Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) approach: Cross-Country MODA Study

Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) approach: Cross-Country MODA Study

METHODOLOGY & TANZANIA COUNTRY OUTPUT

Office of Research at Innocenti and Division of Policy and Strategy UNICEF

Chris de Neubourg, Jingqing Chai, Marlous de Milliano, Ize Plavgo, Ziru Wei

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MODA is a tool

designed to guide equity related policy interventions

• by providing a systematic procedure to identify deprived children by providing details

• on the type of deprivations (incidences and depth)• on systematic coincidences of deprivations

(overlap)• on the profiles of the deprived children and the

families they live in

• by pointing towards the mechanisms to be understood to design effective policy instruments

• building on previous studies in multidimensional poverty and deprivation

Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion

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MODA enhances

• A holistic view (vs. sectorial view)• deprived children: the number and nature of single and combined

deprivations from which they suffer;• Equity analysis: • comparing the severity, breadth and composition of deprivations according

to geographic location and socio-economic characteristics of children and households;

• Policy efficiency: • designing integrated interventions to reduce multiple deprivation

simultaneously, if common inequity-generating mechanisms and common barriers and bottlenecks are identified;

• Life-cycle approach, • considering children in age-groups and acknowledging that children’s

needs differ depending on their age.


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MODA can be applied at various levels

• International comparative level (CC-MODA)

• National specific level (N-MODA)

• Sub-national level (Local L-MODA)

• The basic methodology is the same, but the details and outcomes of the analysis can differ depending on the data used


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Methodology

• International standards are used as guiding principles to select dimensions of child well-being


Survival and Development Rights

Survival

Food, nutrition (Art.24) Water (Art.24) Health care (Art.24) Shelter (Art.27) Environment/Pollution (Art.24)

Development

Education (Art.28) Leisure (Art.31) Cultural activities (Art.31) Information (Art.13, 17)

Protection Rights

Protection Exploitation, Child Labor (Art.32) Other forms of exploitation (Art.33-36)

Protection Cruelty, violence (Art.19, 37) Violence at school (Art.28)

Protection Social Security (Art 16, 26, 27) Protection/

Participation Birth registration, Nationality (Art. 7, 8)

Participation Rights Participation Information (Art.13, 17)

Participation Freedom of expression, views, opinions; being heard; freedom of association (Art.12-15)

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CC-MODA methodology

• Data limitations shape the choice of dimensions

• The two main data sources used in the CC-MODA are the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)


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CC-MODA Methodology

Dimensions

Indicators available in DHS

Indicators available in MICS

Food, nutrition Only for children under 5 Only for children under 5

Water Yes Yes

Health care Only for children under 5 Only for children under 5

Shelter Yes Yes

Environment/Pollution X X

Education Yes Yes

Leisure X X

Cultural activities X Yes

Information Yes Yes

Exploitation, Child Labor X Yes

Other forms of exploitation X X

Cruelty, violenceExposure to violence,

experienced by the motherExposure to violence,

experienced by the mother

Violence at school X X

Social Security X X

Birth registration, Nationality Only for some countries Yes

Freedom of expression, views, opinions; being heard; freedom of association

X X

Table 2.2 Availability of relevant dimensions in DHS and MICS


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Methodology

• A life-cycle approach has been further employed to capture children’s age-specific needs

• An inference approach can also be applied, covering all the dimensions for all children disregarding their age

• Moreover, a ‘whole-child’ perspective is adopted. This means that for each age group the following is calculated:• the number of deprivations each child experiences simultaneously • the headcount of children deprived in 1, 2, 3…6 dimensions (H) • the deprivation intensity (A)

• the intensity adjusted headcount (M0)


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Age 0-4

Nutrition

Health

Water

Sanitation

Housing

Exposure to violence

Age 5-17

Education

Information

Water

Sanitation

Housing

Exposure to

violence

Figure 1 The Life-cycle approach: selection of dimensions for each age group

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Country Case: Tanzania (DHS 2010)(simple headcounts by dimensions)


Figure 2.1 Deprivation headcount (%) of each MODA dimension, by age group

Note: all children included, even those with missing dimensions for consistency purpose

Nutrition

Health

Water

Sanitation

Housing

Domestic to violence38%

23%

67%

86%

48%

13%

Age 0-4

Education

Information

Water

Sanitation

Housing

Domestic to violence

18%29%

65%

83%

44%

9%

Age 5-17

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Figure 2.2 Deprivation headcount (%) of each MODA indicator

Height for age (0-4)

Mortality (0-4)

School attendance (5-17)

Distance to water

Toliet type

Overcrowding

0% 10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

35.2%4.4%

17.9%7.9%

6.7%11.7%

29.4%

55.3%29.5%

84.2%

9.2%40.8%

10.0%

Nutrition [

Education [

Information -

Water [

Sanitation -

Housing [

Violence -

Health [

Exposure to violence

Simple headcount by indicators

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D=0

D=1

D=2

D=3

D=4

D=5

D=6

40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Age 0-4

Children from rural areas Children from urban areas

D=0

D=1

D=2

D=3

D=4

D=5

D=6

40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Age 5-17

Children from rural areasChildren from urban areas

Figure 2.3 Deprivation pyramids based on the number of deprivations per child, urban vs. rural(D = Number of dimensions deprived in)

Note: All children of the reference age are included, with missing dimensions treated as non-deprived.

Cumulative deprivation in groups

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Age 0-4

Deprivation cut-off

Deprivation headcount (H)

Average intensity acrossthe deprived (A)

Adjusted deprivation headcount(M0=H*A)

≥ 1 dimension 95.0% 55.3% 0.458≥ 2 dimensions 82.8% 52.9% 0.438≥ 3 dimensions 59.9% 60.3% 0.362≥ 4 dimensions 28.5% 71.7% 0.205≥ 5 dimensions 7.7% 85.3% 0.066≥ 6 dimensions 0.9% 100.0% 0.009

Age 5-17

Deprivation cut-off

Deprivation headcount (H)

Average intensity across

the deprived (A)

Adjusted deprivation headcount(M0=H*A)

≥ 1 dimension 92.2% 54.4% 0.413≥ 2 dimensions 76.0% 50.8% 0.386≥ 3 dimensions 50.2% 59.8% 0.301≥ 4 dimensions 23.5% 71.0% 0.167≥ 5 dimensions 5.7% 84.5% 0.048≥ 6 dimensions 0.4% 100.0% 0.004


Table 2.1 Multi-dimensional deprivation indices, based on different cut-offs

Exploiting mathematical properties allowing flexibility

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Age 0-4

Share of children with the following characteristics, as % of the total deprivation level

Low deprivation(Deprived in 1 or 2

dimensions)

High deprivation(Deprived in 5 or 6

dimensions)Locate in rural area 71.9% 95.6%Gender of the child is girl 50.9% 50.2%No birth certificate 76.2% 95.5%Child number in the household ≥5 57.9% 64.9%Mother has no primary education 15.9% 44.2%Wealth index among the lowest 20% * 3.9% 56.9%Wealth index among the richest 20% * 21.8% 0.1%

Age 5-17

Share of children with the following characteristics, as % of the total deprivation level

Low deprivation(Deprived in 1 or 2

dimensions)

High deprivation(Deprived in 5 or 6

dimensions)Locate in rural area 75.2% 97.1%Gender of the child is girl 50.9% 48.1%Child number in the household ≥5 69.2% 70.8%Mother has no primary education 17.0% 43.4%Wealth index among the lowest 20%* 1.5% 81.5%Wealth index among the richest 20% * 19.4% 0.0%


Table 3.1 Percentage of children with certain characteristics: low vs. highly deprived children

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Figure 4.2 Composition of the adjusted deprivation headcount ( ≥2 dimensions), by dimension and area

By dimension

By area

National composite M0=0.438

Rural

M0=0.486

Nutrition

H=38%

Housing

H=48%

Urban

M0=0.210

Nutrition

H=30%

Housing

H=14%

(91.6%) (8.4%)

(13%) (19%) (20%) (10%)

Age 0-4


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Outline – MODA objective – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion

Figure 5.2a Overlapping deprivation analysis based on specific dimensions, Age 0-4

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Figure 5.2a Overlapping deprivation analysis based on specific dimensions, Age 0-4

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Figure 5.2a Overlapping deprivation analysis: profiling the children deprived in nutrition, health, and water simultaneously, based on specific characteristics, Age 0-4

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Figure 5.2a Overlapping deprivation analysis: profiling the children deprived in nutrition, health, and water simultaneously, based on specific characteristics, Age 0-4

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Figure 5.2b Overlapping deprivation analysis based on specific dimensions, Age 5-17

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Age 0-4

Deprived in

all 3Deprived in

NutritionDeprived in

HealthDeprived in

WaterTabora

Rukwa

Shinyanga

Tanga

Mara

Dodoma

Manyara

Lindi

Mwanza

Morogoro

Kagera

Kigoma

Iringa

Zanzibar north

Singida

Mbeya

Pwani

Arusha

Mtwara

Ruvuma

Kilimanja-ro

Pemba north

Town west

Pemba south

Zanzibar south

Dar es Salaam

Age 5-17

Deprived in

all 3Deprived in Education

Deprived in Housing

Deprived in Water

Tabora

Lindi

Rukwa

Dodoma

Shinyanga

Mtwara

Mwanza

Manyara

Mbeya

Kigoma

Kagera

Singida

Morogoro

Pwani

Tanga

Mara

Arusha

Zanzibar north

Iringa

Ruvuma

Pemba north

Zanzibar south

Kilimanjaro

Dar es Salaam

Pemba south

Town west

Table 5.1 Regional ranking based on the child deprivation headcount (H) in overlapping deprivations (whole-child approach), compared to ranking based on single sectors

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.228 - .297

.297 - .389

.389 - .45

.45 - .507

Deprived in Nutrition

• The locational profiling of single-sector deprived child can be quite different from the locational profiling from highly multiple deprived child

Deprivation headcount (H) in nutrition Adjusted Deprivation headcount (M),

K≥4 (including nutrition)

.002 - .068

.068 - .124

.124 - .167

.167 - .254

Deprived in Nutrition & K>=4

Rukwa


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• UNICEF program focuses on Immunization campaign. • To what extend the children targeted (i.e. those immunized) are also children who are

experiencing higher deprivations?

0 deprivation

1 deprivation

2 deprivations

3 deprivations

4 deprivations

5 deprivations

6 deprivations

40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Age 2-4Not immunized Immunized

Note: When judging whether deprived in Health, immunization indicator is excluded,

therefore only mortality is used, to avoid double-counting problem. Outline – MODA objectives – Methodology – Country Case - Conclusion

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CC-MODA: Global comparison


Malawi

Liberia

Kenya

Tanzania

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.264

0.286

0.310

0.438

Age 0-4

Malawi

Liberia

Kenya

Tanzania

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.348

0.371

0.386

0.397

Age 5-17

Figure 6.1 Global ranking based on the adjusted deprivation headcount (M0, ≥2 dimensions)

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Use of the outputs

• A tool in the toolbox for SitAn : equity focused• A instrument for global advocacy messages (especially in the discussion of post-2015 agenda)

• Impact on programming interverntions

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Continuation of the project

• Analysis for all countries with available MICS 4 and DHS V/VI (50)

• Data dissemination through:• Interactive web portal

• Global report

• N-MODA

• L-MODA


Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) approach: Cross-Country MODA Study

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