Done By Team 10: Abhinaya Giridaran F10062 Anthony Vishal Francis F10064 DangeKarna Suresh F10071 Divya Aishwarya F10076

Arnold Lazarus A History

Arnold Lazarus was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1932.

He had a fair amount of interpersonal charisma which was inculcated in his early South African/English upbringing.He had a feisty temperament which was forged in his early boxing experiences. When Dr. Lazarus was a young man he considered racism and discrimination were the views and acts of the ignorant. Although Dr. Lazarus grew up in South Africa, he strongly identified with the United States.

History of Multimodal Therapy

Multimodal therapy originated within the context of behavior therapy and, later, the framework of cognitive behavioral therapy ("CBT")In 1958 Lazarus introduced the terms behavior therapy and behavioral therapist Arnold Lazarus realized that more areas of psychosocial functioning often needed to be addressed in therapy than merely actions and thoughts. This led him to expand the model of traditional CBT by incorporating additional modalities for assessment and treatment. This was briefly referred to as "broadspectrum behavior therapy," and ultimately became multimodal therapy.

Multimodal Therapy An introductionMultimodal Therapy (MMT) is a form of CognitiveBehavioral Therapy based on social and cognitive learning theory, and practical problem-solving methods. MMT integrates techniques from a broad range of therapeutic disciplines, and is based on the assumption that most psychological problems are multifaceted, multi determined and multilayered.Approach is largely psycho educational and eclectic in nature Techniques used are theoretically consistent Based on social learning, general system and group and communications theories Focuses on seven discrete but interactive modalities

Basic Assumptions of Multimodal Therapy

Multimodal therapy is an open system that encourages technical eclecticism.

Humans are the product of genetic endowment, their environment and social learning Humans respond to their perceptions rather than to reality

Perceptions are based on what is attended toNew experiences create change

Each individual reacts to the demands of the environment based on their individualized personal response patternPsychopathology occurs when there are inflexible response patterns or response patterns that become conditioned in a maladaptive order. because individuals are troubled by a variety of specific problems it is appropriate that a multitude of treatment strategies be used in bringing about change. A major premise of multimodal therapy is that breadth is often more important than depth.

Distinctive Features of Multimodal Therapy

Specific and comprehensive attention given to the entire BASIC I.D. All approaches advocate respect of the client Use of modality profiles Use of structural profiles Deliberate bridging procedures

Tracking the modality firing orderApproach draws significantly on cognitive and behavioral approaches because of their coping emphasis.

THE BASIC I.D.The essence of Lazaruss multimodal approach is the premise that the complex personality of human beings can be divided into seven major areas of functioning:

B A S I C I D

= Behavior = Affect = Sensations = Images = Cognitions = Interpersonal relationships = Drugs and other biological interventions

Relationship between Client and therapist

Multimodal therapists tend to be very active during therapist sessions, functioning as trainers, educators, consultants, and role models. They provide information, instruction, and feedback as well as modelling assertive behaviours.

They dont stick to just one technique but borrow from various sources.They choose the technique based on what the client needs.

There is also a high level of self disclosure in order to help the client.In multimodal therapy, transference and countertransference issues are only addressed if problem arises

The process of Therapy

A preliminary analysis of the BASIC ID. The Life history Questionnaire is administered. Understand the clients preferred modality The interaction between modalities is studied The appropriate technique for the clients needs are administered.

Preliminary analysis of BASIC I.D

Behaviour What would you like to change? How active are you? What would you like to start doing? What would you like to stop doing? What are some of your main strengths? What specific behaviours keep you from getting what you want?

Affective responses What emotions do you experience most often? What makes you laugh? What makes you cry? What makes you sad, mad, glad, scared? What emotions are problematic for you?

Sensation Do you suffer from unpleasant sensations, such as pains, aches,

dizziness, and so forth? What do you particularly like or dislike in the way of seeing, smelling, hearing, touching, and tasting?

Imagery What are some bothersome recurring dreams and vivid

memories? Do you have a vivid imagination? How do you view your body? How do you see yourself now? How would you like to be able to see yourself in the future?

Cognition

What are some ways in which you meet your intellectual needs? How do your thoughts affect your emotions? What are the values and beliefs you most cherish? What are some negative things you say to yourself? What are some of your central faulty beliefs? What are the main shoulds, oughts, and musts in your life? How do they get in the way of effective living?

Interpersonal

How much of a social being are you? To what degree do you desire intimacy with others? What do you expect from the significant people in your life? What do they expect from you? Are there any relationships with others that you would hope to change?

Drugs/biology Are you healthy and health conscious? Do you have any concerns about your health? Do you take any prescribed drugs? What are your habits pertaining to diet, exercise, and physical fitness?

An Example

The Multimodal Life history Inventory

This 15-page data collection questionnaire for adult counselling is divided into five sections, with detailed emphasis on: General Information Personal and Social History Description of Presenting Problems

Expectations Regarding Therapy Modality Analysis of Current Problems

Behaviors Feelings Physical Sensations Images Thoughts

Interpersonal Relationships Friendships Marriage (or a committed relationship) Sexual Relationships Other Relationships

Biological Factors

Structural Profile

Understand the clients preferred modality

An individuals preferred modalities can be mapped into structural profiles on a 35-item. Structural Profile Inventory (SPI).. The instrument measures:

Action-oriented proclivities (Behaviour) The degree of emotionality (Affect) The value attached to various sensory experiences (Sensory) The amount of time devoted to fantasy, daydreaming, thinking in pictures(Imagery) Analytical and problem solving propensities(cognition) The importance attached to interacting with other people(interpersonal) The extent to which health conscious practices are observed(Drugs/Biology)

Techniques Used in MMT

Bridging Starting with where the client is and then bridging

into a different modality. Example: How do you feel when your father scolds you in front of your friends?

Tracking and firing order A treatment plan is devised and will include

interventions in each modality.

Examples of Treatment Techniques across BASIC I.D. Behaviors

Stays in bed Stays home - minimal contact with friends and family Do little

Treatment Specific behavioural goals Increase contact and time with others Activity scheduling

Affective responses

Depressed, sad Guilt feelings

Treatment Explore triggers and associated thoughts Encourage positive activity (mastery and pleasure)

Sensory reactions

Tiredness Relaxation Listening to inspiring music

Treatment

Applications

The aim of MMT is to come up with the best methods for each client rather than force all clients to fit the same therapy. Applicable to treatment and prevention Special settings include classrooms, child care agencies, parent training, and institutional settings Also relevant in situations like community disasters

Limitations

By focusing on the breadth rather than the depth can sometimes prevent the therapist from getting to the core problem Therapist with the insight to choose the right technique to use in a particular situation is not easy. Since it is more behaviourally oriented, feelings are not considered very important. The therapist in this technique seems to have an inordinate amount of control.

Questions??