Multifunctional Agriculture and Opportunities for Agroforestry – Implications of IAASTD
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Transcript of Multifunctional Agriculture and Opportunities for Agroforestry – Implications of IAASTD
Multifunctional Agriculture and Opportunities for Agroforestry –
Implications of IAASTD
Roger RB Leakey
James Cook University
Cairns, AUSTRALIA
Food and non-food production
Valuation of environmental
services
Recognition of traditional and
diversified land use
Cultivation and commercialisation
of traditional foods
SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC
Health
Gender equity
Tradition and culture
Soils
Climate
Biodiversity
Income
Marketing
Trade
“inescapable interconnectedness of agriculture’s different roles and functions”
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‘Multifunctional agriculture’ recognizes agriculture as a multi-output activity producing commodities and non-commodity externalities and public goods, such as environmental services, landscape amenities and cultural heritages.
IAASTD
IAASTD: 2005-2008
A new paradigm for agriculture based on a
set of policy issues was approved by 62
governments on April 11th 2008
INTER-GOVERNMENTAL PLENARY, JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA
Assess the Impacts of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology on Environmentally, Socially and Economically
Sustainable Rural Development Worldwide
Thus, in principle, there is acceptance of the need for a new paradigm for agriculture based on the concepts of multifunctionality practice?
Reportsfor details see www.agassessment.org
1 Global Report
5 Regional Reports (Central and West Asia and North Africa; East and South Asia and the Pacific; Latin America and the Caribbean; North America and Europe; and Sub-Saharan Africa)
Synthesis Report (95 pages)
Global Summary for Decision Makers (36 pages)
Regional Summaries for Decision Makers (17-21 pages)
Executive Summary for Synthesis Report (23 pages)
8 Policy Briefs
Breeding
Agricultural inputs
Genetic potential
Yield
Water
Pests, weeds
and diseases
Selection
Soil fertility
Marketing and trade
Tradition and Culture
Global policies
Biotechnology
Other products
Environmental services
Mechanization
Population control
GREEN REVOLUTION
GOAL Hunger
(IAASTD GOAL 1)
Industry
Biotechnology
Cropping system
Agroecosystem diversity
IPM
Public / Private
Partnerships
IAASTD GOAL 3
Livelihoods
IAASTD GOAL 2
Health and Nutrition
IAASTD GOAL 5
Social sustainability
IAASTD GOAL 4
Environmental sustainability
IAASTD GOAL 6
Economic growth
IAASTD calls for the
Evolution of Agriculture
Greater Multi-functionality
The cycle of biophysical and socio-economic processes causing ecosystem degradation and social deprivation
(after Leakey et al., 2005)
The cycle of biophysical and socio-economic processes causing ecosystem degradation, and increased social and economic deprivation (modified from Leakey et al, 2005).
Desire for security and wealth
Unsustainable Cropping
Ecosystem degradation
and soil erosion
Breakdown of Loss of biodiversity nutrient
cycling and loss of soil fertility/ structure
Breakdown of ecosystem function
Increased use of agrichemicals
Loss of crop yields
Pollution of Increased waterways,
Costs aquifers, Hunger and wetlands etc.
malnutrition
Increased health risks
Declining livelihoods, leading to poverty and social deprivation
Regulated by social organizations at the
community level
Deforestation Overfishing Overgrazing
Regulated by social organizations at the national
/ international level
Other external factors: eg. war, disasters, etc.
Loss of income from wildlife and plants
Loss of income from food crops and wildlife
External factors: eg. Entrepreneurs
Increased vulnerability to HIV / AIDS
Regulated by social organizations -
national / international level
Regulated by social organizations at the community level
SCALE OF THE PROBLEM
50% of the world population (3.2 billion) live on less than US$2
per day.
2 billion people are malnourished.
2 billion ha of land are degraded (38% of
world’s crop land).
MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGRICULTURE ‘delivering socially, economically and environmentally sustainable rural
development’ AGROFORESTRY
‘a dynamic, ecologically-based natural resources management system that, through the integration of trees into agricultural systems and landscapes, diversifies and increases production, while simultaneously promoting social, economic and environmental benefits for land users’
Low input and agroecological technologies that contribute to MFA
Low-input, resource-conserving technologies, that are also socially-relevant, pro-poor, approaches to agriculture and build social and natural capital at community and landscape levels include: Organic agriculture, Agroforestry, Conservation agriculture, Ecoagriculture Permaculture.
Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM), Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), Integrated Crop and Livestock Management (ICLM), Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
MFA delivery
Agroforestry, in common with other low-input systems, addresses:
soil fertility management; rehabilitation of degraded farming systems; loss of biodiversity above and below ground; carbon sequestration; soil and watershed protection.
Agroforestry also adds:
useful and marketable tree products for income generation, fuel, food and nutritional security/health and the enhancement of local livelihoods;
complex mature and functioning agroecosystems akin to natural woodlands and forests;
linkages with culture through the food and other products of indigenous trees that are of traditional importance to local people.
Rehabilitate Degraded Land and Restore Soil Fertility
Most poor smallholder farmers cannot afford fertilizers
Well developed and easily adopted ‘Improved fallow’ systems are effective and can raise crop yields 3-4 fold.
Diversification of farming systems to create mature agroecosystems
Environmental sustainability, carbon sequestration and agroecosystem function
Diverse and mature agroecosystems integrate food crops with tree crops
People in Developing Countries still have to provide food, medicines and all their other day-to-day needs for themselves from their natural resources, without any support from social services.
Modern farming systems lack all the species that used to provide all the products needed for everyday survival.
Agroforestry for products and services that meet local and traditional needs
Social sustainability
Well-being, health, nutrition, gender equity, tradition and culture, empowerment, etc.
Recognize the important role of local people, their traditions and culture
Climate change and the Carbon Cost of Agriculture
Agriculture’s ecological footprint includes all the environmental costs of producing the raw materials, energy, machinery, pesticides, fertilizers, etc.
Agroforestry has a low carbon footprint and can reduce emissions of GHGs.Mollison, 1988
AF steps to MFA
Agroforestry has three prime steps to sustainable development:
(i) the restoration of lost productive capacity in farm land, especially degraded land (soil fertility management),
(ii) the creation of new opportunities for greater and more diversified production with enhanced utility and profitability (tree domestication),
(iii) the promotion of value-adding of AFTPs, entrepreneurism and job creation in rural communities (commercialization of agroforestry products).
Step 1. Restoration of Soil Fertility
Step 2. The domestication of a wide range of local species
Natural forests
Common property extractive natural resources forhunter gatherers
Agroforests
Private natural resources cultivated by farmers
Timber Forest plantations
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NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs)
AGROFORESTRY TREE PRODUCTS (AFTPs) (Simons and Leakey, 2004)
Step 3. Commercialization of new products
Agricultural diversification requires commercial diversification
Integration of the 3 steps
to: reduce poverty, malnutrition, hunger and
land degradation.
For example: Closing the ‘Yield Gap’
Step 1 – Improved fallows
Step 2 – Tree domestication
Step 3 – Product commercialization
Outputs and benefits
POVERTY / MALNUTRITION / HUNGER ASSOCIATED WITH DEGRADED FARMLAND AND LOSS OF NATURAL VEGETATION
Cultivation of staple food
crops
Partial restoration of soil fertility and
structure by Biological nitrogen fixation and
organic inputs
Improve yields of staple foods
Free up some land for cash
cropping
Domestication of new cash crops from
indigenous species
Diversify farming system with tree crops
Enhance food and
nutritional security
Improve quality and
yield
Value-adding and processing
Ensure genetic diversity Trade Employment
Income Products for day-to-day
use
Enhance gender equity
Conserve tradition and
culture
Enhance immune
system and health
Improved livelihoods and well-
being
ECONOMIC / SOCIAL / ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH MULTIFUNCTIONAL
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Income from tree products
Restore woody vegetation and
sequester ‘Greenhouse Gases’
Increase biodiversity and restore
agroecological function
Encourage and
conserve wildlife
Purchase fertilizers and other
inputs
Further improve yields of staple food
crops
Income
“Fasten Your Seat Belts”
for a Safari to see Multifunctional Agriculture in
Practice
Agroforestry as the Delivery Mechanism for MFA
MFA in ACTION 1(485 villages / 7100 Farmers + Entrepreneurs, Traders, Microfinance)
5 RRC’s
$
Agroforestry has
improved our lives
My kids are eating fruits
and veg
I’ve improved my house and built a well
My family are healthier and going to
school
I’m buying fertilizers
and have a cow
I’ve decided to be a
nursery man and stay in my village
I’m processing and trading
AFTPs
Agroforestry delivers multiple benefits
31 positive impacts identified
MFA in ACTION 2
Sold 18 tonnes of kernels for
$438,000 in 2004 in Port Vila.
MFA in ACTION 3
PhytoTrade
patent
Figure 3b. Fruit mass of Namibian Marulas from different sites
0
20
40
60
80
N16
N13 N
4N
1N
3N
17N
15 N2
N8
N12
N20 N
7N
10 N5
N14
N19
N11
N18 N
6N
9
N26
N28
N27
N30
N22
N31
N21
N29
N25
N23
N38
N40
N52
N37
N56
N54
N33
N45
N53
N50
N42
N47
N48
N36
N43
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N46
N51
N35
N32
N39
N55
N34
N49
N41
"Wo
nd
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North west North east West
Fru
it m
ass
(g)
Integrated AF Practices
Home garden with orchard trees, vegetables, chickens
Tree fodder bank
Pig
s
Goats
House
Agroforest 3: Cereals and root crops with scattered trees, rotating Improved Fallows and contour hedges
Agroforest 1: Indigenous fruit, nut and timber species at high density (3 x 3m), with medicinal plants and shade crops
Agroforest 2: Indigenous fruit and nut trees at low density (10 x 10m) as shade over cash crops (coffee or cocoa)
Tree nursery
Boundary trees as a windbreak and for wood, timber and fuel
MFA will not be delivered by a single AF system. It will require a series of AF practices integrated across the farm
Public – Private Sector Partnerships
Participatory domestication of Allanblackia spp.
Public-Private-Partnership involving local communities, national and international researchers and Unilever plc.
Kernels contain a hard white fat high in oleic (39-49%) and stearic (52-58%) acids.
GLOBALIZATION LOCALIZATION 1750 ……………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………. 1950 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2000 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Traditional agriculture National research by NARS National extension services NGOs and CBOs Farmer field schools Integrated natural resources management Participatory Rural Appraisal Agroforestry for soil fertility management Agroecology and Integrated Natural
Resources Management Participatory domestication and breeding Fair trade Water-user associations Promotion of indigenous species Equity and gender initiatives Recognition of farmer/community IPR GOAL Multifunctional agriculture Alleviation of poverty, hunger, malnutrition,
land degradation, climate change, etc.
Tropical plantations for export markets International commodity research Green Revolution Agribusiness for fertilizers/pesticides
and seeds Multinational companies for
commodity trade WTO trade agreements Biopiracy Biotechnology Commercial and industrial partnerships in developing countries Multi-national companies engage in Public-Private Partnerships Multi-national companies initiate business partnerships with communities in tropical countries
Breeding
Agricultural inputs
Genetic potential
Yield
Water
Pests, weeds
and diseases
Selection
Soil fertility
Marketing and trade
Tradition and Culture
Global policies
Biotechnology
Other products
Environmental services
Mechanization
Population control
GREEN REVOLUTION
GOAL Hunger
(IAASTD GOAL 1)
Industry
Biotechnology
Cropping system
Agroecosystem diversity
IPM
Public / Private
Partnerships
IAASTD GOAL 3
Livelihoods
IAASTD GOAL 2
Health and Nutrition
IAASTD GOAL 5
Social sustainability
IAASTD GOAL 4
Environmental sustainability
IAASTD GOAL 6
Economic growth
MultifunctionalAgriculture
Agroforestry is poised to be the implementing mechanism
Opportunities for Agroforestry arising out of MFA
Promote agroforestry as a key delivery mechanism for MFA – the proposed new paradigm for agricultural and rural development approved by 62 countries. Use MFA to improve public knowledge and understanding of the importance of agroforestry. Scale up agroforestry R&D to level having significant economic, social and environmental impacts.
Agroforestry has the potential for rapid adoption
• 1.8 billion involved and needy clients
• 1 billion hectares of land
For the adoption of Multifunctional Agriculture, agroforestry represents one of the “low hanging fruits” that can be implemented straight away.
Issues and Challenges raised by IAASTD
Authors were pleased to hear that AF is a contributor to MFA. They expressed their view that agroforesters were rather aloof and poorly integrated with Agriculturalists.
IAASTD process identified that Agroforestry has a PR image problem (100’s of reviewers).
AF = only 50,000 ha and it is well known to be a failure (cf: 1 billion hectares)
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research Research publications
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research Research publications
Transfer to farmers
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research Research publications
Transfer to farmers Adoption
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research Research publications
Transfer to farmers Adoption
Identification and quantification of impacts (QBL)
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research Research publications
Transfer to farmers Adoption
Identification and quantification of impacts (QBL)
Communicate to policymakers
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research Research publications
Transfer to farmers Adoption
Identification and quantification of impacts (QBL)
Communicate to policymakers
Communicate to the public:
TV, Press, Popular magazines
The AF Dissemination Continuum
Research Research publications
Transfer to farmers Adoption
Identification and quantification of impacts (QBL)
Communicate to policymakers
Communicate to the public:
TV, Press, Popular magazines
Primary and Secondary Education
The Challenge is not how to improve the lot of subsistence farmer households at the village level – it is how to scale the process up to tens of millions of people each year to meet the sustainable development goals.
Our ability to achieve this will be enhanced if agroforestry can be seen as the delivery mechanism for Multifunctional Agriculture.