Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman - USAID SARI/Energy...

47

Transcript of Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman - USAID SARI/Energy...

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Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman

G.M. (C&M) PEPCO

PAKISTAN POWER SECTORPAKISTAN POWER SECTOR

Kathmandu, 15 th November, 2011

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Power Sector Overviewand Current Challenges

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Pakistan Power Sector - Organization

IPPs

WAPDA PEPCO

PPIB SPPs/CPPs

KESC

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

Water Projects &

Dams

GENCOs(4)

DISCOs(9)

NTDC AEDB

Ministry of Water & Power

Pakistan Atomic EnergyCommission

NEPRAThe

Regulator

PrivateSector

CPPA

Kanupp & Chashnupp (C1 &C2)

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POWER MARKET

Exist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPP

WAPDA HYDEL

WAPDA WAPDA HYDELHYDEL

GENCOGENCOGENCO

NuclearNuclearNuclear

GENCOGENCOGENCOGENCOGENCOGENCO

Exist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPPExist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPP

New IPP

New New IPPIPPNew IPP

New New IPPIPPNew IPP

New New IPPIPP

WPPOWPPOWPPO

CPPA

CCPPPPAA

NTDC NTDC NTDC

DISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCO

BSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSC

Exist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPP

WAPDA HYDEL

WAPDA WAPDA HYDELHYDEL

GENCOGENCOGENCO

NuclearNuclearNuclear

GENCOGENCOGENCOGENCOGENCOGENCO

Exist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPPExist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPP

New IPP

New New IPPIPPNew IPP

New New IPPIPPNew IPP

New New IPPIPP

WPPOWPPOWPPO

CPPA

CCPPPPAA

NTDC NTDC NTDC

DISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCO

BSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSC

Exist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPP

WAPDA HYDEL

WAPDA WAPDA HYDELHYDEL

GENCOGENCOGENCO

NuclearNuclearNuclear

GENCOGENCOGENCOGENCOGENCOGENCO

Exist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPPExist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPP

New IPP

New New IPPIPPNew IPPNew New IPPIPPNew IPP

New New IPPIPP

WPPOWPPOWPPO

CPPA

CCPPPPAA

NTDC NTDC NTDC

DISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCO

BSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSC

SOSO

Dispatch Dispatch

Availability

Availability

et others

et others

Contracts

Contracts

Demand

Demand

Least cost

operation

Exist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPP

WAPDA HYDEL

WAPDA WAPDA HYDELHYDEL

GENCOGENCOGENCO

NuclearNuclearNuclear

GENCOGENCOGENCOGENCOGENCOGENCO

Exist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPPExist IPP

Exist Exist IPPIPP

New IPP

New New IPPIPPNew IPPNew New IPPIPPNew IPP

New New IPPIPP

WPPOWPPOWPPO

CPPA

CCPPPPAA

NTDC NTDC NTDC

DISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCODISCO

BSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSCBSC

SOSO

Dispatch Dispatch

Availability

Availability

et others

et others

Contracts

Contracts

Demand

Demand

Least cost

operation

Operational instructions given by the System Operator directly to

generators and DISCOS

Information for daily operation supplied by generators & DISCOs

directly to the System Operator

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Supply Curve of national power market

6

0.51

1.253.12

10.21

11.1113.2

16.36

19.42

29.51

39.37

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Pri

ce/

kW

h

Load (MW)

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Whole sale price level in 2010-11

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Wholesale average price during 2010-11

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J A M M U &

S h a h i d M a h m o o d

M . W a s e e m Y o u n u s

A b d u l M a je e d M a l i k

D W N :

C . E

D . D

D I R :

G . M D R G # G M P P / G e o g / P A K . - 0 1 4 D A T E0 4 - 0 4 - 2 0 0 8

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N T D C P L A N N I N G P O W E R

C H I N A

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M A N G L A P / H

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I R A N

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N K I

L E G E N D

H Y D E L S T A T I O N

T H E R M A L S T A T I O N

5 0 0 k V

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E X I S T I N G P R O P O S E DL I N E SG R I D S G R I D S L I N E S

L A L P I R

K H W A R

N O W S H E R AN E W

J A G R A N H Y D E L

C H A BA H A R

5 0 .7 k m

D O Y I A N

B U N J I

B A S H A

D A S UP A T A N

K O H A L A

N E E L U M J H E L U M

B A H A W A LP U R N E W

7 0 .5 k m

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H A B I B U L L A HI P P s

P / H

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S A H I W A L

I P P s

W A R S A K

230k

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G H A K

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5 0 0 k V S T A T I O N S1 - P e s h a w a r

2 - T a r b e l a3 - G h a z i B r o t h a4 - R e w a t N e w5 - L a h o r e6 - G a t t i

R O U S C H ( I P P )

7 - Y o u s a f w a l a8 - M u l t a n9 - M u z a f f a r G a r h

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1 1 - D a d u N e w1 2 - J a m s h o r o

H U B C O ( I P P )

I P P s

1 - K A P C O 1 6 3 82 - H U B C O 1 2 9 23 - A E S P A K G E N 3 6 5

5 - K E L 1 3 14 - A E S L A L P I R 3 6 2

6 - S E P C O 1 1 7

7 - H C P C 1 4 0

9 - R O U S C H 4 1 21 0 - S A B A 1 3 4

8 - F A U J I K A B I R W A L A 1 5 7

1 1 - J A P A N P O W E R 1 3 5

1 3 - U C H 5 8 6

1 5 - A L T E R N 1 11 4 - J A G R A N H Y D E L 3 0

1 6 - L I B E R T Y P O W E R 2 3 5

1 2 - C H A S H N U P P 3 2 5

I N S T A L L E DC A P A C I T Y I N M W

I M P O R T E D C O A L

A E S

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AC

/DC

LIN

ES

TO L

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/ IS

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(CO

NS

UL

TAN

T)

5 0 0 k V

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K A R A C H I( G A D A N I )

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C A V A L I E R 5 0 0 M W I P P

P R O G A S 3 4 5 M W I P P

A L - T U W A R I Q I S T E E L M I L L

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Domestic

43%

Commercial

6%

Industrial

25%

Bulk

3%

Agri

12%

AJK

2%

KESC

8%

Others

1%

Other

11%

Consumption Mix

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Historic Demand & Supply Position

Fiscal Year Computed Peak Demand* Corresponding SupplySurplus/ Shortfall

2007-08 17398 12442 -4956

2008-09 17852 13637 -4215

2009-10 18583 13413 -5170

2010-11 19230 13163 -5581

(All Figures in MW)

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GENERATION - EXISTING CAPACITY (Excluding KESC)

Type of GenerationInstalled Capacity (MW)

De-rated/Dependable

Capacity (MW)

Availability(MW)

WAPDA Hydro* 6,516 6,516 4,500

GENCOs 4,764 3,580 2,000

IPPs (incl. Nuclear) 9,085 8,295 7,600

Rental 393 393 200

Total 20,823 18,784 14,300

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Hydel

35%

Furnace Oil

35%

Gas

25%Nuclear

3%

Coal 2%

Other

5%

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Fuel-wise Generation Mix (2010 -2011)

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Reasons for Current Power Deficit / Load Shedding

Activity No.Increase in

Demand (MW)

Villages electrified

Population benefitted: 7 m +47,076 188

Connections given (2008-2011) excluding

tube-well connections3,062,215 190

Agriculture tube-wells Connection 40,577 100

Load addition due to installation of air-

conditioners1 Million 2,500

Total 2,978

Quantum jump in power demand during 2008-2011 due to:

� Increase in load as under:

� Non-availability of fuel oil for power plants

� Shortage of Gas Supply to Power Sector 14

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AVERAGE GAS REQUIREMENT VS. ACTUAL GAS SUPPLIED TO GENCOS POWER STATIONS

DESCRIP

TIONRequired

Gas (GENCOs)

Gas Available

(GENCOs)

Gap(GENCOs)

Required

Gas

(IPPs)

Gas

Available

(IPPs)

Gap

(IPPs)

Total Gap

(GENCOs +

IPPs)

Availability

(%age)

2005-06 735 583 152 671 524 147 299 79%

2006-07 735 451 284 671 523 148 432 69%

2007-08 735 438 297 671 491 180 477 66%

2008-09 735 405 330 671 408 263 593 58%

2009-10 735 361 374 671 391 280 654 53%

2010-11 735 267 468 671 358 313 781 44%

15

(MMCFD)

• Period : July and July• KESC supply (182 MMCFD) not included

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AVERAGE FURNACE OIL RECEIVEDDURING THE YEAR - 2011

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Average non-Availability of Generation due to Oil & Gas (201 1)� Oil 1800 MW

� Gas 750 MW

15294 15324

18850

15293

17387

20696

17730

31600

30000

28000

26700

31000 31000

32000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

January February March April May June July

Fuel Oil Supply Vs Demand

Supplied

Required

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DisCos Tariff Determined and Notified

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Tariff Effective Determined

Tariff Rs./kWh

Notified Tariff

Rs./kWh

Difference Rs./kWh

24-02-2007 5.13 4.25 0.88

01-03-2008 5.58 4.78 0.80

05-09-2008 8.35 5.58 2.77

25-02-2009 8.35 5.63 2.72

01-10-2009 8.35 5.88 2.47

21-12-2009 10.09 5.96 4.13

01-01-2010 10.09 6.65 3.44

01-07-2010 10.35 7.05 3.30

01-10-2010 9.57 7.19 2.38

01-11-2010 9.57 7.29 2.28

15-03-2011 9.57 7.44 2.13

06-05-2011 9.57 7.58 1.99

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1818

Measures to mitigate Power Shortage

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1-GENERATION ADDITION

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Power Generation Additions March 2008 to July 2011

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Sr. No.

Name of Project FuelInstalled Capacity /

Retirement (MW)1 Malakand-III , Dargai, KPK Hydel 812 Attock Gen, Rawalpindi, Punjab RFO 1633 Atlas Power, Sheikhupura, Punjab RFO 2194 Engro Power, Dharki, Sindh Gas 2275 Saif Power, Sahiwal , Punjab RFO/Gas 2256 Orient Power, Baloki, Punjab RFO/Gas 2257 Nishat Power, near Lahore, Punjab RFO 2008 Nishat Chunian,near Lahore, Punjab RFO 2009 Sapphire Power, Muridke, Punjab RFO/Gas 22510 Techno Power Faisalabad, Punjab RFO 6011 Liberty Tech, Faisalabad, Punjab RFO 20012 Gulf Rental, Gujranwala, Punjab RFO 6213 Hubco, Narowal, Punjab RFO 22514 Foundation Power, Dharki, Sindh Gas 20215 Halmore Power Project, Bhikki, Punjab Gas.HSD 22516 Chashnup-2, Mianwali, Punjab Nuclear 30017 Karkey Rental Power Plant, Karachi, Sindh RFO 23218 Khan Khawar, Besham, KPK Hydel 7219 Walter Naudero, Naudero Sindh Gas 51

Total 3394

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1- Short Term Additions (2011-2013)

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Sr.No. Name of ProjectCapacity

(MW)Expected COD

A. Public Sector Projects

1. Nandipur Power Project 425

One year after release

of equipment from

Karachi Port

2.UAE Gifted Power Plant at

Faisalabad320 Dec 2012

3. Guddu 750 Nov 2012

Sub-total (A) 1495

B. WAPDA Hydel Projects

1. Allai Khawar HPP 121 Feb 2012

2. Duber Khawar HPP 130 Dec 2012

3. Jinnah Low Head HPP 96 Dec 2012

4. Gomal Zam HPP 17 Feb 2013

Sub-total (B) 364

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Sr.No. Name of ProjectCapacity

(MW)Expected COD

C. PPIB Projects (IPPs)

1. Coal Fired PP at Thar (UCG) 100 Jun 2012

2. Radian Energy PP 150 Jun 2013

Sub-total (C) 250

D. AEDB Projects (Wind)

1. Wind Power Projects (14 Projects) 700 2011 – 2013

Total (A+B+C+D) 2809

Short Term Additions (2011 -2013)

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2-GENCOS’ REHABILITATION

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2- GENCOS’ REHABILIATATION

Projects NameExisting

CapacityAddition

Expenditure

US$ Million

a. US AID Funded Projects 2055 315 51.621

b. Own Resources Projects 505 180 45.00

c. Projects in plan funding being arranged 550 722 123

G TOTAL 3110 1217 219.621

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Hydro Power

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Sr # Name of Project PC-I Cost(Rs. Billion)

Hydropower(MW)

Progress/ Completion

1. KHAN KHWARBesham, KPK 8.301 72 Substantially

Completed

2. DUBER KHWARKohistan, KPK 16.324 130 77%

(Dec 2012)

3. ALLAI KHWAR – Battagram, KPK 8.578 121 74%(Feb 2012)

4. JINNAH HYDROPOWER,Jinnah Barrage 13.546 96 85%

(Dec 2012)

5 GOMAL ZAM DAM 12829 17.4 71%Feb 2013

6 SATPARA DAMOriginal 2090Revised 4806 17.36 97%

Nov 2011

7 REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF UNITS 1, 3 & 4 OF TARBELA DAM 1.403 100 Dec 2011

8 NEELUM JHELUM Neelum, AJK 84.502 969 25%(Oct 2015)

9 GOLEN GOL –Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 7.035 106 Feb 2015

Total 156.998 1628.76

MAJOR PROJECTS UNDER EXECUTIONHYDROPOWER PROJECTS

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HYDROPOWER PROJECTS TO BE UNDERTAKEN FOR IMPLEMENTATION DURING NEXT FIVE YEARS

S# Project RiverCapacity

(MW)Storage(MAF)

Estimated Cost (US$

Million)

Earliest Project

InitiationStatus

1. DIAMER BASHA –Gilgit Baltistan Indus 4500 8.1 11178 2011 Ready for Construction

2. KURRAM TANGI –FATA/KPK Kurram 84 1.2 700 2011 Ready for Construction.

3. TARBELA 4 TH EXT. –Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Indus 1350 - 926 2011 Detailed Engineering and

Design is under process.

4. MUNDA –FATA/KPK Swat 740 1.3 1401 2012

Feasibility Completed. RFP under issue for Detailed Engineering and Design.

5. KOHALA –AJK Jhelum 1100 RoR 2212 2012

Feasibility Study, Detailed Engineering & Design completed. LOI issued by PPIB.

6. BUNJI –GIlgit Baltistan Indus 7100 RoR 6800 2012

Feasibility Study completed. Detailed Engineering & Design completed and under review by WAPDA experts.

7. DASU–Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Indus 4320 1.15 6000 2014

Feasibility Study completed. Selection of Consultants for Detailed Engineering & Design is under process.

8.Others (Bara, Tank Zam Matiltan & Palas Valley etc.) – KPK/GB/AJK

1500 RoR 2011-2015 Under Study.

9. Patan, Shyok, Akhori –KPK/Punjab Indus 3920 12 2015 Under Study.

Total ~ 24,614 23.75

RoR – Run of River

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CATEGORY-WISE PLANNED GENERATION UP TO 2030

Plant TypeTotal

Capacity (MW)

1. Nuclear Power Projects 6300

3. Wind Power Projects 1050

4. Coal Fired Thermal Projects 37500

5. RFO/GAS Fired Thermal Projects

9113

6. Cross Border (C.A. & Iran) 2000

Total 55963

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2929

4-Demand Side Management

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Demand Side Management

Program Estimated Saving

(MW)

Replacement of 30 m ILs with CFLs 1000MW

•Replacement of inefficient tube-wells

pumps (230,000 tubewells in Country)

•Program being offered to ADB for funding

1500MW

30

IL : Incandescent lampsCFL : compact fluorescent lamps

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� Building Energy Code (BEC), developedo Annual Energy Conservation Potential Approx 2.46 MTOEo Investment Required US$_________o Potential Annual Savings US$ 1.8 Billion

� Energy Conservation in Industry and Power Sectorso Annual Energy Conservation Potential Approx 4 MTOEo Investment Required US$_______o Potential Savings US$ 3 Billion (??)

� Energy Conservation in Water Pumping Systemso Annual Power Saving Potential Approx 1200 MWo Investment Required US$ 766 Million

� Energy Efficiency Standards and Labeling (ES&L) for Domestic Applianceso Annual Energy Conservation Potential Approx 7,000 GWHo Investment Required US$______o Annual Savings US$ 14 Million

� Solarization of Telecom Towerso Annual Power Saving Potential Approx 65 GWHo Investment Required US$______o Annual Savings US$ 11.5 Million

Energy Conservation

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PEPCO CDM PROJECTS

Sr.

No

.

Name of Project Power

Saving

(MW)

Carbon Emissions

Reduction per

Annum

(t CO2-eq)

Financing

Requirement

(Million $)

1 Installation of Energy Efficient

Distribution Transformers

700 25386.5 31.5349

2 Provision of LT Capacitors on

Industrial and Agricultural Loads

960.95 3485019 18.272

3 SF6 Gas Leakage Reduction - 7.889 ton SF6 0.4534

4 Conversion of Existing 366 MW

Street Lighting Load to Solar Power

System

366 553062.6 595.116

5 Replacement of Energy Inefficient

Irrigation Tube well Pumps/Motors

with Energy Efficient Standard

Pumps/Motors

1181 1784609 765.9884

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Generation Mix %ageYear Hydel Thermal1995 50% 50%1996 47% 53%1997 41% 59%1998 41% 59%1999 42% 58%2000 34% 66%2001 29% 71%2002 31% 69%2003 35% 65%2004 40% 60%2005 35% 65%2006 37% 63%2007 36% 64%2008 33% 67%2009 34% 66%2010 32% 68%

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Name of Company

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Actual % NEPRA Target % Actual % NEPRA

Target %Actual

%NEPRA

Target %

LESCO 13.3 12.3 13.8 12.0 13.3 12.0

GEPCO 11.0 11.3 11.0 10.5 12.0 10.5

FESCO 10.7 11.2 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.0

IESCO 10.8 11.0 9.8 10.0 9.8 10.0

MEPCO 18.4 17.5 19.0 15.0 18.3 15.0

PESCO

35.233.2

34.628.0

35.228.0

TESCO Not NEPRA licensee

HESCO

35.1 34.4

29.3

28.0

27.2

28.0SEPCO

40.7(34.8)

41.0(33.8)

QESCO 20.1 20.5 20.7 18.0 20.8 18.0

DISCOS Total 19.4 - 19.6 - 19.6 -

DISTRIBUTION LOSSES (%age)

(132KV & Below System)

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35

Peak Demand Projections* (whole Country)2007–2030

*Projected demand includes captive power also. Average growth rate is expected to be about 8%

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COUNTRY PEAK DEMAND & SUPPLY 2011–2030

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POWER IMPORT PROJECTS

CASA-1000 PROJECT

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M. WASEEMYOUNUS

KABUL

DATKA

DATKA TO KHUJAND PROPOSED 500kV A/C NETWORKKHUJANDTO SANGTUDA EXISTING 500kV A/C NETWORK

SANGTUDA TO KABAL PROPOSED 500kV D/C NETWORKKABALTO PESHAWAR PROPOSED 500kV D/C NETWORK

SUR KHAN TO PESHAWAR PROPOSED 500kV D/C NETWORK

MUHAMMAD DAUD

NISAR AHMADBAZMI

E. C. O. COUNTRIES

DRG# GMPP/

(Geographical)

DATE20-10-11

NTDC G M PLANNING SHAHID

MAHMOOD

D.M

DWN

C.E

G.M

AFGHANISTANIRANIRAQ

SYRIA

TURKEY TURKMENISTAN

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CASACASACASACASA----1000 1000 1000 1000 IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

1. Project is designed to transmit 300 MW to Afghanistan and

1000MW to Pakistan

2. 500kV ac line (477 km) and 500kV DC line (750 km)

3. Total project cost US Dollars 873 million

4. Cost of project part in Pakistan US Dollars 182 million

5. Average cost of energy at source 1.75 cent/kwh

6. Levellized cost of transmission 5 cents /kwh

7. Cost at receiving end 6.75 cents/kwh

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Annual Energy Flow

40

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IMPORT OF POWER

FROM

UZBEKISTAN

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The Map of Central AsiaThe Map of Central AsiaThe Map of Central AsiaThe Map of Central Asia

42

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IMPORT OF POWER FROM UZBEKISTANIMPORT OF POWER FROM UZBEKISTANIMPORT OF POWER FROM UZBEKISTANIMPORT OF POWER FROM UZBEKISTAN

1. Project is designed to transmit 1000MW to Pakistan

2. 500kV DC line (900 km)

3. Total project cost US Dollars 638 million

4. Cost of project part outside Uzbekistan USD 460 million

5. Cost of project part in Uzbekistan US Dollars 178 million

6. Average cost of energy at source 6.0 cent/kwh

7. Levellized cost of transmission 1.5 cents /kwh

8. Cost at receiving end 7.5 cents/kwh

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UCH - II P/H

MUHAMMAD DAUD

GWADAR

G. DOWNTOWN

G. INDUS

G. DEEP SEAG. SANGHAR

NISAR AHMADBAZMI

DATE21-05-11

MALL

MASHKAY

AWARAN

NOHSAR

KHANMEHTERZAI

1000 MWIMPORT FROM IRAN

DALBANDIN

NEAR QUETTASUB STATION±500kV HVDC/220kVHVAC

GHEB

N. T. D. C

D.M

DWN

C.E

G.M

MANDTUMP

TURBAT

HOSHAB

PASNIT.P.S

GWADAR220kV

PANJGOR

KHUZDAR

BAGHBANA

SURAB

GIDDER

KHARAN

KALAT

MANGOCHER

KHAD KUCHA

KIRD

SARYAB

SIBBI

BHAG

QUETTA

SORRANGE

SHARIG

HARNAI

LORALAIMEKHTER

KINGRI

S.SARWARBARKHAN

ZHOB

M.PUR

G.H.ZAI

UCH P/H

MUSLIM BAGH

PISHINGULISTAN

Q.ABDULLAH

CHAMAN

HABIBULLAH

ALIZAI

J.MAGSI

USTAMOHD

GHARIKHAIRO

R.JAMALI

JACOBABAD

ZEHRI

RAKHNI

IRAN

JIWANI

BELA

UTHAL

KARACHI

TUFTAN

WADH

NAL

CHAGAI

QUETTA

SH:MANDA

HABIBULLAH

MARRIABAD

MASTUNGMACH

SIBBI

QUETTARING

A R A B I A N S E A

M.K.BAZARQUETTA RING

GANDAKHA

MANJOSHORI

CHATTAR

DUKI

THULL

JACKIGOR BULEDA

DADU NEW

KASHMOR

SUI

DERABUGTI

KAHAN

MAWANDKOHLU

BAKHER

DRUG

KUCHLAK

SAMBAZA

ZIARAT

ORMARA

MASHKHEL

CHOBAHAR

121km

BASIMA

POLAN G/S

M. WASEEMYOUNUS

33KV

LEGEND

±500kV HVDC

PROPOSED

G/STN T/L

500kV THERMAL P/STN

500kV

220kV

EXISTING

G/STN T/L

220kV THERMAL P/STN

66KV

132KV

JEWA

CITY

INDUS.

PCSIRHAZAR GANJI

PISHIN

HABIB ZAI

D.K.ZAI

HUB

DARWAZA

EXPANSION PLAN UPTO 2020

Q E S C O

DRG# GMPP/Geog/Q/008

ELECTRICAL NETWORK(Geographical)

G. M. PLANNING POWERSHAHID

MAHMOOD

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IMPORT FROM IRANIMPORT FROM IRANIMPORT FROM IRANIMPORT FROM IRAN

1. Project is designed to transmit 1000MW to Pakistan

2. 500kV DC line (678 km)

3. Total project cost US Dollars 656 million

4. Cost of project part in Pakistan USD 413 million (585 KM)

5. Cost of project part in Iran US Dollars 243 million

6. Average cost of energy at source 5.3 cent/kwh

7. Levellized cost of transmission 1.5 cents /kwh

8. Cost at receiving end 6.8 cents/kwh

46

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