Muhammad and the Believers
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Transcript of Muhammad and the Believers
Muhammad and the Believers
HIST 10079/9/13
History Club Meeting
• 5:30-7:00, Wed. Sept. 11• McMicken Room 357
Syria and the United Stands: Internal and International Politics of Crisis and Intervention
• 4:00-5:30, Thur. Sept. 12• 800 Swift Hall• Panel including– Elizabeth Frierson (History)– Richard Harknett (Political Science)– Andrew Lewis (Political Science)– Stephen Porter (History)– Robert Haug (History) (moderator)
Markets of the Arabs
Ghassanids and Lakhmids
Poetry and Arab Culture
• Oral culture• Dialects and literary language• Mu`allaqat• Seven qasida, best poems of pre-Islamic era• The Hanging Poems
The Major Clans of Quraysh in the 7th Century
Banu Quraysh
Banu Abd al-Dar
Banu Abd Manaf
Banu Nawfal
Banu Muttalib
Banu Hashim
Banu Abd Shams
Banu Umayyah
Banu Makhzum
Banu Zuhrah Banu Taym Banu Adi Banu Asad Banu
Jumah Banu Sahm
The Historical Muhammad
• Why is it difficult to study the history of a figure like Muhammad?
• Qur`an• Hadith• Sira• Maghazi
Muhammad (ca. 570-632)
• Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh• Orphaned, raised by his grandfather and uncle (both
shaykhs of the Banu Hashim)• Commercial trader• al-Amin and al-Sadiq• 595CE – Marries Khadijah• Hanif
Revelation
• 610 CE: Muhammad receives first revelations from Jibrail • Shares revelation withrelatives and close companions• Khadijah is first convert• `Ali and Abu Bakr are firstmale converts
Muhammad and Jibrail
Preaching and Persecution
• ca. 613: Muhammad begins openly preaching• Reaches outcasts of society– Orphans, widows, younger sons, slaves, etc.
• Faces opposition from Quraysh, challenge to authority• Protected by Abu Talib• ca. 615: emigration to Ethiopia
Bilal al-Habashi, first muezzin
Emigration
• 619: Abu Talib and Khadijahdie• Loss of protection for Muhammad and Muslims• 622: Hijra to Yathrib (Medina)• Foundation of first Muslim community• Muhammad as statesman
Medina in 19th century painting and1940 photo
Muhammad in Medina
• Muhajirun and Ansar• Shaykh of a growing confederation• Alliances with nearby tribes• Must provide for the well being of his followers• Quraysh confiscate property in Mecca
Confrontation with Quraysh
• 624: Battle of Badr
Muhammad standing over `Ubaydah.Image from ‘Siyer-i Nebi’
14th century Persian depiction of thebattle.
The Site of Badr
Qur`an 3:122-125‘Two of your battalions were about to lose heart, and
Allah was their Protector. In Allah let the believers put their trust!
Allah had already given you victory at Badr, at a time when you were still powerless; so fear Allah that perchance you might be thankful!
When you were telling the believers: ‘Is it not enough that your Lord should reinforce you with three thousand angels sent down?’
Yes, if you forbear and fear Allah and the enemy attack you at once, your Lord will reinforce you with five thousand marked angels.’