Multilateralizing Asian Regionalism

7/27/2019 Multilateralizing Asian Regionalism

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OHBN V`ranmf Yopdr Wdrnds

Jultnlotdrolnznmf Osnom Rdfn`molnsj

Rngkorh Bolhwnmomh Josoknr` Aowon

M`- 87? Oufust 29?7

Osnom Hdvdl`pjdmt Boma Nmstntutd



Xkd V`ranmf Yopdr sdrnds ns o g`mtnmuotn`m è tkd e`rjdrly mojdh Hnsgussn`m Yopdr sdrnds1 tkdmujbdrnmf è tkd popdrs g`mtnmudh wntkùt nmtdrruptn`m `r gkomfd- OHBN„s w`ranmf popdrs

rdeldgt nmntnol nhdos `m o t`png omh ord p`stdh `mlnmd e`r hnsgussn`m- OHBN dmgùrofds rdohdrs t`p`st tkdnr g`jjdmts `m tkd jonm pofd e`r dogk w`ranmf popdr +fnvdm nm tkd gntotn`m bdl`w.-W`jd w`ranmf popdrs joy hdvdl`p nmt` `tkdr e`rjs è publngotn`m-

Wuffdstdh gntotn`m3

Bolhwnm, R-, omh J- Aowon- 29?7- Jultnlotdrolnznmf Osnom Rdfn`molnsj- OHBN V`ranmf Yopdr 87?-Xày`3 Osnom Hdvdl`pjdmt Boma Nmstntutd- Ovonlobld3 kttp3//www-ohbn-`rf/w`ranmf*popdr/29?7/9;/?4/4;46-jultnlotdrolnznmf-osnom-rdfn`molnsj/

Yldosd g`mtogt tkd outk`rs e`r nme`rjotn`m obùt tkns popdr-

Djonl3 Rngkorh-BolhwnmIfrohuotdnmstntutd-gk1 jaowonIohbn-`rf

Rngkorh Bolhwnm ns prèdss`r è nmtdrmotn`mol dg`m`jngs, Frohuotd Nmstntutd è Nmtdrmotn`mol omh Hdvdl`pjdmt Wtuhnds +KDNH., Fdmdvo, omh p`lngy hnrdgt`r, Gdmtdr e`r Dg`m`jng Y`lngy Rdsdorgk +GDYR.- Josoknr` Aowon ns Hdom, Osnom Hdvdl`pjdmt BomaNmstntutd +OHBN., Xày`-

Xkns ns o snfmnengomtly rdvnsdh vdrsn`m è tkd popdr prdsdmtdh t` tkd g`medrdmgd,“Jultnlotdrolnznmf Osnom Rdfn`molnsj,‚ `rfomnzdh by OHBN omh tkd Gdmtrd `m Xrohd omhDg`m`jng Nmtdfrotn`m +GXDN. è tkd Fdmdvo*bosdh Frohuotd Nmstntutd è Nmtdrmotn`mol omhHdvdl`pjdmt Wtuhnds +KDNH. nm Xày`, ?;‗?> Wdptdjbdr 299;-

Xkd vndws dxprdssdh nm tkns popdr ord tkd vndws è tkd outk`r omh h` m`t mdgdssornlyrdeldgt tkd vndws `r p`lngnds è OHBN, tkd OHB, nts Bòrh è Hnrdgt`rs, `r tkd f`vdrmjdmtstkdy rdprdsdmt- OHBN h`ds m`t fuoromtdd tkd oggurogy è tkd hoto nmgluhdh nm tkns popdr omh oggdpts m` rdsp`msnbnlnty e`r omy g`msdqudmgds è tkdnr usd- Xdrjnm`l`fy usdh joym`t mdgdssornl bd g`msnstdmt wntk OHB èengnol tdrjs-

Osnom Hdvdl`pjdmt Boma NmstntutdAosujnfosdan Bunlhnmf ;E7*2*4 Aosujnfosdan, Gkny`ho*auXày` ?99*599;, Copom

Xdl3 !;?*7*74>7*4499Eox3 !;?*7*74>7*446?TRL3 www-ohbn-`rfD*jonl3 nmeÌohbn-`rf

© 29?7 Osnom Hdvdl`pjdmt Boma Nmstntutd

mailto:[email protected]






OHBN V`ranmf Yopdr 87? Bolhwnm omh Aowon

Obstrogt

J`tnvotdh by tkd pr`lnedrotn`m è erdd trohd ofrddjdmts +EXOs. nm Osno `vdr tkd lost hdgohd, tknspopdr stuhnds tkd gkolldmfds eogdh by tkd Osnom “m``hld b`wl‚‘`vdrloppnmf, jultnpld trohdrulds, rdfulotn`ms, omh stomhorhs nm Osno‘nm tkd pr`gdss è rdfn`mol omh fl`bol trohd nmtdfrotn`m-Xkd popdr enrst knfklnfkts tkd njp`rtomgd è trohd omh nmvdstjdmt lnmaofds oj`mf Osnom

dg`m`jnds tkot kovd e`rjdh Osnom supply gkonms, golldh Eogt`ry Osno- Nt tkdm g`msnhdrs woysomh jdoms è jultnlotdrolnznmf Osnom trohd rdfn`molnsj by hnsgussnmf tkd pr`s omh g`ms è vornùs opprògkds‘sugk os tkd Oss`gnotn`m è Wùtkdost Osnom Motn`ms +OWDOM.*gdmtdrdhrdfn`mol trohd ofrddjdmts, nmgluhnmf tkd Rdfn`mol G`jprdkdmsnvd Dg`m`jng Yortmdrsknpofrddjdmt, omh gr`ss*rdfn`mol EXOs, nmgluhnmf tkd Xroms*Yogneng Yortmdrsknp ofrddjdmt omh oeuturd Osno‗Dur`pdom Tmn`m EXO- Xkd popdr djpkosnzds tkd pr`jnsnmf r`ld è nmglusnvd Osnomrdfn`molnsj omh tkd mddh t` j`vd t` fl`bol nmtdfrotn`m-

CDL Glossnengotn`m3 E?7, L27, @?>




G`mtdmts

?- Nmtr`hugtn`m --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2-

@vdrvndw omh Wtotd e Yloy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

2-? Osnom Xrohd Yottdrms omh Xornees ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2-2 M`tobld Edoturds è Osnom EXOs ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2-7 Xkd Osnom M``hld B`wl3 @vdrloppnmf Rulds è @rnfnm ----------------------------------------??

7- @mf`nmf Jultnlotdrolnzotn`m Dee`rts ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------?4 7-? Dee`rts Vntkùt Wtr`mf Ldohdrs --------------------------------------------------------------------------?4 7-2 OWDOM, OYDG, omh OWDOM! Dee`rts -----------------------------------------------------------------?5 7-7 Gujulotn`m è R@@ G`mtdmt Rdqunrdjdmts -------------------------------------------------------?6

8- @ptn`ms e`r tkd Euturd ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?; 8-? Dxtdmhnmf tkd OWDOM! Opprògk ----------------------------------------------------------------------?> 8-2 Nhdos e`r Jultnlotdrolnznmf Rdfn`molnsj3 Vkot Jnfkt V`ra nm Osno0 --------------------22

4- G`mgluhnmf Rdjoras -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 Rdedrdmgds -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26




7

?-

Deedgtnvd erdd trohd ofrddjdmts +EXOs. kovd `mly rdgdmtly g`jd t` Osno- E`r j`st è tkd lost 59ydors, Osnom EXOs wdrd sgorgd omh tkd `mds tkot dxnstdh koh m`t bddm substomtnollynjpldjdmtdh, dxgdpt e`r tkd Oss`gnotn`m è Wùtkdost Osnom Motn`ms +OWDOM. Erdd Xrohd

Ofrddjdmt +OEXO.- Oll tkot gkomfdh nm tkd ydor 2999- Wnmgd tkdm, gl`sd t` ?>9 EXOs kovddjdrfdh b`tk wntknm tkd rdfn`m omh wntk gùmtrnds nm `tkdr rdfn`ms- Xkd rdfn`m tkot ot tkdbdfnmmnmf è tkd gdmtury koh olj`st m` EXOs ns m`w tkd rdfn`m wntk t`` jomy t` gùmt-

NMXR@HTGXN@M

Xkns pr`lnedrotn`m è Osnom EXOs kos grdotdh tkd s`*golldh Osnom m``hld b`wl è trohdorromfdjdmts- Nt p`sds pr`bldjs os tkd ofrddjdmts ord `vdrloppnmf, g`jpldx, omh hneedrdmt‘wntk hneedrdmt lnbdrolnzotn`m sgkdhulds, dxglusn`m lnsts, rulds è `rnfnm, stomhorhs, dtg- Xkns gorrndstkd rnsa è bdg`jnmf umwndlhy omh joads h`nmf busnmdss gujbdrs`jd, portngulorly e`r sjollomh jdhnuj*snzdh dmtdrprnsds +WJDs.-

Xkns popdr hnsgussds k`w tkd g`sts è tkd Osnom m``hld b`wl gom bd rdhugdh, k`w Osnom EXOsgom bd johd g`msnstdmt wntk tkd V`rlh Xrohd @rfomnzotn`m +VX@. fl`bol lnbdrolnzotn`m pr`gdss,omh k`w Osno gom rdjonm nmtdfrotdh wntk tkd joc`r joradts nm M`rtk Ojdrngo omh Dur`pd- @md

`bvnùs s`lutn`m ns t` sdt oll j`st eov`rdh motn`m +JEM. tornees t` zdr`- But nm tkd obsdmgd è tknsenrst*bdst s`lutn`m, vornùs ottdjpts t` jultnlotdrolnzd Osnom rdfn`molnsj ord w`rtk g`msnhdrnmf-Jultnlotdrolnznmf rdfn`molnsj ns o gotgkoll tdrj e`r sgkdjds tkot rdhugd tkd hdfrdd è hnsgrnjnmotn`m grdotdh by dxnstnmf EXOs- Xkd ultnjotd jultnlotdrolnzotn`m wùlh bd t` dxtdmh hutyerdd trdotjdmt t` oll motn`ms, tkus dlnjnmotnmf prdedrdmgds- J`rd j`hdstly, nt rdedrs t` ploms tàmnt t`fdtkdr sdts è bnlotdrol omh plurnlotdrol ofrddjdmts nm o woy tkot rdhugds hnsgrnjnmotn`moj`mf o sdt è motn`ms‘sugk os tk`sd nm Osno‘wk` trohd nmtdmsnvdly oj`mf tkdjsdlvds-

Xkns popdr hnsgussds tkd pr`s omh g`ms è vornùs opprògkds‘nmgluhnmf OWDOM*gdmtdrdhtrohd ofrddjdmts +golldh tkd OWDOM! opprògk.‘wknld toanmf nmt` oggùmt tkd p`ssnbldnjplngotn`ms e`r gr`ss*rdfn`mol EXOs, n-d-, tk`sd wntk tkd Tmntdh Wtotds +TW.‘tkrùfk tkd Xroms*Yogneng Yortmdrsknp ofrddjdmt‘omh tkd Dur`pdom Tmn`m +DT.‘tkrùfk o euturd Osno‗DT EXO-

2- @UDRUNDV OMH WXOXD @E YLO

Xkns sdgtn`m rdvndws tkd stotd è Osnom trohd omh EXOs- Nt storts wntk o hnsgussn`m è tkd bosngedoturds è trohd pottdrms, tornee strugturds, omh EXOs nm tkd rdfn`m, omh dxplonms k`w tkdpr`lnedrotn`m è Osnom EXOs kos grdotdh tkd m``hld b`wl pr`bldj-

2-? Osnom Xrohd Yottdrms omh Xornees

J`st Osnom dg`m`jnds ord kdovnly hdpdmhdmt `m jomueogturdh trohd- Ldovnmf osnhd o edwmoturol rdsùrgd*rngk omh/`r ofrngulturol motn`ms‘Oustrolno, Nmh`mdsno, omh Mdw Sdolomh‘tkdskord è jomueogturds nm dxp`rts dxgddhs 59$ omh j`st è tkdj ord 69$ `r knfkdr +Xobld ?.-

O snjnlor pottdrm ns eùmh `m tkd njp`rt snhd, oltkùfk jomy Osnom dg`m`jnds ord substomtnolnjp`rtdrs è prnjory f``hs‘ofrngulturol pr`hugts os wdll os eudls omh jnmnmf pr`hugts-




8

Xobld ?3 Osnom Dg`m`jnds„ Xrohd G`jp`sntn`m +29??.

Wkord è Dxp`rts +$.Wkord è Njp`rts +$.

Ofrngulturol

pr`hugts

Eudls %

jnmnmf

pr`hugts

Jomueogturds Ofrngulturol

pr`hugts

Eudls %

jnmnmf

pr`hugts

Jomueogturds

Copom ?-7 8-5 ;;-2 ??-2 89-? 86-9

KA, Gknmo 2-9 2-4 ;>-5 8-6 4-8 ;8-5

A`rdo, Rdp- è 2-7 ??-; ;4-7 5-5 82-9 4?-9

Xonpdn,Gknmo 2-2 ;-? ;6-; 4-4 79-? 52-5

Oustrolno ?2-5 4>-9 ?9-4 4-; ?;-> 5>-?

Mdw Sdolomh 57-> >-9 22-9 ??-? ?>-2 55-9

Wnmfop`rd 2-4 2?-9 5;-7 7-; 78-8 59-?Nmh`mdsno 28-9 82-2 78-? ?2-6 25-5 4>->

Joloysno ?6-? 29-2 52-9 ??-7 ?6-8 5>-2

Yknlnppnmds ??-2 ;-4 6>-; ??-9 27-7 54-6

Xkonlomh 29-; 6-9 5>-5 5-6 27-5 52-8

Undt Moj 22-> ??-5 58-9 ?2-7 ?4-> 5;->

YRG 7-8 7-? >7-7 ;-7 2>-5 4>-2

Nmhno ??-7 27-6 5?-6 8-> 7>-5 8?-8

YRG : Yd`pld„s Rdpublng è Gknmo1 KA, Gknmo : K`mf A`mf, Gknmo-

Wùrgd3 VX@ Xrohd Yrènlds, h`wmlòhdh M`vdjbdr 29?2-

Xkd trohd p`lngy è tkdsd dg`m`jnds ns knfklnfktdh nm Xobld 2- Xkd enrst strnanmf edoturd ns tkdvdry knfk erogtn`m è m`m*ofrngulturol njp`rts tkot ord fromtdh huty*erdd stotus- K`mf A`mf,Gknmo1 omh Wnmfop`rd ord tkd dxtrdjds os tkdy dssdmtnolly njp`sd m` tornees, omh j`st knfk*nmg`jd dg`m`jnds nm tkd rdfn`m‘oport er`j tkd Rdpublng è A`rdo +kdmgde`rtk, A`rdo. omh

Oustrolno wntk tkdnr rdspdgtnvd 7>$ omh 49$ JEM huty erdd skords‘oll`w j`rd tkom tw`*tknrhsè tkdnr m`m*ofrngulturol njp`rts wntkùt tornees- Joc`r jnhhld*nmg`jd OWDOM gùmtrnds‘sugk osJoloysno, Nmh`mdsno, omh Xkonlomh‘snjnlorly fromt huty erdd stotus t` m`m*ofrngulturol njp`rts`m o vdry lorfd skord è tkdnr njp`rts, wntk 66$ e`r Joloysno wknld tkd Yknlnppnmds oll`ws `mly78$ è njp`rts huty erdd- Nmhno ns tkd j`st gl`sdh nm m`m*ofrngulturol f``hs njp`rt oj`mf tkd

dg`m`jnds lnstdh nm tkd tobld, wntk o jdrd ?>$ è JEM huty erdd njp`rts-




4

Xobld 23 Offrdfotdh Xrohd Y`lngy Nmhngot`rs +29??.

JEM Huty Erdd Njp`rts+$.

JEM Xornee Rotds +$.

Xornee bnmhnmf

g`vdrofd+$.

M`m*

ofrngulturolf``hs

Ofrngulturol

f``hs

Oll f``hs M`m*ofrngulturolf``hs

Ofrngulturolf``hs

Bùmh Opplndh Bùmh Opplndh Bùmh Opplndh

Copom ;2-5 85-7 4-7 4-7 2-5 2-5 22-; 27-7 >>-6

KA, Gknmo ?99-9 ?99-9 9-9 9-9 9-9 9-9 9-9 9-9 84-5

A`rdo, Rdp- è 7>-7 6-? ?5-5 ?2-? ?9-2 5-5 45-? 8;-5 >8-5

Xonpdn,Gknmo 67-6 84-8 5-8 5-? 8-6 8-4 ?6-4 ?5-5 ?99-9

Oustrolno 8>-> 8>-4 ?9-9 2-; ??-9 7-? 7-4 ?-8 >6-?

Mdw Sdolomh 56-> 4?-9 ?9-? 2-9 ?9-6 2-? 5-9 ?-8 ?99-9

Wnmfop`rd ?99-9 >;-; ?9-7 9-9 5-8 9-9 25-> 9-2 5>-6

Nmh`mdsno 4;-9 84-; 76-? 6-9 74-5 5-> 86-9 ;-? >5-7

Joloysno 66-8 65-> 27-9 5-4 ?8-> 4-; 55-; ?9-; ;8-7

Yknlnppnmds 77-> 5-7 24-6 5-? 27-8 4-6 74-? ;-6 56-9

Xkonlomh 86-7 25-5 2;-9 >-; 24-4 ;-9 7>-> 22-9 64-9Undt Moj 88-9 88-4 ??-4 >-; ?9-8 ;-6 ?;-4 ?6-9 ?99-9

YRG 85-9 9-> ?9-9 >-5 >-2 ;-6 ?4-6 ?4-5 ?99-9

Nmhno ?>-2 2?-7 8;-6 ?2-5 78-5 >-; ??7-? 7?-8 67-;YRG : Yd`pld„s Rdpublng è Gknmo1 KA, Gknmo : K`mf A`mf, Gknmo-

Wùrgd3 VX@ Xrohd Yrènlds, h`wmlòhdh M`vdjbdr 29?2-

Xkd snjpld ovdrofd è tornees ns g`rrdsp`mhnmfly l`w, ot ldost os g`mgdrms opplndh rotds- Ofonm,K`mf A`mf, Gknmo omh Wnmfop`rd kovd zdr` opplndh tornee rotds- E`r knfk*nmg`jd dg`m`jnds nmtkd rdfn`m tkd opplndh rotds ord bdl`w 5$ e`r oll dxgdpt A`rdo, wkngk kos o rotd è ?2$- Xorneesord knfkdr, ètdm twngd os knfk, nm jnhhld*nmg`jd OWDOM jdjbdrs, Nmhno omh tkd Yd`pld„sRdpublng è Gknmo +YRG.- Oport er`j Oustrolno omh Mdw Sdolomh, tornees `m ofrngulturol f``hs

ord eor knfkdr tkom tkdy ord `m m`m*ofrngulturol f``hs, wkngk nmgluhd nmhustrnol pr`hugts, eudl,omh jnmnmf pr`hugts-

Om`tkdr stora edoturd è tkd hoto ns tkd lorfd fop bdtwddm bùmh omh opplndh rotds nm tkd rdfn`m- Oport er`j K`mf A`mf, Gknmo omh Copom tkot kovd l`w bùmh omh opplndh rotds, oll `tkdr Osnomdg`m`jnds kovd bùmh tkdnr rotds jomy tnjds tkd ldvdl è tkdnr opplndh rotds-

Wupply gkonms

@md è tkd umnqud edoturds è Osnom trohd ns vdrtngol nmtro*nmhustry trohd oj`mf tkd supplygkonms hdvdl`pdh tkrùfk tkd rdfn`m„s dg`m`jnds- Xkot ns, tdgkm`l`fngolly ohvomgdh dg`m`jndsnm tkd rdfn`m dxp`rt s`pknstngotdh ports omh g`jp`mdmts t` ldss tdgkm`l`fngolly hdvdl`pdhdg`m`jnds nm tkd rdfn`m wkdrd tkdsd ord ossdjbldh nmt` enmol pr`hugts omh sknppdh t`hdvdl`pdh gùmtry joradts, dspdgnolly tkd TW, tkd DT, omh Copom- Oltkùfk tkns stortdh os osnjpld trohd, f`nmf er`j Copom t` OWDOM‘omh j`rd rdgdmtly t` tkd YRG os wdll‘omh tkdmdxp`rtdh t` tkd TW, Dur`pd, omh Copom, nt kos bdg`jd o eor rngkdr pottdrm- M`w s`pknstngotdhg`jp`mdmts ord supplndh by A`rdo omh Xonpdn,Gknmo nm ohhntn`m t` Copom, omh ldsss`pknstngotdh ports omh g`jp`mdmts ord pr`hugdh by `tkdr djdrfnmf dg`m`jnds‘sugk osJoloysno omh Xkonlomh‘omh s`lh t` dogk `tkdr-

Xkd bosng p`nmt gom bd sddm nm Xobld 7- Gl`sd t` 69$ è Copom„s dxp`rts t` Dost Osno g`msnst è nmtdrjdhnotd f``hs omh ldss tkom 79$ è enmol f``hs- Vkdm dxp`rtnmf t` tkd TW, k`wdvdr, tkdpottdrm ns rdvdrsdh, n-d-, gl`sd t` 44$ enmol omh 84$ nmtdrjdhnotds- O j`rd pr`mùmgdh pottdrm




5

ns sddm e`r Xonpdn,Gknmo1 tkd Rdpublng è A`rdo1 omh Joloysno- O snjnlor pottdrm ns `bsdrvdh e`r Nmh`mdsno omh tkd Yknlnppnmds, olbdnt t` o ldssdr dxtdmt- K`wdvdr, Nmh`mdsno sk`ws s`jdwkothneedrdmt pottdrms os nt ns o joc`r supplndr è prnjory f``hs e`r `tkdr Dost Osnom dg`m`jnds omhnts nmtdrjdhnotd f``h dxp`rt skord t` Dost Osno ns l`w ot 85$, tkùfk `vdr kole è ntsjomueogturdh dxp`rts t` tkd TW ord enmol pr`hugts +plus prnjory f``hs.-

Xobld 73 Yrnjory, Nmtdrjdhnotd, omh Enmol F``h Dxp`rt Wkords +$., 29??TW DT26 Dost Osno

Yrnjoryf``hs

Nmtdr*jdhnotdf``hs

Enmolf``hs

Yrnjoryf``hs

Nmtdr*jdhnotdf``hs

Enmolf``hs

Yrnjoryf``hs

Nmtdr*dhnotd

f``hsEnmol

f``hs

Copom 9-2 84-7 48-4 9-4 49-2 8>-2 2-2 5>-? 2;-6

YRG 9-8 25-8 67-2 ?-9 77-7 54-; ?-; 8>-9 8>-2

Rdpublng è A`rdo 9-2 8>-8 49-8 9-7 42-5 86-? ?-2 6;-5 29-2

Xonpdn,Gknmo 9-7 86-2 42-5 9-7 45-? 87-5 9-5 ;?-? ?;-7

Nmh`mdsno 2?-> 2?-2 45-> 2?-; 82-8 74-> 82-9 84-; ?2-7

Joloysno ?-8 45-6 8?-> 6-2 57-? 2>-6 ;-7 65-5 ?4-9

Yknlnppnmds ?-; 8;-> 8>-8 2-; 59-6 75-4 ?9-7 54-8 28-7

Xkonlomh ;-9 25-2 54-6 5-8 7?-6 5?-> ?9-6 48-; 78-4

Dost Osno ?-8 77-> 58-6 2-2 89-8 46-8 4-> 58-8 2>-5TW : Tmntdh Wtotds1 DT26 : Xkd Dur`pdom Tmn`m è 26 Jdjbdr Wtotds1 YRG : Yd`pld„s Rdpublng è Gknmo-

Wùrgd3 RNDXN wdbsntd, kttp3//www-Rndtn*tnh-g`j/-

Xkd pottdrms e`r tkd YRG omh t` o ldssdr dxtdmt Xkonlomh ord s`jdwkot hneedrdmt- Xkd YRG, ojomueogturdh f``h ossdjbldr por dxgdlldmgd, h`ds m`t dxp`rt os jugk nm nmtdrjdhnotd f``hsos `tkdr Dost Osnom dg`m`jnds but dxp`rts enmol f``hs dvdrywkdrd- J`rd tkom 69$ è YRGdxp`rts t` tkd TW, j`rd tkom 54$ è nts dxp`rts t` tkd DT, omh gl`sd t` kole nts dxp`rts t` Dost

Osno ord enmol f``hs- Dvdm e`r tkd YRG, k`wdvdr, nmtdrjdhnotd pr`hugts ord twngd os njp`rtomtnm tkdnr dxp`rts t` Dost Osno os tkdy ord t` tkd TW- Xkd enfurds e`r Xkonlomh ord ldss pr`mùmgdhtkom tk`sd e`r tkd YRG, but nt ols` kos knfk skords è enmol pr`hugts wkdm dxp`rtnmf t` tkd TW+j`rd tkom 54$. omh tkd DT +j`rd tkom 59$., wknld pr`hugnmf ldss nm nmtdrjdhnotd f``hs tkom`tkdr Dost Osnom dg`m`jnds- Xkus tkd YRG omh t` s`jd dxtdmt Xkonlomh ord nmhddh ossdjblyeogt`rnds e`r `tkdr supply gkonm dg`m`jnds nm Dost Osno-

Wujjnmf up, Dost Osnom dg`m`jnds tdmh t` pr`hugd omh sdll nmtdrjdhnotd f``hs t` dogk `tkdr omh enmol pr`hugts t` tkd TW, tkd DT, omh Copom +oltkùfk tkd lottdr tw` ord m`t sk`wm nm tkdtobld.- Os ns am`wm by m`w, tkns “Eogt`ry Osno‚ trohd pottdrm kos bddm grdotdh nmntnolly by e`rdnfmhnrdgt nmvdstjdmt +EHN. ogtnvntnds è fl`bol jultnmotn`mol g`rp`rotn`ms‘Copomdsd, Dur`pdom, omh

Ojdrngom‘omh j`rd rdgdmtly by enrjs er`j wntknm djdrfnmf Dost Osno +Bolhwnm 2996.-

Jomueogturnmf vs- ofrngulturol nmtdrdsts

Xkd tnfkt rdlotn`msknp bdtwddm EHN omh nmtro*Dost Osnom trohd nm ports omh g`jp`mdmts ols`jdoms tkot motn`ms„ nmhustrnolnzotn`m strotdfnds ord lnmadh t` trohd wntk b`tk tkd rdfn`mol portmdrsomh tkd fl`bol joradts nm jomueogturdh pr`hugts- Xkns grdotds om njp`rtomt pr`*trohdg`mstntudmgy nm tkd vornùs motn`ms, wkngk ogt t` pr`j`td trohd lnbdrolnzotn`m omh jonmtonm`pdmmdss- Nm sk`rt, tkd nmtdrtwnmnmf è g`rp`rotd omh motn`mol nmtdrdsts tkrùfkùt tkd rdfn`mtdmhs t` rdhugd tkd jdrgomtnlnst e`rgds tkot typngolly rdsult nm h`jdstng nmhustrnol pr`tdgtn`mnsj-

K`wdvdr, sdvdrol gùmtrnds nm tkd rdfn`m‘portngulorly Copom, A`rdo, omh s`jd OWDOMgùmtrnds‘kovd lorfd, m`t*s`*g`jpdtntnvd ofrngulturol sdgt`rs wknld `tkdr gùmtrnds ord lorfd

http://www.rieti-tid.com/







6

dxp`rtdrs è ofrngulturol pr`hugts- Nm dvdry rdfn`m nm tkd w`rlh, trohd nm ofrngulturol f``hs nsj`rd p`lntngolly sdmsntnvd tkom ns trohd nm jomueogturdh f``hs omh Osno ns m` dxgdptn`m- Jugk è tkns sdmsntnvnty ornsds er`j tkd dxtrdjdly hnvdrsd p`lngy stomgds oh`ptdh by vornùs motn`ms-W`jd motn`ms wdlg`jd e``h njp`rts wknld `tkdrs eddl tkd mddh t` sdgurd sueengndmt e``h supplyh`jdstngolly e`r tkd p`pulotn`m `r t` pr`tdgt tkdnr `wm eorjdrs er`j knfkly g`jpdtntnvd e`rdnfmeorjdrs- Xkns hnvdrsnty è ofrngulturol nmtdrdsts joads nt jugk korhdr t` orrnvd ot o rdfn`m*wnhd

g``pdrotn`m tkot nmgluhds b`tk jomueogturnmf omh ofrngulturol trohd-

2-2 M`tobld Edoturds è Osnom EXOs

Xkns sdgtn`m pr`vnhds om omolysns è m`tobld edoturds omh gkorogtdrnstngs è Dost Osnom EXOs-Xkdy nmgluhd g`menfurotn`m, fd`fropkngol `rndmtotn`m, omh sg`pd +nm tdrjs è “VX@*plus‚ nssuds.-

G`menfurotn`m3 bnlotdrol vs- plurnlotdrol EXOs

Xkd g`menfurotn`m è EXOs nm Dost Osno gom bd hnvnhdh nmt` bnlotdrol omh plurnlotdrol, os nm Xobld8 e`r 29?7- Bnlotdrol EXOs rdedr t` ofrddjdmts bdtwddm tw` gùmtrnds- Ylurnlotdrol EXOs nmgluhdsdvdrol e`rjs‘ofrddjdmts nmv`lvnmf j`rd tkom tw` gùmtrnds, `md gùmtry +`r gùmtrnds. omh otrohnmf bl`g +lnad OWDOM., `r tw` trohnmf bl`gs +d-f-, OWDOM‗DEXO.- ? @m tkd wk`ld, gùmtrnds

ord `ptnmf e`r snjpld bnlotdrol EXO g`menfurotn`ms rotkdr tkom tkd j`rd g`jpldx plurnlotdrol `mdsos tkdy tdmh t` bd dosndr t` mdf`tnotd- Xkdrd wdrd 46 bnlotdrol EXOs +n-d-, 6>$ è tkd t`tol. omh?4 plurnlotdrol EXOs +2?$ è tkd t`tol. 2

Xobld 83 Mujbdr è EXOs nm Dost Osno, 29?7

oj`mf 62 g`mgluhdh EXOs os è Edbruory 29?7-Bnlotdrol EXOs ols` h`jnmotd EXOs tkot ord ydt t` bd g`mgluhdh, joanmf up 5;$ è tk`sd umhdr mdf`tnotn`m omh 68$ è tk`sd pr`p`sdh-

+By Wtotus, G`menfurotn`m, omh Fd`fropkngol @rndmtotn`m.

EXO by WtotusM`- è

EXOs

By G`menfurotn`m By Fd`fropkngol @rndmtotn`m

Bnlotdrol Ylurnlotdrol Nmtro*Dost Osno Dxtro*Dost Osno

G`mgluhdh 62 46 ?4 2; 88Tmhdr Mdf`tnotn`m 47 75 ?6 ; 84

Yr`p`sdh 78 24 > 6 26

X`tol ?4> ??; 8? 87 ??5

M`td3 Dost Osno nmgluhds tkd tdm OWDOM jdjbdr gùmtrnds1 Oustrolno1 Yd`pld„s Rdpublng è Gknmo1 K`mf A`mf, Gknmo1Nmhno1 Copom1 Rdpublng è A`rdo1 Mdw Sdolomh1 omh Xonpdn,Gknmo- Bnlotdrol EXOs nmv`lvd `mly tw` portnds, wknld plurnlotdrolEXOs nmv`lvd j`rd tkom tw` portnds +d-f-, OWDOM.- Nmtro*Dost Osno EXOs ord tk`sd oj`mf Dost Osnom dg`m`jnds `mly,wknld dxtro*Dost Osnom EXOs ord tk`sd bdtwddm ot ldost `md Dost Osnom dg`m`jy omh o portmdr +`r portmdrs. er`j ùtsnhdDost Osno-

Wùrgd3 OHB, Osnom Rdfn`mol Nmtdfrotn`m Gdmtdr +ORNG. wdbsntd-

? Om nssud joy ornsd wkdm o trohnmf bl`g wntk o snmfld outk`rnty +lnad tkd DT. e`rjs om EXO wntk o gùmtry- Xkùfksugk om EXO joy bd g`msnhdrdh os bnlotdrol, nt ns plurnlotdrol nm ùr hdenmntn`m os nm tkd gosd è tkd Wnmfop`rd‗DEXO, A`rdo‗DEXO, A`rdo‗DT, omh Wnmfop`rd‗DT EXOs- @tkdr hdenmntn`ms è bnlotdrol omh plurnlotdrol EXOs dxnstnm tkd lntdroturd1 o bnlotdrol ofrddjdmt joy oltdrmotnvdly nmgluhd j`rd tkom tw` gùmtrnds wkdrd `md è tkdj ns otrohnmf bl`g ntsdle +d-f-, tkd A`rdo‗DT `r Wnmfop`rd‗DT EXO. wknld o plurnlotdrol ofrddjdmt ns om EXO nm wkngk tkdmujbdr è EXO portmdrs dxgddhs tw`-

2 Xkdy nmgluhd3 tkd Osno*Yogneng Xrohd Ofrddjdmt +OYXO.1 tkd OWDOM Erdd Xrohd Ofrddjdmt +OEXO.1 tkdYrdedrdmtnol Xrohd Ofrddjdmt*Frùp è Dnfkt Hdvdl`pnmf Gùmtrnds1 Xroms*Yogneng Wtrotdfng Dg`m`jng Yortmdrsknp+XYY. Ofrddjdmt1 OWDOM‗YRG EXO1 OWDOM‗Copom GDYO1 OWDOM‗A`rdo EXO1 A`rdo‗DEXO EXO1 A`rdo‗DTEXO1 Wnmfop`rd‗DEXO EXO1 omh tkd Xonpdn,Gknmo‗Dl Wolvoh`r‗K`mhuros EXO-




;

Oj`mf tkd ?4 g`mgluhdh plurnlotdrol ofrddjdmts, OEXO stomhs ùt e`r nts dg`m`jng njp`rtomgdnm tkd rdfn`m omh ns dstoblnsknmf ntsdle os o kub e`r Dost Osno„s EXO ogtnvntnds by e`rjnmfplurnlotdrol EXOs nm tkd rdfn`m‘tkd s`*golldh OWDOM!? EXOs- OWDOM kos ols` bdg`jd o e`golp`nmt e`r tkd djdrfdmgd è o mdw gotdf`ry è trohnmf*bl`g t` trohnmf*bl`g ofrddjdmt +d-f-, tkd

OWDOM‗Oustrolno‗Mdw Sdolomh EXO +OOMSEXO.- Xkd `tkdr g`mgluhdh plurnlotdrol ofrddjdmtsg`mmdgt vornùs Dost Osnom gùmtrnds wntk `tkdrs ùtsnhd tkd rdfn`m-

7

Fd`fropkngol `rndmtotn`m3 nmtro* vs- dxtro*Dost Osnom EXOs

Xkdrd ord ols` ?6

plurnlotdrol ofrddjdmts umhdr mdf`tnotn`m omh om`tkdr > umhdr pr`p`sol-

Xobld 8 ols` sk`ws tkd fd`fropkngol `rndmtotn`m è Dost Osnom EXOs wntk dg`m`jnds wntknm tkdrdfn`m omh tk`sd ùtsnhd- Xkd knfk hdfrdd è dxtro*rdfn`mol `rndmtotn`m è Dost Osnom EXOs nsstrnanmf‗‗88 g`mgluhdh EXOs ùt è 62 nm Edbruory 29?7 +5?$ è tkd t`tol. ord wntk gùmtrnds `r frùps ùtsnhd Dost Osno- Xkd dxtro*rdfn`mol `rndmtotn`m è Dost Osnom EXOs umhdr mdf`tnotn`momh pr`p`sdh ns dvdm knfkdr ot ;4$ omh 6>$, rdspdgtnvdly-

B`tk bnlotdrol omh plurnlotdrol EXOs dxknbnt knfk hdfrdds è dxtro*rdfn`mol `rndmtotn`m nm o sojpldè ?4> EXOs +nmgluhnmf b`tk g`mgluhdh omh m`m*g`mgluhdh.- Copom kos stortdh dg`m`jngportmdrsknp ofrddjdmt +DYO. mdf`tnotn`ms wntk tkd DT, omh OWDOM os o frùp ns g`mtdjplotnmf

mdf`tnotn`ms wntk tkd DT oetdr tkd loumgk è tkd OWDOM Dg`m`jng G`jjumnty nm 29?4- XkdYRG, Copom, A`rdo, omh Wnmfop`rd kovd g`mgluhdh dxtro*rdfn`mol ofrddjdmts wntk Lotnm Ojdrngom gùmtrnds- Xkd YRG omh Wnmfop`rd ord m`w ogtnvdly pr`j`tnmf EXOs wntk Oerngomgùmtrnds- Xkus, Dost Osnom dg`m`jnds kovd o str`mf prdedrdmgd e`r jonmtonmnmf `pdm trohnmfrdlotn`ms wntk tkd rdst è tkd w`rlh rotkdr tkom bdg`jnmf nmworh*l`ànmf-

Wg`pd3 “VX@*plus‚ dldjdmts

Xkdrd ord tw` fdmdrol trdmhs fl`bolly nm tdrjs è tkd sg`pd è EXO pr`vnsn`ms- Enrst, jomyrdgdmt ofrddjdmts erdqudmtly f` bdy`mh tkd VX@ rdfulot`ry erojdw`ra t` nmgluhd pr`vnsn`ms`m o k`st è nssuds‘sugk os tkd Wnmfop`rd nssuds +trohd eognlntotn`m, nmvdstjdmt, f`vdrmjdmtpr`gurdjdmt, omh g`jpdtntn`m p`lngy., nmtdlldgtuol pr`pdrty, omh `tkdr jdosurds +VX@ 29??.-Wdg`mh, EXOs bdtwddm hdvdl`pdh omh hdvdl`pnmf gùmtrnds ètdm nmgluhd sugk pr`vnsn`ms,

wkngk joy rdeldgt tkd djpkosns tkot hdvdl`pdh dg`m`jnds fnvd t` tkdsd nssuds- Ofrddjdmtsg`mtonmnmf tkdsd bròhdr pr`vnsn`ms ord s`jdtnjds rdedrrdh t` nm tkd lntdroturd os “VX@*plus‚dldjdmts-

Osnom EXOs kovd nmhddh bdfum t` ohhrdss nssuds tkot wdrd m`t nmgluhdh nm tkd `rnfnmol VX@erojdw`ra- Xkd VX@ systdj tkot djdrfdh er`j tkd Trufuoy Rùmh nm tkd jnh*?>>9sg`msnstdh è substomtnvd ofrddjdmts `m f``hs, sdrvngds, Xrohd*Rdlotdh Nmtdlldgtuol Yr`pdrty+XRNYs., omh Xrohd*Rdlotdh Nmvdstjdmt Jdosurds +XRNJs.- Xkd subsdqudmt VX@ H`ko Rùmhtrohd tolas nmntnotdh nm 299? kovd e`gusdh `m lnbdrolnzotn`m nm ofrngulturol omh m`m*ofrngulturoljoradt oggdss- Xkd eùr Wnmfop`rd nssuds +g`jpdtntn`m, nmtdlldgtuol pr`pdrty, nmvdstjdmt, omhpublng pr`gurdjdmt. wkngk wdrd pr`vnsn`molly nmgluhdh nm tkd dorly w`ra pr`froj wdrd lotdr hr`ppdh ot tkd VX@ Jnmnstdrnol G`medrdmgd nm Gomgum nm 2998-

8

Xkd Osnom dg`m`jnds kovd bdfum t` ohhrdss tkd VX@*plus dldjdmts nm tkdnr EXOs- Dorlndr stuhnds sk`wdh tkot Osnom EXOs vorndh g`msnhdrobly nm tkdnr sg`pd wntk s`jd bdnmf knfklys`pknstngotdh wknld `tkdrs wdrd j`rd lnjntdh +Bomho omh Vkolldy 29941 Ylujjdr 2996.-K`wdvdr, o systdjotng gr`ss*dg`m`jy rdvndw è tkd eull sg`pd è Osnom EXOs, nmgluhnmf j`rd

7E`r nmstomgd, OYXO g`vdrs Dost Osno +tkd YRG, tkd Rdpublng è A`rdo, omh Lo` YHR. omh Wùtk Osno +Bomflohdsk,

Nmhno, omh Wrn Lomao.-8

Xkns sdgtn`m hrows er`j Aowon omh Vnfmoroco +29?7.-




>

rdgdmt `mds, rdvdol tkot tkd rdfn`m„s EXOs tdmh t` nmgrdosnmfly djbrogd tkd VX@*plusdldjdmts-

Enfurd ? sk`ws tkd sg`pd è Osnom EXOs g`mgluhdh bdtwddm 2999 omh 29?2 by3 +n. morr`wofrddjdmts tkot hdol wntk f``hs omh/`r sdrvngds1 +nn. s`jdwkot bròhdr ofrddjdmts g`vdrnmff``hs, sdrvngds, omh s`jd Wnmfop`rd nssuds +portnol VX@*plus.1 omh +nnn. g`jprdkdmsnvd

ofrddjdmts g`vdrnmf f``hs, sdrvngds, omh oll eùr Wnmfop`rd nssuds +g`jprdkdmsnvd VX@*plus.- Xk`sd EXOs sk`wm nm gotdf`rnds +nn. omh +nnn. joy bd g`msnhdrdh VX@*plus EXOs- Xkdsg`pd è g`mgluhdh ofrddjdmts rdeldgts o g`jbnmotn`m è dg`m`jng nmtdrdsts, dg`m`jngstrdmftk, omh mdf`tnotn`m gopognty-

Enfurd ?3 Wg`pd è G`mgluhdh EXOs nm Osno X`tol, 2999‗29?2 +Mujbdr è EXOs.

9

?9

29

79

89

49

59

69

2999 299? 2992 2997 2998 2994 2995 2996 299; 299> 29?9 29?? 29?2

F``hs omh/ r sdrvngds Yortnol VX@ Ylus G`jprdkdmsnvd VX@ Ylus

Wùrgd3 OHB, Osnom Rdfn`mol Nmtdfrotn`m Gdmtdr +ORNG. Vdbsntd-

Xkd pottdrm ns strnanmf- Dorly Osnom EXOs sddjdh t` bd g`mgdrmdh lorfdly wntk f``hs omhsdrvngds- Er`j tkd jnh*2999s `mworhs, k`wdvdr, snfmnengomtly j`rd djpkosns wos fnvdm t`bròh ofrddjdmts wntk jomy VX@*plus dldjdmts- By 29?2, ?5 +27$ è tkd t`tol. EXOs wdrdf``hs omh/`r sdrvngds `mly, 76 +48$. EXOs wdrd portnol VX@*plus, omh ?5 +27$. EXOs wdrdg`jprdkdmsnvd VX@*plus-

Enfurd 2 sk`ws tkd sg`pd è Osnom EXOs by dg`m`jy e`r 29?2- Xkrdd ldohnmf portngnpomts nm Osnom EXOs‘Copom, A`rdo, omh Wnmfop`rd‘str`mfly eov`r tkd VX@*plus opprògk t` EXOsomh tdmh t` djpkosnzd g`jprdkdmsnvd ofrddjdmts- Oll è Copom„s ofrddjdmts omh j`st è A`rdo„s omh Wnmfop`rd„s ord VX@*plus- Brumdn Horussoloj, Nmh`mdsno, Joloysno, Yknlnppnmds,Xkonlomh, omh Undt Moj ols` lorfdly e`ll`w tkd VX@*plus e`rjot-




?9

Enfurd 23 Wg`pd è G`mgluhdh EXOs nm Osno by Dg`m`jy, 29?2 +Mujbdr è EXOs.

9

4

?9

?4

29

C o p o m

Y R G

R d p u b l n g ` e A ` r d o

K ` m f A ` m f ,

G k n m o

X o n p d n , G k n m o

B

r u m d n H o r u s s o l o j

G o j b ` h n o

N m h ` m d s n o

L o ` Y H R

J o l o y s n o

J y o m j o r

Y k n l n p p n m d s

W n m f o p ` r d

X k o n l o m h

U n d t M o j

N m h n o

F``hs omh/ r Wdrvngds Yortnol VX@ Ylus G`jprdkdmsnvd VX@ Ylus

Wùrgd3 OHB, Osnom Rdfn`mol Nmtdfrotn`m Gdmtdr +ORNG. wdbsntd-

Knst`rngolly, tkd YRG kos bddm rdlotnvdly goutnùs rdforhnmf tkd sg`pd è nts EXOs, prdedrrnmfofrddjdmts e`gusnmf `m f``hs omh sdrvngds `mly- J`rd rdgdmtly, k`wdvdr, tkd YRG kos bdfumt` dxpdrnjdmt by nmg`rp`rotnmf s`jd VX@*plus pr`vnsn`ms nmt` ofrddjdmts sugk os tkd YRG‗Mdw Sdolomh EXO- Xkus, wntk o edw dxgdptn`ms, Osnom dg`m`jnds ord nmgrdosnmfly eov`rnmfVX@*plus rotkdr tkom morr`wly lnjntdh ofrddjdmts-

Aowon omh Vnfmoroco +299>. eùmh s`jd ohhntn`mol m`tdw`rtky p`nmts g`mgdrmnmf VX@*pluspr`vnsn`ms nm Osnom EXOs- Ofrddjdmts bdtwddm hdvdl`pdh dg`m`jnds omh hdvdl`pnmf omhdjdrfnmf dg`m`jnds kovd fdmdrolly toadm tkd VX@*plus e`rjot- Dxojplds nmgluhd tkd

OWDOM‗Copom G`jprdkdmsnvd Dg`m`jng Yortmdrsknp Ofrddjdmt +GDYO., tkd YRG‗MdwSdolomh EXO, tkd OWDOM‗Oustrolno‗Mdw Sdolomh EXO, omh tkd Xroms*Yogneng Yortmdrsknp+XYY. ofrddjdmt- Ols`, A`rdo omh Wnmfop`rd tdmh t` bdkovd lnad hdvdl`pdh dg`m`jnds nm tkdnr ofrddjdmts wntk jomy hdvdl`pnmf dg`m`jnds- Xkns bdkovn`r ns vnsnbld nm tkd Wnmfop`rd‗YRGEXO omh A`rdo‗Gknld EXO- Eurtkdr, s`jd dxnstnmf EXOs ord frohuolly bdnmf dxpomhdh t`nmgluhd VX@*plus g`vdrofd- Dxojplds nmgluhd tkd OWDOM‗A`rdo EXO- Omh enmolly, tkd trdmht`worhs nmgrdosnmf VX@*plus dldjdmts nm Osnom EXOs jdoms tkot tkd rdfn`m„s EXO ogtnvntywùlh lnadly pdrsnst dvdm ne tkd H`ko Rùmh trohd tolas +e`gusnmf `m lnbdrolnzotn`m nm ofrngulturolomh m`m*ofrngulturol joradt oggdss. wdrd t` bd g`mgluhdh nm tkd euturd-

Xkd nmglusn`m è VX@*plus pr`vnsn`ms‘portngulorly tkd eùr Wnmfop`rd nssuds‘wùlh bdhdsnrobld nm oll e`rtkg`jnmf Osnom EXOs- Xkd volud è sugk dee`rts skùlh bd `bvnùs-

G`jpdtntn`m p`lngy omh nmvdstjdmt pr`vnsn`ms ord nmtdfrol nmfrdhndmts nm eognlntotnmf EHN el`wsomh tkd hdvdl`pjdmt è pr`hugtn`m mdtw`ras- Nmglusn`m è pr`vnsn`ms `m trohd eognlntotn`m omhl`fnstngs hdvdl`pjdmt wùlh kdlp l`wdr tromsogtn`ms g`sts nm g`mhugtnmf trohd- G``pdrotn`mpr`vnsn`ms‘ol`mf tkd lnmd è tkd Osno*Yogneng Dg`m`jng G``pdrotn`m +OYDG. Dg`m`jng omhXdgkmngol G``pdrotn`m +DG@XDGK. ofdmho‘wùlh stnjulotd tdgkm`l`fy tromsedr omh nmhustrnolg`jpdtntnvdmdss-




??

2-7 Xkd Osnom M``hld B`wl3 @vdrloppnmf Rulds è @rnfnm

Rulds è `rnfnm +R@@.‘wkngk hdtdrjnmd wkdtkdr gdrtonm f``hs gom dmc`y prdedrdmtnol bnlotdroltornees omh tkus prdvdmt trohd hdeldgtn`m oj`mf EXO jdjbdrs‘ord o portngulorly nmtdrdstnmfospdgt è Dost Osnom EXOs- E`r jomueogturdh f``hs, R@@ joy bd è tkrdd typds3 +n. o gkomfdnm tornee glossnengotn`m +GXG. ruld hdenmdh ot o hdtonldh Korj`mnzdh Wystdj +KW. ldvdl1 +nn. o l`gol+`r rdfn`mol. volud g`mtdmt +UG. ruld1 omh +nnn. o spdgneng pr`gdss +WY. ruld- Xkd GXG ruldrdqunrds oll tkd nmputs t` g`jd nm umhdr o hneedrdmt tornee kdohnmf er`j tkd dxp`rtdh f``h, tkdl`gol +`r rdfn`mol. UG ruld rdqunrds tkot o gdrtonm erogtn`m è tkd dxp`rtdh f``h„s volud*ohhdhg`jds er`j tkd gùmtry +`r rdfn`m. è om EXO, omh tkd WY ruld rdqunrds o portngulor pr`hugtn`mpr`gdss t` bd pdre`rjdh nm tkd dxp`rtnmf motn`m-

Fnvdm tkd rotkdr umg``rhnmotdh jommdr nm wkngk EXOs kovd hdvdl`pdh nm tkd rdfn`m, Dost OsnomEXOs kovd usdh o romfd è hneedrdmt R@@- Xkd ldost g`jplngotdh R@@ ord tk`sd è OEXO,wkngk rdqunrds o 89$ UG ruld ogr`ss tkd bòrh- Jomy è tkd EXOs nm tkd rdfn`m kovd R@@ tkotord j`rd rdstrngtnvd- Xkd bdst woy t` nllustrotd tkd m``hld*b`wl pr`bldj ns t` l`à ot tkd R@@opplndh t` spdgneng pr`hugts, sugk os tkd joc`r out` omh out` ports pr`hugts +Xobld 4.- OWDOM„sEXOs vory s`jdwkot nm tkdnr R@@- E`r nmstomgd, tkd 89$ UG ruld opplnds e`r OEXO omh e`r tkd

OWDOM‗YRG EXO, but j`rd strnmfdmt R@@ e`r s`jd pr`hugts +d-f-, 84$ UG opplndh e`r Korj`mnzdh G`jj`hnty Hdsgrnptn`m omh G`hnmf Wystdj Q

Xobld 43 Uorynmf Rulds è @rnfnm nm EXOs3 Wdldgtdh Yr`hugts

KWZ ;697, ;698, omh ;69;. ord eùmhnm tkd OWDOM‗A`rdo EXO- Eurtkdrj`rd, tkd R@@ e`r tkd sojd pr`hugts ord hneedrdmt nm bnlotdrolEXOs nmv`lvnmf tkd sojd joc`r dg`m`jy- Nm tkd Copom‗Joloysno DYO, tkd UG rdqunrdjdmt e`r KW ;697 omh ;6?? ns 59$, wknld nm tkd Copom‗Xkonlomh DYO nt ns 89$ e`r tkd sojd tw`pr`hugts-

Yr`hugt

+KW G`hd.

OEXO OWDOM‗A`rdo

EXO

OWDOM‗YRG

EXO

Copom‗Xkonlomh

DYO

Copom‗

Joloysno

DYO

J`t`r vdknglds e`r

tromsp`rt è pdrs`ms,

dxgdpt busds +;6-97.

89$ RUG 84$ RUG 89$ RUG

89$ RUG `r GXG

59$ RUG `r

GXG

J`t`r vdknglds e`r tkd

tromsp`rt è f``hs

+;6-98.

89$ RUG 84$ RUG 89$ RUG

89$ RUG `r GXG

49$ RUG `r

GXG

Yorts omh oggdss`rnds e`r

j`t`r vdknglds +;6-9;.

89$ RUG 84$ RUG 89$ RUG

89$ RUG `r GXG

89$ RUG `r

GXG

J`t`r gyglds, bngyglds,

dtg-, wntk ouxnlnory j`t`r

+;6-??.

89$ RUG 84$ RUG `r GXG

+8 hnfnts.

89$ RUG

89$ RUG `r GXG

59$ RUG `r

GXG

RUG : Rdfn`mol Uolud G`mtdmt1 GXG : Gkomfd nm Xornee Glossnengotn`ms-

Wùrgd3 Ohoptdh er`j Aowon omh Vnfmoroco +299;.-




?2

L`w jorfnms è prdedrdmgd omh utnlnzotn`m rotds s` eor

Wdvdrol outk`rs orfud tkot, os ldost umtnl rdgdmtly, tkd prdedrdmtnol tornees nm Dost Osno‘nmgluhnmftkd G`jj`m Deedgtnvd Yrdedrdmtnol Xornee +GDYX. nm OEXO‘kovd m`t bddm jugk usdh- Jugk è tkd rdfn`mol trohd ns nm nmtdrjdhnotd f``hs omh sugk f``hs typngolly eogd l`w opplndh JEM tornee rotds, `r ot ldost l`w jorfnms è prdedrdmgd- Xkd bosng p`nmt ns nllustrotdh nm Xobld 5- Xornees

opplndh oj`mf OWDOM jdjbdrs ord m`t jugk l`wdr tkom tk`sd opplndh t` M`rtk Ojdrngomf``hs- E`r dxojpld, nm fdmdrol jogknmdry omh dldgtrngol jogknmdry, tkd jorfnm è prdedrdmgd nsldss tkom ? pdrgdmtofd p`nmt-

Xobld 53 Nmtro*Dost Osnom Yrdedrdmgd Jorfnms vns*é*vns M`rtk Ojdrngo, 2992

Wdgt`r3Dost Osno

M`rtkOjdrngo

YrdedrdmgdJorfnm

Jnmnmf pr`hugts +KW24‗26. ?-6 2-5 9->

Fdmdrol jogknmdry +KW ;8. ?-4 ?-> 9-8

Dldgtrngol jogknmdry +KW ;4. ?-8 ?-4 9-?

@tkdrs ?-8 ?-6 9-7

Yrdgnsn`m opporotus ?-2 ?-7 9-?

Xdxtnlds omh gl`tknmf 6-7 6-5 9-7

Y`ttdry pr`hugts 2-> 7-5 9-6

Gkdjngols 2-8 7-9 9-5

Bosng jdtols ?-; 2-5 9-;

M`td3 Xornee hoto e`r 2992- Uoluds ord trohd*wdnfktdh ovdrofds-

Wùrgd3 Rd`rfomnzotn`m è hoto hrowm er`j Erduhdmbdrf omh Youljndr +2994.-

Os o g`msdqudmgd, nm tkd dorly port è tkns hdgohd, tkd prdedrdmgds djbdhhdh nm tkd jomy Dost Osnom EXOs wdrd rdlotnvdly lnttld usdh- Nm `tkdr w`rhs, tkd utnlnzotn`m rotds wdrd vdry l`w- Ogg`rhnmf t` Jomgknm omh Ydlajoms*Bolo`nmf +2996o., m` g`jprdkdmsnvd stotnstngs wdrdovonlobld `m tkd utnlnzotn`m rotd è OEXO GDYX, but om ètdm*qu`tdh enfurd puts nt ot 4$- Xknsenfurd, k`wdvdr, oppdors t` gkomfd os tkd prdedrdmgd sgkdhulds ord eully njpldjdmtdh- E`r dxojpld, o popdr by Gknrotknvot +299;. rdp`rts tkot Xkon enrjs„ utnlnzotn`m rotd è OEXO GDYXovdrofds 26$, wntk tkdnr utnlnzotn`m ot ;?$ e`r tromsp`rt dqunpjdmt trohd- K`wdvdr, rdgdmt hotoovonlobld er`j o stuhy by Th`jwngkonwot +29?2. suffdsts tkot EXO usd kos rnsdm snfmnengomtly1

tkd `vdroll rdp`rtdh EXO usd by dmtdrprnsds nm Xkonlomh koh rnsdm t` 5?$ nm 29??-

Rulds è `rnfnm g`jpldxnty

Wtuhnds è R@@ nm Dost Osno nmhngotd tkot g`jpldx R@@ gom ronsd tromsogtn`ms g`sts t` busnmdss enrjs omh tkot jultnpld R@@ nm `vdrloppnmf EXOs gom bd portngulorly burhdms`jd-

4

4 Wdd, e`r nmstomgd, Gkd`mf omh Gk` +2995.1 Cojds +2995.1 omh Ldd, Cd`mf, Anj, omh Bomf +2995.-

Xkd tdxtnld omh forjdmt sdgt`r tdmhs t` bd oeedgtdh by strnmfdmt omh rdstrngtnvd R@@- Yrdgnsd




?7

quomtntotnvd dstnjotds è tkd jofmntuhd è tkd g`sts è jultnpld R@@ +d-f-, os o pdrgdmtofd è dxp`rt solds. ord korh t` g`jd by, but usnmf o frovnty j`hdl, Jomgknm omh Ydlajoms*Bolo`nmf+2996b. `btonm rdsults tkot suffdst tkot tkd ohjnmnstrotnvd g`sts è `btonmnmf GDYX stotus wntknm

OEXO jnfkt bd nm tkd romfd è ?9$‗24$ omh tkot sugk g`sts ord m`t jugk rdhugdh dvdm wkdmom oltdrmotnvd ruld e`r `rnfnm hdtdrjnmotn`m ns pr`vnhdh- @md è tkd njplngotn`ms ns tkot tkdprdsdmgd è jultnpld R@@ joy eurtkdr nmgrdosd ohjnmnstrotnvd g`sts-

Dg`m`jdtrng dvnhdmgd ols` suffdsts tkot tkd prdedrdmgds h` jottdr `m tkd ntdjs wkdrd tkdjorfnms è prdedrdmgd ord snfmnengomt +Jomgknm omh Ydlajoms*Bolo`nmf 2996o.- Xkns njplndstkot tkd l`w utnlnzotn`m rotds nm dorly ydors ord umlnadly t` g`mtnmud os tkd prdedrdmgd jorfnmsdxpomh wntk eulldr njpldjdmtotn`m è Dost Osnom EXOs- Kdrd nt ns njp`rtomt t` m`td tkot OEXO, olltkd OWDOM!? EXOs, omh j`st `tkdr EXOs nm tkd rdfn`m kovd bddm njpldjdmtdh enrst e`r hdvdl`pdh gùmtrnds omh tkdm ord frohuolly njpldjdmtdh nm tkd ldost hdvdl`pdh motn`ms by2929- Os enrjs nmgrdosd trohd omh j`rd EXOs ord g`mgluhdh, jultnpld R@@ gom bdg`jd o j`rdsdrnùs pr`bldj e`r Dost Osno nm tkd euturd- Nm sk`rt, tkd m``hld b`wl g`jpldxnty skùlh rdollystort t` bntd `vdr tkd mdxt edw ydors-

Rdsults è enrj survdys

Enrj survdys ord usdeul t` knfklnfkt tkd busnmdss njpogts è jultnpld R@@ nm Dost Osno- Nmsnfktsot o rdfn`mol ldvdl ord pr`vnhdh by tkd OHB dmtdrprnsd survdys g`mhugtdh nm tkd YRG, Copom,Yknlnppnmds, Wnmfop`rd, omh Xkonlomh- Xkd survdys pr`vnhd nme`rjotn`m `m dmtdrprnsdpdrgdptn`ms è wkdtkdr hdolnmf wntk jultnpld R@@ nm tkd rdfn`m„s EXOs snfmnengomtly ohhs t`busnmdss g`sts-

Enrst, fnvdm tkd prdsdmt ldvdl è g`mgluhdh EXOs nm tkd rdfn`m, dvnhdmgd suffdsts tkot jultnpldR@@ njp`sd `mly o lnjntdh burhdm `m Osnom dmtdrprnsds- @e tkd >22 dmtdrprnsds rdsp`mhnmf t`tkns g`mgdrm, `mly ?>6 +2?$. sonh tkot jultnpld R@@ snfmnengomtly ohhdh t` busnmdss g`sts- Xkdjoc`rnty è tkd sojpld dmtdrprnsds hnh m`t prdsdmtly enmh jultnpld R@@ o pr`bldj-

Wdg`mh, tkd survdys umdxpdgtdhly eùmh tkot lorfdr Osnom dmtdrprnsds koh frdotdr mdfotnvdpdrgdptn`ms è jultnpld R@@ tkom hnh WJDs +Enfurd 7.- Xkns enmhnmf prdsdmtdh om nmtdrdstnmfpuzzld- Dg`m`jdtrng omolysns sk`wdh tkot lorfd dstoblnskdh dmtdrprnsds tdmhdh t` dxp`rt t`jultnpld joradts omh ohcust tkdnr busnmdss ploms nm rdsp`msd t` EXOs- Xkdy ord, tkdrde`rd, j`rdlnadly t` g`jplonm obùt nssuds è jultnpld R@@ +Aowon omh Vnfmoroco 29??.- Wjolldr dmtdrprnsds, nm g`mtrost, tdmh t` dxp`rt t` o snmfld joradt omh kdmgd h` m`t kovd jugk bosns e`r g`jplonmnmf-

Xknrh, tkd joc`rnty è survdydh dmtdrprnsds wùlh prdedr t` bd obld t` sdldgt tkd spdgneng R@@nmgluhdh nm EXOs- Xkd survdys suffdst tkot dmtdrprnsds ord supp`rtnvd è kovnmf oltdrmotnvdR@@ e`r tkd sojd pr`hugt3 +n. ne tkdy gomm`t rdogk tkd volud*g`mtdmt rdqunrdjdmt, kovnmfoltdrmotnvd R@@ jnfkt dmobld dmtdrprnsds t` stnll joad usd è EXO prdedrdmgds1 +nn. osopplngotn`ms usnmf tkd volud*g`mtdmt ruld ètdm rdqunrd g`menhdmtnol g`st nme`rjotn`m, jomysupplndrs omh dmtdrprnsds ord rdlugtomt t` hnvulfd sugk nme`rjotn`m1 omh +nnn. portngulor R@@ orderdqudmtly olnfmdh wntk tkd tdgkm`l`fy omh pr`hugtn`m pr`gdss è portngulor nmhustrnds omh ord

ldss pdrtnmdmt t` oll `tkdrs-




?8

Enfurd 73 Burhdm Njp`sdh by Jultnpld Rulds è @rnfnm nm EXOs+by $ è Rdsp`mhdmts by Dmtdrprnsd Wnzd.

9

?9

29

79

89

49

59

Copom YRG Wnmfop`rd Yknlnppnmds Xkonlomh

WJD Lorfd Fnomt M`td3 WJD +sjoll* omh jdhnuj*snzdh dmtdrprnsd. : ?99 `r edwdr djpl`ydds1 Lorfd +dmtdrprnsd. : ?9? t` ?,999 djpl`ydds1Fnomt +dmtdrprnsd. : j`rd tkom ?,999 djpl`ydds-

Wùrgd3 Aowon omh Vnfmoroco +29??.-

Xkd fdmdrol enmhnmf è lnjntdh burhdms njp`sdh by jultnpld R@@ h`ds m`t jdom tkotp`lngyjoadrs skùlh bd g`jplogdmt obùt tkns t`png- Os tkd mujbdr è g`mgluhdh ofrddjdmtsnmgrdosds, jultnpld R@@ joy wdll bdg`jd j`rd è o pr`bldj e`r j`rd dmtdrprnsds- Wupp`rtnvdjdosurds‘sugk os dmgùrofnmf rotn`molnzotn`m è R@@ omh upfrohnmf tkdnr ohjnmnstrotn`m‘ord mddhdh t` jntnfotd tkd euturd mdfotnvd deedgts è tkd Osnom m``hld b`wl-

Vnhdsprdoh fonms nm Osnom dg`m`jnds ord p`ssnbld er`j pursunmf snjplnendh opprògkds t`R@@- Xkdsd wùlh nmv`lvd korj`mnznmf R@@, ohhrdssnmf tkd oggujulotn`m è volud g`mtdmt,omh g`dquolnty è R@@-5

Nt wùlh bd dxtrdjdly usdeul t` nhdmtney omh oh`pt nmtdrmotn`mol bdstprogtngds nm R@@ ohjnmnstrotn`m- Wugk progtngds jnfkt nmgluhd nmtr`hugnmf o trustdh*trohdr pr`froj +os usdh nm tkd M`rtk Ojdrngom Erdd Xrohd Ofrddjdmt QMOEXOZ., oll`wnmf suggdsseulopplngomts t` sdle*gdrtney tkdnr `wm gdrtnengotds è `rnfnm, oll`wnmf busnmdss oss`gnotn`ms t` nssudedd*bosdh gdrtnengotds è `rnfnm, nmgrdosnmf tkd usd è nme`rjotn`m tdgkm`l`fy*bosdh systdjs è R@@ ohjnmnstrotn`m, omh bdttdr tronmnmf è WJDs t` dmkomgd tkdnr gopognty t` usd EXOs-

5Korj`mnzdh R@@ jdoms tkd sojd rulds è `rnfnm ord opplndh ogr`ss jultnpld EXOs- G`*dquol R@@ jdomsoltdrmotnvd R@@ e`r tkd sojd pr`hugts ord ovonlobld nm om EXO omh dmtdrprnsds ord erdd t` gk``sd bdtwddm tkdj-

Oggujulotn`m è volud g`mtdmt pr`vnsn`ms oll`ws tkd usd è m`m*h`jdstng nmputs er`j o spdgneng dg`m`jy `r frùpè dg`m`jnds +wntk sugk nmputs toadm os `rnfnmotnmf nm tkd EXO portmdr dg`m`jy glonjnmf `rnfnm. os hdtdrjnmnmftkd pr`hugts `rnfnm- Wdd Aowon omh Vnfmoroco +29??.-




?4

7- @MF@NMF JTLXNLOXDROLNSOXN@M DEE@RXW

7-? Dee`rts Vntkùt Wtr`mf Ldohdrs

Nm Dost Osno, tkd dee`rts t` jultnlotdrolnzd Osnom EXOs kovd bddm pursudh wntkùt o rdfn`mol

kdfdj`m os nm tkd gosd è M`rtk Ojdrngo, `r o frùp è str`mf ldohdrs os nm tkd gosd è Dur`pdom nmtdfrotn`m-

Loga è o kdfdj`m `r o bn*p`lor ollnomgd nm Dost Osno

Xkd loga è o rdfn`mol kdfdj`m ns om njp`rtomt g`jplngotnmf eogt`r e`r Dost Osnom rdfn`molnsj- O rdfn`mol kdfdj`m ploys jomy r`lds, but tkd rdldvomt `md kdrd ns os rdfulot`r omh korj`mnzdr è rdfn`mol trohd orromfdjdmts- By tkdnr vdry snzd, tkd TW nm M`rtk Ojdrngo omh t` o ldssdr dxtdmt nm Lotnm Ojdrngo, omh tkd DT nm tkd Dur`*Jdh rdfn`m ogt os g``rhnmot`rs omhkorj`mnzdrs è rdfn`mol trohd orromfdjdmts- E`r dxojpld, tkdy tdmh t` `rgkdstrotd frdotdr g`kdrdmgd nm R@@-

Dost Osno kos tw` lorfd dg`m`jnds‘tkd YRG omh Copom‘but mdntkdr kos djdrfdh os ordfn`mol kdfdj`m nm tkd woy tkot tkd TW omh DT kovd h`md nm tkdnr rdspdgtnvd rdfn`ms- Xkns

g`jplngotds jottdrs snmgd tkd loga è g``rhnmotn`m omh gdmtrolnzdh `rgkdstrotn`m gom rdsult nm oj`rd j`ttldh sdt è trohd orromfdjdmts- Dee`rts t` jultnlotdrolnzd rdfn`molnsj enmh nt korhdr t` fdtstortdh wkdm m` h`jnmomt ploydr ns nm tkd ldohdrsknp sdot-

Nm Vdstdrm Dur`pd, tkdrd wos m` h`jnmomt kdfdj`m tkot ldh tkd Dur`pdom dg`m`jngnmtdfrotn`m pr`gdss- Xkd `rnfnmol snx jdjbdrs è tkd Dur`pdom Dg`m`jng G`jjumnty‘tkd tkrddBdmdlux motn`ms, Eromgd, Fdrjomy, omh Ntoly‘e`rjdh o g`rd frùp tkot dvdmtuolly ldh t` tkdgrdotn`m è o snmfld joradt, tkd DT, omh tkd dur` ordo- Nm tkns g`mtdxt, o bn*p`lor ollnomgd e`rjdhby Eromgd omh Fdrjomy ploydh o grntngol r`ld nm strdmftkdmnmf tkd snx*gùmtry g`rd frùp-

Nm Dost Osno, oltkùfk mdntkdr tkd YRG m`r Copom joy ploy o kdfdj`m r`ld, tkd tw` gùmtrndskovd m`t e`rfdh o bn*p`lor ollnomgd, g`jporobld t` tkd Eromg`*Fdrjom ollnomgd nm Dur`pd, tòggdldrotd rdfn`mol trohd omh nmvdstjdmt nmtdfrotn`m- Hdspntd tkd hneengult bnlotdrol p`lntngol

rdlotn`msknp, tkd YRG omh Copom joy eurtkdr hddpdm tkdnr dg`m`jng rdlotn`msknp nmgluhnmf tkde`rjotn`m è o trnlotdrol EXO nmv`lvnmf A`rdo- But nt joy toad s`jd tnjd bde`rd tkdy stort t` tknmasdrnùsly obùt tkd njp`rtomgd è tkdnr bn*p`lor ollnomgd-

Djdrfdmgd è OWDOM os tkd rdfn`mol “kub‚

Xkd loga è o rdfn`mol kdfdj`m `r o bn*p`lor ollnomgd bdtwddm Copom omh tkd YRG kos, byhdeoult, ldh t` OWDOM ploynmf o ady g``rhnmotnmf omh g`mvdmnmf r`ld `m trohd +omh `tkdr. nssudsnm Dost Osno- OWDOM kos djdrfdh os o moturol “kub‚ e`r jultnlotdrolnznmf Dost Osnom EXOs-Enrst, nt kos o l`mf, suggdsseul troga rdg`rh os tkd “g`mvdmdr‚ è hnsgussn`ms `m Osnom trohdorromfdjdmts- Nm portngulor, tkd OWDOM*ldh tolas +OWDOM!7, OWDOM!5, Dost Osno Wujjnt,dtg-. ord olrdohy o e`rjol, wdll*oggdptdh edoturd è tkd hnpl`jotng lomhsgopd- Wdg`mh, OWDOMkos systdjotngolly dmfofdh tkd joc`r trohnmf portmdrs dntkdr dxplngntly os nm tkd gosd è tkd

YRG, Copom, A`rdo, Nmhno, Oustrolno, omh Mdw Sdolomh, omh tkd DT `r ldss hnrdgtly‘omhs`jdtnjds nmhnvnhuolly‘nm tkd gosd è tkd TW- Xknrh, bdgousd ady pr`hugtn`m mdtw`ras ordr``tdh nm OWDOM omh joc`r dg`m`jnds ord lnmanmf t` OWDOM vno OWDOM!? EXOs, tkdrd ns omdg`m`jng omh g`jjdrgnol l`fng boganmf tkd r`ld tkot OWDOM kos bddm ploynmf-

Bdy`mh trohd nssuds, OWDOM kos bddm obld t` sdgurd o g`rd p`sntn`m nm tkd OWDOM!7 pr`gdssportngulorly e`r enmomgnol g``pdrotn`m, tkd mdwly grdotdh Dost Osno Wujjnt +DOW, `r OWDOM!;.pr`gdss e`r wnhdr dg`m`jng omh p`lntngol nssuds, omh tkd OWDOM Rdfn`mol E`ruj e`r sdgurntyorromfdjdmts- Xkd OWDOM!7 ldohdrs ofrddh nm 2998 tkot tkd dstoblnskjdmt è om Dost Osnom




?5

g`jjumnty ns o l`mf*tdrj `bcdgtnvd, wntk tkd e`rjotn`m è om Dost Osnom EXO omh om Dost OsnoNmvdstjdmt Ordo- Vkdm tkd YRG omh Copom, rdspdgtnvdly, pr`p`sdh om Dost Osno Erdd Xrohd

Ordo +DOEXO oj`mf OWDOM!7 gùmtrnds. omh o G`jprdkdmsnvd Dg`m`jng Yortmdrsknp e`r Dost Osno +GDYDO oj`mf OWDOM!5 gùmtrnds. e`r Dost Osno, omh gùlh m`t ofrdd `m wkngk`md t` pursud, OWDOM suffdstdh o mdw g`mgdpt, tkd OWDOM Erojdw`ra e`r o Rdfn`molG`jprdkdmsnvd Dg`m`jng Yortmdrsknp +RGDY., by hd eogt` supp`rtnmf tkd OWDOM!5 opprògk,

wkngk tkd YRG oggdptdh-

7-2 OWDOM, OYDG, omh OWDOM! Dee`rts

Dost Osno kos tw` rdfn`mol nmstntutn`ms tkot kdlp g``rhnmotd omh eognlntotd g``pdrotn`m‘OWDOM,wkngk hotds boga j`rd tkom 84 ydors, omh OYDG, wkngk wos grdotdh ot tkd dmh è tkd ?>;9s-

Oltkùfk vdry hneedrdmt, tkd dxnstdmgd è tkdsd tw` `rfomnzotn`ms pr`vnhds o e`ruj e`r jultnlotdrol g`msultotn`m omh g``pdrotn`m-

OWDOM Dg`m`jng G`jjumnty

Dost Osno„s trohd jultnlotdrolnzotn`m pr`gdss bdfom wntk OWDOM omh nts strdmftkdmnmf è dg`m`jng nmtdfrotn`m oj`mf tkd hnvdrsd jdjbdr stotds- Tmhdr OEXO, tkd snx `rnfnmol

snfmot`rnds dlnjnmotdh tornees olt`fdtkdr by 29?9 omh tkd eùr mdwg`jdrs ord dxpdgtdh t` h` s`by 29?4- Kovnmf ols` oh`ptdh tkd OWDOM Erojdw`ra Ofrddjdmt `m Wdrvngds +OEOW. nm ?>>4omh tkd OWDOM Nmvdstjdmt Ordo +ONO. nm ?>>;, OWDOM bdfom tkd OWDOM Dg`m`jngG`jjumnty bunlhnmf nmntnotnvd t` joad OWDOM o snmfld joradt omh pr`hugtn`m bosd by 29?4- Nmj`vnmf nm tkns hnrdgtn`m, OWDOM jdjbdrs oh`ptdh tkd “OWDOM Gkortdr‚ t` dstoblnsk tkd frùpos o rulds*bosdh ldfol pdrs`molnty, njpr`vd tkd hdgnsn`m*joanmf pr`gdss, omh oggdldrotddg`m`jng nmtdfrotn`m-

Xkns wk`ld pr`gdss è rdfn`mol dg`m`jng nmtdfrotn`m, wkngk ns dxpdgtdh t` rdsult nm tkd OWDOMDg`m`jng G`jjumnty +ODG., kos e`rgdh nts jdjbdr stotds t` g``rhnmotd `m lnbdrolnzotn`m è trohd nm f``hs omh sdrvngds omh è nmvdstjdmt- @mgd tkd ODG ns dstoblnskdh, OWDOM bdg`jdso j`rd nmtdfrotdh, g`kdrdmt rdfn`m omh gom j`rd dosnly w`ra wntk fl`bol ploydrs e`r hddpdr

fl`bol lnmas-OYDG„s `pdm rdfn`molnsj

Dstoblnskdh nm ?>;>, OYDG kos dmgùrofdh trohd omh nmvdstjdmt lnbdrolnzotn`m nm o v`lumtoryomh umnlotdrol eoskn`m os o troms*rdfn`mol e`ruj wntk tkd bosng prnmgnpld è “`pdm rdfn`molnsj-‚

OYDG kos ols` e`gusdh `m trohd omh nmvdstjdmt eognlntotn`m, wkngk kos koh snfmnengomt njpogts`m trohd omh nmvdstjdmt el`ws-

OYDG„s umnlotdrol, v`lumtory opprògk kos kdlpdh Dost Osnom dg`m`jnds nm rdhugnmf tkd JEMtornees‘wntk m`tobld dxojplds bdnmf tkd tkdm m`m*VX@ jdjbdrs, sugk os tkd YRG omhXonpdn,Gknmo- By l`wdrnmf tkd JEM tornee dntkdr t` zdr` `r t` l`w ldvdls e`r jomueogturnmfpr`hugts, sugk os jdgkomngol omh dldgtrngol ports omh g`jp`mdmts- Xkns kos pr`j`tdh nmtro*nmhustry trohd nm tkdsd pr`hugts, wknld rdhugnmf tkd nmgdmtnvds t` usd EXO prdedrdmgds nm

dxp`rtnmf tkdsd pr`hugts-

OYDG kos ols` sddm s`jd tdgkm`grotng j`vds t` “tojd tkd tomfld‚ è EXOs- Xkd j`st m`tobldns tkd Bdst Yrogtngd Funhdlnmds e`r EXOs wkngk pr`vnhd suffdstn`ms e`r “bdst progtngd‚ EXOs-Xkdsd funhdlnmds kovd bddm lnttld usdh but tkd vdry dxdrgnsd kdlps sdmsntnzd motn`ms t` tkdnssuds‘dspdgnolly motn`ms wkngk ord mdw t` tkd EXO fojd- OWDOM ols` kos nmntnotnvds onjdhot korj`mnznmf tkd bnlotdrol hdols- E`r dxojpld, tkd OWDOM Nmvdstjdmt Ordo strnvds t` rdhugdhnsg`rh oj`mf tkd jomy nmvdstjdmt pr`vnsn`ms-




?6

OWDOM!? pr`gdssds

Os kos bddm p`nmtdh ùt ob`vd, OWDOM kos bddm tkd kub e`r OWDOM!? EXOs wntk nts hnol`fudportmdrs- Xkd dxnstdmgd è OWDOM„s rotkdr lnbdrol R@@ kos pr`vnhdh o funhdlnmd tkot rdhugdstkd hdfrdd è orbntrornmdss nm tkd jomy EXOs nm tkd rdfn`m, portngulorly OWDOM!? EXOs-

Xkd “plus*7‚ gùmtrnds kovd toadm s`jdwkot hneedrdmt opprògkds t` tkdnr rdspdgtnvd OWDOM!?

EXOs- Copom kos toadm tkd opprògk t` enrst g`mgluhd g`jprdkdmsnvd bnlotdrol EXOs wntk joc`r OWDOM jdjbdrs nmhnvnhuolly omh tkdm t` e`rfd o g`jprdkdmsnvd OWDOM!? EXO- Copomoh`ptdh tkns opprògk os nts nmtdrdst wos t` grdotd o g`jprdkdmsnvd DYO tkot gopturds jomy“VX@*plus‚ nssuds lnad nmvdstjdmt, g`jpdtntn`m p`lngy, nmtdlldgtuol pr`pdrty rnfkts, lob`r j`bnlntyomh stomhorhs, omh `tkdr typds è g``pdrotn`m jdosurds- Xkdsd nssuds vory ogr`ss gùmtrnds,s` Copom hdgnhdh t` f` e`r bnlotdrol DYOs enrst- Xkd prdsdmgd è tkdsd bnlotdrol DYOs eognlntotdhtkd mdf`tnotn`ms è tkd OWDOM‗Copom G`jprdkdmsnvd Dg`m`jng Yortmdrsknp Ofrddjdmt+GDYO. os j`st è tkd eumhojdmtol nssuds koh bddm rds`lvdh wntknm bnlotdrol DYOs- VkotCopom mddhdh t` dmsurd ot tkd lost stofd wos t` joad rdfn`mol gujulotn`m è R@@ ovonlobld e`r oll tkd snfmot`rnds-

Nm g`mtrost, tkd YRG omh A`rdo stortdh t` mdf`tnotd lnbdrolnzotn`m è f``hs trohd, e`ll`wdh by

sdrvngds trohd omh tkdm nmvdstjdmt- Oltkùfk tkd j`holnty wos s`jdwkot hneedrdmt er`j tkdgosd è Copom, tkdsd tw` dg`m`jnds ord dxpdgtdh t` g`jd up wntk g`jprdkdmsnvd “VX@*plus‚EXOs-

7-7 Gujulotn`m è R@@ G`mtdmt Rdqunrdjdmts

Xkd YRG, Copom, omh A`rdo kovd oll njpldjdmtdh `r g`mgluhdh tkdnr OWDOM!? EXOs, omh wdgom enmh R@@ gujulotn`m pr`vnsn`ms nm tkdnr rdspdgtnvd ofrddjdmts +sdd B`x ?.- Xkns ns osnfmnengomt hdvdl`pjdmt nm tkot tkdsd “plus*7‚ gùmtrnds gom bd g`msnhdrdh t` bd hd eogt` os portè OWDOM os eor os R@@ rdfn`mol gujulotn`m ns g`mgdrmdh- Xkns wnll bdmdent nm portngulor tkdpr`hugdrs è tkdsd gùmtrnds omh g`msujdrs nm Dost Osno- Xkd bdmdents t` Copomdsd omh A`rdomjultnmotn`mols ord portngulorly lorfd-

O rdfn`mol R@@ gujulotn`m pr`vnsn`m nmgluhdh nm tkd OWDOM‗Copom GDYO +`r OCGDYO. ns ojoc`r stdp e`rworh nm joanmf om EXO g`mhugnvd t` trohd- Vntk tkd gujulotn`m pr`vnsn`m, oCopomdsd enrj dxp`rtnmf o joc`r g`jp`mdmt +wntk o volud g`mtdmt è, soy, TW(69. t` ntssubsnhnory nm Xkonlomh by usnmf Copom‗Xkonlomh +`r Copom‗OWDOM. DYO prdedrdmgds, gom m`wdxp`rt nts pr`gdssdh pr`hugts, wntk o t`tol volud è (?99, er`j Xkonlomh t` Joloysno by usnmf

OCGDYO omh OEXO dvdm ne tkd volud*ohhdh nm Xkonlomh ns `mly TW(79, n-d-, ldss tkom 89$ è tkdenmol volud*ohhdh rdqunrdjdmt umhdr tkd usuol OEXO GDYX orromfdjdmt- Wugk trohd wùlh m`tkovd bddm p`ssnbld wntkùt o rdfn`mol gujulotn`m pr`vnsn`m-

K`wdvdr, o pr`bldj stnll rdjonms wkdm o Copomdsd enrj wnskds t` dxp`rt nts pr`hugt er`jXkonlomh t` tkd YRG, bdgousd tkd OWDOM‗YRG EXO h`ds m`t rdforh tkns pr`hugt os o rdfn`molpr`hugt‘rotkdr, nt ns g`msnhdrdh t` bd o c`nmt pr`hugt by Copom +69$. omh Xkonlomh +79$.‘omh

kdmgd wùlh m`t bd fromtdh tornee prdedrdmgds- Vkot ns gldorly mddhdh ns tkd mdxt stdp wkdrd tkd“plus*7‚ +`r “plus*5‚. gùmtrnds wntk EXOs wntk OWDOM gom gujulotd volud g`mtdmts oj`mf olltkdnr jdjbdrs-




?;

B`x ?3 R@@ Gujulotn`m Yr`vnsn`ms nm OWDOM!? EXOs

OWDOM ‗Copom GDYO‘Ortngld 2> Oggujulotn`m

• @rnfnmotnmf jotdrnols è o Yorty usdh nm tkd pr`hugtn`m è o f``h nm om`tkdr Yorty skoll bdg`msnhdrdh os `rnfnmotnmf jotdrnols è tkot Yorty wkdrd tkd w`ranmf `r pr`gdssnmf è tkd f``hkos toadm plogd-

OWDOM ‗A`rdo Ofrddjdmt `m Xrohd nm F``hs‘Ruld 6 Oggujulotn`m• Tmldss `tkdrwnsd pr`vnhdh e`r nm tkns Ommdx, o f``h `rnfnmotnmf nm tkd tdrrnt`ry è o Yorty, wkngk

ns usdh nm tkd tdrrnt`ry è om`tkdr Yorty os jotdrnol e`r o enmnskdh f``h dlnfnbld e`r prdedrdmtnoltornee trdotjdmt, skoll bd g`msnhdrdh t` bd `rnfnmotnmf nm tkd tdrrnt`ry è tkd lottdr Yorty wkdrdw`ranmf `r pr`gdssnmf è tkd enmnskdh f``h kos toadm plogd-

OWDOM ‗YRG Ofrddjdmt `m Xrohd nm F``hs +OGEXO.‘Ruld 43 Gujulotnvd Ruld è @rnfnm

• Tmldss `tkdrwnsd pr`vnhdh e`r, pr`hugts wkngk g`jply wntk `rnfnm rdqunrdjdmts pr`vnhdh e`r nmRuld 2 omh wkngk ord usdh nm tkd tdrrnt`ry è o Yorty os jotdrnols e`r o enmnskdh pr`hugt dlnfnblde`r prdedrdmtnol trdotjdmt umhdr tkd Ofrddjdmt skoll bd g`msnhdrdh os pr`hugts `rnfnmotnmf nm tkdtdrrnt`ry è tkd Yorty wkdrd w`ranmf `r pr`gdssnmf è tkd enmnskdh pr`hugt kos toadm plogdpr`vnhdh tkot tkd offrdfotd OGEXO g`mtdmt +n-d-, eull gujulotn`m, opplngobld oj`mf oll Yortnds.`m tkd enmol pr`hugt ns m`t ldss tkom 89$-

Wùrgd3 OHB ORNG EXO Hotobosd-

8- @YXN@MW E@R XKD ETXTRD

Xkdrd ns o str`mf gosd e`r jultnlotdrolnznmf Dost Osnom rdfn`molnsj- Xkd gurrdmt hns`rfomnzotn`mè Dost Osnom trohd orromfdjdmts ns fr`wnmf dvdr j`rd g`jpldx- V`rsd ydt, ne m`tknmf ns h`mdt` “tojd tkd tomfld,‚ tkd `mf`nmf njpldjdmtotn`m è prdedrdmtnol tornee guts g`jbnmdh wntk`vdrloppnmf R@@ omh umdvdm sdgt`rol g`vdrofd p`sds o rnsa t` tkd knfkly deengndmt nmtro*rdfn`moltrohnmf systdj wd kovd t`hoy-

W`jdtknmf just bd h`md- Xkdrd ns o mddh t` bròhdm tkd gùmtry g`vdrofd è EXOs omh t`wdovd tkd jotrnx è bnlotdrol EXOs nmt` o j`rd g`kdsnvd orromfdjdmt- Xkdrd ns ols` o mddh t`

bròhdm tkd ordo è gujulotn`m omh pr`vnhd eognlntotn`m t` kdlp WJDs g`pd wntk g`jpldx R@@-Xkdrd ns ols` o mddh t` hddpdm EXOs nm tdrjs è lnbdrolnzotn`m jdosurds omh p`lngy sg`pd, bynmgluhnmf o wnhd romfd è trohd nm f``hs +b`tk jomueogturdh omh ofrngulturol. omh sdrvngds oswdll os “VX@*plus‚ nssuds‘tkot ns, nmvdstjdmt, lob`r j`bnlnty omh stomhorhs, nmtdlldgtuolpr`pdrty rnfkts, g`jpdtntn`m p`lngy, hnsputd sdttldjdmt, omh tkd lnad- Nmtdrmotn`mol trohd gomm`t bddxpomhdh wntkùt o g`mhugnvd glnjotd e`r nmtdrmotn`mol busnmdss, wkngk nmv`lvds o tnfktly amnttdhpogaofd è gr`ss*b`rhdr j`vdjdmts è f``hs, sdrvngds, gopntol, am`w*k`w, tdgkmngnoms, omhjomofdrs- Wdttnmf tornees t` zdr` snjplnends nmtdrmotn`mol busnmdss, but ns eor er`j sueengndmt-

Xw` eogts g`mhntn`m tkd j`holntnds e`r “tojnmf tkd tomfld-‚ Enrst, Dost Osno dmfofds nm o frdothdol è nmtro*rdfn`mol trohd, but nt ns ols` lnmadh t` tkd rdst è tkd w`rlh, dspdgnolly tkd DT omhTW- E`r tkns rdos`m, trohd orromfdjdmts tkot ord prnjornly nmworh*l`ànmf wnll m`t sdrvd tkdrdfn`m„s g`jjdrgnol nmtdrdst- Xkns njplnds tkot tkd morr`w, nmworh*l`ànmf `ptn`m ns èe tkd tobld-

Wdg`mh, nm tkd obsdmgd è o rdfn`mol kdfdj`m `r o bn*p`lor ollnomgd t` ploy tkd ldohdrsknpr`ld‘os nm `tkdr rdfn`ms‘OWDOM kos djdrfdh os tkd rdfn`mol b`hy j`st enrjly dstoblnskdh osg`mvdmdr è tolas `m rdfn`mol trohd nssuds- Xkns f`ds o l`mf woy t` morr`wnmf h`wm o romfd è j`holntnds e`r jultnlotdrolnznmf Osnom rdfn`molnsj-




?>

8-? Dxtdmhnmf tkd OWDOM! Opprògk

Vkot ns tkd `ptnjol sg`pd e`r OWDOM*gdmtdrdh Osnom trohd orromfdjdmts0 Vknld `tkdr g`menfurotn`ms gom bd dmvnsofdh, tkd e`rjulotn`ms tkot sddj j`st rdldvomt nm tkd jdhnuj rumord enrst tkd g`ms`lnhotn`m è Dost Osnom nmtro*rdfn`mol EXOs nmt` dntkdr om OWDOM!7 EXO +golldhtkd Dost Osno Erdd Xrohd Ordo, `r DOEXO. `r om OWDOM!5 EXO +golldh tkd G`jprdkdmsnvdDg`m`jng Yortmdrsknp nm Dost Osno, `r GDYDO.- Xkd Dost Osnom gùmtrnds nmntnolly gùlh m`tofrdd `m wkngk `md tkdy skùlh pursud bdtwddm YRG*supp`rtdh DOEXO omh Copom*supp`rtdhGDYDO- But enmolly nm 29?2, tkdy ofrddh t` bdfnm mdf`tnotn`ms e`r o RGDY oj`mf tkd OWDOM!5gùmtrnds omh nts enrst mdf`tnotn`m stortdh nm 29?7- Xkd sdg`mh port è tkd e`rjulotn`ms ns e`r sdldgt Osnom dg`m`jnds t` dxtdmh rdlotn`msknps wntk dxtro*rdfn`mol frùps, dspdgnolly tkd TW +`r MOEXO. omh tkd DT- Xkd Xroms*Yogneng Yortmdrsknp +XYY. ns om njp`rtomt vdkngld t` strdmftkdmtkd Osno‗TW trohd rdlotn`msknp-

Gosd e`r o RGDY oj`mf OWDOM!5 gùmtrnds

Gurrdmtly, tkd g`jpldx jotrnx è OWDOM!? EXOs ord nm plogd- W`jd “plus‚ gùmtrnds kovdolrdohy g`jd up wntk, `r ord mdf`tnotnmf e`r, tkdnr bnlotdrol EXOs oj`mf tkdjsdlvds‘lnad tk`sde`r YRG‗Mdw Sdolomh, Copom‗Nmhno, A`rdo‗Nmhno, omh YRG‗Oustrolno- G`jbnmnmf tkdsd

OWDOM!? EXOs omh `tkdr bnlotdrol EXOs oj`mf tkd “plus‚ gùmtrnds, tkd Dost Osnoms gom e`rfdom OWDOM!7 `r om OWDOM!5 EXO- Wugk o g`ms`lnhotn`m è `vdrloppnmf, jultnpld EXOs nmt` osnmfld, rdfn`m*wnhd EXO gom joad o snfmnengomt p`sntnvd g`mtrnbutn`m-

Xkd g`jputobld fdmdrol dqunlnbrnuj +GFD. j`hdls bosdh `m tkd Fl`bol Xrohd Omolysns Yr`cdgt+FXOY. pr`vnhd usdeul nmsnfkt nmt` tkd wdleord fonms er`j oltdrmotnvd EXO sgdmorn`s nm Dost

Osno-6

Mujdrngol rdsults by Aowon omh Vnfmoroco +299;. sk`w tkot tkd tw` Dost Osno*wnhd EXOsgdmorn`s‘OWDOM!7 omh OWDOM!5 EXOs‘èedr jugk lorfdr fonms t` w`rlh nmg`jd tkom omyè tkd tkrdd OWDOM!? EXO sgdmorn`s- Xkdy ols` hdj`mstrotd tkot tkd OWDOM!5 EXOsgdmorn`‘wkngk ns bròhdr nm tdrjs è gùmtry g`vdrofd‘èedrs lorfdr fonms t` w`rlh nmg`jdtkom tkd OWDOM!7 EXO sgdmorn`- Xkns supp`rts tkd rotn`mold e`r o RGDY, wkngk ns dssdmtnollyom OWDOM!5 EXO-

O strotdfy t`worhs o RGDY

Brdoah`wms è tkd w`rlh nmg`jd enfurds e`r tkd OWDOM!7 omh OWDOM!5

EXO sgdmorn`s ols` nmhngotd tkot tkd fonms t` jdjbdrs è tkd EXOs ord snfmnengomt wknld tkdl`ssds t` m`m*jdjbdrs +d-f-, tkd TW. ord rdlotnvdly sjoll-

Xw` eumhojdmtol trohd*èes djdrfd wkdm g`msnhdrnmf tkd OWDOM!5 `ptn`m- @m tkd `md komh,bròhdmnmf tkd lnst è portngnpomts tdmhs t` b``st deengndmgy by rdhugnmf hnsgrnjnmotn`m omhpr`j`tnmf lnbdrolnzotn`m- @m tkd `tkdr komh, hdgnsn`m*joanmf tdmhs t` fdt j`rd hneengult osmujbdrs omh hnvdrsnty è nmtdrdsts rnsd-

Nm Dur`pd, e`r nmstomgd, tkdrd kos bddm o gldor trohd*èe bdtwddm tkd hdptk è nmtdfrotn`m tkotgom bd ogkndvdh omh tkd mujbdr è portngnpomts- Xkd s`lutn`m kos bddm t` kovd o vdry bròhportngnpotn`m nm tkd huty*erdd trohd ordo +oll è tkd DT2;, tkd DEXO motn`ms, omh jomyJdhntdrromdom motn`ms. but t` hrow tkd gnrgld j`rd tnfktly e`r hddpdr nmtdfrotn`m- E`r dxojpld,

erdd j`vdjdmt è f``hs, sdrvngds, pd`pld, omh gopntol opplnds `mly t` tkd DT2;, oltkùfk DEXOmotn`ms portngnpotd nm j`st è tkns vno tkd Dur`pdom Dg`m`jng Ordo ofrddjdmt- Dvdm nmsnhd tkdDT2; tkdrd ord gnrglds- @mly s`jd DT jdjbdrs ord port è tkd gurrdmgy umn`m, omh m`t oll ordjdjbdrs è tkd possp`rt*erdd trovdl z`md am`wm os tkd Wgkdmfdm Ordo-

6Wdd, e`r nmstomgd, Gkd`mf +2994.1 Ylujjdr omh Vnfmoroco +2995.1 Skomf dt ol- +2995.1 omh Aowon omh Vnfmoroco

+299;.-




29

Nm tkd Vdstdrm Kdjnspkdrd, MOEXO wos rdlotnvdly dosy t` mdf`tnotd omh njpldjdmt, but tkdwnhdr Erdd Xrohd Ordo è tkd Ojdrngos wos brùfkt h`wm by om `vdrly wnhd hnvdrsnty è p`sntn`ms-

Nm Dost Osno, t` e`rfd o RGDY oj`mf tkd OWDOM!5 gùmtrnds, s`jd sdqudmgnmf joy bd ordolnstng potk t` toad- Xkns gùlh bd h`md nm tkd`ry by g`ms`lnhotnmf oll dxnstnmf OWDOM!? EXOs,

dvdm wntkùt kovnmf EXOs oj`mf oll tkd “plus*5‚ gùmtrnds- Nmhddh, gurrdmtly tkdrd ns m` snmfldbnlotdrol EXO oj`mf tkd “plus*7‚ gùmtrnds‘tkd YRG, Copom, omh A`rdo +GCA.- Ne tkd ?5gùmtrnds wdrd t` stort mdf`tnotn`ms e`r o RGDY, wntk oll OWDOM!? EXOs nm plogd but wntkùtEXOs oj`mf tkd ady “plus*5‚ gùmtrnds, tkdm nm tkns wk`ld g`ms`lnhotn`m pr`gdss tkd “plus*5‚gùmtrnds wùlh kovd t` mdf`tnotd oj`mf tkdjsdlvds, m`t t` jdmtn`m tkd mddh e`r mdf`tnotn`m t`g``rhnmotd ogr`ss tkd dxnstnmf OWDOM!? EXOs- Xkns ns hòbld, but wùlh bd jdssy-

;

Nm tkd dmh, tkd dxogt stortnmf g`menfurotn`m e`r korj`mnzotn`m dee`rts joy pr`vd ldss njp`rtomt

tkom ns ètdm tkùfkt- Nm `tkdr rdfn`ms, tkd h`jnm` deedgt tdmhs t` brnmf nm motn`ms tkot wdrdnmntnolly rdlugtomt t` portngnpotd- Xkns koppdmdh, e`r nmstomgd, nm Dur`pd wntk tkd Tmntdh Anmfh`j+TA. omh `tkdr Dur`pdom Erdd Xrohd Oss`gnotn`m +DEXO. motn`ms tkot stoydh ùt è tkdDur`pdom Dg`m`jng G`jjumnty +DDG. 5 nmntnolly, but s``m gkomfdh tkdnr jnmhs omh osadh t`

c`nm `mgd nt wos gldor tkot tkd orromfdjdmt wos w`ranmf- Wnjnlorly, Jdrg`sur stortdh sjoll butnts jdjbdrsknp sprdoh os tkd bdmdents è portngnpotn`m omh tkd rnsas è dxglusn`m bdgojdgldordr-

X`sj``tkdm mdf`tnotn`ms e`r o rdfn`m*wnhd EXO, nt wùlh bd prdedrobld ne bnlotdrol EXOs wdrd nmplogd oj`mf oll tkd “plus*5‚ gùmtrnds ol`mf wntk OWDOM!? EXOs- Xkns wùlh eognlntotd tkdmdf`tnotn`ms oj`mf tkd OWDOM!5 gùmtrnds g`msnhdrobly- E`r tkns rdos`m, nt ns vntol e`r tkdYRG, Copom, omh A`rdo t` stort sdrnùs mdf`tnotn`ms oj`mf tkdnr EXOs- Hdspntd p`lntngolhneengultnds, tkd tkrdd gùmtrnds ofrddh nm 29?2 t` loumgk mdf`tnotn`ms `m o GCA EXO-

G`mmdgtnmf Dost Osno wntk tkd TW omh tkd DT

Rdlotn`msknps wntk tkd TW‘omh nmgrdosnmfly wntk tkd DT‘ord grntngol e`r tkd Dost Osnom rdfn`m,b`tk dg`m`jngolly omh p`lntngolly- OYDG rdjonms njp`rtomt e`r Dost Osno omh tkd TW bdgousd ntns tkd `mly jultnlotdrol dg`m`jng e`ruj tkot g`mmdgts tkd TW wntk Dost Osno- Xkd rdgdmt j`vd t`

e`rfd o XYY ns om ottdjpt t` g`mmdgt tkd TW wntk o sdldgt frùp è Dost Osnom dg`m`jndstkrùfk o knfk*quolnty, g`jprdkdmsnvd EXO- Xkd Osno*Dur`pd Jddtnmf +OWDJ. kos m`t bddmogtnvd nm pursunmf trohd omh nmvdstjdmt lnbdrolnzotn`m bdtwddm Dost Osno omh Dur`pd, but nt nstnjd t` g`msnhdr o sgdmorn` e`r lnmanmf Dost Osno wntk tkd DT-

Xkd TW omh Dost Osno

Bnlotdrol EXO tolas stortdh bdtwddm tkd TW omh sdvdrol gùmtrnds nm tkd rdfn`m- Xkdsd kovdbddm g`mgluhdh wntk Wnmfop`rd, Oustrolno, omh A`rdo- O sdrnds è tolas bdtwddm tkd TW omhs`jd è tkd joc`r OWDOM motn`ms‘Xkonlomh omh Joloysno nm portngulor‘wdrd loumgkdh nm2998, but kovd g`jd up ofonmst o vorndty è `bcdgtn`ms by tkd Osnom motn`ms t` tkd TW EXOtdjplotd wkngk typngolly nmgluhds erdd trohd nm tkd TW„s joc`r ofrngulturol dxp`rts os wdll osf`vdrmjdmt pr`gurdjdmt lnbdrolnzotn`m, omh g`mhntn`ms tùgknmf `m lob`r omh tkd dmvnr`mjdmt-

Xkd dxpnrotn`m +nm Cumd 2996. è tkd TW Ohjnmnstrotn`m„s mdf`tnotnmf outk`rnty, am`wm os XrohdYr`j`tn`m Outk`rnty +XYO., kos m`t kdlpdh jottdrs-

Xkd TW kos ohv`gotdh strdmftkdmnmf dg`m`jng tnds oj`mf OYDG jdjbdrs tkrùfk tkde`rjotn`m è om OYDG*wnhd erdd trohd ordo +n-d-, tkd Erdd Xrohd Ordo è tkd Osno YognengQEXOOYZ.- EXOOY gùlh sdrvd os o usdeul stdp nm rdvnvnmf tkd gurrdmtly stolldh H`ko Rùmh

;Nm Lotnm Ojdrngo, e`r dxojpld, rotkdr tkom trynmf t` mdf`tnotd dmtry nmt` MOEXO, Gknld hd eogt` “c`nmdh‚ MOEXO by

snfmnmf sdporotd +but vdry snjnlor. bnlotdrols wntk tkd TW, Gomoho, omh Jdxng`-




2?

trohd tolas `r èedr om oltdrmotnvd “Ylom B‚ s`lutn`m skùlh tkd H`ko Rùmh trohd tolas eonl+Bdrfstdm 29961 Kueboudr omh Wgk`tt 299>.- Grdotn`m è EXOOY wùlh lnadly toad jomy ydors,nmv`lvnmf mdf`tnotn`ms oj`mf oll 2? jdjbdr dg`m`jnds- Fnvdm tkd lorfd mujbdr è OYDGjdjbdrs, o sjolldr frùp jnfkt j`rd suggdsseully nmntnotd tkd pr`gdss-

O sjolldr EXO, tkd XYY, ns ottrogtnmf o fr`wnmf mujbdr è dg`m`jnds syjpotkdtng t` nts fòl è

knfk*stomhorh lnbdrolnzotn`m +Jorakdnj 299;.- XYY stortdh os tkd Yogneng Eùr +Y8. Ofrddjdmt,o plurnlotdrol EXO oj`mf Brumdn Horussoloj, Gknld, Mdw Sdolomh, omh Wnmfop`rd tkot gojdnmt` e`rgd Joy 2995->

Xkd XYY ns ètdm vndwdh os o ady dldjdmt nm o strotdfng TW pnv`t t` Osno- Nt wùlh s`lnhney TWdg`m`jng, p`lntngol, omh sdgurnty lnmas wntk tkd Osno*Yogneng dg`m`jnds e`r euturd hdgohds+F`rh`m 29?2.- Fnvdm nts substomtnol p`tdmtnol bdmdents, XYY wùlh kovd o bdttdr gkomgd è `vdrg`jnmf TW h`jdstng `pp`sntn`m +er`j trohd umn`ms omh tkd TW out`j`tnvd nmhustry. t`trohd lnbdrolnzotn`m tkom wùlh tkd H`ko Rùmh trohd tolas `r mdw bnlotdrol EXOs-

Xkd ofrddjdmt dlnjnmotdh >9$ è oll tornees oj`mf jdjbdr dg`m`jndsup`m dmtry nmt` e`rgd omh wnll g`jpldtdly dlnjnmotd oll trohd tornees by 29?4- Wnmgd tkd TWommùmgdh nm 299; nts nmtdmt t` bdfnm g`jprdkdmsnvd mdf`tnotn`ms wntk tkd Y8 dg`m`jnds t` c`nmtkd ofrddjdmt, snx j`rd gùmtrnds‘Oustrolno, Gomoho, Joloysno, Jdxng`, Ydru, omh UndtMoj‘kovd c`nmdh tkd tolas- Copom ols` c`nmdh tkd mdf`tnotn`ms nm Culy 29?7-

Xkd fòl è tkd XYY wùlh bd t` ogkndvd o g`jprdkdmsnvd 2?st gdmtury EXO g`vdrnmf m`t `mlytornee rdhugtn`ms omh sdrvngds*trohd lnbdrolnzotn`m but ols` o lorfd mujbdr è VX@*plus nssuds‘sugk os g`jpdtntn`m, dmvnr`mjdmtol, omh lob`r stomhorhs, nmtdlldgtuol pr`pdrty, nmvdstjdmt,publng pr`gurdjdmt, somntory omh pkyt`somntory jdosurds, omh tdgkmngol borrndrs t` trohd-Rdforhnmf joradt oggdss, nm prnmgnpld oll tornees ord dlnjnmotdh- M`m*tornee borrndrs t` trohd wnll bdsubstomtnolly rdhugdh omh bdknmh*tkd*b`rhdr rdfulot`ry rde`rjs wùlh bd pursudh t` fuoromtddh`jdstng joradts ord `pdm omh tromspordmt-

Xkd DT omh Dost Osno

Xkdrd ord s`jd snfms tkot tkd loumgk è XYY mdf`tnotn`ms kos ldh tkd DT t` nmtdmsney nts dee`rtsnm tkd rdfn`m- Xkns s`rt è hdedmsnvd EXO, `r h`jnm` deedgt, ns ètdm `bsdrvdh-

Xrohd rdlotn`ms bdtwddm Dost Osno omh s`jd Dur`pdom motn`ms kovd pr`gddhdh ropnhly- DEXOkos olrdohy snfmdh om EXO wntk Wnmfop`rd +2997. omh A`rdo +2995.- Wwntzdrlomh, tkd `mlynmhustrnol dxp`rtdr nm DEXO, m`w kos om DYO wntk Copom omh Xkonlomh, omh ns ot o mdf`tnotn`mstofd wntk Nmh`mdsno omh tkd YRG- Xkd wnllnmfmdss è DEXOms t` ldovd ùt ofrngulturd‘dspdgnolly sdmsntnvd ntdjs sugk os bdde omh rngd‘kos johd nt rdlotnvdly dosy t` enmh g`jj`mfrùmh `m bnlotdrol EXOs wntk Dost Osnom motn`ms- Xkns eogt oufurs wdll e`r tkd jugk j`rdg`jjdrgnolly njp`rtomt trohd pogts tkot tkd DT ns g`mtdjplotnmf, but tkd sntuotn`m ns hneedrdmt-E`ll`wnmf o l`mf trohntn`m f`nmf boga t` tkd G`lh Vor, DEXO ns wnllnmf t` lorfdly nfm`rd p`lntngollysdmsntnvd ospdgts sugk os hdj`grogy, omh s`gnol omh dmvnr`mjdmtol p`lngy-

Nm jnh*2996, tkd DT bdfom EXO mdf`tnotn`ms wntk OWDOM os o wk`ld- Xkdsd tolas kovd bddmg`jplngotdh by tkd eogt tkot tkd DT wùlh kovd trùbld snfmnmf ofrddjdmts wntk m`m*hdj`grotngf`vdrmjdmts, wkngk joy e`rgd tkd DT t` mdf`tnotd wntk tkd j`rd dg`m`jngolly ohvomgdh

OWDOM jdjbdrs- Nmhddh, tolas `m tkd DT„s stomhorh, ldss*tkom*EXO bnlotdrol hdols, s`*golldhYortmdrsknp omh G``pdrotn`m Ofrddjdmts, kovd olrdohy bddm loumgkdh wntk tkd joc`r OWDOMjdjbdrs- Vknld tkd DT ns wnllnmf t` dxgluhd ofrngulturd‘o eogt tkot joads trohd ofrddjdmts

>Xkd XYY, prdvnùsly am`wm os tkd Yogneng Xkrdd Gl`sdr Dg`m`jng Yortmdrsknp +Y7 ‗GDY., oj`mf Gknld, Mdw

Sdolomh, omh Wnmfop`rd, loumgkdh nts enrst mdf`tnotn`ms ot tkd 2992 OYDG Ldohdrs„ Wujjnt- Nm Oprnl 2994, BrumdnHorussoloj c`nmdh, omh tkd `rnfnmol ofrddjdmt wos snfmdh by tkd eùr gùmtrnds nm Cumd 2994- Xkd trohd bl`g tkdm

bdgojd am`wm os tkd Yogneng ‗8-




22

dosndr wntk j`st OWDOM gùmtrnds‘s`jd OWDOM jdjbdrs kovd tkdnr `wm rdsdrvotn`ms,portngulorly g`jjdrgnol g`mgdrms obùt tkdnr knfk*tdgk nmhustrnds- Xkd mdf`tnotn`ms kovd bddmsuspdmhdh, omh OWDOM wnskds t` rdsujd mdf`tnotn`ms oetdr tkd ODG ns loumgkdh nm 29?4-

O suggdsseul g`mglusn`m è om OWDOM‗DT EXO gom b``st tkd p`ssnbnlnty è o lorfdr, troms*rdfn`mol Dost Osno‗DT EXO- @mgd tkd DT c`nms tkd OWDOM!? pr`gdss, nt wùlh bd dosndr t`

bdfnm mdf`tnotn`ms t` e`rj o gr`ss*rdfn`mol EXO bdtwddm tkd OWDOM!5 gùmtrnds omh tkd DT- Ne o RGDY oj`mf tkd OWDOM!5 gùmtrnds ns t` bd e`rfdh by tkdm, nt wùlh bd lnad `md j`rd porty c`nmnmf tkd OWDOM!5 pr`gdss, wkdrd tkd DT wùlh mdf`tnotd wntk tkd “plus*5‚ gùmtrnds- @e gùrsd, tkd wk`ld mdf`tnotn`m pr`gdss wùlh bd dosndr ne tkdsd “plus‚ gùmtrnds olrdohy kohEXOs nm plogd wntk tkd DT‘lnad o A`rdo‗DT EXO +njpldjdmtdh., om Nmhno‗DT EXO +umhdr mdf`tnotn`m., omh o Copom‗DT DYO +umhdr mdf`tnotn`m.-

?9

8-2 Nhdos e`r Jultnlotdrolnznmf Rdfn`molnsj3 Vkot Jnfkt V`ra nm Osno0

Ne o RGDY ns m`t nm plogd, om Dost Osno‗DT EXO mdf`tnotn`m pr`gdss wùlh bd j`rd hneengult os tkd Dost Osnoms wnll kovd t`mdf`tnotd m`t `mly wntk tkd DT but ols` oj`mf tkdjsdlvds- Xkns ns om`tkdr rdos`m wky tkd Dost

Osnom gùmtrnds wùlh bd wdll ohvnsdh t` g`ms`lnhotd tkdnr EXOs nmt` o snmfld, rdfn`m*wnhd EXObde`rd e`rjolly mdf`tnotnmf e`r o lorfdr, nmtdr*rdfn`mol EXO-

Ot tkd Wdptdjbdr 2996 g`medrdmgd kd k`stdh `m tkd nssud è jultnlotdrolnznmf rdfn`molnsj,Yosgol Lojy, Hnrdgt`r Fdmdrol è tkd VX@, gl`sdh tkd g`medrdmgd by stotnmf tkot nt wos tnjd t`j`vd er`j w`rhs t` ogtn`ms- Kd sonh tkot wd koh j`vdh

“… er`j o hnsgussn`m è tkd pr`s omh g`ms è rdfn`mol trohd ofrddjdmts t` o hnsgussn`m `m k`wh` wd g`pd wntk tkot omh k`w h` wd jultnlotdrolnsd tkdsd ofrddjdmts t` fonm b`tk nm g`kdrdmgdomh nm dg`m`jng deengndmgy, tojnmf tkd tomfld, os wd sonh- Omh tkns jdoms, r`llnmf up ùr slddvds omh l`ànmf nmt` jomy &mntty frntty& nssuds os wd kovd t` h` nt nm tkd V`rlh Xrohd@rfomnzotn`m-‚

Kns rdjoras kovd stnjulotdh o f``h hdol è erdsk tknmanmf `m rdfn`molnsj omh k`w tkd VX@skùlh hdol wntk nt- Kdrd wd l`à ot k`w tkdsd nhdos jnfkt tromslotd nmt` tkd Osnom g`mtdxt

+Xobld 6.-Osnom “Xromspordmgy Jdgkomnsj‚ `m EXOs

@md dldjdmt è tkd m``hld*b`wl symhr`jd ns tkd hneengulty è umhdrstomhnmf wkot ns nmgluhdh nmtkd jomy EXOs- Wnmgd tkns am`wldhfd ns dxpdmsnvd t` hdvdl`p but gkdop t` hnssdjnmotd, ntwùlh bd o f``h nhdo t` kovd `md è tkd rdfn`mol b`hnds pr`vnhd tkns rdfn`mol publng f``h- E`r dxojpld, o rdnme`rgdh OWDOM Wdgrdtornot, OYDG Wdgrdtornot, `r, j`rd njjdhnotdly, tkd OsnomHdvdl`pjdmt Boma +OHB., gùlh umhdrtoad stuhnds è tkd EXOs nm tkd rdfn`m nm tkd spnrnt è tkdVX@ Xromspordmgy Jdgkomnsj- Xkd snfmot`ry motn`ms è tkdsd EXOs skùlh, os port è tknsnmntnotnvd, ofrdd t` g``pdrotd eully nm pr`vnhnmf tkd mdgdssory hdtonls, h`gujdmts, omh hoto- Ostkd survdys hnsgussdh ob`vd p`nmtdh ùt, tkns wùlh bd wdlg`jdh by jomy enrjs nm tkd rdfn`m,dspdgnolly WJDs-

J`rd`vdr, fnvdm tkd eost dv`lvnmf moturd è prdedrdmtnol omh umnlotdrol +out`m`jùs.lnbdrolnzotn`m nm tkd rdfn`m, nt jnfkt bd w`rtk rdvnsntnmf tkd joc`r EXO +d-f-, OEXO omh tkdvornùs OWDOM!? hdols. ot rdfulor nmtdrvols, soy dvdry tkrdd ydors- Os port è tkns, tkd rdfn`mol“Xromspordmgy Jdgkomnsj‚ gùlh ploy tkd r`ld è om nme`rjotn`m gldornmf kùsd hdv`tdh

?9DT„s mdf`tnotn`ms wntk Nmhno kovd pr`vdm j`rd hneengult tkom wntk A`rdo +ofrddh omh olrdohy njpldjdmtdh. omhwntk Copom +mdf`tnotn`ms umhdrwoy.-




27

dspdgnolly t` tkd hdtonls è EXOs nmgluhnmf tornees, rulds è `rnfnm, omh hddpdr*tkom*tornee pr`vnsn`ms nm sdrvngds, nmvdstjdmt, omh tkd lnad-

Xobld 63 Nhdos e`r Jultnlotdrolnznmf Osnom Rdfn`molnsj

Xnjnmf3

Ogt`r3

Wk`rt*tdrj Jdhnuj*tdrj

Rdfn`mol B`hnds

+OWDOM

Wdgrdtornot,

OYDG

Wdgrdtornot,

OHB, dtg-.

• Dstoblnsk om Osnom “XromspordmgyJdgkomnsj‚ e`r jonm EXOs, wkngk ploystkd “nme`rjotn`m gldornmf k`jd‚ r`ld nm

Osnom EXOs• Wtort mdf`tnotn`ms `m tw` bdst*progtngd

tdjplotds e`r euturd RXOs1 enrst bosdh `mtkd OWDOM j`hdl +hdvdl`pnmf motn`mEXOs., sdg`mh `m tkd OWDOM!? j`hdl+e`r hdvdl`pnmf*hdvdl`pdh EXOs.

• Oll`w plurnlotdrol gujulotn`m nm R@@

• Yr`p`sd fl`bol erdd trohd nmnmhustrnol f``hs +ot ldost portsomh g`jp`mdmts.

• Mdf`tnotd plurnlotdrolg`mvdrfdmgd è rulds è `rnfnm-

• Oh`pt “dntkdr/`r‚ rulds è `rnfnmt` rdhugd pr`bldjs è `vdrloppnmf rulds

RXOs • Oh`pt 7rh

• Oh`pt hdvdl`pjdmt*erndmhly rulds è `rnfnm wkdrd p`ssnbld

Yorty JEM glousds nm sdrvngdomh nmvdstjdmt pr`vnsn`ms

• Wwntgk t` volud ohhdh rulds è `rnfnm omh njpldjdmt “Ll`yhtornees‚

Nmhnvnhuol

Motn`ms

• G`mtnmud umnlotdrol +`r out`m`jùs.JEM tornee guttnmf1 omh g`msnhdr bnmhnmftkdj nm tkd H`ko Rùmh

• Out`m`jùsly dxtdmh FOXW!g`jjntjdmts t` oll VX@ jdjbdrs

• Mdf`tnotd mdw RXOs bosdh `mrdfn`mol tdjplotds

Wùrgd3 Outk`rs„ opplngotn`m t` Osno è Bolhwnm, Dvdmdtt, omh L`w +299>., Xobld 71 omh Bolhwnm omh Xk`rmt`m +299;.,Xobld 5-?-

X` joad tkns w`ra, tkd OWDOM!5 motn`ms skùlh g`jjnt t` tkd mdw jdgkomnsj omh dmsurd

tkot mdw omh dxnstnmf EXOs ord rdp`rtdh `m tnjd- Vkdrd p`ssnbld, tkns skùlh nmgluhd dxpomhdhhoto rdp`rtnmf, dspdgnolly `m sdrvngds-

Os tkdrd ord olrdohy o mujbdr è dxgdlldmt hotobosds `m tornees, tkns mdw jdgkomnsj„s jonmvolud*ohhdh gùlh g`jd nm tkd ordo è sdrvngds- Tmhdr tkd VX@„s Xromspordmgy Jdgkomnsj,jdjbdrs ord supp`sdh t` subjnt fdmdrol dg`m`jng stotnstngs `m sdrvngds, but m`t mdgdssornlytkd rdfulot`ry p`lngnds omh progtngds tkot g`medr prdedrdmgds `m enrjs er`j EXO jdjbdr gùmtrnds- Fnvdm tkd p`tdmtnol m``hld b`wl nm FOXW! rdfn`mol hdols nm Osno, fotkdrnmf j`rdnme`rjotn`m `m borrndrs t` sdrvngds trohd omh tkd g`jjntjdmts johd nm tkd vornùs EXOs wùlhkdlp “tojd tkd tomfld‚ wntkùt hnrdgtly njpnmfnmf `m jdjbdrs„ erddh`j-

Bdst*progtngd EXO tdjplotds

Nm b`tk Dur`pd omh M`rtk Ojdrngo, tkd prdsdmgd è o kdfdj`m kos kdlpdh korj`mnzd tkdEXOs- Vknld tkdrd ns substomtnol vornotn`m ogr`ss EXOs nm dogk rdfn`m, tkdrd ns ols` g`kdrdmgdnjp`sdh by tkd kdfdj`m, ot ldost `m tkd kub*omh*spàd EXOs snfmdh by tkd kdfdj`m- Xkdg`jjdrgnol njp`rtomgd è tkdsd kub*spàd tnds kos koh tkd am`ga*`m deedgt è ldohnmf tkdspàd*spàd EXOs t` jnjng ady dldjdmts è tkd kdfdj`mng tdjplotd-

Nm tkd obsdmgd è om Dost Osnom kdfdj`m, tkns r`ld kos bddm ploydh by OWDOM- But nm OWDOM!? EXOs, tkd OEXO tdjplotds kovd m`t olwoys bddm usdh, portly bdgousd EXO portmdrsord ètdm hdvdl`pdh gùmtrnds‘lnad Copom omh Oustrolno‗Mdw Sdolomh- Nt ns usdeul, tkdrde`rd, ne `md è tkd rdfn`mol nmstntutn`ms‘sugk os tkd OWDOM Wdgrdtornot +ne nt kos tkd ohhntn`mol




28

rdsùrgds., tkd OYDG Wdgrdtornot, omh tkd OHB‘gom g`jd up wntk v`lumtory bdst*progtngdtdjplotds e`r EXO hnsgnplnmds- Nm tkd Osnom g`mtdxt, tkdrd wùlh mddh t` bd tw` sugk tdjplotds,`md e`r EXOs oj`mf hdvdl`pnmf motn`ms omh om`tkdr e`r EXOs tkot nmv`lvd tkd hdvdl`pdh omhhdvdl`pnmf motn`ms‘omh tkus just bd Ortngld 28 g`jplnomt umhdr VX@ rulds-

@e gùrsd, tkns skùlh bunlh `m tkd OYDG„s dxgdlldmt nmntnotnvd, but j`rd dee`rts ord mddhdh t`

nmhugd hdvdl`pnmf gùmtrnds t` bdg`jd sdrnùs- Xkd OYDG nmntnotnvd kos yndlhdh “j`hdlgkoptdrs‚ `m trohd nm f``hs, tdgkmngol borrndrs t` trohd, tromspordmgy, f`vdrmjdmt pr`gurdjdmt,g``pdrotn`m, hnsputd sdttldjdmt, trohd eognlntotn`m, rulds è `rnfnm, somntory omh pkyt`somntorystomhorhs, omh d*g`jjdrgd- Ogg`rhnmf t` Kueboudr omh Wgk`tt +299>., tkd j`hdl gkoptdrs tdmht` e`ll`w gkoptdrs è tkd TW‗Gknld EXO omh tkd TW‗Oustrolno EXO- Xkdsd outk`rs ols` m`td tkottkd OYDG w`ra kos koh lnttld njpogt os motn`ms kovd g`mtnmudh t` e`ll`w motn`mol tdjplotds-

Kdlpnmf ldost*hdvdl`pdh Osnom gùmtrnds wntk rdfn`molnsj„s gkolldmfds

Xkd m``hld b`wl ns j`rd è o pr`bldj e`r p``r omh sjoll motn`ms snmgd tkdy ord strufflnmf t`dmtdr tkd g`jpdtntn`m e`r nmvdstjdmts omh tdgkm`l`fy tkot wnll dmobld tkdj t` portngnpotd nm tkd

Osnom pr`hugtn`m mdtw`ras-

@md nhdo wùlh bd t` dmgùrofd Osnom motn`ms wkngk snfm EXOs wntk tkd ldost*hdvdl`pdh Osnom

motn`ms t` suspdmh `r frdotly snjplney R@@- Xkd bosng nhdo ns snjpld- Xkd e`rjol rdos`m e`r R@@ ns t` ov`nh tornee erouh, d-f-, f``hs johd nm Copom bdnmf njp`rtdh huty erdd nmt`, soy, tkdYRG vno, soy, Lo` YHR +wkdm b`tk Copom omh tkd YRG kovd EXOs wntk Lo` YHR but m`t wntkdogk `tkdr.- K`wdvdr, ne Lo` YHR nm tkns dxojpld kos knfkdr JEM tornees tkom tkd YRG‘wkngkns tkd gosd e`r jomy f``hs‘tkdm m` enrj wùlh kovd om nmgdmtnvd t` hnvdrt njp`rts vno Lo` YHRe`r tkd purp`sds è ov`nhnmf tornees- X` oll`w Lo` YHR t` dmc`y tkd bdmdents è trohd, nts EXOportmdrs joy suspdmh `r snjplney R@@-

O sdg`mh port è tkns g`mgdrms rulds è gujulotn`m- Om njp`rtomt port è nmhustrnolg`jpdtntnvdmdss nm t`hoy„s w`rlh ns om deengndmt supply gkonm- E`r sjoll motn`ms, dspdgnolly sjollhdvdl`pnmf motn`ms, tkns jdoms njp`rtnmf jomy è tkd ports omh g`jp`mdmts usdh nm tkdnr jomueogturdh dxp`rts- Bnlotdrol gujulotn`m rulds knmhdr deengndmt sùrgnmf è ports omhg`jp`mdmts omh tkus hnsgùrofd nmhustrnolnzotn`m nm sjoll, hdvdl`pnmf motn`ms- Os m`tdh ob`vd,jomy è tkd Dost Osnom EXOs kovd bddm gordeul t` oll`w bròh gujulotn`m rulds, tkd jonmjnssnmf lnmas g`mgdrm njp`rts er`j tkd YRG, Copom, omh A`rdo- Wnmgd Copom omh A`rdo ord tkdjonm sùrgds è jomy ports omh g`jp`mdmts, tkd loga è gujulotn`m `m om OWDOM!5 bosnsknmhdrs ùtsùrgnmf t` tkd ldss hdvdl`pdh Osnom motn`ms- J`rd`vdr, wknld tkd bosng OWDOMR@@ olrdohy oll`w e`r rdfn`mol gujulotn`m, tkdrd ns o jnmnjuj volud*ohhdh ruld +29$. e`r portspurgkosdh nm OEXO bde`rd tkd ports„ volud gom bd usdh e`r tkd OEXO 89$ UG ruld- E`r ldosthdvdl`pdh motn`ms‘lnad Gojb`hno, Lo` YHR, omh Jyomjor‘tkns g`mhntn`m gùlh bd rdloxdh-

Obumhomt rdsdorgk sk`ws tkot R@@ gom bd vdry rdstrngtnvd‘omh dspdgnolly trohd*hojpdmnmf‘wkdm tkdy ord g`jbnmdh wntk rdstrngtnvd “rulds è gujulotn`m-‚ Bròhdmnmf tkdsd rulds è gujulotn`m gom rdhugd tkd rdstrngtnvdmdss è rdfn`molnsj-

Korj`mnznmf R@@

@md vdry lorfd ordo nm wkngk pr`frdss gùlh bd johd wùlh bd t` dmgùrofd rdfn`molkorj`mnzotn`m è R@@- O f``h dxojpld gom bd eùmh nm tkd Vdstdrm Kdjnspkdrd- Gurrdmtly,Dost Osno ns joradh by h`zdms è hneedrdmt sdts è R@@- Fl`bolly, tkdrd ord tkrdd bròh eojnlnds+Dstdvohd`rhol, Korrns, omh Wu`jnmdm 2996.- Xkd `lhdst eojnly ns tkd Lotnm Ojdrngom Nmtdfrotn`m

Oss`gnotn`m R@@ tkot ord m`t vdry rdstrngtnvd, omh tkd j`hnendh e`rj kos bddm djbrogdh by tkddg`m`jngolly lorfd Jdrg`sur trohd bl`g- Ot tkd `tkdr dxtrdjd è tkd g`jpldxnty/rdstrngtnvdmdsssgold ord tkd MOEXO R@@ omh tkdnr opplngotn`m t` jomy bnlotdrols snfmdh by tkd MOEXOms- @md




24

stdp t`worh jultnlotdrolnznmf Osnom rdfn`molnsj wùlh bd t` dmgùrofd tkd korj`mnzotn`m è R@@ e`r OWDOM gùmtrnds-

Xknrh porty JEM glousds

Jomy EXOs g`mtonm wkot jnfkt bd golldh out`jotng omtn*“spofkdttn b`wl‚ glousds- Xkdsdomtngnpotd tkd lnadlnk``h tkot tkd snfmnmf motn`ms wnll snfm j`rd EXOs wntk tknrh portnds- Xkd

glousds ofrdd t` out`jotng ohcustjdmts t` tkd `rnfnmol EXO- Wnmgd tkdsd glousds tdmh t` fnvdtkd sojd hdfrdd è oggdss t` oll portnds, tkdy rdhugd tkd p`ssnbnlnty tkot snfmnmf j`rd EXOs wnlljoad tkd rdfn`m om dvdm j`rd g`jplngotdh dmvnr`mjdmt e`r busnmdssds-

Xkd glossng dxojplds ord tknrh Yorty JEM glousds +ols` golldh “m`m*porty JEM‚., ètdm eùmh nmsdrvngds EXOs- Xkdsd soy, nm dssdmgd, “wkotdvdr prdedrdmgd dntkdr è us fnvds t` s`jd`md dlsdnm tkd euturd wnll bd out`jotngolly dxtdmhdh t` dogk `tkdr-‚ Nmstdoh è dogk mdw EXO ohhnmf omdw stromh è spofkdttn, tkd tknrh porty JEM joads nt nmt` om dvdry dxpomhnmf “losofmo plotd-‚Gurrdmtly, ofrddjdmts nmgluhd sugk glousds e`r `mly gdrtonm prdedrdmgds, jonmly `m sdrvngds omhf`vdrmjdmt pr`gurdjdmt- K`wdvdr, j`rd dxtdmsnvd usd gùlh kdlp tojd tkd tomfld-

Tmnlotdrol lnbdrolnzotn`m

Xkd j`st `bvnùs omh deedgtnvd port è umnlotdrol omtn*“m``hld b`wl‚ p`lngy ns tkd out`m`jùsguttnmf è opplndh JEM tornee rotds- Xkns progtngd ns olrdohy vdry wnhdsprdoh nm Dost Osno, omh ntkos bddm pursudh wntknm OYDG os umnlotdrol, v`lumtory lnbdrolnzotn`m wkngk gom bd dmc`ydh m`t`mly by OYDG jdjbdrs but by m`m*jdjbdrs os wdll- Nt skùlh bd dmgùrofdh j`rd- Nt gùlhols` bd usdeully opplndh t` tkd OWDOM!? motn`ms- K`wdvdr, umnlotdrol lnbdrolnzotn`m joy eogdnmgrdosnmf hneengultnds bdgousd f`vdrmjdmts joy bd j`rd wnllnmf t` pr`vnhd joradt oggdss tè`rdnfm trohd portmdrs tkrùfk EXO trohd mdf`tnotn`ms-

Vknld umnlotdrol tornee guttnmf kos ottrogtdh o f``h hdol è ottdmtn`m, trohd eognlntotn`m jdosurdsgom kovd deedgts snjnlor t` tk`sd è umnlotdrol lnbdrolnzotn`m nm tdrjs è rdhugnmf g`sts è gr`ssb`rhdr trohd- O snjnlor j`vd ns umhdrwoy nm gdrtonm typds è sdrvngds, dspdgnollynmerostrugturd omh tromsp`rt sdrvngds tkot ord usdeul t` jomueogturnmf dxp`rts-

Om Osno*wnhd erdd trohd z`md e`r nmhustrnol f``hsNm jomy sdgt`rs, opplndh tornees ord quntd l`w‘dspdgnolly nm tkd jdgkomngol omh dldgtrngoljogknmdry sdgt`rs- Ne tkd DT‗OWDOM EXO tolas suggddh, w`rlh trohd nm tkdsd f``hs wnll bd vdrygl`sd t` huty erdd- Xkns jnfkt pr`vnhd tkd `pp`rtumnty t` mdf`tnotd om EXO*lnad ofrddjdmtg`vdrnmf oll è Dost Osno, `r dvdm tkd w`rlh-

4- G@MGLTHNMF RDJORAW

Xkdrd kos olwoys bddm o str`mf gosd e`r korj`my nm Dost Osnom rdfn`molnsj omh tkdhdvdl`pjdmt è “Eogt`ry Osno‚ strdmftkdms tkd gosd- Dost Osno ns ot prdsdmt joradh by otk`rùfkly nmtdrhdpdmhdmt mdtw`ra è trohd omh nmvdstjdmt‘o mdtw`ra wkngk ns m`w grntngol t`

tkd nmhustrnol g`jpdtntnvdmdss è oll motn`ms nm tkd rdfn`m- Xkd umnqud edoturds è tkd rdfn`m,k`wdvdr, jdomt tkot rdfn`molnsj hdvdl`pdh ol`mf joradt*hrnvdm lnmds e`r hdgohds rotkdr tkomol`mf tkd j`rd trohntn`mol e`rjol*EXO lnmds- Xkns kos gkomfdh nm tkd mdw gdmtury-

Dost Osno kos f`md er`j o rdfn`m wntk olj`st m` EXOs t` o rdfn`m wntk t`` jomy t` gùmt- Xknsdxpl`sn`m è trohd orromfdjdmts kos hdvdl`pdh wntkùt omy `rfomnzotn`mol plom, funhnmfprnmgnplds, `r hd eogt` kdfdj`m- Xkd rdsult kos bddm o hns`rfomnzdh sdt è hnssnjnlor trohdhdols‘tkd eojùs m``hld b`wl pr`bldj- Wnmgd j`st è tkd EXOs kovd `mly rdgdmtly bddmsnfmdh, tkd ogtuol hdfrdd è hnsgrnjnmotn`m kos `mly rdgdmtly bdfum t` bntd- Os o g`msdqudmgd,




26

RDEDRDMGDW

Bolhwnm, R- 2996- Jomofnmf tkd M``hld B`wl3 Xkd Erofnlnty è Dost Osnom Rdfn`molnsj- OHBV`ranmf Yopdr Wdrnds `m Rdfn`mol Dg`m`jng Nmtdfrotn`m M`- 6- Jomnlo3 OsnomHdvdl`pjdmt Boma-

Bolhwnm, R-, W- Dvdmdtt, omh Y- L`w- 299>- Bdy`mh Xornees3 Jultnlotdrolnsnmf M`m*tornee RXOG`jjntjdmts- Nm3 Jultnlotdrolnsnmf Rdfn`molnsj3 Gkolldmfds e`r tkd Fl`bol Xrohnmf Wystdj, dhntdh by R- Bolhwnm omh Y- L`w- Gojbrnhfd, TA3 Gojbrnhfd TmnvdrsntyYrdss-

Bolhwnm, R-, omh Y- Xk`rmt`m- 299;- Jultnlotdrolnsnmf Rdfn`molnsj3 Nhdos e`r o VX@ Ogtn`m Ylom`m Rdfn`molnsj- L`mh`m3 Gdmtdr e`r Dg`m`jng Y`lngy Rdsdorgk-

kttp3//www-wt`-`rf/dmflnsk/trot`pPd/rdfn`mPd/g`medrdmgdPsdpt96Pd-ktj-

Bomho, @-F-H-, omh C- Vkolldy- 2994- Bdy`mh F``hs omh Wdrvngds3 G`jpdtntn`m Y`lngy,Nmvdstjdmt, Jutuol Rdg`fmntn`m, J`vdjdmt è Ydrs`ms, omh Bròhdr G``pdrotn`mYr`vnsn`ms è Rdgdmt EXOs nmv`lvnmf OWDOM Gùmtrnds- MBDR V`ranmf Yopdr Wdrnds ??272 +Jorgk.- Gojbrnhfd, JO3 Motn`mol Burdou è Dg`m`jng Rdsdorgk-

Bdrfstdm, G-E- 2996- X`worh o Erdd Xrohd Ordo è tkd Osno Yogneng- Y`lngy Brndes nm Nmtdrmotn`mol Dg`m`jngs YB96‗92 +Wdptdjbdr.- Vosknmft`m, HG3 Ydtdr F- Ydtdrs`m Nmstntutd e`r Nmtdrmotn`mol Dg`m`jngs-

Gkd`mf, N- 2994- Dstnjotn`m è Dg`m`jng Deedgts è EXOs nm Dost Osno‘GFD Opprògk- Nm3 Dost Osnom Dg`m`jng Rdfn`molnsj3 Edosnbnlntnds omh Gkolldmfds, dhntdh by G-^- Okm, R-Bolhwnm, omh N- Gkd`mf- H`rhrdgkt, Xkd Mdtkdrlomhs3 Wprnmfdr-

Gkd`mf, N-, omh C- Gk`- 2996- Joradt Oggdss nm EXOs3 Ossdssjdmt Bosdh `m Rulds è @rnfnmomh Ofrngulturol Xrohd Lnbdrolnzotn`m- RNDXN Hnsgussn`m Yopdr Wdrnds 96*D*9?5 +Jorgk.-Xày`3 Rdsdorgk Nmstntutd è Dg`m`jy, Xrohd omh Nmhustry-

Gknrotknvot, W- 299;- Xkonlomh„s Wtrotdfy t`worh EXOs nm tkd Mdw G`mtdxt è Dost OsnomDg`m`jng Nmtdfrotn`m- O popdr prdsdmtdh t` tkd “Osnom ‛M``hld B`wl‚ G`medrdmgd omh

Xdgkmngol V`rask`p `m Njpogts è EXOs `m Busnmdss Ogtnvnty nm Dost Osno,‚ `rfomnzdhby OHB‗OHBN‗DRNO, kdlh nm Xày` `m ?6‗?; Culy-

Dstdvohd`rhol, O-, C- Korrns, omh A- Wu`jnmdm- 299>- Korj`mnznmf Yrdedrdmtnol Rulds è @rnfnmRdfnjds orùmh tkd V`rlh- Nm3 Jultnlotdrolnsnmf Rdfn`molnsj3 Gkolldmfds e`r tkd Fl`bol Xrohnmf Wystdj, dhntdh by R- Bolhwnm omh Y- L`w- Gojbrnhfd, TA3 GojbrnhfdTmnvdrsntyYrdss-

F`rh`m, B-A- 29?2- Xrohnmf up nm Osno3 Vky tkd Tmntdh Wtotds Mddhs tkd Xroms*YognengYortmdrsknp- E`rdnfm Oeeonrs +Culy/Oufust.-


Kueboudr, F-, omh C- Wgk`tt- 299>- Enttnmf Osno*Yogneng Ofrddjdmts nmt` tkd VX@ Wystdj- Nm3Jultnlotdrolnznmf Rdfn`molnsj3 Gkolldmfds e`r tkd Fl`bol Xrohnmf Wystdj, dhntdh by R-

Bolhwnm omh Y- L`w- Gojbrnhfd, TA3 Gojbrnhfd TmnvdrsntyYrdss-

Cojds, V-D- 2995- Rulds è @rnfnm nm Djdrfnmf Osno*Yogneng Yrdedrdmtnol Xrohd Ofrddjdmts3Vnll YXOs Yr`j`td Xrohd omh Hdvdl`pjdmt0 ORXMdX V`ranmf Yopdr Wdrnds M`- ?>+Oufust.- Bomfaà3 Osno*Yogneng Rdsdorgk omh Xronmnmf Mdtw`ra `m Xrohd, TMDWGOY-


Aowon, J-, omh F- Vnfmoroco- 299;- DOEXO `r GDYDO3 Vkngk Voy E`rworh0 OWDOM Dg`m`jng Bulldtnm 24+2.+Oufust.3 ??7‗?7>-

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/conference_sept07_e.htm












Aowon, J-, omh F- Vnfmoroco- 299>- Jultnlotdrolnznmf Rdfn`mol Xrohd Orromfdjdmts nm Osno- Nm3Jultnlotdrolnznmf Rdfn`molnsj3 Gkolldmfds e`r tkd Fl`bol Xrohnmf Wystdj, dhntdh by R-Bolhwnm omh Y- L`w- Gojbrnhfd, TA3 Gojbrnhfd TmnvdrsntyYrdss- kttp3//www-wt`-`rf/dmflnsk/trot`pPd/rdfn`mPd/g`medrdmgdPsdpt96Pd-ktj-

Aowon, J-, omh F- Vnfmoroco- 29??- Osno„s Erdd Xrohd Ofrddjdmts3 K`w Ns Busnmdss

Rdsp`mhnmf0 Gkdltdmkoj, TA3 Dhworh Dlfor Yublnsknmf-Aowon, J-, omh F- Vnfmoroco- 29?7- Yottdrms è EXOs nm Osno3 O Rdvndw è Rdgdmt Dvnhdmgd-

Y`lngy Wtuhnds 54- K`m`lulu, KN3 Dost*Vdst Gdmtdr-

Ldd, G-C-, K-F- Cd`mf, K-W- Anj, omh K-A- Bomf- 2995- Er`j Dost Osnom EXOs t` om DOEXO3Xyp`l`fy è Dost Osnom EXOs omh Njplngotn`ms e`r om DOEXO- Y`lngy Omolysds 95‗9?+Hdgdjbdr.- Wdùl3 A`rdo Nmstntutd e`r Nmtdrmotn`mol Dg`m`jng Y`lngy-

Jomgknm, J-, omh O-@- Ydlajoms*Bolo`nmf- 2996o- Gl`tkds wntkùt om Djpdr`r3 Omolysns è tkdYrdedrdmtnol Xornees nm OWDOM- Gdmtr` Wtuhn Lugo H„oflnom`, Hdvdl`pjdmt WtuhndsV`ranmf Yopdr M`- 227- Comuory-

Jomgknm, J-, omh O-@- Ydlajoms*Bolo`nmf- 2996b- Rulds è @rnfnm omh tkd Vdb è Dost OsnomErdd Xrohd Ofrddjdmts- V`rlh Boma Y`lngy Rdsdorgk V`ranmf Yopdr 8267 +Culy.-Vosknmft`m, HG3 V`rlh Boma-

Jorakdnj, H- 299;- Ojdrngo Wkùlh Wupp`rt tkd Xroms*Yogneng Wtrotdfng Dg`m`jng Yortmdrsknp- Vdb Jdj` 2?6; +Hdgdjbdr.- Vosknmft`m, HG3 Kdrntofd Eùmhotn`m-

Ylujjdr, J- 2996- Bdst Yrogtngds nm Rdfn`mol Xrohd Ofrddjdmts3 Om Opplngotn`m t` Osno- V`rlh Dg`m`jy 79+?2.3 ?,66?‗>5-

Ylujjdr, J-F-, omh F- Vnfmoroco- 2995- Xkd Y`st*Grnsns Wdqudmgnmf è Dg`m`jng Nmtdfrotn`mnm Osno3 Xrohd os o G`jpldjdmt t` o J`mdtory Euturd- Dg`m`jnd Nmtdrmotn`mold ?9634>‗;4-

Th`jwngkonwot, Y- 29?2- Bdst Yrogtngds `m EXO Yr`j`tn`m Y`lngnds3 Xkd Gosd è Xkonlomh-Y`wdrp`nmt prdsdmtotn`m johd ot OYDG V`rask`p `m Nmgrdosnmf EXO Ttnlnzotn`m by

WJDs- Xày`- 6 Oufust 29?2-

Vnfmoroco, F-, R- @lenmh`, V- Yuppkovdso, C- Yompndjros, omh W- @mfanttnaul- 29??- Xkonlomh-Nm3 Osno„s Erdd Xrohd Ofrddjdmts3 K`w Ns Busnmdss Rdsp`mhnmf0, dhntdh by J- Aowonomh F- Vnfmoroco- Gkdltdmkoj, TA3 Dhworh Dlfor Yublnsknmf-

VX@- 29??- Xkd VX@ omh Yrdedrdmtnol Xrohd Ofrddjdmts3 Er`j G`*dxnstdmgd t` G`kdrdmgd-Xkd V`rlh Xrohd Rdp`rt- Fdmdvo, Wwntzdrlomh3 VX@ Wdgrdtornot-

Skomf, ^-, dt ol- 2995- X`worhs om Dost Osno EXO3 J`holnty omh Ròh Jop- O Rdp`rt by C`nmtDxpdrt Frùp e`r Edosnbnlnty Wtuhy `m DOEXO- Coaorto3 OWDOM-



Multilateralizing Asian Regionalism

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