Multidisciplinary Approaches to Reduce the Impact of Corn...
Transcript of Multidisciplinary Approaches to Reduce the Impact of Corn...
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Multidisciplinary Approaches to Reduce the Impact of Corn Aflatoxin on Texas
Dr. Joseph Awika – Food TechnologyDr. David Baltensperger – Soil and Crop SciencesDr. Youjun Deng – Soil MineralologyDr. Joe Dixon – Soil MineralologyDr. Tim Herrman – Grain Science / State ChemistDr. Tom Isakeit – Plant PathologistDr. Mike Kolomiets – Molecular Plant PathologyDr. Kyung-Min Lee – Cereal ChemistryMr. Kerry Mayfield – Corn BreedingDr. Seth C. Murray – Corn BreedingDr. Gary Odvody – Plant Pathologist (Corpus Christi)Dr. Tim Phillips - Toxicology and Food ScienceDr. Wenwei Xu – Corn Breeding (Lubbock)
Funding: Texas AgriLife, Texas Corn Producers Board, USDA, USAID, NSF, many others.
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- Highly toxic compound produced by fungus Aspergillus flavus
- Toxicity at low concentrations:- 20ppb action level / above 500ppb must be destroyed- Potent carcinogen
- Pre-harvest production in corn kernels- Can also occur on corn in storage
What is Aflatoxin?
Dr. Gary Odvody
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Interaction BetweenPathogen, Environment and Plant
Aspergillus flavus spores
Suitable environment
Susceptible host: corn& others
Disease Triangle
Infection / resistance
Vs.aflatoxin
production
Kerry Mayfield
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- Drought / heat stress- High temperature/ low soil moisture- Especially after silking – enter silks- Corn maturation into increasing heat/ stress
- Insects- Primarily Lepidotera- Stalk borers- Corn earworm (CEW), Fall armyworm (FAW)
- Wounding- Aflatoxin accumulation variable:
- Within an ear - maybe a few kernels- Across a field – drought hot spots, field edge
- Late planting increases stress
Environments Favorable for Aflatoxin
Dr. Gary Odvody
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Corn Yields and Aflatoxin
Aflatoxin Loss Liability 2008
Office of the State Chemist Sampling 2008
Kerry Mayfield
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Aflatoxin levels in corn 2009Office of the Texas State Chemist
* The color indicates the highest reported incidence in a county.
≤ 20 ppb50 – 300 ppb300 ppb500 ppb
Dr. Tim Herrman & Dr. Kyung-Min Lee
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Plant Breeding – find andincorporate genes or traitsfor A. flavus resistanceinto hybrids.
Integrated Pest Management –identify agronomic practicesthat reduce A. flavus.
Plant Pathology – identifydisease factors, developcompeting atoxigenic strains.
Remediation – Find binders orprocessing methods to reducethe toxin or toxin absorbance. Food Science/ Veterinary
Nutrition – Identify processingmethods that can reduceaflatoxin.
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Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination• Texas 2008 corn farm gate value = $1billion (13th in Country) • $14 million loss liability from mycotoxins in 2008• Most elite US germplasm is highly susceptible in Texas • Breeding is one of the least expensive and least intensive methods
for reducing aflatoxin contamination • No identified sources of complete resistance to Aspergillus / aflatoxin• Test in multiple environments with inoculation
Percent (%) Acreage with Aflatoxin Claims 2008
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Aflatoxin Resistance Differs Across Corn Inbred Lines and Hybrids
Weslaco
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Genotype
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Genotype Pedigree6 (Tx772/CML326)-B-B5-B-B/ Tester8 LAMA2002-14-B-B/ Tester
Mayfield et al, 2007
Kerry Mayfield
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Corn Breeding Pyramid for Reduced Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination
- Husk Coverage - Long, cover tips- Tight and thick
- Maturity- Flowering time- Days to maturity
- Kernal hardness- Ear nod (ear droop)- Earworm resistance- Drought tolerance
YIELDRow
number Kernel
size
Ear length
LodgingKernel density
StressResistance Stay Green
How do we separate
these various correlated
traits ?
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QTL Mapping - RIL Hybrids
WE Oil
CS Oil
CC Oil
CS Protein
CS Starch
CS Log AF
WE Log AF
WE Nodded Ears
135 RIL Testcrosses (B73o2 x CML 161)College Station , Weslaco and Corpus Christi3 Replications 15 QTL detected in traits
Kerry Mayfield
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Tx714 FR2128 Tx772Tx714 FR2128 Tx772
Aflatoxin levels can be reduced by deleting a lipoxygenasegene LOX5 in corn under field conditions in different genetic
backgrounds – natural diversity / non-GMO
Dr. Mike Kolomiets
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Corn ears: rep 5 showing relative yield and insect damage at Corpus Christi, TX in 2006. Conventional hybrids are shown by row and traits are shown in
columnsVT Pro Yieldgard CB Non-Bt
Hyb 3
Hyb 2
Hyb 1
Avg. 646 ppb Avg. 898 ppb Avg. 1220 ppb
Dr. Gary Odvody
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Dr. Tom Isakeit
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Bentonites as Adsorbents
• Economically feasible
• Socially acceptable
• Environmentally friendly
Ines Mulder Maria Guadalupe Tenorio Arvide
Dr. Youjun Deng & Dr. Joe Dixon
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Testing Natural Bentonites for Adsorption Sites and Ability
41 samplesUSA (TX, WY, MS, ID), Australia, Brazil, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Mozambique, Spain, Turkey, South Africa
D-spacing & Adsorption Sites
Poultry test (on going)
Dr. Youjun Deng & Dr. Joe Dixon
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Animal FeedingProtected animals from diet levels as high as 7,500 ppb.
Ghana
Human Supplement
Reduced urine levels of AFM1 after 3-months
intervention
Deliverable Product
Dr. Timothy Phillips
Dioctahedryl Smectite (clay-based enterosorption) therapies for aflatoxins and other food contaminants. - No adverse health effects from consumption of NovaSil clay
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Sampling Procedures are Extremely Important and Limiting
- Very Expensive to measure ( $8 to $100+ / sample)
- Heterogenous within an ear, field, grain bin, shipping container
To make progress:
- Need increased testing speed, accuracy, and sample size while reducing costs
- In research, best inoculation procedures must be followed
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HPLC-Tandem MS Method (Aflatoxin)- Fast, compared with the tradition HPLC-Fluorescence
method
- Specific, quantitative, sensitive (LOQ 0.5 ppb)110309-Diluted in 20% MeOH
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AF-STD-7 MRM of 10 Channels ES+ 329 > 243 (AFG1)
2.29e52.31
AF-STD-7 MRM of 10 Channels ES+ 315 > 259 (AFB2)
5.84e42.52
AF-STD-7 MRM of 10 Channels ES+ 313 > 241 (AFB1)
5.06e52.85
AF-STD-7 MRM of 10 Channels ES+ TIC
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2.312.11 2.54
Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in LC/MS/MS
Dr. Tim Herrman & Dr. Kyung-Min Lee
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Increase Throughput of Testing With NIRS
• Aflatest® is expensive and time consuming• Need to screen 5,000-10,000 samples/ year• Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS)
www.foss.dk
Run samples on NIRS
Identify informative samples from spectra
Test 10% of samples for aflatoxin and/or
Aspergillus
Develop calibration equation
Use NIRS calibration equation to predict
contamination levels
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• Equation built using non-AG with a red (3/4) and val (1/4) sets
• 2,5,5,1 SCVD both vis and NIR (Rsq = 0.8071)
• Plot predicted vs. Full non-AG
NIRS Results – Rsq. = 0.8071
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Safety and Monitoring of Respiratory Aflatoxin and Particulates
Apex Lite Personal Air Pumps were used to sample ~700L of air. Two of eight samples had detectible levels of
respirable particulates (.1mg/m3 ; .28mg/m3)
Clearvue Cyclone Air Cleaning
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http://www.texascorn.org/images/E0117201/AflatoxinCenter_final_web.pdf
Aflatoxin Center of Excellence of the
SouthCreating Linkages between:-States (Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Louisiana, Texas)
- Commodity Groups
- Public Research Institutions
- Research, Education, Extension
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Plant Breeding – find andincorporate genes or traitsfor A. flavus resistanceinto hybrids.
Integrated Pest Management –identify agronomic practicesthat reduce A. flavus.
Plant Pathology – identifydisease factors, developcompeting atoxigenic strains.
Remediation – Find binders orprocessing methods to reducethe toxin or toxin absorbance. Food Science/ Veterinary
Nutrition – Identify processingmethods that can reduceaflatoxin.