Multi-RAT, Multi-Link, Multi- operator V2X Communications · 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Baseline (P-GW)...

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Multi-RAT, Multi-Link, Multi-

operator V2X Communications

Apostolos Kousaridas

Huawei Technologies, Munich Research Center, Germany

5G V2X Communications - Summer School, 11-12 June 2018

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

The digitalization of Cars

… multiple services have to be supported at the same

time by the cars for different purposes

Future car is

• Robot (“Neural” and “Brain”)

• & Data center

• & High power computing

node

Basic Safety Services (examples)

Collision

avoidance

Traffic lights to

vehicles , speed

guidance

Road

conditions to

vehicles

TelematicsRoad safety and Efficiency

eCallSoftware updates

Remote Vehicle

Health Monitoring

Navigation Parking

Video Music

Mobile Office

Autonomous Driving Services

Platooning Cooperative

driving, Sensor

sharing

Remote Driving

News

High-definition

map (dynamic

creation)

Infotainment


V2X Connectivity Everywhere

LTE/5G V2V

LTE/5G

V2I

LTE/5G V2V

Local sensors Local sensorsLocal sensors

LTE/5G

LTE/5G V2V via

MEC / eMBMS

LTE/5G

Traffic

lights,

road side

infrastructure

NB-IoT

LTE/5G V2X

LTE/5G V2V

Edge cloud

Backend

V2P

Parking house


LTE/5G

LTE/5G V2V via

MEC / eMBMS

LTE/5G

Traffic

lights,

road side

infrastructure

NB-IoT

LTE/5G V2X

LTE/5G V2V

Edge cloud

Backend

V2P

Parking house


LTE/5G

LTE/5G V2V via

MEC / eMBMS

LTE/5G

Traffic

lights,

road side

infrastructure

NB-IoT

LTE/5G V2X

LTE/5G V2V

Edge cloud

Backend

V2P

Parking house


LTE/5G

LTE/5G V2V via

MEC / eMBMS

LTE/5G

Traffic

lights,

road side

infrastructure

NB-IoT

LTE/5G V2X

LTE/5G V2V

Edge cloud

Backend

V2P

Parking house

Edge Cloud

NB-IoT

LTE/5G

V2N LTE/5G

V2N

LTE/5G

P2N

LTE/5G

V2P

Trafficlights,roadsideinfrastructure

Parking

Local sensors Local sensors Local sensors

Vulnerableroadusers

C-V2X: unified technology platform for short range and long range communication

that is scalable and concurrently supports KPIs of demanding services

• ANY car is able to exchange information

with ANY other car/pedestrian/device/…

• Different services have different

performance requirements

› V2X = URLLC & eMBB & mMTC

• EVERYWHERE real-time connection

for demanding services

› Scalable reliability up to

99.999%@1ms@1000byte/packet

› High Density, high Mobility

Figure Source: 5GAA


• Data traffic in many V2X use cases have localised significance

− devices located at same geographical region

− no need of a remote server (e.g., ITS cloud server)

− demanding QoS

− unicast, multicast, broadcast

Localized V2X Traffic

Cooperative PerceptionCooperative Maneuvers


eV2X message transmission and reception: Cellular (Uu)

and Sidelink (PC5)

SL

Uu: e2e path (wireless + Core Network)

• 5G will support both cellular (Uu) and sidelink (PC5) communication

interfaces that have different characteristics and features:

− Cellular Uu has larger coverage area, 5QIs, …

− PC5 (e.g., mode 3) increases the system capacity through the spatial

frequency reuse

• NR-Uu interface could provide guaranteed QoS (i.e., high reliability,

low latency) in the case of:

− urban road environments or without Line-of-sight (LOS) among

communicating vehicles (e.g., intersections)

− poor radio conditions in the PC5

− high vehicles’ density, where PC5 may not be efficient or may be

overloaded.…..


Optimize Cellular (Uu) V2X with Local breakout

Sidelink

e2e path (wireless + Core Network)

• Even if communication between UEs under the same BS: bearers

set up in an end-to-end way establishing paths between

UE/vehicle and P-GW (core network)

− High Latency

− Waste of Resources

• Local breakout mechanisms introduced to address this

inefficiency

− LIPA (Local IP Access) / SIPTO (Selected IP Traffic Offload)

− designed for other cases (e.g., traffic offload for private LAN)

− Not efficient for multicast or broadcast transmissions. Waste of radio

resources: multiple unicast streams for a group of vehicles

− Mobility is not supported when L-GW function collocated with a BS


Enable Multicast Communication for Cellular (Uu) V2X

• V2X messages can be broadcasted via

MBMS

• V2X Application Server transfers V2X

messages via MBMS bearer service(s)

− No low latency gain that the SIPTO@LN provides

− V2X application server is needed for data forwarding

− Slow session management

− Although in many V2X services the source and the destination node is not a V2X application

server, but the UEs (vehicles).

UE

V2X Application Server

M1

SGmb

SGi-mb

MME

M3 Sm MB2-C

MB2-U

BM-SC MBMS GW E-UTRAN

S1-MME

LTE-Uu

V1 3GPP TS 23.285


Optimize Cellular (Uu) V2X with Local e2e Paths

end-to-end Local Radio

Path (user plane)

RRC RRC

RRC

Application

Vehicle 1 Vehicle 2 Vehicle 3

gNB

Data Bearer

Radio

Resource

Controller

RRC

Application

Data Bearer

Radio Paths and Radio

Bearers Establishment

(control plane)

gNB

Application

Data Bearer

• Idea: establish and manage “local end-

to-end (e2e)” paths with guaranteed

e2e link performance to address the

fast and reliable transmission of

localized data traffic among the

involved devices.

− “end-to-end“: the (user plane)

radio data paths are established

among the involved communicating

end devices

− “local”: the paths are established

by (and via) the BSs (i.e. the nodes

of the core network do not

participate in the user plane

transmissions), since the data

traffic is localizedExtended RRC mechanisms to establish or manage of

local e2e paths


Example configuration of Local e2e Paths

• UL and DL radio bearers and backhaul links

(e.g., Xn) are connected to enable fast and

reliable transmission

− Multicast traffic

• multiple unicast (Case 1) or

• multicast e.g., SC-PTM (Case 2).

• No need of IP addresses and no need of

MBMS to support the multicast/broadcast

traffic,

• benefit of lower latency

UL Radio

Bearer

DL Unicast

Radio Bearer

DL Unicast

Radio Bearer

Local end-to-end Radio Data Path

Case 1: Radio Bearers (UL and unicast DL)

DL SC-PTM

Radio Bearer

UL Radio

Bearer

Case 2: Radio Bearers (UL and multicast DL)


1. Session Request

RRC

Forwarding Function

Radio Bearers

Mapping Table4. Update and

Configure

RRC

Vehicle 1

Radio Interface

Radio Resource

Controller

Vehicle 2

Radio Interface

3. Inter-node Session

Request and Response

2. Notification for

Session Request

5. (Local) Radio Paths

Configuration and

Allocation of Resources

Radio Interface

RRC

Forwarding Function

4. Update and

Configure

Radio Interface

gNB 2gNB1

Radio Bearers

Mapping Table

Evolution of 5G RAN for Localised V2X Traffic

New methods and signaling are introduced at the RAN for local e2e radio paths

In the case that multiple cells are involved then an

inter-cell coordination is needed

Form the local end-to-end

radio data paths among the

involved vehicles through

the configuration of the

RBMT of the BS that

connects UL and DL radio

bearers

Introduction of Radio Bearers Mapping Table (RBMT) at the BS


Performance Improvement via Local e2e Paths

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Baseline

(P-GW)

Local e2e

Path

Baseline

(MBMS)

Baseline

(SCPTM)

Local e2e

Path

Unicast Transmission Multicast Transmission

Single Cell

V2

V T

ran

smis

sio

n L

ate

ncy

(ms)

Local e2e Paths treat both unicast and multicast data

packets with the same manner.

• Reduction of user plane latency of more than:

− 45% for unicast communication

− 52% for multicast communication (SC-PTM)

− 73% for multicast communication (MBMS)


• There is no predefined mapping between V2X services and the

communication interface that could be selected (i.e., NR-Uu or

PC5 interface).

• Enable 5G systems to select, combine and dynamically switch

the best interface in order to support the QoS requirements of

demanding V2X services.

− Increase flexibility of communication networks and V2X services

− Better coordination of available Uu and Sidelink resources utilizing

all communication modes

− Increase throughput

− Increase reliability

− Maintain and guarantee the expected QoS by adapting selected

modes

Multi-Link Communication: PC5 and Uu communication

modes Integration

SL

Uu


• The application layer may not be the appropriate for

making such a decision: too slow, not enough

network layer information

• Enable the dynamic selection at the BS (e.g., via

extended RRC methods) of appropriate

communication mode at the BS (Uu, PC5, both

methods), using

− QoS requirements of the V2X service

− current network conditions (e.g., network load)


modes Integration

gNB 1UE 1

1. Select Communiation Mode

UE 2

4. Data exchange over the PC5 interface

3. Response on Selected Communication Mode and Configuration of Uu or PC5

2. Communication Mode Selection

4. Data exchange over the Uu interface

or

Dynamic selection of PC5 and Uu communication modes



modes Integration

SL

UL

Veh. 1

3

1

2

DL3 2 1

Links redundancy to increase reliability

Send each packet of a V2X service/flow at

both interface (Duplication)

Send different packets of a V2X service/flow at both

interface (Split)

Links aggregation (Dual connectivity model) to

increase throughput and reduce latency

SL

UL

Veh. 1

5

1

3

DL6 4 2



modes Integration

Option A - UE’s Facilities level

Option C - RAN level with RRC support

Option B - UE’s Transport level

Option D – UE’s MAC Level

For concurrent transmission on Uu+PC5 for same V2V application, a redundant scheduler is needed

Source: 5GCAR D4.1” Deliverable D4.1 Initial design of 5G V2X system level architecture and security framework”, April 2018


Dynamic switching between links in the context of the same service, to maintain and guaranteed

the expected QoS.

Start: Time t0 of CCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time t1 of CCA Time t2 of CCA

Reason of V2X Com:

Cooperative collision

Avoidance (CCA)

SL SL

UL

DL

t1: (Planned) Switch of

mode(s) due to low

availability of SL resources

SL

t2: Update of mode to

achieve the very low

delay requirement

SL

SL

UL UL

UL

DL


modes Integration

A vehicle can use both interfaces to communicate with different vehicles that participate in the same V2X service.


V2X Networks: Multi operator Environment

OP-B

OP-A

OPB OPC

OPC

• Different vehicles will have subscription to

different operators, while they need to

communicate with each other in an ultra low

delay and high reliability way. Difficulties in

− multicast and broadcast sessions

− PC5 mode 3 coordination

− Interactions of MECs


Proposed Solution

OP-B

OP-A

OPB OPC

OPC

Splitting the overall area in regions where only

one operator is responsible:

a. Simplifies the multi-operator environment

and enables efficient V2X communication

b. Is a good business model which splits the

profit opportunities fairly among the

operators

c. MEC coordination is handled

d. V2X mode 3 is handled since one operator

undertakes resource management


Multi-PLMN Attach

MME/AMF

PLMN A

1. Attach

2. Forward and trigger multi-PLMN Attach

HSS PLMN A

MME/AMF

PLMN BMME/AMF

PLMN C

Home PLMN

Solution: attach to all operators that offer the V2X service

Depending on the region the UE

will be active in the one or the

other operator


Force Roaming

MME/AMF

PLMN A

1. Attach

2. Forward and trigger multi-PLMN Attach

HSS PLMN A

MME/AMF

PLMN BMME/AMF

PLMN C

Home PLMN

Solution: attach to all operators that offer the V2X service

3. Force Roaming

4. Switch to connected


Multi-PLMN connectivity

OP-B

OP-A

Challenge : How to handle the

transition among the networks

Solution: Extend existing RRC

operation so that the UE can be

a) either monitor and switch

rapidly,

b) being dual connected in both

operators


Dual Operator Area

OP-B

OP-A

The previously described challenge is addressed if a dual operator area

is defined. In this area the UEs will operate under both operators. This

area is called Dual Operator Area

When the UE is in the Dual

Operator Area has the ability to

communicate with UEs

attached to both operators.


Conclusions

• V2X services leads to a

redefinition of the concept of

"end to end".

Source: 5GCAR D4.1” Deliverable D4.1 Initial design of 5G V2X system level architecture and security framework”, April 2018

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NR-V2X Requirements for Autonomous Driving

Vehicle Platooning

Cooperative Operation,Sensor sharing

Remote Driving Advanced Driving

Uses Cases for Autonomous Driving Applications

NR-V2X Requirements defined in 3GPP SA1 (TS22.186) for Autonomous DrivingUse Cases E2E latency

(ms)

Reliability

(%)

Data rate

(Mbps)

Vehicle

Platooning

10 99.99 65

Advanced

Driving

3 99.999 53

Extended

Sensors

3 99.999 1000

Remote

Driving

5 99.999 UL:25,

DL:1

Lateral (m) Longitudinal (m)

Positioning

Accuracy

0.1 0.5


SOTA Solutions

➢Use current network❑ Drawbacks:

o Increased delay o Cannot treat local traffic o MEC coordination is not possibleo Mode 3 PC5 is not possible due to

o half duplex problemo synchronization

➢Single MNO will handle V2X❑ Drawbacks:

o Requires consensus among the stakeholders

➢Roaming schemes❑ Benefits:

o Limited extensions – national roaming has been proposed also in the past

❑ Drawbacks: o Delay to register.o The decision to which operator a UE should

roam is not easy → multiple UEs have to coordinate which will increase the delay

➢Use inter-PLMN handover solutions❑ Benefits:

o Does not require the excessive delay of the roaming schemes

❑ Drawbacks: o Such solutions are extremely complex and

require very good coordination among the actors

Multi-RAT, Multi-Link, Multi- operator V2X Communications · 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Baseline (P-GW)...

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