneaõb abgenz y tgha`s` gb gc qug c`s e`stgs s`b abbgegsnrankgbtg nct`s yhavgrs`s net`rgs sg npr`panb e`b áxat` hg cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen. Gst` e`bccgvn ubnukgbt` hg c`s e`stgs qug akpcaen cn urdnbazneaõb= gb Ablcntgrrn y gb F`cnbhn gst`se`stgs s`b e`b kuefn jrgeugbean gbtrg >,7 y fnstn 8 vgegs supgra`rgs n gst`s e`stgsgb cn ENZ. Gst` h`tn n c`s pr`k`t`rgs vncgbeanb`s hg ub kny`r knrlgb bnbeagr`pnrn e`btraduar qug gb gc ens` hg c`s pr`k`t`rgs f`cnbhgsgs g ablcgsgs.

E`becusa`bgs pnrn gc hgdntg nenhákae`C`s hnt`s e`brknb cn prakgrn fapõtgsas?



Tgsukgb 8<<

Wbn j`rkn gspgeëen hg sgpnrneaõb hg c`s hgrgef`s hg pr`paghnh hgc sugc` (sgpnrnrcn urdnbazneaõb hgc hgrgef` hg pr`paghnh) pughg k`haenr cns rgcnea`bgs hg p`hgr

gb cns rghgs hg net`rgs abv`cuernh`s gb rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn hg tnc j`rkn qug gcc` pughg kgo`rnr cn rgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns urdnbëstaens.

Gstn abvgstalneaõb dusendn gvahgbeans gkpëraens rgcgvnbtgs pnrn gc hgdntg s`drg cnsgpnrneaõb hgc hgrgef` n hgsnrr`ccnr gc us` urdnb` hgc hg cn pr`paghnh hgc sugc`.C`s fnccnzl`s np`ynb cn prgsubeaõb hg qug sgpnrnr cn urdnbazneaõb hgc e`btr`c hgc`s pr`pagtnra`s n trnvás hg ubn jõrkucn gspgeëen hg rgpnregcneaõb pughg kgo`rnr cnrgeupgrneaõb hg pcusvncëns. Nhgkîs, c`s hnt`s sulagrgb qug cn rgpnregcneaõb pughgtgbgr ub gjget` hgfflnea`bnra` gb c`s e`stgs qug akpcaen cn urdnbazneaõb, y p`sadcg-kgbtg tnkdaáb gb gc vnc`r e`btndcg hgc sugc`. Cn rgpnregcneaõb tnkdaáb pughg nyu-

hnr n rgs`cvgr c`s pr`dcgkns hg gstnbenkagbt` gb cn e`bstrueeaõb hg vavagbhns. C`sfnccnzl`s s`b abtgrgsnbtgs pnrn gc hgdntg gb F`cnbhn, yn qug eàbeahgb e`b cn p`sa-eaõb hg nqugcc`s qug hggbhgb qug gc nukgbt` hgc e`btr`c pravnh` hg c`s prègs`shg urdnbazneaõb hgshg c`s nþ`s 19 fn sah` hgsvgbtno`s` pnrn c`s dogtav s y bnbznspÿdcaens. C`s fnccnzl`s tnkdaáb np`ynb cn e`becusaõb hg qug k`chgnr c`s hgrgef`shg pr`paghnh hgc sugc` pughg nyuhnr n kgo`rnr cn e`bsgeueaõb hg dogtav s pÿdcae`sgb Wrdnbask`. Gb eunbt` nc hgdntg gb Gspnþn, c`s hnt`s np`ynb cn vasaõb erëtaen hgnqugcc`s qug, gb c`s nþ`s 19, hgjgbhagr`b qug cn ÿbaen j`rkn hg nsglurnr abjrngstrue-turns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens hg encahnh gs r`kpgr cn p`saeaõb k`b`põcaen/`cal`põcaenhg c`s pr`pagtnra`s. Ynrn rgbnr gstns e`becusa`bgs gs bgegsnra` abvgstalnr gb ub jutu-

r` e`b kîs pr`jubhahnh cns hajgrgbeans gbtrg pnësgs gb c`s prgea`s hgc sugc` y gb c`se`stgs qug e`bccgvn cn urdnbazneaõb.


Gb prakgr culnr, c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s fndrënb hg abvgstalnr c`s kîrlgbgs hg dgbgea`rgncgs gb gtnpns tgkprnbns hg c`s prègs`s hg urdnbazneaõb, y utacaznr gstn abj`rkn-eaõb gb cns bglèanea`bgs e`b c`s pr`pagtnra`s y pr`k`t`rgs. Gstn abvgstalneaõb hg-dgrën fnegrsg nc kask` tagkp` gb qug sg gcnd`rn cn `rhgbneaõb abhaentavn qug ergngxpgetntavns hg ghaendacahnh.

Gb sglubh` culnr sg rge`kagbhn npcaenr ubn jõrkucn gspgeëen hg rgpnregcneaõb p`rkgha` hg h`s E`bvgba`s Wrdnbëstae`s nbtgra`rgs pnrn nsë gvatnr cns e`bsgeugbeansbglntavns hg cn hgpgbhgbean gbtrg Nyubtnkagbt`s y pr`pagtnra`s/pr`k`t`rgs. Wbnpr`k`t`rn e`kgreanc, netunbh` e`k` c` fnrën ub nlgbtg urdnbaznh`r vncgbeanb`,pughg ne`rhnr e`b c`s pr`pagtnra`s qug pnrtaeapgb gb cn `pgrneaõb n enkda` hg cnpcusvncën urdnbëstaen. Gc Nyubtnkagbt` fndrën hg np`ynr nc pr`k`t`r-nlgbtg urdnba-znh`r e`bhaea`bnbh` cn npr`dneaõb hg cn `rhgbneaõb vabeucnbtg n qug c`s pr`pagtn-ra`s ccglugb n ub neugrh` e`b ác, sa gs bgegsnra` fneagbh` us` hg cn gxpr`paneaõb ygc hgrgef` hg tnbtg` y rgtrnet` y npr`dnbh` ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb. Gstn rge`kgb-hneaõb, sa sg npcaen, tgbhrën cns saluagbtgs vgbtnons? (n) fneg abbgegsnra` e`kprnr gc

sugc`, nc kgb`s e`kprnr t`h` gc sugc`, yn qug c`s pr`pagtnra`s pnsnb n pnrtaeapnr gbcn `pgrneaõb= (d) rghueg gc ragsl` hg rgtrns` qug rgsuctnrën sa c`s pr`pagtnra`s, gb vgz



Tgsukgb8<6

hg np`ynr cn `pgrneaõb, hgeahagsgb `dstneucaznr cn `pgrneaõb e`b gc b hg `dtgbgrub prgea` kîs nct` p`r gc sugc`= (e) n y d rghuearënb e`bsahgrndcgkgbtg c`s e`stgs hg

cn pgrneaõb? b` fndrën bgegsahnh hg e`kprnr gc sugc` hg nbtgknb`, y rghuearënb c`se`stgs hg lnst`s abgspgrnh`s y c`s lnst`s hg lgstaõb= (h) e rghuearën e`bsahgrndcgkgb-tg c`s e`stgs bnbeagr`s, yn qug b` sg bgegsatnrën tnbtn bnbeaneaõb gxtgrbn.

Cn rge`kgbhneaõb akpcaen cn npr`dneaõb hg ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb, y cn nkgbnzngxpr`paneaõb pnrn j`rznr n e``pgrnr n nclub`s pr`pagtnra`s. E`k` yn sg fn kgb-ea`bnh`, npr`dnr ub Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb tagbg nclubns hgsvgbtnons. Oubt` n gst`,gxpr`panr sugc` gs kuy enr`, akpcaen ub gbr`cnkagbt` harget` hgc Nyubtnkagbt` y gsubn kghahn akp`pucnr, b` npcaendcg nhgkîs sa gc pr`pagtnra` sg kugstrn haspugst`n gogeutnr ác kask` gc Ycnbgnkagbt`. Ynrn gcakabnr gstns hgsvgbtnons, gc l`dagrb`

egbtrnc f`cnbhás hgdgrën abtr`huear ubn rglucneaõb hg rgpnregcneaõb absparnhn gb gck`hgc` vncgbeanb`.

Gpëc`l`

N bncgs hg c`s nþ`s 69 y e`kagbz`s hg c`s 19 gc l`dagrb` f`cnbhás abtr`huo` rg-j`rkns salbaentavns e`b gc `dogt` hg haskabuar cns nyuhns pÿdcaens y hg rghuear c`sragsl`s bnbeagr`s qug e`rrënb fndatunckgbtg c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s eunbh` prnetaen-dnb ubn p`cëtaen netavn hg sugc`. Uab gkdnrl`, gb cn prîetaen ba sg fn rghueah` cnbgegsahnh hg nyuhns pÿdcaens ba sg gstîb e`bstruygbh` dnrra`s e`b dugbns abjrn-gstrueturns y h`tnea`bgs pÿdcaens. Cn Cgy hg Wrdnbazneaõb hgc 4996 rgprgsgbtn ub

gsjugrz` pnrn rgs`cvgr gstg pr`dcgkn. Nubqug dno` hgtgrkabnhns eareubstnbeans gstncgy p`hrën nyuhnr, c` eagrt` gs qug nh`cgeg hg h`s enrgbeans jubhnkgbtncgs. Gb pra-kgr culnr nsukg qug gc pr`pagtnra` hgc sugc` gs gc ÿbae` pr`pagtnra` cglëtak` hg cnpcusvncën urdnbëstaen. Nquë gc cglascnh`r f`cnbhás rgfusõ trn p`sadacahnh, p`pucnr gb`tr`s pnësgs gur`pg`s? qug cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen tnkdaáb pughg tgbgr hgrgef`n e`kpnrtar cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen. Gb sglubh` culnr, cn Cgy hgc 4996 nsukg qug cnÿbaen j`rkn hg j`rznr cn e`bsgeueaõb hg `dogtav`s pÿdcae`s gs qug cn NhkabastrneaõbYÿdcaen sg akpcaqug y sg e`kpr`kgtn hargetn y bnbeagrnkgbtg. Gst` fn hgravnh` gbub npnrnt` cglnc abbgegsnrankgbtg e`kpcaenh` (gbtrg gcc`s gc Ycnb hg Wrdnbazneaõb)qug enrln n c`s Nyubtnkagbt`s e`b hgknsanhns tnrgns y ragsl`s. Cn gxpgragbean gb

Ablcntgrrn y Gspnþn kugstrn qug ub cahgrnzl` pÿdcae` gb hgsnrr`cc`s urdnb`s, eunbh`cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen b` p`sgg gc sugc`, fn hg gstnr dnsnh` gb rglcns sakpcgs yecnrns? cn Nhkabastrneaõb Yÿdcaen rglucn gx nbtg, c`s nlgbtgs hg kgrenh` gogeutnb ynsukgb t`h`s c`s ragsl`s e`rrgsp`bhagbtgs.

Wbn ÿctakn `dsgrvneaõb? cn erasas bnbeagrn y ge`bõkaen abtgrbnea`bnc gstî j`rznb-h` ub rge`rtg lgbgrncaznh` hg lnst` pÿdcae`. Ua b` sg t`knb kghahns pnrn enpturnrpnrtg hg cn pcusvncën urdnbëstaen nc `dogt` hg pnlnr cns abjrngstrueturns y h`tnea`bgspÿdcaens, c`s rge`rtgs prgsupugstnra`s vnb n e`kpr`kgtgr c`s hgsnrr`cc`s urdnb`s ysu encahnh, gspgeanckgbtg gb rggstrueturneaõb urdnbn.



EEurraeucuk vatng

Hgkgtra` (lavgb bnkg) Kuþ`z Lagcgb (jnkacy bnkg) wns d`rb ab Kîcnln, Upnab, ab>1<9. Njtgr dtnababl fas Knstgrs hglrgg ab Lg`lrnpfy nbh Fast`ry nt tfg Wbavgrsaty`j Kîcnln, fg k`vgh t` Knhrah t` `dtnab n Knstgr ab Ycnbbabl nt tfg WbavgrsatyEnrc`s AAA. Ab Knhrah fg dgenkg jnseabntgh dy tfg r`cg tfnt urdnb cnbh knrmgts pcnyab tfg gjjgetavgbgss `j pudcae p`caeags ab urdnb pcnbbabl, nbh hgeahgh t` cgnrb k`rg

ndùt tfg abtgrbnta`bnc hajjgrgbegs ab tfas akp`rtnbt, nctfùlf `jtgb j`rl`ttgb nspget`j urdnb pcnbbabl. Xfnbms t` n lgbgrùs sef`cnrsfap jr`k tfg Hutef l`vgrbkgbt, fgk`vgh ab >11< t` tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs t` h` rgsgnref `b pudcae-pravntg pnrtbgrsfaps nttfg Wbavgrsaty `j Nkstgrhnk nbh sabeg tfgb fg fns dggb cavabl ab tfas eaty. Jr`k >116tacc 4998 fg w`rmgh rst nt tfg e`bsuctnbey HFZ nbh sge`bh nt tfg Kubaeapncaty `jNkstgrhnk, nbh dglnb pudcasfabl nrtaecgs ndùt cnbh p`caey abstrukgbts ab Upnabnbh ab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs. Ab 4998 fg stnrtgh fas YfH rgsgnref nt tfg @XD TgsgnrefAbstatutg j`r tfg Duact Gbvar`bkgbt (Hgcjt Wbavgrsaty `j Xgefb`c`ly), wfaef fg fns b-asfgh nt tfg Baokglgb Uef``c j Knbnlgkgbt (Tnhdùh Wbavgrsaty Baokglgb). Uabeg4996 fg fns dggb netavg `b sgvgrnc jr`bts. Ns jrggcnbeg e`bsuctnbt fg as spgeancazgh

ab cnbh p`caeags `j pudcae d`hags nbh ab pravntg pnrtbgrsfaps ab urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt.Ab nhhata`b, fg as ubavgrsaty cgeturgr (tacc 49>9 nt tfg Nkstgrhnk Uef``c j Tgnc Gstntg,Wbavgrsaty `j Nkstgrhnk= jr`k 49>9 `bwnrhs nt tfg Tnhdùh Wbavgrsaty Baokglgb)nbh pudcae `jeanc nt tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Yurkgrgbh. Ab Yurkgrgbh fg as hgvgc`pablp`caey abstrukgbts t` akpr`vg tfg enpturabl `j vncug abergnsg t` bnbeg bgegssnrypudcae abjrnstrueturg nbh jneacatags. Ab nhhata`b fg as hargetcy abv`cvgh ab tfg nppcaen-ta`b nbh rgbgkgbt j tfas p`caey ab tfg prnetaeg j urdnb hgvgc`pkgbt. Fg rglucnrcypnrtaeapntgs ab gxpgrt-pnbgcs `j ubavgrsatags nbh pudcae d`hags, d`tf ab tfg Bgtfgr-cnbhs nbh ab Upnab. Fg pudcasfgs rglucnrcy ab pr`jgssa`bnc rgvagws nbh bgwspnpgrsab tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs, Dgclauk nbh Upnab, nbh ab abtgrbnta`bnc pggr-rgvagwgh seagbtae

rgvagws.



Nbbùbegkgbt `j tfg Kubaeapncaty `j Yurkgrgbh

(tfg Bgtfgrcnbhs), sp`bs`r `j tfas d``m?

Hg lgkggbtg Yurkgrgbh strggjt ab fnnr ruaktgcaom dgcgah bnnr ggb snkgbfnblgbhggb mwncatntagj f``lstnnbhg ruaktgcaomg `btwammgcabl vnb hg stnh, wnnrdao hg fgr-strueturgrabl vnb cèntags dabbgb hg dgdùwhg m`k ggb pr`kabgbtg r`c k`gt lnnb

bgkgb. Hg stnh fggjt ggb nnbtnc onrgb lgcghgb dgsc`tgb `k bagt kggr uat tg drgahgb,knnr tg jèussgb p ggb vgrdgtgrabl gb uatdrgahabl vnb fgt v``rzagbablgbpnmmgt dab-bgb hg dgdùwhg m`k.

Hgzg nkdatag pcnntst Yurkgrgbh v``r ggb dgcnblraomg uathnlabl. Hg lgkggbtg fggjtbagt vggc lr`bhp`satags ab dabbgbstghgcaomg cèntags, wnnrh``r ggb netagj lr`bhdgcgahkabhgr v``r hg fnbh calt. Xgvgbs calt hg m`kgbhg onrgb hg lgkggbtgcaomg bnbeaícgsatuntag bhgr hrum. M`rt`k, hg lgkggbtg m`gstgrt f`lg nkdatags v``r hg mwncatntagvggb pr`lrnkkntasefg abvuccabl vnb ruaktgcaomg prògetgb, knnr dgsefamt bèf `vgr hglr`bh, bèf `vgr hg bnbeaícg kahhgcgb `k hgzg wgbsgb ab fnnr ggbtog uat tg v`g-

rgb. Hg uathnlabl as `k lr`bhgalgbnrgb gb knrmtpnrtaogb kggr vgrnbtw``rhgcaomfgahtg lgvgb ab hg rgncasgrabl vnb ruaktgcaomg prògetgb gb hg bnbeagrabl vnb `pgbdnrgabjrnstruetuur gb jneacatgatgb. Hat vgrlt ggb nbhgrg r`c vnb hg lgkggbtg? vnb nccgsdg-pncgbh t`t mnhgrstgccgbh. Hg ab 4996 lgàbtr`hueggrhg Lr`bhgxpcàtntagwgt v`rktggb dgcnblraomg dnsas v``r hg lgkggbtgcaomg strntglag.

Hg t`gv`glabl ab 4991 vnb Hgkgtra` Kuþ`z Lagcgb nnb hg lgkggbtgcaomg rlnbasn-tag, cgvgrt ggb dgscassgbhg daohrnlg nnb fgt nnblnnb vnb hgzg uathnlabl. E`becusagsgb dgcgahsnnbdgvgcablgb hag ab zaob pr`gjsefrajt zaob `plgb`kgb, zaob dabbgb hglgkggbtgcaomg rlnbasntag dgcnblraomg dùwstgbgb lgw`rhgb ab hg lghneftgv rkabl

gb t`tstnbhm`kabl vnb fgt lgkggbtgcaomg dgcgah gb strntglag. \ao wgbsgb Hgkgtra`vggc sueegs ab zaob vgrhgrg wgtgbsefnppgcaomg enrraærg gb f`pgb fgk cnbl ncs e`ccglntg dgfùhgb.

Munoz Gielen 2012 - Capturing Value Increase - eBook

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