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Multiple Approaches towards
Sustainable DevelopmentSeminar, IRRI, Los Banos; 30 September 2005
Jose Ireneu dos Remedios FurtadoBSc (Hons.), PhD, FRSA, FWAAS, Hon. Professor (Mauritius)
Visiting Professor, Imperial College [email protected] / Tel: (020) 7594-7308 / RSM 4-07
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Multiple Approaches towardsSustainable Development
A.What is the Nature of the Challengeconfronting our Future?
B.C.What is Sustainable Development?
D.
E.How can Sustainable Development beeffectively approached?
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(A) What is the Nature of the
Challenge confronting ourFuture?
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Photo-oxidation
Ozonedepleting
substances
Epidemic
Scarcity
BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
LOSSLOSS
ClimateChange
OzoneDepletion
Unsustainable
Forestry
AgricultureIntensificatio
n
Urbanization
WaterDegradation
& Scarcity
Land Degradation
Desertification
Industrialization
UV Burns
PollutionSalinization
Nutrient exhaustion
Global warming
Carbon Aerosols
Erosion
SalinizationScarcity
Epidemics
Ecosystemchanges
Food security
Nutrient enrichment
Habitat loss/ fragmentation
UV burns
Genetic erosion Pestilence
Carbon / Nitrogen / Sulfur gases
Extre
me events: Floods, Storms
Pollution Habitat
fragmentation
Weather changes
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CAUSES OF FAILURE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
•Deprivation of a Livelihood & Security 3 Courses of actions for Human survival:- Exploitation of already limited Natural Resources- Degradation of Environmental systems
- Flow of Productive assets:
Rural Urban areas
Developing Industrialized countries
Deprivation of a
Livelihood & Security
•Enforced displacement of peoples for various reasons•Migration of peoples:
Rural Urban areas
Developing Industrialized countries
Displacement of Peoples & theirMigrations
•Urban peoples Marginalization of Rural people
•Industrialized countries Marginalization of Developing
countries
Marginalization of Peoples
•Access to the Rich, the Powerful & the Urban elite
Exclusion to the poor, disadvantaged & rural massesEnclosure of NaturalResources
SpecificationsCauses
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Sus
Mark
• Attenuated pr
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Generalized Global & Local Crises affecting Sustainability
Crises Causes Specification
“State” Globalization ↑ International trade
↑ Information flows↑ Mobility of people across borders
InternalFlaws
↑ Administrative ineffectiveness↑ Government & Market failures↑ Centralization of authority↑ Public / Community exclusion↑ Inequality in access to freedom & wealth↑ Corruption of government (Executive, Legislative, Judiciary)
“Market” ↑ Trade liberalization↑ Emerging “Mafia”↑ Open access ‘property’ rights – Money flows & exchange↑ Open access environment – Oceans, Freshwater, Atmosphere↑ Profit motive / Excessive greed
“Science” ↑ Erosion of traditional knowledge↑ Weakening of traditional cultures & beliefs↑ Complexity of modern economies↑ Inadequate local capability for research & development (R&D)↑ Expensiveness & complexity of R&D↑ Embedded propaganda in economic forecasts / Political ‘spin’
↑ Emerging & Uncertain natural & human hazards
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Sus
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S
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↑Urbanization / Industrialization
↑Rural abandonment
↑Urban subsidies
↑Militarization
↑Taxation
↓Tax base
↑Resource dependency
Rise & Fall of ‘Metropolitan’ Civilizations / Empires
e.g. Babylonian, Egyptian, Persian,
Greek, Roman, Inca, Mongol /
Moghul, Spanish, French, British,Soviet, ?American
Failures due to:
• Systems collapse
• Ignorance of impacts
& externalities
• Decreasing ‘sinks’ (i.e.
carrying capacity)
• Declining renewable
natural resources(e.g.
forests, fisheries, biodiversity)
• Social inequali ties
• Severe natural
hazards (e.g. floods,
droughts, meteor ites,
pestilence, epidemics)Systems enlargement &
dependencies to find solutions
↑Political power
↑Networks / Alliances
↑Trade & Transport
↑Colonization / Slavery
Central ization
↑Economic power
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G/B G/B
Technology & Knowledge leading HumanEvolution in the Cosmos
1 = Agrarian societies (E1) use Technologies (T1) to harness Geosphere / Biosphere (G/B) resources, & innovate
controlling & investing values & mythologies, the Noosphere (N1)
2 = Transnational industrial societies (E2) use Technologies (T2) (including the Cybersphere) to harness Geosphere /
Biosphere (G/B) resources & affect other societies without equivalent Noosphere (N2) values & controls
3 = Globalized mixed industrial societies (E3) use Technologies (T3) including the Cybersphere to harness Geosphere /
Bios here’s G/B resources & exceed its ‘carr in ca acit ’ & need to evolve an e uivalent Noos here N
N1
N2 N3
E2
E1
E3
T2
T1
T3
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Human Actions
Mineral extraction
ForestryLand clearance
AgricultureGrazing
Fish pondsWater diversion
IndustrializationCommerce
UrbanizationFuel consumption
RecreationTourism
Intended Effects / Improved Quality of Life
Food production / Fibre productionHousing / Water supply / Sanitation
Consumer goods / EnjoymentCulture / Knowledge
Unintended Effects / Environmental Costs
Deforestation / Habitat destructionSoil degradation / DesertificationPollution / Eutrophication / Acid precipitation
Global warming / Climate changeBiodiversity loss / Natural disasters
Human Actions affecting Biosphere Sustainability
Source: Lubchenco, J. et al., 1991. The sustainable biosphere initiative: An ecological research agenda. Ecology, 72: 371-412
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NaturalResources(e.g. Land,
Water)
Highly ManagedEcosystemse.g. Plantations,Irrigated fields,Canalized rivers
Natural
Ecosystemse.g. Forests,Wetlands
Goods & Services:Goods (e.g. Industrial products)
Services (e.g. Hydropower,Shipping channels)
Amenities (e.g. Recreation)
Goods & Services:Goods (e.g. Wildlife / Fish)
Services (e.g. Water control,Fertility, Groundwater recharge)
Amenities (e.g. Species, Landscapes)
Short-termBenefits:Economic
Social
Long-termBenefits:
EconomicSocial
Biodiversity
Positive Impacts (e.g. Clean water)
Negative Impacts (e.g. Polluted water)
Natural Resources & Ecosystem Benefits & Impacts
Human needs: (a) Economic security (e.g. Shelter, Food, Drinking water, Consumable goods);
(b) Social security(e.g. Protection from natural hazards, like floods); and (c)Ethical security (e.g. Upholding the rights of other people & species to resources)
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Environmental Sustainability
Gross & Genuine savings, 1997
Africa
East Asia
Europe & C.Asia
Developing countries
0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent of GDP
Grosssavings
Genuinesavings
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(B) What is Sustainable
Development?
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Sustainable Development
• = Balance between Efficiency + Equity(Access & Inclusion) + EcologicalResilience
• = Realization of Freedoms, Choices &Responsibility in Transforming all 5Forms of Assets or Capital
• = Consciousness [Investment + Control]Systems Stability + Diversity +Complexity + Resilience (i.e. Control of
Humanitarian crises, Inequalities &
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4. Re-organization•
Accessible buildingmaterials•Accessible energy &nutrients
1. Exploitation•R-strategy•Pioneer species / Opportunism
2. Conservation•K-strategy•Climax species /Consolidation
3. Decomposition &Release•Physical hazards (e.g. fires,storms)•Biotic hazards (e.g. pests,diseases)
Extent of Interconnectedness
between Variables
Weak Strong
Change
inAccumula
tedCapit
al
(Nutrien
ts&C
arbon)
Low
High
Ecosystem Organization & Renewal Processes
Source: C.S. Holling, 1995
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Ecosystem Functions, Flows and Adaptation in Relation to Capital & Connectedness
AccumulatedCapital
Connectedness
Weak Strong
High Renewal (A):System changes sensitive to stressesCarbon (Building materials), Externalenergy (Power), & Nutrients (Catalysts
& sustenance) access( Rapid flows)
Conservation (K):K-strategy: Consolidation / Banking(Risk-averse)Climax species / professions
( Slow flows)
Low Exploitation (r):r-strategy: Opportunistic / Gambling(Risk-prone)Pioneer species / professions( Slow flows)
Release (W):Hazards / Risks: Physical (Fires,Storms) & Biotic (Pests, Diseases)Carbon, Energy, Nutrients( Rapid flows)
Source: Folke, C, L Pritchard Jr., F Berkes, J Colding and U Svedin, 1998. The Problem of Fit between Ecosystems and Institutions. IHDP Working Paper No. 2: 38 pp.Bonn: International Human Dimensions Programme
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5 Ecosystem Principles for Development
1. Ecosystems = Biota Abiotic Environment2. Ecosystems powered by 5 Resources:
vExternal Energy Acquired + Flows + DissipatedvMaterials (e.g. Nutrients) Cycled
vSpace Colonization, Livelihood, Organization
vTime Life-history + Events
vInformation Control + Investments
3. Ecosystems conserve Energy + Matter
4. Ecosystems grow by Organizational Efficiency,
Complexity & Scale: Strong systems capture Weak
5. Ecosystems store Information in Physical,Chemical & Biotic structures: Baryon number (Genetic constitution), Spin (Environment) & Charge(Association)
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The Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystem Functions and their Uses
Regulation Function Production Function CarrierFunction
Information Function
Providing support foreconomic activity andhuman welfare through:Protection against harmfulcosmic influenceClimate regulationWatershed / Catchment
protectionErosion prevention / Soil
protectionHuman / Industrial wastestorage & recyclingOrganic matter / Mineralnutrients storage & recyclingGenetic / Biologicaldiversity maintenanceBiological controlProviding a migratory /nursery / feeding habitat
Providing basicresources, such as:OxygenFood, drinking water &nutritionWater for industry,households, etc.Clothing / FabricBuilding / ConstructionmaterialsManufacturing materialsEnergy / FuelMineralsMedicinal resourcesBiochemical resourcesGenetic resources
Ornamental resources
Providing space and asuitable substrate, inter alia, for:HabitationAgriculture, forestry, fishery,animal husbandryIndustryEngineering projects, such asdams, roads, etc.Recreation Nature conservation
Providing aesthetic,cultural and scientificbenefits through:Aesthetic informationSpiritual / ReligiousinformationCultural / Artistic inspirationEducational / ScientificinformationPotential information
Source: de Groot, R. S., 1992. Functions of Nature: Evaluation of nature in environmental planning, management and decision making.Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff BV
L l N ti l & Gl b l E i t l B fit
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Local, National & Global Environmental Benefitsof Sustainable Land Management
ECOLOGICAL SERVICES
HABITATS
AMENITY
Recreation Tourism
Land Races Varieties Crop Germ Plasm
Plant remedies Pharmaceuticaldiscoveries
Wildlife Species Diversity
PestregulationPollinationSoil formation
Water Quality & Flow
Land Use DisturbanceRegulation
Microclimate Global ClimateChange
Transboundary
impacts
Nutrientcycling
Other NTFPs
LOCAL NATIONAL GLOBAL
WORD\AGRICULTURE-RURAL\CHARTS\LU-BENEFITS01.PPT
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Object of
Change
Subject / Tendency of Change
Self-Assertive (‘Hard’) Integrative (‘Soft’)
Novelty (‘Hard’)
(e.g. Fine arts, Discovery)
Confirmed (‘Soft’)
(e.g. Amendment,Revision)
Competitive
Ideas / Tools / Things
Cooperative
People / Feelings / Empathy
Subject & Object of Change & Development
InnovativeInventiveCreative
ImaginativeTransforming
ModifyingAdaptiveSensitive
Existential
Perturbation @ Lower / Higher Scales Niche emergence olon t on +a itur t on omp t t on + l t on a i e i i e ec i pt t on + nt r t on ss t mo l t ona a i eg a i [ e bi i a i
© Jose I dos R Furtado
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Society
BeliefsValues
KnowledgeOrganization
Governance
InstitutionLeadership
ParticipationOwnership
LinkagesDistribution
Conflict resolutionManagement
Norms & StandardsScales
EconomyGoods & Services
Markets / PriceTrade / Barter Value-addedInfrastructureTechnology
Environment
BiodiversityEcosystem dynamics
ProductionDecomposition
StorageFlows & Cycles
Control & Regulation
Control
Stewardship
Impacts +/-
Impacts +/-
Production Investments
Natural Resources Use, Conservation & Impacts
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Forms of Human Capital for Social & Economic Development
Forms Specifications
Technology /Infrastructure [Technological
Capital]
Object-embodied physical facilities: Equipment, ArtifactsGeneral Specific purposeStones / Machines Fully automated Programmable
machinesUse: Amplifies human power & capability
HumanResources / Skills [Cultural Capital]
Person-embodied with implicit abilitiesTacit individual knowledge & wisdom (e.g. values, culture)Operational, Understanding, Assessment & Creative skillsUse: Enable function & use of technology & organizations
Information /Knowledge
[Human Capital]
Explicit data Information Knowledge Documented, Recorded & CodifiedPromotes factual awareness, use, optimisation, & scientificresearch and technology development (R&D)Use: Enables learning, integration, & conservation of time &resources
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Money / Barter [Financial or Economic Capital]
Monetary or non-monetary forms of exchange (e.g. money, credits)Valued in terms of commodity, production or tradeTransferred physically or electronicallyUse: Generates new knowledge, technologies, organizations & trade
Organization /Institutions [Institutional or
Political Capital]
Organizational structure & functions, procedures, methods & practices Networks Institutions (Formal or Non-formal)Governance / Management based on traditions, systems & projectsCoordinates actions & resources to achieve desired goalsUse: Harnesses human knowledge, skills & resources for social goals
Environment /
NaturalResources [Natural Capital]
Extraction / Conversion of natural resources (e.g. energy, minerals,
biota), environment (e.g. land, water, atmosphere), space, & timeValued in terms of commodity, production, scarcity or tradeTransformed physically by knowledge, skills, technology &institutionsUse: Harnesses NR for human livelihood, recreation & luxury
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(C) How can Sustainable
Development be effectivelyapproached?
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Figu
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C a r e f o r t h e n e e d s o f t h e
w i t h o u t c u r t a i l i n g o p t i o n s
C r i t e r i a: H e a l t h ,
W e l l - b e i n g ,
S o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t a
A v a i l a b i l i t y o f e n v i r o n
A n a l y s i s o f D e m o g r a p
T e c h n o l o g i c a l , S o c i a l & C
c a u s i n g E n v i r o n m e n t a
C o n t r o l o v e r D e v e l o
( S o u r c e - o r i e n t e d P o
S u s t a i n a b l e S o c i e t a l D
P r e s e r v a t i o n o f i n t e r & i n
( S p e c i e s r e l a t i o n s , F u n c t
C r i t e r i a: E c o s y s t e m s t r u
E c o s y s t e m p r o c e s s
M i n e r a l c y c l i n g ,
D e l i v e r y o f e n v i r o n m
A n a l y s i s o f L i m i t s o f A
P e r t u r b a t i o n s & L o s s e s
F u n c t i o n s o f t h e E n v
S e t t i n g L i m i t s t o R
( E f f e c t s - o r i e n t e d P o
E n v i r o n m e n t a l C a r r y i
E c o l o g i c a l S u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f H u( S u s t a i n a b l e U s e o f B i o s p
E c o l o g i c a l B o u n d a r y C o n
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Analy
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Human Capital(Values, Cultures, Skills,
Institutions)
Natural Capital(Environment, Resources)
Human-made Capital(Technology, Finance
Infrastructure)
Habitats, Goods &
Services for Humans
Strategic Policies,
Plans & Management
Equitable Distribution of
Benefits & Opportunities
Economic
Development
Extraction /
Harvest
Restoration / Investment
Technological Efficiency
SustainableDevelopment
& Livelihoods
Sustainable Development and Livelihoods in terms of
Capital Transformation & Accumulation
Sustainability = Sum of all forms of capital without any reduction in capital
C t ib ti f K l d f C it l T f ti (5) f
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Codified
Knowledge
Synthetic
Assets
Human
Assets
Socio-EconomicOutputs
Well-
being
Natural
Assets
Socio-Political
Assets
Infrastructure (e.g. buildings, physical networks), Technology,
& Finance
Tacit knowledge, Skills,Competencies, & Abilities
Networks, Trust,Organization, Institutions Natural Resources &
Ecological services
Consumption of materialgoods & services
Natural amenities &Ecological functions
Social networks, Sharedvalues, & Trust
Contribution of Knowledge for Capital Transformation (5) forSocio-Economic Outputs to meet Human Needs
Tacit & CodifiedKnowledge
Applicationthrough
Enterprises
Traditions,
Beliefs, & Culture
Adapted from:
WDR, 2003. Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World.Transforming Institutions, Growth, and Quality of Life. 250 pp.
World Development Report 2003.
Washington, DC: World Bank
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Sustainable Development Properties• Poverty reduction: Monetary scale, Knowledge scale,
Consciousness scale• Governance: Democratic, Pluralistic, Decentralized, Just,
Equitable, Human Rights• Modernization: = Socio-cultural transformations and
changes:
Based on:
• Understanding Human nature, Culture, Tradition & Consciousness• Preferred Culture & Value system• Vital participation of subject (“developee”) & Third party (“developer”)• Replicable interventions, projects, collaborations, etc. by Third party• Delivery of resources (Equipment, Finance, Know-how, Skills, Political
clout, Values, Life-styles, etc.)• Technical experts, Advisers, Trainers, Change facilitators, etc.
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Change Processes for Sustainable Development
Ø Resource Transfers: “Haves” “Have Nots”
Ø Transformations: Dependence Independence Inter-
dependenceØ Freedom of Choice: Limited Increasingly Individualistic
Ø Exposure to Natural Hazards: Susceptibility Controlled
Systems
Ø Knowledge Environment: Certainty Uncertainty + Ambiguity
+ ContradictionsØ Information & Knowledge Base: Static Growing
DiversifyingØ Socio-cultural Architecture: Simple Complex Systems
Ø Management of Variables: Tangible Intangibles
Ø Nature of Processes: Linear + Predictable Dynamic + Chaotic
Ø Interventions: Short-term + Time-bound Long-term + Open-
ended
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Strategic
Fr
Approach• Developin
implement
plans, idea
Responsibility•
State alon
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Provisioning Services
Products obtained fromecosystems: e.g.Food, Water, Bio-fuels, Fibre,
Bio-chemicals, Genetic resources
Regulating Services Benefits obtained from
ecosystem processes: e.g.Water, Climate, Waste &
Disease regulation
Cultural Services Non-materials benefits
provided by ecosystems: e.g.Spiritual & Religious, Aesthetic
& Recreational, Inspirational,Educational, Sense of belonging,
Cultural heritage
Supporting
ServicesServices needed
for provision of
ecosystem
Services: e.g.Soil formation,
Nutrient cycling,
Primary
production,
Organic
decomposition
SecurityShelter, Safe environment,
Hazard prevention & control
Productive LivelihoodResource access & production,
Gainful employment, Earnings,
Investment, Exchange, Control
HealthAdequate Nutrition & Drinking
water, Clean air, Disease
control, Energy for comfort
(warmth / cooling)
Socio-Cultural Richness(associated with ecosystems):
Aesthetic & recreational values,
Cultural & spiritual values,
Organizations & Institutions,
Learning, & Creativity
Freedoms,Choices &
CapabilitiesBeliefs & Values,
Ideas & Thoughts,
Opinion &
Expression,
Assembly &
Association,
Participation &
Elections,
Equality,
Movement,
Education & Skills,
Ownership &
Exchange,
Equity & Justice
Linkage of Ecosystem Services to Human Well -being
Ecosystem Services(RS de Groot 1992)
Human Well-being(Amartya Sen 1999)
Source: Adapted from: MA, 2003. Ecosystems and Human Well -being : A Framework for Assessment. Report of the Conceptual
Framework Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 48 pp. Washington, DC: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
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Matrix of Policy Instruments for EnvironmentallySustainable Development
Goal Range of Policy Instruments
EnforceRegulations
UseMarkets
Create MarketsEngagethe Public
ResourceManagement
&
PollutionControl
Standards
Bans
Permits /Quotas
Reduce subsidies
Environmental
taxes
User fees
Deposit-refundsystems
Targeted subsidies
Property rights
Decentralize
Tradable permits /rights
International off-set schemes
Public participationConsultationsInformation
disclosure /transparencyInformalnegotiationsCommunity pressure
NGO / CSOinvolvementPublic-Private partnerships
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The Policy
(S
tpe
ta
Natural
Resources &Environment
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Condit
• Incentives:
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Sustainability Steps in International Development
Linkages = Population + Economic growth + Social equity + Humandevelopment + Environmental sustainability
Ø Poverty EnvironmentØ Population growth Natural resources degradation
Ø Energy production Pollution Sustainable livelihoods
Ø Trade (Regulations & Competitiveness) Environment
Ø Capital formation Socio-economic + Bio-physical environment
Ø Ecological dynamics Environmental goods & services
Ø Wealth creation Dynamics of 5 forms of Capital / Assets [Natural +
Human + Socio-Political (Institutional) + Physical(Technological) + Economic (Financial)]
Ø Information (Knowledge) Institutions (Participation &
Governance) Infrastructure
Sustainability = Transformation of Capital from 1 Form to Another
Social & Environmental problems due to lack of Inter-connectedness
Sustainable Development Planning & Indicators = Important
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Figure
(Modified from “Po
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PovertyReduction
Structure Human Physical
e.g. Governance,Finance, Pensions
e.g. Knowledge,Education, Health
e.g. NR, Power,Transport, Comm.
Opportunity State, Finance,Accountability
Social capital,Labour flexibility
NR Management,Infrastructure
Capability Laws, Regulation,
Efficiency
Culture, Services,
Quality
IT, Urban
development
Empowerment Reforms, SME’s,Ownership
Experimentation,Innovations
Partnerships,Participation
Security Growth, Pensions,
Safety nets
Competitiveness Technology
acquisition
Comprehensive Development Framework Matrix of Dimensions
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Millennium Development Goals(Adopted September 2000 as part of the UN Millennium Declaration)
1.POVERTY & HUNGER: Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger (1/2 between
1990 & 2015)2.MATERNAL HEALTH: Provide access to reproductive health services to all
(by 2015) & Reduce maternal mortality (3/4 between 1990 & 2015)3.PRIMARY EDUCATION: Achieve universal primary education (by 2015)4.DISEASE EPIDEMICS: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other epidemic
diseases
5.EQUALITY & EMPOWERMENT: Promote gender equality & empower women
6.ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: Ensure environmental sustainability by implementing national strategies (by 2005) so as to reverse environmentalresource loss (by 2015)
7.CHILD MORTALITY: Reduce infant & child mortality (2/3 between 1990 &2015)8.DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIPS: Develop a global partnership for
development "We will spare no effort to free our fellow men, women, and children from abject and de-humanizing
conditions of extreme poverty, to which more than a billion of them are currently subjected ."
For more about these millennium goals, see www.developmentgoals.org .
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Seven Steps to Achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
Steps Specification
Economic Growth
Promote fast, sustainable growth that benefits the poor &reduces inequality
Participation Strengthen the participation of the poor people in political processes & local decision-making
Reduce Vulnerability Reduce the vulnerability of the poor to economic shocks,
natural disasters, ill health, & violence
Invest in People Invest in people through education, health care, & basicsocial services
Eliminate SocialExclusion
Promote gender equity & eliminate other forms of socialexclusionEffective
Partnerships
Forge effective partnerships between civil society,
governments, & international agenciesPublic Debate Encourage public discussion of the MDG’s & the meansfor achieving them
Source: World Bank, 2002. Perspectives on Development . Winter 2001/2002. Washington, DC: World Bank
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Towards a Comprehensive Agenda
•Quality with Quantity
•
•Equity & Sustainability with Growth•
•Micro with Macro
•
•Interactions with Complementarities supportSelectivity & Scaling-up
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Sustainable De
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Sus
Decision-
• System compl
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Sustainab
• Reflection
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Sustainable
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Sustainable De
Classes of Techniq
• -
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Sustainabl
Financial + Ec
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Drivers(e.g. industry, transport)
DPSIR Framewor
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Sustainable
• Governments
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‘Traffic light scale’
Sustainable
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Key Issue Axes
Sustainable Devel
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Sustainable Devel
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Sustainable Dev
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Problem Areas:
Collaborative Fra
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Intuitive Perception
Knowledge, L
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Experiential
Sustai
1 Effective G
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Resource Syste
Types – Natural / Synt
Renewable / Non-rene
Resource Tran
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Sustainability Implications for Rice-basedSystems
CGIAR +
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L
Sustainable Agricul
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Socio-
Economic
causes
Rice Ecosystems
ma t i o
n
enc
y P r
i
CGIAR System Research Priorities 2005-2015
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CGIAR System Research Priorities 2005 2015
PriorityAreas
Elaboration
1 Sustaining biodiversity for current & future generationsConservation of plant & animal genetic resources for agriculture
Staple cropsConservation of neglected & under-utilised genetic resources having high income potentialConservation of indigenous livestock & their wild relativesConservation of aquatic animal genetic resources
2 Producing more food at lower cost through genetic improvementsMaintaining and enhancing yields & yield potential of food staplesTolerance to selected abiotic stressesBio-fortificationGenetic enhancement of selected high-value species
3 Creating wealth among the rural poor through high-value commodities& productsProductivity increases in Fruit and VegetablesPost-harvest value & employment creationIncome increases from livestock in low- & high productivity areas:(i) Protecting rural livelihoods in low productivity areas(ii) Meeting the opportunities for livestock growth in high potential areasManaging intensification in livestock productionManaging aquatic ecosystems:
(i) Sustaining & managing aquatic ecosystems for food & livelihoods security(ii): Enhancing supply, nutrition & incomes from managed aquatic systems(iii): Enabling growth in fish & seafood production & marketingSustaining & realizing the value & benefits of forests & trees
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4 Combining poverty alleviation & sustainable management of water,land, & forest resourcesIntegrated land, water & forest management at landscape levelAgro-ecological intensification in low-potential areasAgro-ecological intensification in high-potential areasImproving water productivity at the farm and field levelEnsuring access by the poor to forest & tree resourcesPolicies & governance of environmental resources
5 Improving policies & facilitating institutional innovation to support
sustainable reduction of poverty & hungerScience & technology policies and institutionsGlobalization, trade & domestic marketsRural institutionsDynamics of rural povertyPolicies & institutions for improvement of nutrition and health
Source: CGIAR, 2005. CGIAR System Research Priorities for 2005-2016 . Draft.Science Council Secretariat, FAORome: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
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Direct andIndirectImpactof
Millennium Development Goals
(MDG)1 Reduce extreme poverty
and hunger
2 Achieve universal primary
education
3 Reduce gender disparity in
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Problem
Greater Effort Using ExTechnologies ….
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Leadership Transformation in the 21st Century
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Leadership Transformation in the 21 Century
Common interests& Consensus
Geography(e.g. Local, National)
e)Politics
Integrative thinkingEarly access(e.g. Education, Wealth)
d)Privilege
Self-realization & WorthOwnership(e.g. Land, Valuable materials)
c)Class
Openness & Consultations(e.g. IPCC)
Secrecy(e.g. CIA, Palace, White House)
b)Influence
Shared responsibility
(e.g. Ozone depletion, Climatechange, Shared waters,
Biodiversity, Internationalterrorism, disasters & crises)
Control
(e.g. Weapons, Transportation, Traderoutes, Markets, Information)
a)Power
Trust & Mutual respectDiscriminationBasis:
EveryoneSomeoneIn Charge
Horizontal, Network Followers > Leaders
Vertical, HierarchyLeader > Followers
Structure
3rd Millennium1-2nd MillenniumCharacteristics
Due to Information Technology & Knowledge Sharing Source: Harlan Cleveland
Evolution of Development Thought
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Evolution of Development Thought
GrossDomestic
Product (GDP)
Real GDP
/ capita
Non-monetaryindicators
(HDI)
Poverty
mitigation
Entitlements&
Capabilities
FreedomSustainable
developmentPhysicalcapital
Humancapital
Knowledgecapital
Socialcapital
Marketfailures
Non-marketfailures
New marketfailures
Institutionalfailures
Programming
& Planning
Minimalistgovernment
Government &Market
complementarity
Development Goals:
Capital Accumulation:
State & Market:
Government Interventions:
‘Get Prices Right’ ‘Get Policies Right’ ‘Get Institutions Right’
O tl k f D l t i th 21 t
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Outlook for Development in the 21stCentury
Pessimistic Optimistic
Global integration
Increasing financialrisks
Raising rewards
Knowldegerevolution
Worsening incomegaps
Improvingopportunities for all
Policy change Leaving no viablemodels of
development
Greater consensuson needed actions
Change ingovernance
Increase incorruption andconflict
Increasingparticipation anddemocracy
E t l F t t ib ti t O t
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External Factors contributing to Outcomes
Financial
crises
Natural
disasters
Conflicts Man-made
disasters
Examplesfrom
1997-99
East AsiaRussia
Brazil
BangladeshCentral
America
AlbaniaBosnia
CongoRwandaSierra Leone
Indonesia(forest fire)
Impact Short-termincrease in
poverty
Human andphysical loss
Destructionof social and
humancapital
Long-termincrease in
poverty
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Figure
Policy Instruments for Development
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Policy Instruments for DevelopmentInstruments Specifications
Stimulation /Incentives
Subsidies / Financial incentivesEducation / Training / Instruction to citizens
Change behaviour of individual & institutions
TechnologicalPotential
R&D investments for industrial machines, etc.Environmental-friendly products, services & production
processes
Technological innovations for different uses
Prices Taxes / Resource rights or quotas / Emission rights or permits Transparent mechanism to stimulate environmentally
friendly products, services & production processes
Investments
Public / Private investments Urban & countryside infrastructure & quality
Conditions /Governance
Government goals & normsGovernment laws & regulations
Socially acceptable behaviour of individuals & institutions
Table : Sustainability Rules and IndicatorsS i i i C i
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Sustainability Natural Capital
No Critical Natural Capital Critical Natural Capital
Very Weak
Sustainability
Savings/Year - Capital assetdepreciation/Year > 0
Perfect Substitution:All Natural and Man-made CapitalGrowth Economy
Weak Sustainability
Savings/Year - Man-made capitaldepreciation / Year - Natural capitaldepreciation/Year = Weak SustainabilityIndicator Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0Technical change > Population growth rate Natural capital > Lower stock limit toensure ecosystem stability
Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0Technical change > Population growth rate Natural capital > Lower stock limit to ensureecosystem stabilityCritical natural capital depreciation < 0
StrongSustainability
Natural capital depreciation < 0Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0
Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0 Natural capital depreciation < 0Critical natural capital depreciation < 0Cultural capital depreciation < 0
Very Strong
Sustainability
Perfect Complementarity:
All Natural and Man-made Capital AssetsStationary State Economy
Weak Sustainability Indicator > 0
Natural capital depreciation < 0Critical natural capital depreciation < 0 Natural capital < 0Cultural capital depreciation < 0Ethical/Moral capital depreciation < 0
Source: Perrings
Table : Framework for Distinguishing “Sustainable” / “Unsustainable”Natural Resources Management
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Natural Resources Management
Form of Management
Criteria Influencing Appropriateness
Biophysical Economic Political
Unsustainable High adverse local /downstream effects of extraction / conversionHigh biodiversityHigh biomass
High utility to localcommunitiesLow / Temporary productive / other potential
No potential stakeholdersultimately gain from theconversion
(“Lose-Lose”)
Ambiguous [Intermediatecharacteristics]
[Intermediatecharacteristics]
Some stakeholders win,others lose from theconversion
(“Win-Lose”)
Sustainable Low adverse local /downstream effects of extraction / conversionLow biodiversityLow biomass
Low utility to localcommunitiesHigh & Lasting productive / other potential
All potential stakeholdersgain from the conversion
(“Win-Win” Potential)
Mandala of Asset Interactions & Transformations for SustainabilityCULTURE
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CULTUREPHILOSOPHY
Environmental Security
Needs Satisfaction
P r o d u
c t s S O C I A L
C O S M I C P r o j e c t s
ENVIRONM E
NTAL
P
r o d u c t
i o n
R e s o
u r c e I n
n o v a t i o
n W e l f a r e P r
o m o t i o
n
B e n
e f i t s O p t i m
i z a t i o
n
I n d u s t r i a l I n t e g r a t i o n
R e s o u r c e
C o n s e r v a t i o n
R e s o u r c e T r a n s f o r m
a t i o n
W e a l t h
D i s t r i b
u t i o n
R E S I L
I E N C E
S E C U R I T Y
E N V
I R O N M E N T
A u t h o r i t a t i v e C o n t r o l
S U P P O R T
S O P H I S T I C A T I O N
T e c h n o l o g i c a l A d a p t a t i o n s /
M i s f i t s
D
e m o c r a
t i c F r a n c h
i s e
S H A R I N
G
R E S
P O N S I B I L I T
Y
Societal
Concordanc
e/
Alienation
P O L I T I C
S
S P A R I N
G
F R U G A L I T Y I N V
E S T
M E N T
F I N A N C E
E d u
c a t i o
n a l L i
b e r t y
S O L I D
A R I T Y
O R G A N I Z
A T I O N
S O C I E T Y H u m a
n W e l l -
B e i n g / I l l n e
s s W e a l t h C r e a t i o n /
D e s t r u c t i o n
R e s o u r c e
E n h a n c e m e n t /
D e p l e t i o n
Environmen
tal
Improvement/Degradat io
n
STYLE
CARING
DIGNITY
C
Societal level:
6 Forms of Assets or Capitals (outer)
6 Social Processes linkingAssets (aster)
6 Secondary forms of assets (intersections)
Individual level:
6 Processes determined by
3 Project dimensionscorresponding to
3 Axes of
Consciousness = Culture& Philosophy (Beliefs &Values) provide drivingforce over Space & Time
How to use this mandala: Consider a lotus flower with its petals representing social assets & processes derived from individual consciousness & information, all linked bythe diurnal behaviour of the flower