Muliticulturalism Minorities and Policing

8/19/2019 Muliticulturalism Minorities and Policing

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`Bill Tupman, University of Exeter:

MULTICULTURALISM, MI !RITIES A " #!LICI $%

I TR!"UCTI! %

This paper will be concentrated primarily on ethnic minorities and their religious and culturalaspects, and the way these produce law and order related questions. The following subjectsare analysed:

- The demographic background;- Policing in a multicultural society;- hat sorts of minorities e!ist in contemporary society"- Problems in the relationship between law and order and minorities;- Policies to o#ercome these problems

"EM!$RA#&IC BAC'$R!U "%

$eneral%

$emography is the study of the way the population is composed and of changes in thiscomposition- $emographic forces effect the ways in which the major building blocks of thesociety - institutions, interest groups and political parties are structured by:

- %ge;- &ace:- 'lass;- &eligion;- (e!.

)e!t we ask oursel#es what does this imply for the *+ st century and how will political systemsha#e to respond.

A(e%

General.

Two factors seem important in this respect:

- aging population in estern urope;- decline of the autochthon population in estern urope.

Aging population.

estern uropean - and e#en astern uropean - countries are confronted to the so-called$emographic $ip This in#ol#es lack of sufficient young members of the population to enterthe workforce and to perform the #arious economic tasks. The general economical answer tothat is the introduction of capital intensi#e as opposed to labour intensi#e technology.

)e#ertheless there are fears that there are not going to be enough + years olds to meet thedemands of industry, trade and go#ernment.

%t the same time the population is aging: an increasing proportion of the citi/ens e!pecting to be able to stop working, li#e on a pension, recei#e health care and be supported by ta! paid by

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the younger sections of the population. 0ne ad#antage might be: reduction in petty crimecaused by ju#eniles. 1ut at the same time, geriatric crime wa#e may occur: crimes such asshoplifting simply mo#e from being ju#enile to a crime of elderly because many aging peoplewill not be fully supported in terms of pensions and facilities.2f elderly are not satisfied in terms of goods, ser#ices and pensions, they might become a

political block.0n the other hand, elderly ha#e a greater fear of crime than the younger ones. Those who canafford, might going to hide behind security patrolled comple!es of flats for seniors andseparate themsel#es from the young. 1oth forces produce the beginning of a society stratifiedon age grounds rather than class.The aging population pro#ides the 3pull4 for immigration. (o there was a pull in nland in the56s when shortages in health care and transport led to employ people from 2ndia and 'aribbicand 7ermany in the 6s and 86s pulled guest workers from 9ugosla#ia and Turkey.There is also a 3push4 factor producing emigration from less de#eloped countries. 6 ormore of the population is under *5. These countries are going to find there problems

becoming more acute o#er the ne!t *6 years. The huge populations eg. in 'hina, cannot beabsorbed into a manufacturing economy. urthermore, traditional forms of population controlsuch as war are una#ailable in the area of nuclear stalemate. The future will allegedly in#ol#eser#ice economy %s a consequence many of these people are pro#iding ser#ices also se!ualser#ices as prostitutes, male and female and trans#estite.

Decline of population.2n *656, the population of the < will decline from 8*=m to *>m while the world?s

population will grow from bn to = bn. The fall in population conceals a much lager fall in theeconomically acti#e population. This will produce pressures in the lower paid areas of theeconomy.2t is no longer simply the case that migrants wish to escape from po#erty and obtaina job in the industrialised countries. The industrialised countries are looking for migrants andin certain areas of employment, preferably by the back door so that unscrupulous employerscan coerce them into a life of low wages.

Ra)e%

'hanges in population structure produce pressures for immigration and this in turn affects the#ariable race. There is immigration into estern urope from:

- astern urope;- @aghreb;

- 2ndia and Pakistan A mainly into 7reat 1rittanB.The big issue of the *+ st 'entury is how successful will democratic countries be in creatingmulticultural institutions. 0ften federalism is thought to be the solution. 1ut federalism breaksdown where the populations are not geographically concentrated, but ha#e migrated to urbanareas producing cities with ghettos of different nationalities and cultures within them. Thefederal system is suitable for a primarily rural society. hat is now required is the creation ofan urban counterpart of federalism. This will necessitate decentralisation of power fromnational go#ernment to cities and decentralisation of cities to culturally autonomous regionswithin those cities.% second solution is sought in proportional representation. 2t has successfully operated as amechanism to create consensus where political clea#ages are primarily ideological. )o

democratic system has been particularly successful in o#ercoming ethnic clea#ages, may bewith e!ception of 1elgium and (wit/erland.

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Class%!pected is a decline and possible disappearance of parts of the tradition skilled working class

in urope and )orth %merica, despite their ob#ious in crease in 'hina, 2ndia, Pakistan, (outh

Corea and Taiwan. That means that in the western countries de working class working infactories is being replaced by white-collar working class who concei#e themsel#es as middleclass or a cut abo#e the traditional worker. orkers in education, health ser#ice and financialser#ices are likely to continue to e!ist and the deline in skilled manufacturing industry isle#elling off. 2t is unskilled labour that is finding it difficult to obtain jobs. The growth of this3underclass4is linked with growth in crime: drug misuse and petty street crime. 2t is alsilinked with anti D police rioting. %s tangible representati#es of a remote authority, police canat least be attacked to the immediate gratification of members of this 3underclass4. 1utequally the underclass born in a particular country enjoys fighting with the underclass that hasmigrated from another country. %gain, here, the possibilities of racial tension and public order are high.

Reli(ion%

estern societies that are traditionally concei#e of themsel#es as characterised by a singlestate appro#ed religion are going to ha#e to accommodate religions from elsewhere. 2n

urope this will be primarily t2slam. This raises a couple of questions:- (hould other religions be protected by the law in the same way that the traditional

state religion was"- 2f the populationis not itself primarily religious, should there be a right not to ha#e a

religion"- hat rights do parents ha#e in terms of their children being educated in the religion of

their belief or not being educated in any single religion but in se#eral"- hat consequences will ha#e phenomena like abortion and right to life"

Sex%

'ountries that ha#e introduced birth control policies in the last *6 years are countriesthat are finding themsel#es with an e!cess of young males o#er young females. %n e!cess

of adolescent males is howe#er, a recipe for public disorder, homose!uality, spread of%$(, and a recipe for emigration and clashes between young males in the societies towhich emigrants go to seek partners.

*+at oes it imply for -. st Century/

+. (ocieties need to create structures by which the young are brought into political participation. %nomie and drug taking are signs of powerlessness. 2f the young are pre#ented to participate, they will create their own political parties and mo#ements.2t is in those societies with a preponderance of elderly who will ha#e to be more

insistent on bringing the young into participation. % society which is preponderantlyo#er 55 , will ine#itably become a stagnant society. qually, howe#er, the retired will

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ha#e to be mobilised in some form of political participation. % primarily leisure D based group of retired people is a recipe for anomie: drug-taking as a response to theirfeelings of powerlessness and non-participation.*. 0n the racial area, the problem will be how to create institutions that gi#e all racesand religions an input into the policy making process and arri#e at a way of

achie#ing accepted compromises between these groups. The tradition democraticmethods may not be adequate here. )ew institutions and second, third and e#en fourthchambers of the assembly may be necessary for these groups to #oice their demandsand sort themsel#es out.

*. $emocracies are likely to see a different area of political parties unless e!isting partiescan respond to age, ethnic, class and religious challenges. Political parties are likely to

become more and more like pressure groups with single issue causes like the 7reenscoming and going and ha#ing impact at random electoral times.

E. The nation state is unlikely to sur#i#e the process. (upra-national entities are now becoming more important than the nation state and the nation state itself isincreasingly faced with demands to pass power downwards to localities and localgo#ernment in general.

F. Public order occurs most frequently when the political system is o#erloaded bydemands from citenry and interest groups as well as its own institutions.. $emandso#erload leads to interest groups resorting to #iolence to put their demands on theagenda.This , in turn, leads to a #icious circle where the go#ernment only responds tothose demands that become emergencies because of the #iolence connected with them.The police can actually end up harming the political system if they do not allowdemands to be aired, The political system may fail to recognise the e!istence ofdemands, or to pro#ide institutions at a lower le#el than that of nation al go#ernment,that can respond to demands or create compromises before those demands reachnational go#ernment le#el

5. %s a result, urope becomes more and more a society of minorities.

#!LICI $ I A MULTICULTURAL S!CIET0%

Police officers are confronted with the following problems:

- (ome ethnic minorities don?t know what the rules are: either the formal ones or the

informal ones.


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- (ocieties are not quick to grant new rights. @ost ha#e only be won through struggle; by people prepared to go to prison to martyr themsel#es, and by people prepared toengage in ci#il disobedience and e#en acts of #iolence. Police is constantly faced withgrey areas- there may be public support for attacks on minorities, but it is sometimesdifficult to remember ther doctrines of minimum force and that it is only people

breaking the law who should be arrested rather than people of whom one might notappro#e.

*&AT S!RTS !1 MI !RITIES E2IST I C! TEM#!RAR0 S!CIET0/

#ery society has minorities but they only become a law and order issue when they insist thatthey ha#e the right to be dramatically different from the majority culture.There are #arious sots of minorities in a society:

- ethnic;- cultural A eg. (kinheadsB;- religious;- economic;- ideological

(ometimes religious and ethnic minorities go together as also economic and ideologicalA e!treme left and rightB Those e!tremist. ollow often an ideology of nationalism orseparatism. 2 a democratic society they are considered to be e!tremist when they don?t acceptthe basic norms of democracy: consensus, compromise, the rule of the law and accountabilityto the population through regular free elections. These people feel that they ha#e a monopolyof the truth.

#R!BLEMS I T&E RELATI! S&I# BET*EE LA* A " !R"ER A "MI !RITIES%

There are many cultural minorities:- 9oung people who participate in so-called pop festi#als. They create a new form of

entertainment that is not the entertainment of the parents. (ometimes those festi#alsare related to drug use. The problem for the police is the choice between tolerance anddisorder. hen they choose to act repressi#e, the consequence will be riot and a cut inthe contact with the youth.

- )ew %ge Tra#ellers who ha#e chosen to li#e in #ehicles and mo#e to semi-settled site

to semi-settled site. The 3modern4 7ypsiesG They are in#ol#ed in continualconfrontations with the police o#er the roadworthiness of their #ehicles, but also andmore fundamentally in terms of their lifestyle A among others drug taking.

- &astafarians claim that part of their religion in#ol#es the smoking of @arijuana assa!rament. This brings them in conflict with police

- %nd so on.

There are also problems concerning minorities based on race. &acism is hostility thatarises simply because of the different appearance of members of the minorities..2n this area one can distinguish the following phenomena:- &acist responses by elements within the majority population to:

• either, e!isting ethnic minorities;• or, to immigrating ethnic minorities.

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&acist responses cab in#ol#e a number of phenomena:H attacks on indi#iduals;H fire bombing houses;H marches and demonstrations demanding the e!pulsion of the immigrant

community.

H etc.Problem for the police is keeping the balance between democratic freedoms of speechand keeping the peace.

- Political #iolence by ethnic minorities if they feel that their position is threatened:• conflicts o#er jobs;• threat to the wages of e!isting groups of the majority population:• conflicts about housing;

The law and order problem is frequently small scale, spontaneous outbursts of fightingand disorder that occur in areas where the minority groups are li#ing.

- 'onflicts within an ethnic minority.•

The danger is assuming that all people from say 2ndia or @orocco ha#e thesame background A in @orocco: %rabs and 1erbesB.• 'onflicts between ethnic majorities: between newly arri#ed minorities and the

old established ones. (uch groups will create their own protection groups andmutual aid associations. These may disappear below ground if persecutionoccurs.

• 2mmigrants from hot climates may be used to a street culture where a lot oftime is spent on street talking to each other, ha#ing impromptu parties andgenerally hanging out. This can create apprehension on the part of the

patrolling police officers and can generally produce a situation in which riotingis always waiting to start, Police officers must learn to distinguish betweene!uberance and aggression.

- &eligious beliefs and practices. These are matters that the inhabitants of the newcountry need to learn about the habits of the immigrants as well as #ice #ersa.

%ll the phenomena raise the question of whether an immigrant culture is to be absorbed or isto be allowed to retain its different nature. &elated to this are:

- problems of what immigrants e!pect from the legal systen and the police;. The potential for misunderstandings is great, and training is necessary for police officers inorder to handle these problems.

- The role os #iolence in the culture of the immigrants may be quite different from themajority culture.

- The family structure is different. @any immigrants know an e!tended family. 1yimmigration it is disrupted. The new country has different #iews on family etc.

- !pectations and aspirations of incoming ethnic minorities. The first generationgenerally has low e!pectations and may be happy with a low standard of li#ing andmay measure its prosperity relati#e to the position in the original country. The secondgeneration goes through the educational system and is about to enter the work force.%spirations may ha#e become much higher and ay be unsatisfiable in terms of theeducational qualifications achie#ed.

- 2mprt of goods from the original country in which they are relati#ely cheep, illegally

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@ost of the problems demand a response from the educational system. Police officers, thehome population and the immigrant population need to be educated as to each other?s cultureand e!pectations. The limits of tolerance ha#e to be specified and appropriate politicalinstitutions ha#e to be created by which a multi-cultural society can ensure the resolution ofconflict at le#els lower than that of the national parliament.

% central problem for a police force is successfully relating its policing strategies to a publicrelations philosophy of trying to ensure that no one feels that any group is fa#oured. Iusticemust be done but also seen to be done.

#!LICIES T! !3ERC!ME S!ME !1 T&ESE #R!BLEMS%

.% Representation of minorities in t+e poli)e for)e%a. This firstly raises questions about the selection requirements; e.g. need

policemen be minimally so and so tall" b. )e!t culturally biased test must be replaced by non-biased ones.c. Training must be impro#ed. 'ultural obstacles that inhibit particular

applicants from particular ethnic backgrounds within the actual training process ha#e to be dealt with. The trainers themsel#es ha#e to be re-trained

to be more aware of this.d. some outside organisations with special focus on integration of ethnic

minorities and anti-discrimination, should be in#ol#ed in the de#elopment of the educational system at all le#els.e. The police organisation itself must be made responsible for implementation

so that they feel some ownership for the programme.-% Consultative (roups an t+eir )omposition%

There should be created consultati#e groups to ad#ice the police and e#aluatetheir actions. The problem is that most of those groups tend to be middle classand police friendly members of the society. Juite often member of the

population with whom tension is most acute don?t join or are not required to join. The composition and manner of selection is as important as the e!isenceof these groups.

4% Representation on non5)iti6ens+ip mem7ers of t+e )ommunity%2n western society, there are minorities who are not necessary citi/ens andtherefore not eligible to join the police or to participate in consultati#e groups.(olutions must be found in these areas.

8% Exer)ise poli)e po9ers%2f police do not police communities, then somebody else will. g. The 'hinese

community is not reporting crime because many of its members are illegalimm igrants and are afraid of going to the police because it might mean beingdeported. The result is that protection rackets stri#e. People go to illegalimmigrants and ask for money not to re#eal their e!istence to the police and to3look4 after their interests and protect their property. 2n estern urope thishappens also with illegal &omanians , 1ulgarians etc.

% T+e ;uestion 9+et+er it is possi7le or fair to poli)e ifferent )ommunitiesifferently% If so it means:

a. $iscretion: in practise policing is done differently at different times and indifferent circumstances. 2n this rspect the qualities of the police officer become#ery important..

b. oot patrol ser#ice with a responsibility for crime pre#ention and dealing with petty crime. This ser#ice should be definitely owned by the community; it

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could be a pri#ate company, the community itself or a local police force. Thecommunity here needs to be at a lower le#el than that of municipality A eg. the7ipsy communityB.

c. % police force with both a reacti#e and a public order capacity owned by amunicipality or by a pro#ince. This should be a uniformed one, which would

be reacting to telephone calls and would ha#e to be in touch with thesecommunity owned foot patrol ser#ice, which would deal with the follow up ofthese sorts of calls.

d. There needs to be a criminal in#estigation force for serious crime A crimeabo#e a certain le#el of punishment, say rape, murder etc. 2t needs to be anational force.

e. There needs to be a national, or a super-national force Awhere a number ofcountries e!ist in close geographical pro!imityB to deal with problems relatedto drug trafficking, terrorism, organised crime especially where this in#ol#esfraud and money laundering.

f. There should be independent bodies that monitor and e#aluate the policeforces, their acti#ities and policies. Preferably an outside institution.

g. There should be units belonging to, run by, and financed by the


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- Problemele legate de minoritati si lege;- %cti#itati politici de contracarare a acestor probleme.

1U "ALUL "EM!$RA1IC%

$eneralitati%

$emografia este studiul despre compo/itia populatiei si schimbarile acestei compo/itii.ortele demografice actionea/a asupra modurilor in care sunt structurate blocurile majore ale

societatii D institutii, grupuri de interese si partidele politice:- Karsta- &asa- 'lasa- &eligie- (e!.

%poi, ne #om intreba ce implicatii au toate acestea pentru secolul *+ si cum trebuie saraspunda sistemele politice.

3arsta%Generalitati.

%ici, par sa e!iste doi factori importanti:- Populatia imbatrinita din uropa occidentala;- $eclinul populatiei autohtone din uropa occidentala.

Populatia imbatrinita.2n uropa occidentala, si chiar cea de st, tarile se confrunta cu asa numita (caderedemografica. %ceasta inseamna lipsa de de tineri care sa fie cuprinsi in forta de munca si caresa efectue/e diferitele acti#itati economice.&aspunsul economic general la aceasta este introducerea capitalului intensi# spre deosebire detehnologia intensi#a de munca. 'u toate acestea, se manifesta teama ca nu #or fi suficient demulti tineri de + ani care sa indeplineasca cerintele industriei, comertului si gu#ernului.Populatia imbatraneste: un procent din ce in ce mai mare se asteapta sa incete/e lucrul, satraiasca din pensie, sa primeasca ajutor de sanatate si sa fie sprijinit de platitorii de ta!e Dsectia mai tanara a populatiei.


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!ista de asemenea un factor de Limpingere? a emigratiei dinspre tarile mai putin de/#oltateunde 56 sau chiar mai mult, este sub *5 de ani. %ceste tari #or a#ea problemele lor, maiacute in urmatorii *6 de ani. Populatiile uriase, ca cele din 'hina, de e!emplu, nu #or putea fiabsorbite de economia manufacturiera. @ai mult chiar, formele traditionale de control al

populatiei, cum ar fi ra/boiul, nu sunt disponibile in impasul atomic in care ne aflam. Kiitorul

presupune implicarea economiei ser#iciilor, inclusi# a ser#iciilor se!uale, cum ar fi prostitutiasi trans#estitii.

Scaderea populatiei.2n *656, populatia din milioane, intimp ce populatia globului #a creste de la miliarde la = miliarde. (caderea populatieiascunde o inca mai mare scadere a populatiei acti#e economic. %ceasta #a duce la presiuni instraturile economiei mai prost platite. )u este #orba doar despre emigranti care cauta sa scapede saracie. Tarile industriali/ate cauta imigranti, iar in anumite sectoare patronii #or angajaLprin usa din spate? silindu-i sa accepte salarii de mi/erie.Rasa%(chimbarile din structura populatiei crea/a presiune asupra imigratiei si aceasta, la randul sauafectea/a rasa respecti#a. 2n uropa occidentala e!ista imigranti din:

- uropa de st- @agreb- 2ndia si Pakistan Amai ales in @area 1ritanieB

@area problema a secolului *+ #a consta in cat succes pot inregistra tarile democratice increarea institutiilor multiculturale. %desea se crede ca federali/area ar fi solutia. $arfederali/area rupe concentrarile geografice ale unei anume rase, creind ghetouri in tarile undeau migrat, in regiunile urbane din acestea, ghetouri care cuprind diferite nationalitati si culturi.(istemul federal se potri#este societatilor prioritar rurale. %cum insa este ne#oie de creareaunei #ariante urbane a federalismului. %cest lucru #a necesita descentrali/area puterii dinspregu#ernul national catre orase si descentrali/area oraselor catre regiuni autonome din punct de#edere cultural.(e cauta o solutie de repre/entare proportionala. %ceasta s-a reali/at in crearea unui consensacolo unde deosebirile politice sunt in principal ideologice. $ar niciun sistem democratic nu aa#ut succes in depasirea diferentelor entice, poate cu e!ceptia 1elgiei si l#etiei.

Clasa%(e asteapta un declin si o posibila disparitie a unor parti din clasa muncitoare calificata din

uropa si %merica de )ord si o crestere e#identa a acesteia in 'hina, Pakistan, Corea de (udsi Taiwan. %ceasta inseamna ca in tarile occidentale, muncitorii care lucrea/a in fabrici #or fiinlocuiti de functionari care se considera clasa de mijloc sau superiori clasei muncitoaretraditionala. Mucratorii din in#atamant, ser#icii sociale si finante #or continua sa e!iste, iarindustria manufacturiera #a slabi sau se #a egala cu ser#iciile. 'ei necalificati #or gasi din cein ce mai greu de lucru. %ceasta crestere a Lsubclasei? #a duce la cresterea infractionalitatii Dcea legata de droguri si de infractiuni stradale. @iscarile de strada anti-politie se #or amplificade asemenea, deoarece cei nemultumiti se #or ra/buna pe autoritati atacand repre/entantii ceimai #i/ibili ai acestora D politia. $e asemenea, ciocnirile repre/entantilor Lsubclasei? dintr-oanume tara impotri#a celor imigranti se #or inteti. $in nou, apare posibilitatea tensiunilorrasiale si stradale.

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Reli(ia%(ocietatile occidentale care se cred caracteri/ate printr-o singura religie aprobata de stat #ortrebui sa se adapte/e la a ingadui religii #enite din alte parti. 2n uropa, principala religie cucare occidentalii #or trebui sa se impace este islamismul. %ceasta situatie ridica anumite

intrebari:- 0are ar trebui ca aceste religii #enite de aiurea sa fie protejate in acelasi fel ca si

religia traditionala tarii respecti#e"- $aca sa se accepte populatii care sunt atee sau nu apartin niciunei religii"- 'e drepturi au parintii in sensul educatiei copiilor lor in spiritul credintei sau unui

cre/, sau de a nu fi educati in spiritul #reunei religii sau in spiritul a mai multor religii"- 'e consecinte #or a#ea fenomene ca a#ortul sau dreptul la #iata"

Sex%Tarile care au introdus politicile de control al nasterilor in ultimii *6 de ani sunt tari care inmomentul de fata au e!ces de barbati tineri in detrimental femeilor tinere. !cesul deadolescenti barbati este reteta pentru de/ordine publica, homose!ualitate, raspandirea (2$%,

precum si cau/a a emigratiei si luptelor intre tinerii din societatile in care tinerii au emigrat pentru a-si gasi parteneri.

Care sunt impli)atiile pt se)olul -./+. (ocietatile trebuie sa-si cree/e structuri prin care tinerii sa fie atrasi catre participare

politica. %nomaliile si consumul de droguri sunt semne de slabiciune. $aca tinerii suntimpiedicati sa participe la politica, isi #or crea propriile partide si miscari politice.

*. 2n societatile in care populatia preponderenta este batrana, trebuie atrasi tinerii. 0societate in care #arsta preponderenta este 55 #a stagna cu siguranta. $e asemenea,

pensionarii trebuie si ei atrasi spre participare politica. $aca nu sunt implicati, acestiase pot deda la anomalii sau droguri.

E. 2n ceea ce pri#este rasismul, problema #a fi crearea unor institutii care sa dea impuls participarii la politica tuturor raselor si religiilor si gasirea unor posibilitati deacceptare a compromisurilor dintre grupuri. @etodele democratice traditionale s-ar

putea sa nu mai mearga. %r putea fi necesare noi institutii si adunari parlamente cudoua, trei sau chiar patru camere pentru ca aceste grupuri sa-si poata e!prima cererilesi sa faca alegerile.

F. $emocratiile s-ar putea sa caute noi /one politice acolo unde partidele traditionale nu pot raspunde noilor cerinte probleme de #arsta etnie clasa religie. Partidele politice#or tinde din ce in ce mai mult sa de#ina grupuri de presiune cu o singura tinta D ca celal Ker/ilor, care apar si dispar la fiecare organi/are de %legeri.

5. (e pare ca (tatul national nu #a supra#ietui procesului. ntitatile supra nationale de#inacum mai importante decat statul national, statul national insusi trebuind sa faca fataunor cereri si presiuni crescande de a ceda puterea administratiilor locale sigu#ernamentale mai mici.

. ordinea publica este de/echilibrata atunci cand sistemul politic este supraincarcat cu

cerinte de la cetateni si grupuri interesate, precum si de institutii. 'erintele grupurilorde interese duc la #iolenta pentru a forta organismele din conducere partidele politice

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sa treaca aceste cerinte pe agenda platforma lor. %cest lucru crea/a un cerc #icios, incare gu#ernul raspund numai acestor presiuni ce de#in urgente datorita aspectului lor#iolent. Politia poate ajuta gu#ernul in sensul inabusirii acestor i/bucniri #iolente

pentru ca ele sa nu m,ai ajunga sa forte/e gu#ernul sa actione/e numai in directia presiunilor respecti#e. (istemul politic s-ar putea sa nu recunoasca e!istenta acestor

cerinte sau sa ceara institutiilor de la ni#el inferior sa resol#e cerintele grupurilor de presiune, pentru a crea un compromis inainte ca acestea sa ajunga la ni#elulgu#ernului.

8. in acest fel, uropa de#ine din ce in ce mai mult o societate a minoritatilor.

#!LITIA I S!CIETATEA MULTICULTURALACI $ I A

Politistii se confrunta cu urmatoarele probleme:

- unele minoritati entice nu cunosc regulile, fie ele oficiale sau neoficiale. 2n acestecircumstante apar neintelegeri frec#ente, iar aceste neintelegeri pot escalada repede siajunge chiar la lupte de strada. %ceste confruntari duc adesea la acu/atii de rasism sisunt politi/ate si tratate in maniera de dreapta.

- %desea politia nu poate actiona pre#enti# pentru ca ei sunt pri#iti ca agenti airepresiunii, care pun mai presus de mentinerea linistii, aplicarea legii. %ceasta duce laun conflict cumulati#e cu o anume minoritate, pe o multitudine de probleme. 2n acesteca/uri se poate pune problema legitimitatii, nu numai a politiei ci a intregului system

politic in intregul sau.- 0 societate cu minoritati religioase si entice are mai multe probleme cu pri#ire la

garantarea drepturilor minoritatilor si echilibrarea drepturilor lor cu cele ale populatieimajoritare.

- (ocietatile nu se grabesc sa garant/e noi drepturi. @ajoritatea dintre ele trebuiecastigate numai prin lupta, de catre oameni care sunt gata sa se martiri/e/e, sa meargala inchisoare si de catre oameni pregatiti sa se angaje/e in incalcarea drepturilor ci#ilesi chiar acte de #iolenta. Politia are intotdeauna de a face cu portiunea cenusie D poateca publicul strijina atacarea minoritatilor, dar adesea, este greu sa-si aminteascadispo/itia de a folosi minimum de forta si ca trebuie arestati doar cei care incalca legeasi nu cei care o de/aproba.

CE 1EL "E MI !RITATI E2ISTA I S!CIETATEA C! TEM#!RA A/

0rice societate are minoritatile sale, dar acestea de#in o problema de lege si ordine numaiatunci cand ele insista pe un anume drept care este foarte diferit de cele ale majoritatii.!ista diferite feluri de minoritati intr-o societate:

- ntice- 'ulturale Ae! (kinheads Acapetele raseBB- &eligioase- conomice- 2deologice

'ateodata minoritatile religioase si entice merg impreuna, ca si cele economice si ideologiceAde e!trema dreapta sau stangaB. 'ele e!tremiste urmea/a adesea ideologii de separatism saunationalism. 2ntr-o societate democratica, minoritatile sunt considerate e!tremiste atunci cand

ele nu accepta normele de ba/a ale democratiei: consensul, compromisul, domnia legii si

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responsabilitatea populatiei in cadrul alegerilor libere. %cesti oameni simt ca ei detinmonopolul ade#arului.

#R!BLEME I LE$ATURA CU LE$ATURA "I TRE 1ACT!RII LE$II SI

!R"I II A "ARMERIA? SI MI !RITATI

!ista multe minoritati culturale:- Tineri care participa la asa-numitele festi#aluri pop. i crea/a o noua forma de

distractie, care nu eamana cu felul in care se distrea/a parintii lor. 'ateodata aceste seleaga de consumul de droguri. Problema politiei este alegerea intre toleranta side/ordine. %tunci cand aleg sa inter#ina represi#, consecinta este o rascoala a tinerilorsi o intrerupere a contactului cu tinerii.

- 'alatorii )oului Keac A)ew %ge Tra#ellersB, care au ales sa traiasca in automobile sise muta dintr-o locatie semi stabila in alta. Tiganii Lmoderni?+ ei sunt implicatiinconfruntari continue cu politia datorita conditiei proaste a #ehicolelor lor, dar sidatorita modului lor de #iata Aprinter altele D consumul de droguriB.

- &astafarienii afirma ca religia lor implica fumatul de marihuana si se!ul. %cestia au deasemenea conflicte cu politia.

- (i asa mai departe.

!ista, de asemenea, probleme cu minoritatile datorita rasei. &asismul inseamna ostilitateacare apare pur si simplu datorita infatisarii deosebite ale membrilor unei rase.2n aceasta /ona putem distinge urmatoarele fenomene:- &aspunsuri rasiste pro#enite de la elemente din cadrul populatiei majoritare fata de:

• ie, minoritatile etnice e!istente;•

ie, fata de minoritatile imigrante.&aspunsurile rasiste pot implica anumite fenomene:H atacuri asupra indi#i/ilor;H aruncarea bombelor asupra caselor;H marsuri si demonstratii care cer e!pul/area comunitatii imigrante.H etc.

Problema politiei este de a mentine echilibrul intre libertatile democratice dee!primare si mentinerea linistii publice.

- Kiolenta politica a unor minoritati entice daca acestea simt ca le este amenintata po/itia:

• 'onflicte pri#ind slujbele;• %menintarea salariilor grupurilor e!istente de catre populatia majoritara:• 'onflicte pri#ind locuintele;

Problema legii si ordinii este de obicei la ni#el sca/ut, i/bucniri spontane de lupte side/ordini in /onele locuite de minoritati entice.

- 'onflicte in cadrul minoritatii etnice.• Pericolul consta in a crede ca tori oamenii pro#eniti, sa /icem din 2ndia sau

@aroc au acelasi background Ain @aroc D arabii si berberiiB.• 'onflicte intre majoritatile entice D intre nou-#enitii minoritari si minoritatile

stabilite acolo mai de mult. %semenea grupuri #or crea propriile asociatii de

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protectie si de ajutor reciproc. $aca apare persecutia, acestea de#inilegale ne#a/ute.

• 2migrantii din tarile cu climat cald pot fi obisnuiti cu o cultura de strada, undeo mare parte a timpului se petrece pe strada, discutand unii cu ceilalti,organi/and petreceri spontane si in general statul, lance/itul pe strada. %cest

lucru poate crea impresia, pt agentul de politie care patrulea/a, ca acolo e pecale sa inceapa o manifestatie. Politistii trebuie sa in#ete sa distinga intree!uberanta si atitudine agresi#a.

- 'redinte si practici religioase. %cestea sunt lucruri pe care locuitorii unei tari dar siimigrantii nou-#eniti trebuie sa le in#ete de la unii la altii.

Toate fenomenele ridica intrebarea daca o cultura imigranta trebuie absorbita sau trebuie sa fielasata sa-si manifeste trasaturile diferite. Megate de aceasta chestiune sunt:

- Ma ce probleme se asteapta imigrantii de la repre/entantii legii si ordinii. Potentialul deneintelegere este mare, si este ne#oie ca politia sa fie instruita pt a putea controlaaceste probleme.

- &olul pe care il are #iolenta, poate diferi de la o cultura la alta, si deci intre culturamajoritatii si cele ale imigrantilor.

- (tructurarea familiei poate de asemenea fi diferita. @ulti imigranti au familii mari.Prin imigrarea unora, familia este despartita. )oua tara pri#este familia in alt fel. tc.

- %steptarile si aspiratiile minoritatii entice imigrante . Prima generatie are in generalsperante si aspiratii sca/ute si se pot multumi cu un standard de #iata sca/ut,masurandu-l cu cel pe care il a#eau in tara de origine. % doua generatie insa trecand

prin sistemul de educatie si pe cale sa de#ina forta de munca, au aspiratii mai ridicate,care pot fi disproportionate fata de pregatirea educationala obtinuta.

- 2mportul legal sau illegal, de bunuri din tara de origine, care sunt relati# ieftine.@ajoritatea problemelor cer un raspuns din partea sistemului de in#atamant. Politistii,

populatia tarii respecti#e si populatia imigranta trebuie educate in spiritul culturii siasteptarilor tuturor partilor. Mimitele tolerantei trebuie sa fie specificate si trebuie createinstitutiile politice potri#ite prin care o societate multiculturala sa poata asigura re/ol#areaconflictului, la un ni#el mai mic decat cel parlamentar.0 problema importanta pentru politie este aceea de a-si adapta cu success strategiile acti#itatiisale politienesti la o filo/ofie publica care sa incerce sa nu faca pe nimeni sa se simta diferitsau apartinand unui anume grup fafori/at. Trebuie facuta dreptate dar trebuie sa se aiba grija

pt a se face dreptate.

#!LITICI "E "E#ASIRE A CAT!R3A "I TRE ACESTE #R!BLEME%

@% Representanti ai minoritatilor in )a rul politiei%a. %cest de/iderat ridica in primul rand problema cerintelor de selectionare,cum ar fi de e!. 'at trebuie sa fie politistii de inalti"

b. %poi testele cu tenta de prejudecata trebuie inlocuite cu teste neutre.c. Trebuie imbunatatita educatia. 0bstacolele culturale care ii inhiba pe anumecandidati dintr-o anume comunitate etnica. 2n acest sens instructorii trebuiemai intai ei sa fie instruiti in aceasta directie pt a de#eni mai constienti deaceste probleme.d.


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e. 2nstitutia politieneasca trebuie responsabili/ata pentru aplicarea acesteieducatii instruiri pentru ca politistii sa simta ca sunt patronii programului.

% $rupuri )onsultative si )omponenta lor%Trebuie create grupuri consultati#e care sa-i consilie/e sfatuiasca pe politisti sisa e#alue/e acti#itatile lor. Problema este ca majoritatea acestor grupuri tind sa

pro#ina din clasa de mijloc sau medii prietenoase apropiate fata de politisti.%desea, in aceste grupuri nu sunt chemati si personae ostile politiei.'ompo/itia acestor grupuri este la fel de importanta ca insasi e!istenta lor.

. % Repre6entanti ai )omunitatii )are sunt e )etatenia tarii respe)tive%2n societatea occidentala, e!ista si minoritati care nu au necesarmente cetateniatarii in care traiesc, si deci nu pot de#eni politisti sau membri in grupuriconsultati#e.(i pentru aceste situatii trebuie gasite solutii.

..% Exer)itarea puterii politienesti%$aca politia nu isi desfasoara acti#itatea in comunitati, atunci altcine#a #asuplini acest #id de putere. $e e!emplu D comunitatea chine/a nu raportea/acrimele pentru ca multi dintre membrii sai sunt imigranti ilegali si se tem cadaca se #or duce la politie ar putea fi deportati. &e/ultatul este protectiarachetilor. %cestia merg la imigrantii ilegali si le cer ta!a de protectie pentru casa nu-i spuna la politie si pentru La a#ea grijaL de ei si de proprietatile lor. 2ntarile occidentale, aceasta se intampla cu imigrantii ilegali romani, bulgari etc.

.-% C+estiunea a)a este posi7il sau )instit )a politia sa5si esfasoare a)tulpolitienes) iferit in )omunitati iferite inseamna e asemenea:

a. $iscretie: in practica, actul politienesc este reali/at in mod diferit la momentediferite si imprejurari diferite. 2n acest sens calitatile potistului sunt cele caresunt importante.

b. Politistul care patrulea/a cu piciorul si care raspunde de pre#enireainfractionalitatii si contra#entiilor. %cest ser#iciu trebuie neaparat sa fie

proprietatea comunitatii. %cesta poate fi reali/at de o companie pri#ata, decomunitatea insasi sau de politie. 'omunitatea de aici trebuie sa fie inferioaracelei municipale Acomunitatea tiganeasca, de e!empluB.

c. 0 unitate de politie cu competitie atat represi#a cat si de ordine publica care saapartina comunitatii sau unei pro#incii. %cesti politisti trebuie sa poarteuniforma sa reactione/e la apelurile telefonice si sa fie in permanenta legaturacu patrula stradala, care poata re/ol#a problemele #i/ate de telefon.

d. Trebuie sa e!iste o unitate ser#ici de in#estigatie penala Ainfractiuni mai gra#e,de e!emplu #iol, omor etcB. trebuie sa fie o unitate ser#ice nationalAaB

e. ste ne#oie de o unitate ser#ici politienesc national sau super-national Aundeun numar de tari sunt geographic foarte apropiateB, care sa se ocupe deinfractionaalitatea gra#a ca traficul de droguri, terrorism, crima organi/ata, inspecial unde se implica frauda sau spalare de bani.

f. Trebuie sa e!iste organisme independente care sa monitori/e/e si sa e#alue/eunitatile de politie, acti#itatile lor si politica lor. $e preferat o institutie dinafara.

g. Trebuie sa e!iste unitati care sa apartina, si sa fie conduse de )atiunile


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Muliticulturalism Minorities and Policing

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