Municipal Corporations in IndiaMunicipal Corporations in IndiaorMahanagar PalikaorMahanagar Nigamare urbanlocal governmentthat works for the development of aMetropolitan City, which has a population of more than one million. The growing population and urbanization in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health care, educational institution, housing, transport etc. by collecting property tax and fixed grant from the State Government.Constitution[edit]

Administrative structure of IndiaEach Municipal Corporation has a committee consisting of a Mayor with Councillors. They are formed under the Corporations Act of 1835 of Panchayati Raj system which mainly deals in providing essential services in Metropolitan Cities. The no. of councillors depend upon the area and population of the city that minimum of 3,00,000. Municipal Corporation members are elected from the several wards of the specific city on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. There are seats reserved forScheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes, backward classes and women. The Councillors are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Municipal Corporation.The largest corporations are in the four metropolitan cities of India;Delhi,Mumbai,KolkataandChennaiand among these Mumbai is the most populous and largest metropolitan city ofIndia. These cities not only have a large population, but are also the administrative as well as commercial centre's of the country.Administration[edit]Mayor is the head of the Municipal Corporation. The Municipal Commissioner is the official in charge of this organization. Executive Officers monitor the implementation of all the programs related to planning and development of the corporation with the coordination of Mayor and Councillors.Functions[edit] Water supply Hospitals Roads Over bridge Street lighting Drainage Solid waste Fire brigades Market placesand Records of births and deathsit also helps in education and primary health careSources of Income[edit]Its sources of income aretaxeson water, houses, markets, entertainment and vehicles paid by residents of the town and grants from the state government.

Municipal governance in IndiaMunicipal Governance in Indiahas been in existence since the year 1687 with the formation of MadrasMunicipal Corporationand then Calcutta and Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1726. In early part of the nineteenth century almost all towns in India had experienced some form of municipal governance. In 1882 the thenViceroy of India,Lord Ripon's resolution of local self-government laid the democratic forms of municipal governance in India.In 1919, aGovernment of Indiaact incorporated the need of the resolution and the powers of democratically elected government were formulated. In 1935 another Government of India act brought local government under the purview of the state or provincial government and specific powers were given.Purpose[edit]The purpose of municipal governance andstrategic urban planningin a country is to create effective, responsive, democratic, transparent, accountablelocal governanceframework organised according to a rational structure that promotes responsiveness and accountability; to provide responsive policy guidance and assistance to sub-national entities; to strengthen the legal, fiscal, economic and service delivery functions of municipalities; and to foster greater citizen participation in the governance of local bodies.History[edit]According toCensus of India, 1991, there are 3255Urban Local Bodies(ULB)s in the country; classified into four major categories of1. Municipal Corporation2. Municipalities (Municipal Council,Municipal Board,Municipal Committee)3. Town Area Committee4. Notified Area CommitteeThe municipal corporations and municipalities are fully representative bodies, while the notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated bodies.As per theIndian Constitution, 74th Amendment Act of 1992, the latter two categories of towns are to be designated as municipalities or nagar panchayats with elected bodies.[1]Until the amendments in state municipal legislations, which were mostly made in 1994, municipal authorities were organised on anLatin:ultra vires(beyond the authority) basis and the state governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere throughexecutive decisionswithout an amendment to the legislative provisions.After the 74th Amendment was enacted there are only three categories of urban local bodies:

Administrative structure of India Mahanagar Nigam(Municipal Corporation) Nagar Palika(Municipality) Nagar Panchayat(Notified Area Council,City Council)This article provides that there be aNagar Panchayatfor transitional areas i.e. an area in transition from rural to urban, a municipality for a smaller urban area and amunicipal corporationfor a larger urban area.[2]Article 243Q of the 74th Amendment requires that municipal areas shall be declared having regard to the population of the area, the density of population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the economic importance or such other factors as may be specified by the state government by public notification for this purpose.Among all urban local governments, municipal corporations enjoy a greater degree of fiscal autonomy and functions although the specific fiscal and functional powers vary across the states, these local governments have larger populations, a more diversified economic base, and deal with the state governments directly. On the other hand, municipalities have less autonomy, smaller jurisdictions and have to deal with the state governments through the Directorate of Municipalities or through the collector of a district. These local bodies are subject to detailed supervisory control and guidance by the state governments.Responsibilities of ULBs[edit]The municipal bodies of India are vested with a long list of functions delegated to them by the state governments under the municipal legislation. These functions broadly relate topublic health, welfare, regulatory functions,public safety,public infrastructureworks, and development activities.Public health includesWater supply,SewerageandSanitation, eradication of communicable diseases etc.; welfare includes public facilities such as Education,recreation, etc.; regulatory functions related to prescribing and enforcingBuilding regulations, encroachments on public land,Birth registrationandDeath certificate, etc.; public safety includesFire protection,Street lighting, etc.; public works measures such as construction and maintenance of inner city roads, etc.; and development functions related toTown planningand development of commercial markets. In addition to the legally assigned functions, the sectoral departments of the state government often assign unilaterally, and on an agency basis, various functions such asFamily planning, Nutrition and slum improvement, disease and Epidemic control, etc.The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution (Article 243 w) provides an illustrative list ofeighteen functions, that may be entrusted to the municipalities.[1]Besides the traditional core functions of municipalities, it also includes development functions like planning forEconomic developmentandSocial justice, urbanpoverty alleviationprograms and promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. However, conformity legislation enacted by the state governments indicate wide variations in this regard. WhereasBihar,Gujarat,Himachal Pradesh,Haryana,Manipur,PunjabandRajasthanhave included all the functions as enlisted in the Twelfth Schedule in their amended state municipal laws,Andhra Pradeshhas not made any changes in the existing list of municipal functions.Karnataka,Kerala,Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra,Odisha,Tamil Nadu,Uttar PradeshandWest Bengalstates have amended their municipal laws to add additional functions in the list of municipal functions as suggested in the twelfth schedule.There is a lot of difference in the assignment of obligatory and discretionary functions to the municipal bodies among the states. Whereas functions like planning for the social and economic development,urban forestryand protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects are obligatory functions for the municipalities ofMaharashtra, inKarnatakathese are discretionary functions.Provision of water supply and sewerage in several states has either been taken over by the state governments or transferred to state agencies. For example inTamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh andGujarat, water supply and sewerage works are being carried out by the state level Public Health Engineering Department or Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, while liability for repayment of loans and maintenance are with the municipalities. Besides these state level agencies, City Improvement Trusts andUrban Development Authorities, likeDelhi Development Authority(DDA), have been set up in a number of cities. These agencies usually undertake land acquisition and development works, and take up remunerative projects such as markets and commercial complexes, etc. The Municipal bodies in most cases have been left only with the functions ofgarbage collection,garbage disposal,street lighting, construction and maintenance of roads, etc.In terms offiscal federalism, functions whose benefits largely confine to municipal jurisdictions and may be termed as theessentially municipalfunctions. Similarly, functions that involve substantial economics of scale or are of national interest may not be assigned to small local bodies. For valid reasons, certain functions of higher authorities are appropriate to be entrusted with the Municipalities as if under principal-agent contracts and may be calledagencyfunctions that need to be financed by intergovernmental revenues. Thus instead of continuing the traditional distinction betweenobligatoryanddiscretionaryfunctions the municipal responsibilities may be grouped intoessentially municipal,jointandagencyfunctions.Suggested municipal functions[edit]The suggested functions to municipal corporations, municipalities and nagar panchayats are listed in the table below.[3]Essentially Municipal FunctionsMunicipal CorporationMunicipal Councilnagar panchayat

Urban planning including town planningYesYesYes

Regulation of land-use and construction of buildingsYesYesYes

Planning for economic and social developmentYesYesYes

Roads and bridgesYesYesYes

Water supply domestic, Industrial and commercial purposesYesYesYes

Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste managementYesYesYes

Fire servicesYesYesNo

Urban forestryYesYesYes

Preventive Health CareYesYesYes

Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgroundsYesYesYes

Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats/grounds and electric crematoriaYesYesYes

Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animalsYesYesYes

Vital statistics including registration of births and deathsYesYesYes

Street lightingYesYesYes

Parking lots, bus stops and public conveniencesYesYesYes

Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneriesYesYesYes

Slum improvement and up gradationYesYesYes

Agency Functions

Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspectsYesYesYes

Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retardedYesYesYes

Urban poverty alleviationYesYesYes

Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspectsYesYesYes

Primary EducationYesYesNo

Primary Health CareYesYesNo

Mahanagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation)[edit]Main article:Municipal Corporation of IndiaMahanagar Nigam a.k.a. (Municipal Corporation) in India are state government formed departments that works for the development of aMetropolitan city, which has a population of more than 1 Million. The growing population and urbanisation in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health centres, educational institutes and housing and property tax.They are formed under the Corporations Act of 1835 ofpanchayati rajsystem which mainly deals in providing essential services in every small town as well as village of a district/city. Their elections are held once in five year and the people choose the candidates. The largest corporations are in the four metropolitan cities of India, namelyDelhi,Mumbai,KolkataandChennai. These cities not only have a large population, but are also the administrative as well as commercial centres of the country.

List of municipal corporations of IndiaFollowing are theMunicipal Corporations of India, also known asMahanagar NigamCityState / Union TerritoryDistrictPopulation (2011)

Greater MumbaiMaharashtraMumbai11,914,398

HyderabadAndhra PradeshHyderabad,Rangareddi District,Medak District7,749,334

BangaloreKarnatakaBangalore Urban District,Bangalore Rural District6,523,210

ChennaiTamil NaduChennai District,Tiruvallur District,Kanchipuram District4,681,087

KolkataWest BengalKolkata District4,580,544

AhmedabadGujaratAhmadabad District3,515,361

PuneMaharashtraPune District3,115,431

KanpurUttar PradeshKanpur Nagar District2,920,067

LucknowUttar PradeshLucknow District2,901,474

SuratGujaratSurat District2,433,787

NagpurMaharashtraNagpur District2,405,421

GhaziabadUttar PradeshGhaziabad District2,358,525

JaipurRajasthanJaipur District2,324,319

CoimbatoreTamil NaduCoimbatore District2,151,466

AgraUttar PradeshAgra District1,746,467

LudhianaPunjabLudhiana District1,740,249

VisakhapatnamAndhra PradeshVisakhapatnam District1,730,320

MaduraiTamil NaduMadurai District1,730,015

Pimpri-ChinchwadMaharashtraPune District1,729,359

IndoreMadhya PradeshIndore District1,597,441

VijayawadaAndhra PradeshKrishna District1,548,240

GurgaonHaryanaGurgaon District1,514,085

NashikMaharashtraNashik District1,486,973

VaranasiUttar PradeshVaranasi District1,435,113

BhopalMadhya PradeshBhopal District1,433,875

MeerutUttar PradeshMeerut District1,424,908

PatnaBiharPatna District1,376,950

PatialaPunjabPatiala District1,354,686

JamshedpurJharkhandEast Singhbhum District1,337,131

VadodaraGujaratVadodara District1,306,035

SrinagarJammu and KashmirSrinagar District1,273,312

ThaneMaharashtraThane District1,261,517

AllahabadUttar PradeshAllahabad District1,216,719

BareillyUttar PradeshBareilly District1,200,933

DhanbadJharkhandDhanbad District1,195,298

Kalyan-DombivaliMaharashtraThane District1,193,266

AurangabadMaharashtraAurangabad District1,171,330

AmbalaHaryanaAmbala District1,136,784

AmritsarPunjabAmritsar District1,132,761

RanchiJharkhandRanchi District1,126,741

FaridabadHaryanaFaridabad District1,054,981

GwaliorMadhya PradeshGwalior District1,053,505

GunturAndhra PradeshGuntur District1,028,667

TiruchirappalliTamil NaduTiruchirappalli District1,027,436

RaipurChhattisgarhRaipur District10,10,500

HowrahWest BengalHowrah District1,008,704

RajkotGujaratRajkot District966,642

GuwahatiAssamKamrup District963,429[1]

ChandigarhChandigarhChandigarh960,787

JabalpurMadhya PradeshJabalpur District951,469

JammuJammu and KashmirJammu District951,373

SolapurMaharashtraSolapur District951,118

Nanded-WaghalaMaharashtraNanded District950,564

Hubli-DharwadKarnatakaDharwad District943,857

AligarhUttar PradeshAligarh District909,559

JalandharPunjabJalandhar District903,491

MoradabadUttar PradeshMoradabad District889,810

MysoreKarnatakaMysore District887,446

JodhpurRajasthanJodhpur District846,408

BhubaneswarOdishaKhordha District837,737

SalemTamil NaduSalem District831,038

AjmerRajasthanAjmer District800,000

WarangalAndhra PradeshWarangal District759,594

ThiruvananthapuramKeralaThiruvananthapuram District752,490

BikanerRajasthanBikaner District723,982

Navi MumbaiMaharashtraThane District703,947

SaharanpurUttar PradeshSaharanpur District703,345

KotaRajasthanKota District695,899

GorakhpurUttar PradeshGorakhpur District692,519

AmravatiMaharashtraAmravati District646,801

BelgaumKarnatakaBelgaum District629,600

Bhilai NagarChhattisgarhDurg District625,697

NelloreAndhra PradeshNellore District625,329

KochiKeralaErnakulam District601, 574

Bhiwandi-NizampurMaharashtraThane District598,703

UdaipurRajasthanUdaipur District571,178

JhansiUttar PradeshJhansi District564,797

BokaroJharkhandRanchi District563,417

PanchkulaHaryanaPanchkula District558,890

MathuraUttar PradeshMathura District549,391

KolhapurMaharashtraKolhapur District549,283

MangaloreKarnatakaDakshina Kannada District538,560

CuttackOdishaCuttack District535,139

YamunanagarHaryanaYamunanagar District532,000

ErodeTamil NaduErode District521,776

Mira-BhayandarMaharashtraThane District520,301

BhavnagarGujaratBhavnagar District510,958

kadapaAndhra PradeshKadapa District504,239

Sangli-Miraj & KupwadMaharashtraSangli District502,697

VelloreTamil NaduVellore District502,000

DurgapurWest BengalBardhaman District492,996

AsansolWest BengalBardhaman District486,304

TirunelveliTamil NaduTirunelveli District474,838

UlhasnagarMaharashtraThane District472,943

MalegaonMaharashtraNashik District471,006

SiliguriWest BengalDarjeeling District,Jalpaiguri District470,275

Vasai-VirarMaharashtraThane District469,526

JalgaonMaharashtraJalgaon District460,468

Agartala[Tripura]][West Tripura District]]450,000

DehradunUttarakhandDehradun District447,808

JamnagarGujaratJamnagar District447,734

TirupurTamil NaduTirupur District444,543

TuticorinTamil NaduTuticorin District436,094

KozhikodeKeralaKozhikode District432,097

UjjainMadhya PradeshUjjain District429,933

GulbargaKarnatakaGulbarga District427,929

AkolaMaharashtraAkola District427,146

KurnoolAndhra PradeshKurnool District424,920

GayaBiharGaya District383,197

LaturMaharashtraLatur District382,754

DhuleMaharashtraDhule District376,093

RohtakHaryanaRohtak District373,133

DavangereKarnatakaDavangere district365,000

KollamKeralaKollam District361,441

BrahmapurOdishaGanjam District355,823

AhmednagarMaharashtraAhmednagar District350,905

RajahmundryAndhra PradeshEast Godavari District343,903

AnantapurAndhra PradeshAnantapur District341,895

BhagalpurBiharBhagalpur District340,349

PurniaBiharPurnia District326,216

BijapurKarnatakaBijapur district326,000

ShimogaKarnatakaShimoga district322,428

HaldwaniUttarakhandNainital District322,140

ChandrapurMaharashtraChandrapur District321,036

JunagadhGujaratJunagadh District320,250

BellaryKarnatakaBellary district317,000

KorbaChhattisgarhKorba District315,695

ThrissurKeralaThrissur District315,596

KakinadaAndhra PradeshEast Godavari District312,255

NizamabadAndhra PradeshNizamabad District310,467

ParbhaniMaharashtraParbhani District307,191

TumkurKarnatakaTumkur district305,821

MuzaffarpurBiharMuzaffarpur District305,465

BharatpurRajasthanBharatpur District304,456

HisarHaryanaHisar District301,249

PanipatHaryanaPanipat District294,150

TirupatiAndhra PradeshChittoor District287,035

KarnalHaryanaKarnal District286,974

EluruAndhra PradeshWest Godavari District285,900

KarimnagarAndhra PradeshKarimnagar District272,102

SambalpurOdishaSambalpur District269,575

DurgChhattisgarhDurg District268,679

DarbhangaBiharDarbhanga District266,834

BilaspurChhattisgarhBilaspur District265,178

KhammamAndhra PradeshKhammam District262,309

RamagundamAndhra PradeshKarimnagar District252,261

ImphalManipurImphal East District,Imphal West District250,234

AmbikapurChhattisgarhSurguja District243,173

SagarMadhya PradeshSagar District232,321

DewasMadhya PradeshDewas District230,658

SatnaMadhya PradeshSatna District225,468

HaridwarUttarakhandHaridwar District225,235

ThanjavurTamil NaduThanjavur District222,619

RatlamMadhya PradeshRatlam District221,267

BurhanpurMadhya PradeshBurhanpur District221,000

RoorkeeUttarakhandHaridwar District220,306

BhathindaPunjabBathinda District217,389

DindigulTamil NaduDindigul District207,225

OngoleAndhra PradeshPrakasam District202,826

PathankotPunjabPathankot district200,000

GandhinagarGujaratGandhinagar District195,891

ChittoorAndhra PradeshChittoor District189,000

Murwara (Katni)Madhya PradeshKatni District186,738

SingrauliMadhya PradeshSidhi District185,580

RewaMadhya PradeshRewa District183,232

MohaliPunjabMohali District174,000

KhandwaMadhya PradeshEast Nimar District171,976

HoshiarpurPunjabHoshiarpur District168,000

ChandannagarWest BengalHooghly District162,166

RajnandgaonChhattisgarhRajnandgaon District143,727

RaigarhChhattisgarhRaigarh District143,727

ShimlaHimachal PradeshShimla District142,161

RudrapurUttarakhandUdham Singh Nagar District140,884

JagdalpurChhattisgarhBastar District125,345

MogaPunjabMoga District124,624

KashipurUttarakhandUdham Singh Nagar District121,610

PanajiGoaNorth Goa District100,000

GangtokSikkimEast Sikkim District98,658

chirimiriChhattisgarhkoriya District95,974

PhagwaraPunjabKapurthala District95,626

JanjgirChhattisgarhJanjgir-Champa District93,727

ArrahBiharBhojpur District

Bihar sharifBiharNalanda District

BegusaraiBiharBegusarai District

North DelhiDelhiDelhi

South DelhiDelhiDelhi

East DelhiDelhiDelhi

New DelhiDelhiNew Delhi