Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform...

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Municipal Reform Movement • A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller, suburban, newer = more reforms

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Transcript of Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform...

Page 1: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Municipal Reform Movement

• A continuum– Some cities adopted one or two reforms

– A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter

– Western, smaller, suburban, newer = more reforms

Page 2: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Reform Movement

• What effect on politics today?

• Institutions are different at national, state & local level due to early 1900s reform era

Page 3: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Reform Movement

• What effect on politics today?• Federal– Income tax, direct election of Senate

• State– Direct democracy, primaries, civil service

• Local– Reform city charters, most smaller places

“Council-Manager” form

Page 4: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Reform Movement

• What effect on politics today?• Local– Increased ‘red tape’ (Bureaucracy)– Lower participation– Lower public spending (?)– Cities ‘less political’• Is that less democratic?

Page 5: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Reform movement

• A defense of patronage– Can a big city mayor govern w/o the power to hire

and fire people?• CEO model

– How many staff does elected exec need?

– At what level?

Page 6: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

One problem with patronage

James Garfield, 1881 Carter Harrison, 1893

Page 7: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Reform movement

• Today:– Many big city mayors looking for stronger powers

– Many (large) cities have changed to councils elected by districts• Seattle just changed to districts• Detroit the last big city still AL

Page 8: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Post reform institutions

• Forms of government– Council-manager– Mayor-council– Commission– Town meeting

– Most places have no mayor, non-partisan, with off year, at-large elections

Page 9: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Council-Manager form

Page 10: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Council-Manager

• City council sets policy, budget• Council hires city manager to do exec

functions– day-to-day administration

• Mayor is figure-head (one of council)

Page 11: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Council-Manager

• Most common form of city government

• Increasing– Of cities over 10K: 48% in 1996 to 55% in 2006

– More common in south east, west coast• Phoenix, San Jose, Dallas, Las Vegas• Salt Lake City, San Antonio, Austin, Ft Worth, El Paso

Page 12: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Strong Mayor Council

Page 13: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Weak Mayor-council

Page 14: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Strong Mayor-Council

• Mayor elected, full-time pay• Mayor has most administrative and budget

power• Strong mayor may veto council; mayor appoints

dept head

• 2nd most common form, 34% of cities– Older, larger; east coast, midwest– NY, Chicago, LA, Philly, Houston, SF, Seattle

Page 15: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Commission

• Small governing body w/ no executive• Commission has legislative and exec powers• Each commissioner responsible for one policy

area– Fire, roads, public healt

• Rare, lt 1% of cities:– Portland OR (but has a mayor)

Page 16: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Town Hall

• Direct democracy

• Just show up, and vote on policy

• About 5% of cities

Page 17: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Mayor vs. no mayor

• How much of city admin. should be controlled by someone elected by voters?

• How much power does that (elected) exec need?

• Big city vs. small place

Page 18: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

At-large elections

• less parochial• less log-rolling, vote

trading• larger candidate pool• better qualified

candidates

• Elections cost more• Less racial/ethnic

minority representation

• 2/3 of all municipalities use at-large representation

Page 19: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

District elections

• Geographic representation

• Council reflects very local concerns

• People may know councilmember

• Less cost to run

• Safe seats• Less interest in city-

wide interests

Page 20: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

District vs At-large, 2010

25K-70K 70K-200K +200KAt large 49% 44% 16%Mixed 25% 25% 38%District 26% 31% 46%

Only 14% of all municipalities use district elections (there are lots of small places

Page 21: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Non partisan elections

• Cons– no labels = voter

confusion– voters cue of name-ID,

ethnicity– business ‘slating groups’

fill void– upper-class bias– low turnout

• Pros– No partisan way to

distribute services– elected officials

cooperate better if non-partisan

Page 22: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Non partisan elections

• 77% of cities have non-partisan elections

• Big cities that are non-partisan– LA, Phoenix, San Antonio, Dallas, SD, SJ, Seattle,

Austin, Ft Worth

• Big cities that are partisan:– NY, Chicago, Houston, Philly, SF, Indy, Baltimore,

Wash DC

Page 23: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Consequences of Reforms

• Less corruption, more efficiency• Weaker political parties• Less participation• Less minority representation

• Cities as corporations, not polity

Page 24: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Consequences of reforms

• Who has power?

• Mass public

• Upper-status folks, business

Page 25: Municipal Reform Movement A continuum – Some cities adopted one or two reforms – A “reform City” has most / all reforms in charter – Western, smaller,

Post reform politics

• Low turnout– LA Mayoral election: 15%


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