Multivariate analysis of Cauvery River water quality...

Symposium of Lake 2008

Multivariate analysis of Cauvery River water quality around KRS Damwater quality around KRS Dam,

Karnataka, India

S.SRIKANTASWAMY*, SIAMAK GHOLAMI DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE,

MANASAGANGOTRIMANASAGANGOTRI,MYSORE 570 006, KARNATAKA, INDIA

*Corresponding Author- E amil: [email protected]

IntroductionIntroductionRi ti l f th i l f f f lifRivers are essential for the survival of any forms of life.Some loads of waste from industries, domestic sewage and agriculturalpractices find their way into rivers, resulting in large scale deteriorationof thewater qualityof thewater qualityIncreasing urbanization and industrialization has been deteriorating thewater quality of the reservoir resources as discharge of sewage andmunicipal wastes intowater bodies have negative impactsIn the present study water quality analysis of Cauvery River aroundKrishna Raja Sagar (KRS) Dam has been carried out in order todetermine the sources responsible for deterioration of water quality forvarious usesvarious uses.More than 70 percent of the drinking water supply to Mysore city is fromthe Cauvery River, hence it is important to monitor the water quality ofCauvery RiveryThis river is also under environmental stress due to siltation, humanencroachment, high macrophytic population and sewage in put fromvarious sourcesThere are number of discharging loads of sewage, domestic waste waterand industrial effluents directly into the river

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•The River basin of Cauvery is one of the major rivers of India.•Cauvery River originates at Talakavery in the Western Gates in the state of Karnataka, flows generally south and east through Karnataka, and there are many tributaries .

•Studies were carried out around the KRS dam and downstream. There are activities like irrigation, agricultural and industrial basin around the dam and river

• Location - Across River Cauvery near Kannambadi Village

• a)Latitude 120 25' 30" N• b)Longitude 760 34' 30" E • c)Taluk Srirangapatna• d)District Mandya

• Level of Storages.• i) Full reservoir level (FRL) 124.80 Feet• ii) Minimum drawdown level (MDDL)

74.00 Feet• iii) Dead storage level 60.00 Feet

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This river flows through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the south ofDeccan plateau through the southeastern lowlands, emptying into the Bay ofBengal through two principal mouths.g g p p

Fig re2: Locations map of ater q alit monitoring Station aro nd K R S Dam

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Figure2: Locations map of water quality monitoring Station around K.R.S. Dam

Sampling collection Stations

BD1 =Upstream of dam below the high way bridge of Hemavathi RiverBD2 =Upstream of dam below the high way bridge of Cauvery RiverBD3 =Upstream of dam below the high way bridge of Laxmanatheertha River.D1 = Upstream of dam below the railway bridge (Sagarakatte rail Station). D2 =Upstream of dam at a distance of 5 Kms from the gate of the dam.R1 =At the gate of the dam.R2 =At KRS garden (Brindavan).R3 =Downstream of dam near bridge. R4 =Downstream of River at Balamurikshetra.R5 =Downstream of River at Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary.R6 =Downstream of River near first bridge at Srirangapathana Station.R7 =Downstream of River under the second bridge at Srirangapathana Station.R8 =Downstream of River at Sangam, at confluence of two tributaries of Cauvery river.

Materials and methods

Water samples collection and analysis were carried out as per standard method of sampling techniques, APHA, (1992). Various physico-chemical parameters like temperature pH EC alkalinity total hardness total dissolved solidstemperature, pH, EC, alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO4

-2), nitrate (NO3-

), phosphate (PO4-3), dissolved oxygen (DO) and COD were determined using

standard methods. The temperature of the water was recorded using a thermoprobe on the spot. Electrical conductivity and pH were also recorded in the lab, DO was determined using Winkler’s method on the site itself. Calcium and magnesium were estimated using EDTA Titrimetry, Sodium and potassium by flame photometry, chlorides by Argentometry, sulfate by Nephalometry, and phosphates by molybdenum-blue complex formation using a spectrophotometer.a spectrophotometer. Nitrate was estimated by acid treatment followed by Spectrophotometry and estimation of COD was done by reflux Titrimetry. The quality assurance and quality procedure were also used as described in q y q y pAPHA. The data were statistically analyzed for t-test and inter correlations matrix using the SPSS 15 software packageUniversity Mysore

Results and DiscussionCa+2, which is a major component of natural waters comes mainly from the rocks, seepage, wastewater etc.Ca+2 is varied from 8.8 to 38.5 mg/l in upstream, and in down stream remained low (26.47 mg /l) during winter, But Mg+2 varied from 2.5 to 36.1 mg/l in the study area Fig 3(a d)study area. Fig 3(a-d)Ca+2, Mg+2levels in the summer were more than in the winter, belongs to same sources. This indicated of precipitation of Mg+2 in downstream zones is due to vegetation, which is also shown by greater hardness of the g y gdownstream at R8This can be correlated to SO4

-2, HCO3-, Cl- , which depends on mining sources.

The concentration of Mg+2 was more in upstream but the concentration was lower (10 to 20 mg /L) in the downstream.

30

40

/l)

II-Winter/2007-08 III-Summer/2008

30

40

g/l)


0

10

20

30

Ca

+2 (m

g/

0

10

20

30M

g+2 (

mg

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stations Figure 3a , variations of Ca +2

stations Figure 3b , variations of Mg+2

At the Station of BD3 the Na+ concentration increased sharply to 200 mg/l in upstream and then decrease after mixing with Water in reservoir to 50 mg/l and then increasing in Cauvery downstream, after the influence of agricultural wastes p g y , g pto 250 mg/l in station Sangam (R8) .The levels of Na+ were elevated in the range of 35.5– 250 mg /L. Such high levels of Na+ would be a potential pollution for the crops if the water were used for irrigation. The presence of K+ in the natural waters is very important since it is an essential nutrient element for plant. Th t ti f K+ it l i (2 t 14 /L) i thThe concentration of K+, was quite low in summer (2 to 14 mg /L) in the downstream due to influence of agricultural waste water, which increased up to 14mg/l in the lower segment, the concentrations were higher during winter (Fig.3d).

1416

)


250300

ll-Winter/2007-08 lll-Summer/2008

02468

1012

K+

(mg/

l

050

100150200250

Na

+(m

g/l)

0

stations Figure 3d , variations of K +

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stations Figure 3c , variations of Na+

•HCO3- and excess of Cl- in river water is usually taken as an index of pollution

Desirable recommended limit for chloride is 250 mg/l by ISI

• The HCO3- is compared with chloride ion, it is having less tolerance value due to

mineral sources as shown in correlation matrix (table 4).

•Upstream at Station BD2 is having HCO3- maximum up to 181.65 mg/l (Fig.3e and p 2 g 3 p g ( g

table 2), but tended to remain within permissible limits.

•During the summer, the Cl- ion of Cauvery River was between (27–133.5 mg /l). The concentration of Cl- in the river water was slightly higher in the summer sampling than in winter (Fig.3f),.

200

250

300

O3-

(mg/

l)


150

200

250

300

Cl-

(mg/

l)


0

50

100

150

HC

O

0

50

100

150C

stations Figure 3e, variations of HCO3

-

stations

figure 3f , variations of Cl - (2008)

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The SO4-2 concentration in the river varied from 0.12 to 3.16 mg/l in Cauvery

upstream and increased from 0.41 to 3.16 mg/l in Cauvery downstream.

The concentration of SO4-2 was much lower during Winter (Fig.3g).

Winter-2007-08 Summer-08

0 .1

1

10

O4-2

(mg/

l)

Figure 3g variations of SO4-2

0 .0 1

stations

SO

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Figure 3g , variations of SO4

•PO4-3 may enter into surface water from human-generated wastes and natural run-off. The

concentration of PO4-3 was low in the river water, ranging from (0.0048 to 0.05mg/l) in Cauvery

upstream.

•PO4-3 is correlated to K+ and is depended on pollutants in river water. This is due to agricultural

runoff containing fertilizers as well as waste water containing detergents etc. which to increase PO4-3

pollution in the downstream of water.

Th t ti f PO -3 h l d i S ( Fi 3h)• The concentration of PO43 was much lower during Summer( Figure 3h)

•Due to high activity of alga in summer NO3- is more than PO4

-3

• Common sources of nitrate contamination include fertilizers animal wastes septic tanks municipal• Common sources of nitrate contamination include fertilizers, animal wastes, septic tanks, municipal sewage treatment systems, and decaying plant debris.

•NO3- levels were quite low; varying from (0.0035 to 0.1 mg/l) during summer (Fig.3i)

• The Correlation matrix indicates that there are only EC and TDS correlated with nitrogen in the

0 12


0 06


• The Correlation matrix indicates that there are only EC and TDS correlated with nitrogen in the Cauvery River main stream and some tolerance

00.020.040.060.08

0.10.12

NO

3-(m

g/l)

0.010.020.030.040.050.06

PO4-3

(mg/

l)

stations Figure 3i, variations of NO3

- (2008)

0

stations Figure 3h, variations of PO4

-3 (2008)University Mysore

TDS is a measure of the solid materials dissolved in the river water. This includes salts, some organic materials, and a wide range of other material from nutrients to toxic materials. In the present study TDS ranged from minimum of 50 at station BD1 and maximum of 320 in BD3 in Laxmanatheertha River during summer( Fi j) Figure 3j) EC is used as a basic index to select the suitability of water for agricultural purposes.In the present study EC was minimum of 137 μmhos/cm at BDIn the present study EC was minimum of 137 μmhos/cm at BD1(Hemavathy) and maximum of 607.2 μs/cm of in BD3 (Laxmantheerth). In Figure 3k, The variations of EC are indicated that values are under all standard water quality permissible EC, TDS and all in behind Dam duo to runoff is more than the downstream500600700

mg/

l)


600800


0100200300400500

BD1BD2BD3 D1 D2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8

TDS

9m

0200400600

BD1BD2BD3 D1 D2 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8

stations

EC

Figure 3j , variations of TDS

BD BD BD D D R R R R R R R Rstations Figure 3k , variations of EC stations

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•Turbidity is a measure of the dispersion of light in a column of water. It is caused due to presence of suspended matter, clay silt, colloidal organic particles, plankton and other microscopic organisms.

•In the present study turbidity was minimum of 1(NTU) at BD1, R1, R8 and maximum of 22 in Winter at the same station (R8) (Figure 3l )8

15

20

25

ty (N

TU)


0

5

10

Turb

idi

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stations Figure 3l , variations of Turbidity (2008)

•DO is one of the water quality index and like

•DO in Summer is less than in Winter Duo to Alga activity and high turbidity

•In this study it varied from 7 2-8 5 mg/l during summer and Winter•In this study, it varied from 7.2-8.5 mg/l during summer and Winter

• The highest DO was 8.3 mg/l in the reservoir (D1) in winter

• Variations of DO in summer is compare with Correlation matrix (Pearson) is + 3dependent to Temperature and Turbidity , pH , TSS, TH , K + , Po4

-3

8

8.5

9

(mg/

l)


6.5

7

7.5

8

DO

(

stations

Figure 3p, variations of DO

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• Total Alkalinity in this study ranged from 50-181.65 mg/l. Alkalinity was approximately constant in down stream and it is not more than150 mg/l (Figure 3n )approximately constant in down stream and it is not more than150 mg/l (Figure 3n )

• In the Summer AL< TH . Hence, Ca +2, Mg+2 are Also present in forms other than carbonate hardness

• In Winter AL>TH So, it means that all the hardness is presented as carbonate hardness

• In the present study, minimum of 32 mg/l and maximum of 240 mg/l of Total hardness is recorded at upstream BD1 and BD3 Stations respectively

• Average of Hardness was (143.73 mg/l) in summer (Figure 3o)

200

250

300

/l)


250

300


0

50

100

150

200TH

(m

g/

0

50

100

150

200

kalin

ity(m

g/l)

stations Figure 3o , variations of TH (2008)

Al

stations Figure 3n, variations of Alkalinity (2008)

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•The BOD test provides an estimate of how much biodegradable waste is present in the water

•Here BOD varied from 1-3.5 mg/l during winter and summer.Here BOD varied from 1 3.5 mg/l during winter and summer.

• Average of BOD in summer was highest, 2.52 mg/l during Summer than winter (Figure 3q).

• The COD is a measure of oxygen equivalent to the organic matter content of the water susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant and thus is an index of organic pollution in the riverto oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant and thus is an index of organic pollution in the river

•The Highest COD level at station BD3 was 45 mg /l in winter. Also it was more during summer in other stations.

• The Correlation matrix indicates that there are only Turbidity and K+, PO4-3 and nitrogenThe Correlation matrix indicates that there are only Turbidity and K , PO4 and nitrogen

correlated to COD in the Cauvery River (Figure 3r), which indicate that, there are discharges of non-point detergents influents in river.

40

50

mg/

l)


33.5

4

(mg/

l)


0

10

20

30C

OD

(m

00.5

11.5

22.5

BO

D (

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stations

Figure 3r , variations of COD

stations

Figure 3q , variations of BOD

Inter-relationships

Table 4 presents the correlation matrix between various parametersTable 4, presents the correlation matrix between various parameters.

Most of the parameters were found to bear statistically significant l ti ith h th i di ti l i ti f thcorrelation with each other indicating close association of these

parameters with each other.

The pH and DO of the water, however, showed a highly positive correlation (r ~ 0.92, df ~ 30, p < 0.01). Both the parameters are indicators of good quality water indicating the various favorable

diti f hi h i d d d ticonditions for high primary and secondary production.

TDS and EC also had a strong correlation with a number of parameters +like Cl2 (r ~ 0.9137), hardness (r ~ 0.9669), Mg (r ~ 0.9634), Na+ (r ~

0.9915), K+ (r ~ 0.9724), and SO4-2 (r ~0.8374).

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Na+ is well correlated with Cl - and SO4 -2

. However, Ca +2 bears a i ifi t l ti ith EC TDS SO -2 PO -3 d th tisignificant correlation with EC, TDS, SO4

2, PO43 and other cations.

This indicates the presence of calcium in the water in less soluble forms, more likely in the form of carbonates, which is also indicated by the high values of hardness in the river waterthe high values of hardness in the river water.

Dissolved oxygen showed significantly negative correlation with all the t t H ith hi h it h d iti l tiparameters except pH with which it had a positive correlation.

Only Ca +2 and Mg +2 did not show any significant correlation with DO. Thus DO can serve as a single useful index of water quality of the river because with increase in the value of most of these parameters, the DO decreases.

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Table 2: Descriptive Statistics of water Quality (SPSS) for Cauvery River (30 sample in summer)

Descriptive StatisticsN. Parameter Maximum Minimum

Mean StandardDeviation Std. Error Mean

1 Temperature30 23.5 26.96667 2.864568 0.522996084

2 Turbidity 21 2 1 6 226667 5 431196 0 991596105u b d ty 21.2 1 6.226667 5.431196 0.9915961053 pH 8.6 7.3 8.1536 0.358474 0.0654480164 EC 607.2 138 241.9379 80.12132 14.413035235 TS 490 190 307.5 69.01711 12.600743466 TSS 210 20 117.9167 61.17416 11.168821637 TDS 320 50 187 25 72 45792 13 228946627 TDS 320 50 187.25 72.45792 13.228946628 TH 240 32 117.2 43.55765 7.9525026789 Ca+2

38.5 8.8 26.47933 7.770213 1.4186402710 Mg +2

36.1 2.5 12.19626 7.197003 1.31398699211 Na+

250 35.6 151.38 67.16432 12.2624718612 K +12 K 13.7 1.4 7.293333 4.429675 0.80874435613 Alkalinity 181.65 60.55 151.4533 29.02336 5.29891603214 HCO3 - 181.65 60.55 151.4533 29.02336 5.29891603215 Cl - 133.5 27 72.764 36.17972 6.60548359116 S04

-23.16 0.12 0.8925 0.970999 0.177279349

17 N17 No3 - 0.1 0.0035 0.036663 0.019644 0.00358643818 Po4

-30.05 0.0048 0.019392 0.016185 0.002954873

19 DO 11.7 2.42 6.122333 2.892024 0.52800898720 BOD 3.5 1 2.03 0.700812 0.12795024221 COD 45 10.5 23.935 12.52574 2.28687593722 F22 Fe 1.58 0.001 0.302377 0.437621 0.079898302

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Table 4: Correlation matrix (Pearson) of water quality parameters for summer, 2008

Temperature Turbidity pH EC TS TSS TDS TH Ca+2 Mg+2 Na+ K + Alkalinity HCO3 Cl - S04 -2 No3 - Po4 -3 DO BOD COD

Temperature 1

Turbidity -0.8* 1

pH -0.56 0.56 1

EC 0.14 0.14 0.15 1

TS 0.3 -0.15 -0.3 0.51* 1

TSS 0.71 -0.54 -0.58 0.2** 0.4 1

TDS -0.34 0.34 0.25 0.32* 0.59 -0.5 1

TH 0.72 -0.45 -0.23 0.65* 0.56 0.48 0.11 1

Ca+2 0.62 -0.42 -0.2 0.44* 0.37 0.31 0.08 0.8* 1

Mg+2 0.7 -0.38 -0.23 0.68* 0.58 0.55 0.08 0.93* 0.64 1

Na+ -0.32 0.34 0.38 0.01 0.2 -0.4 0.55 -0.03 -0 -0.06 1

K + -0.93 0.8 0.57 -0.18* -0.2 -0.7 0.37 -0.67 -0.59 -0.63 0.478 1

Alkalinity 0.09 -0.02 0.18 0.31* 0.38 -0.1 0.47 0.52 0.61 0.35 0.28 -0.5 1

HCO3- 0.09 -0.02 0.18 0.31* 0.38 -0.1 0.47 0.52 0.61 0.35 0.28 -0.3 0.99* 1

Cl - 0.89 -0.72 -0.49 0.34* 0.39 0.72 -0.3 0.75 0.65 0.69* -0.32 -0.8 0.11 0.11 1

S04 -2 0.65 -0.43 -0.32 0.59* 0.5 0.47 0.08 0.83 0.73 0.78 -0.01 -0.7 0.31 0.31 0.67 1

N 3 0 07 0 12 0 19 0 34 0 25 0 06 0 2 0 19 0 12 0 21 0 11 0 2 0 21 0 21 0 05 0 3 1No3 - -0.07 0.12 0.19 0.34 0.25 0.06 0.2 0.19 0.12 0.21 -0.11 -0.2 0.21 0.21 0.05 0.3 1

Po4 -3 -0.91 0.8** 0.58 -0.16 -0.2 -0.6 0.37 -0.58 -0.44 -0.61 0.355 0.87 0.12 0.12 -0.8 -0.6 0.12 1

DO 0.92 -0.76*-

0.54** 0.15* 0.31 0.66* -0.3* 0.73* 0.64* 0.7* -0.2 -0.9 0.1 0.1 0.81 0.7 -0.12 -0.8 1

BOD 0.81 -0.62* -0.54 0.27 0.42 0.78 -0.3 0.67 0.51 0.7 -0.29 -0.8 0.18 0.18 0.79 0.62 0.08 -0.69 0.74 1

COD -0.89 0.73 0.58 -0.24 -0.4 -0.8 0.31 -0.65 -0.47 -0.69 0.373 0.86 0.05 0.05 -0.9 -0.7 -0.13 0.89 -0.8 -0.73 1

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Table 5: Physico-Chemical characteristics of the water samples collected at KRS Dam and all Upstream & Downstream of CAUVERY River (Winter-2008)

Winter Temperature Turbidity pH EC TSTSS TDS TH Ca+2 Mg+2 Na+ K + Alkalinity HCO3 Cl - S04 -2 No3 - Po4 -3 DO BOD COD

BD1 24 14 8.4 230 190 70 120 32 8.8 2.5 136 11.4 80 80 34.1 0.12 0.02 0.02 3.3 1.5 35

BD2 23.5 10 8.4 230 320 100 220 82 25 9.3 157 11.2 170 170 27 0.19 0.05 0.05 4.37 2 41

BD3 23.5 16.4 8.2 230 350 120 230 104 23.3 8.3 155.5 11.5 180 180 27 0.19 0.05 0.05 3.52 2.5 45

DR1 23.5 8.4 8.6 230 250 60 190 102 21.6 7.3 149 11.5 180 180 56.8 0.19 0.04 0.04 3.2 1.5 33

DR2 23.5 7.2 8.3 210 210 160 50 80 22.5 3.9 142 12.7 140 140 42.6 0.19 0.04 0.04 3.6 1.5 35

R1 24 7.2 8.4 210 290 20 270 84 20.1 7.3 157 12 160 160 34.1 0.12 0.03 0.03 3.6 1 36

R2 24 9 8.4 215 245 40 205 84 20.1 7.3 250 11.8 160 160 34 0.13 0.03 0.03 3.6 1 35

R3 24 15.2 8.5 219 250 50 200 84 20.1 7.3 248 11.6 100 100 34.1 0.19 0.04 0.04 3.02 1 36

R4 24 11.2 8.5 210 340 40 300 84 20.1 7.3 242 11.6 160 160 34.1 0.15 0.03 0.03 2.57 1.5 37

R5 24 5.6 8.2 210 300 70 230 84 25.7 5 245 13.1 160 160 34.1 0.12 0.02 0.02 2.42 1.5 38

R6 24 8.8 8.5 230 340 20 320 84 22.5 5 150 12.3 160 160 39.8 0.15 0.04 0.04 2.99 1 39

R7 24 9.6 8.5 230 340 20 320 84 22.5 5 207 12.2 160 160 39.8 0.15 0.04 0.04 2.99 1 37

R8 24 21.2 8.5 210 23067.5 163 84 26.5 8.3 157 13.7 160 160 27 0.14 0.04 0.04 2.49 1 36

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T t T bidi Alk li i HCO S04 N 3 P 4 BO CO

Table 6: Physico-Chemical characteristics of the water samples collected at KRS Dam and all Upstream & Downstream of CAUVERY River (Summer -2008)

SummerTemperat

ureTurbidi

ty pH EC TS TSS TDS TH Ca+2 Mg+2 Na+ K +Alkalini

tyHCO

3 Cl -S04 -

2No3

-Po4 -

3 DOBOD

COD

BD1 27 1 7.3 138 250 170 80 52 16 2.92 35.6 4.2 60.6 60.6 96.6 0.13 0.02 0.01 7 2.1 15.6

BD2 28 5 7.9 368 380 140 240 168 38.5 17.5 59.1 2.5 182 182 96.6 2.85 0.1 0.01 7.2 2.1 11.7

BD3 28 10 8.2 607 490 190 300 240 36.9 36.1 180 5.8 173 173 131 3.03 0.05 0.01 7.2 3 10.5

DR1 29 4.5 8.6 276 310 210 100 116 25.7 12.7 80.7 3.5 130 130 96.6 0.56 0.04 0.01 7.2 1.8 10.5

DR2 29 1.5 8.5 239 260 150 110 128 17.6 20.5 78.7 4.4 121 121 76.7 1.13 0.09 0.01 7 2.7 10.5

R1 29 2 7.6 210 320 180 140 116 22.4 14.6 54.6 2.5 130 130 56.8 1.06 0 0.01 7.2 2.5 10.5

R2 29 1 7.5 215 360 190 170 124 28.8 12.7 41.6 1.6 138 138 114 1.15 0.05 0.01 7 2.5 10.5

R3 30 2 8.1 219 340 190 150 116 25.7 12.7 168.5 4.4 173 173 125 1.21 0.05 0.01 6.1 3.5 10.5

R4 30 2 7.8 210 350 190 140 140 24 19.5 147.5 4.6 147 147 85.2 0.41 0.01 0.01 10.8 2.5 23.4

R5 30 2 7.6 210 360 170 140 132 32.1 12.7 159 5.6 156 156 99.4 1.39 0.04 0 7.8 2.5 10.5

R6 30 3 7.5 230 370 150 220 140 25.7 18.5 159 5.6 164 164 93.7 1.54 0.03 0.01 8.9 2.5 10.5

R7 30 3 8.1 210 380 200 180 152 33.6 16.6 163 6.7 156 156 134 0.9 0.03 0.01 9.2 2.6 10.5

R8 30 1 8.2 290 340 140 200 160 38.5 15.6 231 1.4 156 156 105 3.1 0.03 0.01 11.7 2.6 19.5

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ConclusionTh h i h i l t t di d ll ithi th d i bl li it fThe physico-chemical parameters studied were all within the desirable limit for drinking water quality recommended by WHO (1996) and BIS (1991). From this study, However, there is the need for routine checks to ascertain the suitability or otherwise of these water sources so as to forestall outbreak of water borne diseases.

The above data on the water quality parameters of Cauvery River clearly showed that river water was safe for drinking water supply, fishery, irrigation, and industrial purposes, as most of the parameters are found within the permissible limits.

During the monsoon season runoff could not change water quality in bad situation. Total Hardness was higher than Alkalinity (TH>TA) that is means its Non-alkalinity water and it is suitable to water pipe line. The present study has thus clearly revealed the extent of Phosphate, Nitrate in upstream and at reservoir during monsoon time and highest EC, Sulphate Total Hardness, TDS i L th th ( BD ) t

g g , p ,in Laxmantheerth ( BD3) upstream

Also the value of pH, EC, T. Alkalinity, TH, TDS, chloride was in lowest condition. But, Nitrate, Phosphate and Turbidity were more during other times. Finally, we compared the water quality index of three seasons. It provides a simple representation of e tensi e and comple ariables (ph sical chemical)simple representation of extensive and complex variables (physical, chemical) that govern the overall quality of surface water that is intended for potable use

Compromise between water resources development and the maintenance of a river in ecologically acceptable or agreed condition is necessary.

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