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SECTION OF STRUCTURES:

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REMiARKS:

MUD iuAiE itM'UGE

January - April 19L7

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344

Refug© Manager, Mud Lak© Rafug© May 19, 1947

Regional Refuge Supervisor, Minneapolis, Minnesota

January - April Harratir© Report - Mud Lake Refuge

la reviewing your narrative Report for the period January-April 1947, it has been noted that Form HR-2 covering "Upland Game Birds, as covered by Section 7743-B of the Refuge Manual, has not been included in your report*

Kindly submit the completed HR-2 form to this office in triplicate so that they may be Included in your Narrative Report for the above period.

F. C. Glllett

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Regional Director, Minneapolis, Minn, May 8, 1947

Refuge Manager, Hud lake Refuge, Holt, Minn.

Narrative Report

Referenoe is made to attached narrative report covering period January 1, - April 30, 1947.

Please be advised "chat this report was prepared in par-c by Mr. Ball, as was the report for the previous period.

Robley W, Hunt

&

TiBLE OF CONTENTS

I • GENERAL A* Weather Conditions B. Water Conditions C. Fires

II. WILDLIFE A. Migratory Birds

Upland Game Birds Big Game Animals Fur Animals, Predators, Rodents, and

Other Mammals Predaceous Birds, including Crows,

Ravens, and Magpies Fish

B. C. D.

E.

F.

III. REFUGE DEVELOPMENT MAINTENANCE A. Physical Development B. Plantings C. Collections D. Receipts of Seed or Nursery Stock

IV. ECONOMIC USE OF REFUGE A. Grazing B. Haying C. Fur Harvest

V. FIELD INVESTIGATION OR APPLIED RESEARCH A. Progress Report

VI. PUBLIC RELATIONS B. Refuge Visitors C. Refuge Participation

VII. OTHER ITEMS A. Items of Interest

NR REPORTS

HIGHLIGHTS OF YEAR'S ACTEVITrSS A. General B. Water Conditions C. Wildlife D. Economic Uses E. Physical Accomplishments F. Wildlife and Related Activitfes

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15 16 17 17

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28 28 28 30 31 32

MUD LAKE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Holt, Minnesota Jan.-Apr.1947

I. GENERAL

A. Weather Conditions

Following is a tabulation of weather data and a comparison of conditions for this past period, and for the same period of

1946:

# Precipitation Max. Temp. Min. Temp.

1946 1947 1946 1947 1946 1947

January 0.04 0.25 31 38 -30 -28

February 0.10 0.39 37 36 -33 -19

March 0.68 0,29 75 52 -14 - 5

April 0.95 — 75 78 22 15

Due to weather observation and recording work in Thief River Palls being shifted from the Power Plant to the new Radio station in mid-winter, comparison of snowfall between 1946 and 1947 is lacking. The radio station, unfortunately, has failed to place proper precipitation gauges in operation and many of their records are deficient in required data. We hope, however, this situation wiH be rectified eventually.

Winter temperatures were generally less severe this win­ter in comparison to last winter. Prolonged cold periods, similar to periods occurring in the 1946 winter were absent. This spring, however, has been approximately a month late in its arrival. Snowfall was moderate, with high winds sweeping many of the open areas clean of snow,

B. Water Conditions

Commencing in mid-summer last year, our impoundments dropped slowly until just prior to break-up. Ice levexs on all pools indicated water elevations varying from .4 feet below normal to as much as 2 feet (Northwest).

Although we did have considerable snow this past winter we were nox; too optimis"cic as to filling ail pools uhis springs fie have had a very cold spring - several days of thawing weather, fillowed by cold snaps with temperatures down to 15 degrees. This type of weather usually results in a slow run-off, and pools are not so quickly filled. We have also had occasional rains and wet snows, however, and these have, no doubt, been responsiDle for filling pools as of this

date (April 27).

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At tixis time pool elevations are as followsj

Headquarters -Green Stump -Mud Lake Madsen South East CCC Mud River Webster Creeic-

* Northwest

1,20 below normal 0.54 below normal 0.42 above normal Potholes rilled to normal Approximately normal Approximately normal .10 (Approximately) below normal .10 Above top of head wall .15 above top of head wall

* Earth plug at southeast corner of washout permitted flow of water into northwest pool so its elevation now approximates Mud Lake.

C. Fires

There have been no fires during this period. At the present time, however, there is a derinite fire hazard. There will oe some danger of fire unnii the time as vegeta­tion greens up.

Controlled burning operations were accomplished on four different areas as indicated on the map included in the ap­pendix. A total of approximately 1160 acres were burned off. Due to the fact that it is necessary to undertake burning quite early in the spring it is impossible to completely burn off an area of any size. All depressions contain water, and the larger orusn clumps and groves still have banks of drifted snow. It is our opinion that tne burns we do obtain are satisfactory for all practical purposes. Sufficient area is burned to maintain extensive open areas, and at the same time ail vegetation is not destroyed, end there are nicely scattered clumps of old grass, brush, and trees which should be of value for nesting purposes, and which would provide escape cover for upland game birds and the "dickey birds^ or small fry.

II. WILDLIFE

Migratory Birds

1. Population and Behavior

Mallards and pintails arrived on the refuge April 2, approximately two weeks later than last year. These species were followed two days later by the arrival of Buffle-head. With the exception of a few small openings in ditches and pools, little open water was available. On April 5 a cold period commenced, freezing all water

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openings, and apparently forcing the waterfowl south. No waterfowl were present from April 5 to April 13. The above species reappeared on April 14, however, with the addition of Golden-eye and Shoveller. A considerable occurrance of Ring-necked duck and Scaup was noticed on April 18. Black duck and Baldpate were firest ob­served on April 20; Blue-winged teal end Coot, April 23; Gadwall and Redhead, April 24. The Canvas-back has been the last species to be recorded. It came on April 29. To date, no observations have been made of Green-winged teal, Woodduck, and Ruddy duck.

The late migration and sudden interruption by freezing periods have made the migration this season unusual and there have been noticable shifts in popula­tions of various species. The most outstanding of these shifts was the presence of large numbers of Scaup and Ring-necked duck. The 14,000 Scaup and 4,000 Ring-necked duck estimated for "peak Concentration" compares with only 5,500 Scaup and 1,700 Ring-necked duck for last season. Refuge personnel are unaware of any special factors contributing to this increase, although at the time of the "Peak Concentration" large quantities of dead minnows were present from winter's kill. All otRer species are reduced considerably. This is true especially of the Gadwall and Pintail populations. Comparison of "Peak Concentration" of lest season with this season indicates the tota^ duck popul&tiaii^ii^_.down opproximately 22 per cent. If, however. Scaup and Ring-nebkeTTduck, which are not summer residents on the refuge, are excluded from the comparison, the duck popu­lation is down approximately 54 per cent.

One encouraging factor in this spring migration is the Canada Goose has held its own. A few Blue and Hutchin's Geese have also been noted using the refuge.

Yellow-legs arrived on April 23 end are now quite

common.

A large influx of Herring Gulls occurred on April 21. These gulls mixed with Ring-billed gulls, and, later the Franklin's Gulls have all occurred in normal abundance.

One common Loon was observed on April 28.

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2. Food and Cover

As was the case last year the bulk of waterfowl food this spring seems to consist of duckweed, aquatic animal life, and residue from previous grain crops. It is much too early for the appearance of major aquatic plants used for duck food.

An abundance of cattails, seed, and marsh grass af­fords adequate cover.

B. Upland Game Birds

1. Population and Behavior

Results of systematic censuses of upland game birds revealed the populations of ruffed grouse end sharptail grouse are higher than estimated for the previous quarter, while populations of ring-necked pheasants are lower - the pinnated prairie chicken is at a definite

Without doubt there has been some winter loss of all species, but it is now our opinion that previous estimates were in error because of insufficient coverage of the refuge area, and because estimated were too "gross".

Although no actual kills were observed, there is little doubt as to a normal loss to such predators as the great^horned owl, possibly snowy owl, and perhaps a limited loss to coyote, fox, and bobcat. We did have one short period where crusted snow might have been a factor with pheasants or ruffed grouse. Hie crust, how­ever, was not too heavy, end as it occurred during the latter part of the winter we do not believe there was any material loss of birds mentioned.

In brief, ruffed grouse are on the increase, sharp-tails are at least holding their own (possibly increasing); prairie chicken are decreasing in numbers, and may disap-pear entirely from this area; pheasants are decreasing, and we are of the opinion that this species may also dwindle to

11 low" J

Estimated Populations September-December, 1946

Estimated Populations January-April, 1947

Ruffed Grouse 60-70 Prairie chicken 10-20 Sharptail grouse 40-50 Ring-neck pheasant 60

200 15

300 20

a very few occasional strays from the more open faming country to the west. Hungarians have been observed close to the refuge area, but none have been seen within the refuge boundaries for the past several periods.

2. Food and Cover

Ruffed grouse are invariably flushed from the hard­wood groves - which for the most part consist of aspen. Balsam poplar, ash, and elm. Groves with a fairly heavy understory of dogwood, willow, chokcherry, and raspberry seem to be utilized most frequently by this species. YiTinter foods available consist of the buds of the species mentioned along with rose hips, and in some instances buds and "oones" of the bog birch, and buds of blueberry. Not a single ruffed grouse was observed in the coniferous stands, or in large areas where willow predominated.

Sharptails indicated a decided preference for the peripheries of the spruce - tamarac areas where they were observed regularly feeding on the bog birch and blueberry bushes (winter buds). Considerable use of refuge grain

, fields, by this species, was also noted - especially in the fields located in the southeast portion of the refuge. One large flock (20-30) was observed flying over "Blue Grove", while flocks in the vicinity of the spruce-tamarac areas averaged from four to seven birds.

Observations on prairie chicken were too few to indi­cate any preference as to areas within the refuge.

Pheasant observations were also very infrequent. One pair frequented the immediate building site ©t the secondary, and an occasional bird was observed close to the headquarters site. The Madsen pool area, which seemed to be a favorite site during the winter of 1945-46 indi­cated very little utilization this past period.

3. Disease

No evidence.

Big Game Animals

1. Population and Behavior

Deer. Special efforts were made this past period toward obtaining factual information for use in future management of the deer herd. One big game census (partial

coverage of the refuge) was accomplished during the period January 9 by means of Mr. Ball^ private flying course, and through co-operation of the local State Warden. A complete big game inventory was accomplished by the Service Pilot-Biologist and Mr. Ball.

A total of 742 deer were recorded during the regu­lar big game census. This figure was somewhat larger than estimates previously made. As stated in the report covering the period September-December 1946, we were of the opinion that the refuge population might have been in the neighborhood of 500-600 deer during the peak of hunt­ing pressure in surrounding open areas. We, however, were of the opinion (in late December) that a great many of the deer had again moved out of the refuge. Our opinions proved to be in error, as the plane census, and subsequent field work in more isolated areas indicated fairly heavy populations remaining within the refuge boundaries.

The fire, occurring in September 1946, which burned over an extensive area immediately south of the refuge, and wound up by covering over 4,000 acres of good deer habitat within the refuge, without doubt accounted for a movement of deer into the east' and north portions of the refuge. These areas provided many hundred acres of pas­sable habitat in the form of willow brouse, and scatterred clumps of aspen, balsam poplar.

Predation was quite low during this period. Consid­erable coverage of heavily utilized areas revealed only two cases where deer were killed by coyotes or, possibly, timber wolves. Removal of a total of >6 'coyotes, we be­lieve, may have helped decrease a possible loss of the smaller fawns. Sign of two timber wolves were observed on one occasion. We are certain that these animals were not in the refuge for a very long period, and, therefore, could not have accounted for any considerable losses.

One female fawn, and one male fawn were found in areas, which to all appearances, were providing sufficient food in the form of willow browse. (The male weighed 56.5 pounds - not too bad for a nine month old animal). Autopsy revealed a badly congested lung, and the cause of death was recorded as pneumonia. The female fawn weighed 48 pounds, and had definitely been failing for some time, as it was in an emaciated condition. Bone marrow was bloody and jelly like, and was further proof that this animal had starved. Inability to obtain food, however, could be caused by other body ailments, and as

this animal was found in a good browse area we believe there were other extenuating circumstances in connection with its death.

One adult buck (estimated weight at 125 pounds) was found dead after several previous observations of the same animal in the immediate vicinity of the secondary road. This animal was also very gaunt, but the cause of death was not determined. The teeth were not worn, and the animal was observed in the act of feeding several days prior to its death.

It is quite possible that additional mortality oc­curred in the deer herd, but we are certain that losses were no more than normal, A number of areas were covered during the February and March months by foot, and if losses had been severe, we would certainly have discovered more evidence then we did, W© are also assurred by Mr, Wellein, and Mr, Ball, that any pronounced mortality in the deer herd would have been, at least partially, in evidence dur­ing the big game census.

Food and Cover

Along with notes as to browse conditions in general on the various areas covered, a total of 173 plots were examined for the purpose of obtaining actual information as to degree of browsing, and the quanity of browse re­maining immediately following the end of winter feeding in the refuge area. We realize again that additional samples should have been taken but we are quite certain that the areas covered were representative of browse conditions for the vegetative types existing on the area, and that we are safe in stating that for the most part the present population can be Y/intered through on the refuge with no more than normal expected winter losses.

t Hie method used was that developed by Mr, Shaler

Aldous, formerly Regional Biologist with the Fish and Wild­life Service, Region 3, Mr. Laurits Krefting who has taken over Mr. Aldous1 duties assisted in initiating the browse studies on the refuge.

While the browse surveys completed this past winter did reveal satisfactory food conditions for the deer herd, it is believed that further studies along this line should be continued annually (with greater coverage) in order that we might keep continual records as to the carrying capacity, and also have accurate information on hand in the event it is necessary to make recommendations for a -possible reduction.

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Preferred foods on this area are: Red-osier dogwood. Balsam, poplar and willow, in approximately that order. The abundant supply of willow browse as compared to the scant growth of dogwood and Balsam poplar places willow at the top of the list by a great margin. Dogwood and Balsam poplar have been regularly browsed to a diameter of l/l inch, while willow is usually taken down to about 3/l6 of an inch, although in numberous instances it was taken down to 1/4 inch.

Browsing on bog birch, labrador tea, pawing for moss end upland grasses was also observed but on e relatively minor scale. Leaves of goldenrod were also taken regularly in such sites as the plant occurred.

The deer herd as a whole was pretty well scattered, although on concentration areas were noticeable to some degree. Aspen groves containing willows, or groves im­mediately adjacent to extensive areas of willow, the hard­wood grove on Kelly Ridge^ the large area lying between Ditch 11 and Kelly Ridge, and the peripheries of the Whiskey Lake spruce-tamarack area were most heavily util­ised. We were somewhat surprised to note regular utiliz­ation of march areas by the deer. Marsh areas containing heavy stand of phragmites (in the vicinity of willcw or aspen groves) were regularly frequented by deer - bedding in the phragmites, and taking goldenrod for food (on the low knolls interspersed through the cane).

Cover conditions could be greatly improved by clump planting of conifers. Additional cover might prove an additional factor for further "spreading" of the deer herd in areas which are now avoided because of exposure. Dense growths of willow provide reasonably good protection from driving winds, and hardwood groves of large size also provide fairly satisfactory cover. The Whiskey Lake coni­ferous stand provides excellent cover, and is utilized heavily by the deer where bog birch, and willow browse are

adjacent.

3. Disease

None in evidence.

4. Other

Deer taggii^operations, etc. covered under "V. Field Investigation. ..."

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Moose. Population and Behavior. The moose popula­tion was estimated at at least 20 animals (old and young) as of December 31, 1946. The 100^ coTerage big game inventory taken on February 20 and 21 disclosed the total moose herd to be exactly 29 animals - which was good news to say the least. The moose continue to favor the north portion of the refuge, although they were observed regularly as far south as the stub tower (on the secondary road) and a cow with two calves spent the entire winter just north of the

. junction of our secondary ¥d.th County Road "S" - these ani­mals were observed April 18th in the same location. It might be mentioned that moose at this time of the. year are not a very impressive sight - they resemble a badly worn bear rug - shedding great patches of hair.

Either we have had a considerable migration of animals from the Beltrami Country to the northeast, or we had un­usual calf crops the past two seasons. We do know that we had at least eight calves produced on the refuge during the 1946 season.

A map is attached (appendix) indicating the location of the moose observed during the aerial census. There was little evidence of recent utilization of the spruce-tamarao area during the period this area was being cruised for timber survey purposes. Signs indicated presence of two animals in the SW^ Section 29, T. 157 N., H. 41 W. These animals evidently were attracted to the better browse areas of aspen and willow, and did not seem to re­quire the better cover afforded by the spruee-tamarac types.

Heavy browsing on both willow and aspen was common. The willow, again, proved the main stay, being avail­able in most sections of the refuge, and it is seldom that this species grows out of reach as does the aspen. Aspen was taken down to 3/8 inches when available, the moose breaking down saplings over 10-12 feet in height v to get at the more slender branch ends. Willows were also taken down to 3/8 inches.

Since assignment to this refuge, it is apparent that the willow is a far more valuable species than heretofore given credit. It is my opinion that this species is just about 100/ responsible for increase of the moose herd, and for maintenance of the deer herd at a relatively high population.

Controlled burning for improving habitat for upland game species, and for maintaining open fields, meadows, etc, and as an aid in farming operations is"no doubt desirable to some extent. It is believed, however, that

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we should not lose the general perspective on this * A t * L e < f i t s area, and attempt an "all-out" program for destroying ' 0» the extensive areas now dominated by willow. It is believed that maintenance of a sizeable moose herd

^fcoufbe fully as warranted as attempting to undertake extensive and risky farming operations, (and extensive controlled burning) directed toward possible better­ment of sharptail and pinnated grouse habitat.

Willow is the recognized favorite winter food of moose (when available), and this valuable food along with water developments already accomplished, and to be accomplished in the future, should provide ideal sanctuary for this species. It is our opinion that the few remnants of the original moos© population in this country would justify more consideration in the overall management program than would expensive and doubtful techniques undertaken for management of the sharptail and prairie chicken - especially when we have so few refuges with moose and a large number of refuges which already possess much better natural habi­tat requirements for the birds concerned.

There were no signs of winter losses of any kind, although it is quite possible that we may have had slight" losses which went unobserved. The only preda­tor capable of taking a moos© is the timber wolf (in this area), and, as mentioned previously, they occur in this area as strays only.

3. Disease

No evidence.

4. Other

A more detailed report on the big game problems will b© submitted at a later date.

Fur Animals, Predators, Rodents, and Other Mammals.

Fur Animals.

Beaver, We have not had the opportunity of taking a systematic census of the beaver population, although several active houses were observed during the winter strip censuses, and the timber cruising project. It is believed, however, that our previous estimate of 60-80 animals is close to the actual population. There is en abundant supply of aspen in the vicinity of most active houses although it,is also ap­parent that some of the animals have houses where the only food available is the old standby - willow - Mud Lake "manna".

\

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Until such time as these animals increase to the ex­tent where they are creating difficulties with operation of control structures it should not be necessary to plan on a removal program. It is possible that with a reasonable of young, during 1947, we may have to reduce the popula­tion to some extent.

Muskrat. Our predictions, to the effect that a great many muskrats moved into road grades, spoil banks, dikes, etc. during the early part of the winter, we believe, were borne out. Many of our dikes are now showing evidence of extensive tunneling, and the frequency of observations of these animals, in all pools, would indicate that there was no great wintering loss. A removal program for the fall of 1947 is on the calendar already, unless the muskrats are hit by an epidemic, or something.

We still have a good population of mink, and without doubt this predator is taking a toll of the muskrat.

Mink. In spite of the removal of 273 mink during the 1946-47 'Trapping season we have observed this species in the vicinity of all water areas the past several months. 'Aie refuge is apparently a "natural11 for mink, and it ap­pears that we can remove up to 300 annually, if other factors do not enter the picture.

Predators

Coyote. A total of 18 coyotes were removed under per­mit during the 1946-47 season. 8 of the, animals were taken by trapping and use of horses in running them down. 10 coyotes were taken by use of the plane - this method perhap being the most efficient, considering everything. Our total estimated population for the refuge area, prior to removal operations was placed at 15-25 animals. We may have been a little low on this figure. Based on signs, plane observations, etc. we believe our present population might be in the neighborhood of 10 animals. Coyotes were pretty well scattered throughout the refuge, but there was evidence of "concentrations" - in part of the old burn, just north of County Road "E", and an area better described as the "center" of the refuge. With the excep­tion of the two deer mentioned we had no first hand evi­dence of excessive predetion by this species.

Weasel. This species is also present throughout the area, but the removal program accounted for 191, and the decrease is evidenced by little signs of activity in the vicinity of the pool areas. The more inaccessible areas (Whiskey Lake) will be worked more intensively during the 1947-48 season in an effort to reduce their numbers in that area.

Skunk. In spite of the removal of 94 skunk during the seasorT just past, we still have a relatively high skunk population. It is hoped that approval might be granted our request for re­moval of these predators on sight - at any time they are observed in nesting areas. The severe decline in the fur market with this species should be sufficient justification for removal of these animals during the seasons they are most active, and when they are most easily removed. The government now realizes about $ .60 per skunk, and it is difficult to jus­tify a season's destruction of waterfowl and upland game bird nests for the paltry revenue now obtained from the sale of a carcass obtained late in the fall.

Hacooon. This animal is not as yet common on the area. At such time as positive evidence is available indicating abnormal predation on game species recommendations will be made toward removal of the surplus.

Bear. No further sign of the presence of this animal within'the refuge since early fall of 1946. This area does not offer too desirable habitat for the black bear, although considerable bear were killed north and east of the refuge boundaries during the 1946 "bee" season.

Badger. Not too common. We do have a section of road (Green Stump Dike) which has been somewhat damaged by badger activity, and there are several other sites where their diggings have been noticed. No recommendations for removal will be made until definite evidence of abnormal predation or excessive damage to improvements has been observed.

Rodents

Porcupines. Excessive damage to thrifty spruce and tam-arack was observed during the timber cruising operations this past winter. In one case a single animal had girdled a total of 116 trees. In another case one animal had ac­counted for lb* trees. Most of the trees were barked so completely that they could not possibly survive. A total of IE porcupine were therefore removed during the period spent on the survey work in the Whislcey Lake area. .e esti­mate no more than half dozen porcupine remaining in the

coniferous areas.

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Snovifshoe Rabbit. Hi© population is increasing, but not fast as yet. We had expec-ced a fairly heavy concen-tra-cion of these animais in the coniferous areas, but with the exception of several small sites the snowsho© population was quite low.

Cottontail and Jack. Both species are evidently increasing slowly, but ail species will be watched to pre­clude a great increase with possible damaging effects to our valued tree and snrub growths in this area.

Red Squirrel, Estimate no more than 20-30 in the con­ifer olIs~areas7~ajtrd no more than 4u for the total refuge popu­lation, We were again surprised by the low population in evidence in the heavy spruce areas, and are unable uo offer a plausible explanation.

Grey Squirrel. Very few on the area, and do not be-lieve we will ever have a large population due to lack of desired food types.

/ Booca-c. A total of five removed from tne refuge dur­

ing the trapping season, and we do not believe there are , more than four or five animals remaining, judging from signs since the end of the trapping season. Presn tracics were observed just south of tne spruce swamp east of tne Secondary road,

E. Predaceous Birds, including Crows, Ravens, and Magpies.

Crows first arrived on the refuge on March i8. Mo definite influx of these birds was observed at any one time, but they nave gradually increased in numoer, and are now nesting pretty well uhrougnout the refuge area. One nest with three eggs was found on April ibth, and it is believed that nesting activities are weil along at this da-ue (April avch). Inview of the fairly neavy popu­lation, and because every effort should be made -co remove important limiting factors of successful waterfowl nest­ing we plan on undertaking control of these nest predators by destroying nests and birds at every opportunity.

Mo ravens or magpies nave been observed within refuge ooundaries this past year.

Great horned owls are resident on the area, but are not over-abundant. Several Golden eagles were observed occasionally throughout the winter, as were rough-legged hawks (at least two in the melanistio phase). At this date their increase has been quite pronounced.. We have

- 14 -

also seen one pair of sparrow hawks, numerous marsh hawks, and several Swainsons. One sharp-shin was observed just outside the refuge boundaries. We as yet do not have exces­sive numbers of the species generally recognized as destruc­tive to game species.

Fish

A heavy winter kill (as expected) occurred in Mud Lake. This is the pool through which the old Thief River channel winds, end the only pool which may be entered directly by fish migrating up Thief River from below. Hundreds of suckers, small northern pike (about 12-14 inches in length) and a few large bullheads were observed along the west shoreline of the Mud Lahe Pool. Literally thousands of the small minnows (Case, fatheads, northern shiners, etc.) were also killed through the winter months.

A mentioned in previous reports, a heavy winter kill (if not tcfel) of larger fish can be expected annually, due to the shallow waters, lack of incoming fresh waters from freeze-up until break-up, excessive decay of organic matter, and deep freezing of all waters. The fish population is replenished each spring when controls on Ditch 11, and Thief River are opened - fish moving upstream, and also possibly through release of waters from Thief Lake Refuge during periods of heavy run-off.

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III. REFUGE DEVELOPMENT MAI M MANGE

Physical Development

Northwest Spillway. Sectional formwork, and all necessary aggregate and sub-base materials placed on job site by January 15th. It was believed necessary to transport these materials at such time as ice travel was possible. Some additional filling was also neces­sary to prevent rising waters from entering the drained pool area. Completion of dike work and the open spill­way should be accomplished by May 15th, providing we get a break with the weather, fforking conditions will be difficult at best, and it may be necessary to transport other materials and equipment by barge.

Madsen Pool. Eight truck loads of lumber have been transported from the Rice Lake Refuge the past two weeks. Materials for Wakefield piling, form lumber, shoring, etc. are now on hand for this structure (6-bay stop log control). Difficulties in obtaining re-enforcing rod may hold up early completion of this job. Cement has been delivered and arrangements made for obtaining ag­gregate.

Mud River and Y/ebster Controls. Work on these two renovations may be commenced in 'lTeu of the Madsen pool structure in the event steel cannot be obtained. Dry weather ivill be necessary as we have only an unsurfaoed dike road for "haul11 purposes. All matea'ials except aggregate on hand.

Mud River and Webster Dikes. To be delayed until the dragline complet^liike" work on the Northwest Pool.

Equipment Repair.

Dragline completely torn down and overhauled from bucket to track. This unit is now being re-assembled and should be running by May 5th at the latest. It will also be completely painted.

Dump truck. Complete overhaul of motor along with other needed work - new rear-end, and taking up bearings.

1959 Pickup. Complete motor overhaul. Over­hauled rear-end and transmission.

22 Cletrac trap tor. Complete motoi* overhaul.

- 16 -

Stake truck. - New clutch and took up main bearings.

1940 Pickup. - Repaired transmission.

Cement Mixer. - Overhaul job including re-bab-bit of piston.

Pacific Fire Pump. Just received - and given test run with newliose', and old hose still usable.

1.5 KW Light Plant - New magneto installed, ground valves.

5 KW Light Plant - New rings, ground valves, took up bearings, one new valve, head gasket.

Miscellaneous

1. Office floor given two coats paint.

2. Laboratory work bench refinished in black enamel.

3. Linoleum tile installed in office shower and toilet room to protect plywood from rotting.

4. New linoleum laid in bathroom at clerks dwelling.

5. Four new signs constructed for refuge gates - "No Admittance".

S. Stored cement for Madsen, Mud River and Webster Creek.

7. Unloaded and stored re-inforcing rod for use in construction work.

8. Trip to Sand Lake Refuge for delivery of two dump trucks.

Plantings.

Aquatics and Marsh Plants. None this period.

2• Trees and Shrubs. None

3* Upland Herbaceous Plants. None

4. Cultivated Crops.

- 17

Refuge personnel plan to seed approximately 15 acres of millet, buoirwheat, and sunflower to improve natural food conditions for wildlife. In addition nine coopera­tive farming permits have been issued to date. For the most part these permits specify l/s of the permittee's crop shall remain unharvested for the refuge's share. In one case, 1/4 of the permittee's crop will be swathed and left for the refuge's share. Refuge's share in all oases will consist of barley or proso millet. The demand for crop land this year is considerably greater than last year. It comes as a result of continued high agricultural prices and possibly there exists a greater availability of farm labor and equipment.

C. Collections

None.

D. Receipts of Seed or Nursery Stock.

Hie following seed has been received from the Stats of Minnesota:

226 lbs. of millet 146 lbs. of buckwheat 21 lbs. of sunflower

The seed was donated free of charge by the State and it will be planted by refuge personnel this season. The plantings will be designed to augment the natural food of waterfowl, upland game birds, end deer.

IV. ECONOMIC USE OF REFUGE

A. Grazing.

Five cooperative grazing permits have been issued for this season, involving both dairy and beef cattle. The five permittees have indicated a need for approximately 472 A.U.M. The permits become effective June 15, and, in most oases, end November 1. This compares with four grazing permits, covering 356 animal use months for last year.

B. Haying

Thirteen cooperative haying permits have been issued this season entailing an estimated harvest of approximately 497 tons. This compares with eight permits and a harvest of 255 tons last year. Ihe increase in demand is probably the result of farmers enlarging their herds and the prevalent high prices of food products.

- 18 -

Haying and Grazing

IVro permits have been issued for the combined use of haying and grazing. This use is designed to utilize

* certain areas having low value under the regular haying and grazing permits. !Ihe permits cover two 80-acre tracts.

C. Fur Harvest

In cooperation with the State trapping season from December 1 to 15 eleven muskrat permits were operative. Six predator permits were issued for trapping from Novem­ber 1 to January 29. In addition a special permit was issued to Mr. Gordon Camp for removal of foxes and coyotes by private plane and shotgun.

Trapping was executed on a 50-50 share basis. Bach trapper was assigned a designated area in which to take his specified species. Due to low fur value and difficulty in trapping permittees received the whole take of fox and coyote.

y / • Total.take of furs amounted to 4702 muskrats, 273

mink, 191 weasel, 94-'skunk, 54)oboat, 16 "coyotes, 2 foxes.

This compares to a take of 2748 muskrats, 239 mink, 60 weasel, 45 skunk, 1 coyote, 41 beaver, and 1 raccoon, for the previous year.

The following statement shows the returns to trappers for harvested furss

Net Permittee jPermit:SpeciessNo.s Av. s Date : Buyer

j No. : : ;Price: Sold s Rude Christenson :T"2367:Huskrat:250: 1.10:Deo-Jan:Goldberg Martin Gullikson T-2368;Muskrat;248; 1.35; Dec - Jan; Hartman Fur Co.

; ; s s ;Detroit Lakes,Minn. John Cwikla T-2369;Muskrat;270; 1.35:Dec-JansLocally Stanley Cwikla T-2370;Muskrats209; 1.35sDec-JansLocally

s :Skunk ; 9: 2.00s " H : " ; sWeasel : 1: s s

Thomas Gullikson :T-237l!Muskrat:185: 1.35sDec-JansHartman Fpr Co. s sSkunk s 2: 2.00: " " sDetroit Lakes,Minn.

Kilmer DavilTson^ : T-2372 sMuskratsSsy: l.lOsDec-JansGoldSerg Eddie W. Henning sT-2373:Muskrat:277: 1.20sDec-Jan:Locally

s :Skunk ; 4; 1.25; " " : " Floyd Hallan rT-2374;Muskrat;258; 1.35:Dec-Jan;Locally

: :Skunk ; 4; 1.25s M " Russell Becklund ; T-2914;Muskrat: 77; 1.35;Dec-Jan:Locally

: sSkunk : 2: : :

- 19 -

Continued; ; : ; ; Net :

Permittee Permit;Species;No.; Av. ; Date ; Buyer No. ; ; ;Price; Sold ;

Ernest Berg T>2915;Muskrat;204; 1.35;Deo-Jan:Locally Peter Becklund T-2916;Mink ; 14;23.38;Dec-Jan:Locally

;W0asel ; Is .50; H " ; " Oscar Christenson T-2917 sIvELnk ; 28:22.23 ;Dec-Jan iLocally

sMink ; 3:23.00; " " ;Sears Roebuck

;Weasel ; Is .75: " n ;I/)cally

:Skunk : 2; 1.25; " " ; w

Francis Haack T-2918;Mink ; 22;20.70:Dec-Jan;Locally sWeasel ; 19; .95; " 11 ;Cole,Warroad,Minn :Skunk ; 6: .95; " " : w "

Leonard Haack

i

T-2919 Mink ; 22;20.70;Dec-Jan;Locally ;Weasel ; 19: .95; " " ;Cole,Warroad,Minn

I ; Skunk ; 6; .95; 11 " ; " H "

Martin Holte ;T-2920;Mink : 25:20.70:Dec-Jan:Locally ; sWeasel ; 29; .95; " 11 ;Locally ; ;Skunk ; 5; .95; " " ;Locally

Sam Bratteli j ' T—2921;Mink ; 22;23.40:Dec-Jan:Cole,Warroad,Minn sWeasel : 26: 1.20; " " sLooally sSkunk s 6; : ;

Paul Cwikla ,]>-2922;Muskrat ;106: 1.35 :Deo-Jan: Locally

D. Kmber Removal

One permit has been issued for the removal of 10 cords of down and dead timber. Rates of # .50 per cord are charged. Benefit accruing to the refuge is mainly a reduction of fire hazard.

Y. FIELD INVESTIGA-TION OR APPLIED RESEARCH

A. Progress Report

Timber Survey. The entire spruce-tamarac area in the vieinity oTWh£skey Lake, and the smaller area east of the Secondary Road were mapped and estimated as to quantities of spruce and tamarac. A separate report in some detail will be submitted within the next month or so. It might be mentioned that we were agreeably surprised to observe the fast growth rate - of the tamarac especially. Sample plots also revealed more than sufficient tamarac of 7-9 inch diameter sizes for use in constructing the goose pen. We can also foresee sufficient fence post replacements - pos­sibly even a surplus for supplying other nearby refuges. Spruce have not as yet attained DBH of more than 5 inches, and we can see little possibilities of econoniic uses for some time to come. They are at present providing excellent

- 20 -

cover for wildlife, however. At such time as cuttings are planned first consideration should be given the welfare of deer, moose, end upland game birds, and any cuttings attempted should be on a selective basis allowing sufficient seed trees for regeneration, and sufficient clumps for winter cover of wildlife species.

Browse Surveys. With the able assistance of Mr. Krefting of the Research Division a good beginning was ac­complished on systematic browse surveys. These surveys are most necessary on this area if we are to menage the deer-moose herds on any kind of scientific basis. Our ob­jective in this work, of course, is to determine the carry­ing capacity of the refuge area.

?fe are still hoping that we might be able to obtain co-op eration on analysis of our winter browse species. We are, of course, especially interested in the nutritive value of the willow, and are still of the opinion that willow on this area possesses unusual food value because of growth in old peat ash.

Clipping Studies were commenced, but this work is time-consuming, if sufficient data is to be obtained for applica­tion to the entire refuge area. The final objective is a determination of actual quantities of browse (in ounces) available on browse species of various diameters, heights, etc

Deer Trapping and Tagging Operations were very much limited due to press of work in connection with construction, equipment repair, etc. ?fe finally succeeded in getting two traps in operation, but could not find the time to get them moved to areas of heavy deer concentrations - nor would we have had time to operate them in these areas. Traps worked satisfactorily after ironing out several kinks, and we did trap five' deer - only three of which were banded.

It is hoped we might b© in position to construct addi­tional traps during the 1947-48 season, and with a little luck we should be able to trap and band more than 50. The objective in this work is to obtain data on physical condi­tion of the deer herd; sex ratios; extent of dispersal of the deer herd into surrounding areas, home ranges; etc.

It might also be mentioned that sufficient coverage "browse surveys) is being attempted so that usable data might be obtained for application to the moose herd.

Autopsies. Three of the dead deer found were autopsied in en attempt to determine probable cause of death - with

- 21 -

special care being taken as to malnutrition. Evidence of malnutrition was found in all three (bloody and Jelly­like bone marrov/), and all animals were somewhat emaciated -actual weights of these deer also indicated below normal body weights as compared with average data.

Strip Censuses. As mentioned, approximately 40 miles of strip census was accomplished in an attempt to more ac­curately estimate upland game bird populations. R. T. King^ method of censusing ruffed grouse was used for both ruffed grouse and sharptail - figures obtained on populations were believed fairly close on an acreage basis for habitat being utilized. We hesitate in applying the data for the entire refuge area, as we do not have sufficient information on areas of cover types.

Lower Souris Refuge Feb. 19 St. Paul, Minn. Mar, 24 Regional Office Apr. 1 Regional Office Apr, 1 Rice Lake Refuge Apr. 2

VI, PUBLIC RELAHONS

Refuge Visitors

The following Service officials and employees visited the refuge for this period;

Mr. Edward Weliein Mr. L. W. Krefting Mr. Arthur Huey Mr. Laurence D. Longley Mr. L. M. King

Other visitors included;

Mr. Ted Holt Red Lake Indian Apr. 9 Reservation

Several local farmers visited the refuge for business purposes throughout the period.

Refuge Participation

Several wildlife films were shown to Holt's Sportsmen by Mr. L. W. Krefting, Regional Biologist, on March 25. Mr. Krefting also gave a brief talk on the films and wildlife to the sportsmen. The films received several favorable comments from the sportsmen.

Mr. Hunt participated in a 4-H Club program held in a local rural school. Attendance numbered between 40 and 50.

- 22 -

VII. OTBER I mS

A. Items of Interest

The Hed Lake Indian Reservation has offered spruce and red pine field planting stock and also a limited quantity of landscape trees without charge.

The local Boy Scout Troop have offered their services for planting the trees, and, we, of course, will co-operate in planting the trees on the refuge. Clumps of spruce will be underplanted in some of the aspen and hardwood groves.

MAY 1 3 1347

0

(

Refuge ^ K&Q

WLTERFOWL

Months of Jmuwry to April 194 7

(1) Species

(2) First Seen

(3) Peak Concentration

(A) last Seen

(5) Young Produced

(6) Total

Common Name Number Date Number Date Number Date Broods Seen

Estimated Total

Estimated for Period

I. Swans j Whistling swan/

8 f/23/47 100 4/26/47 200

II, Geese: Canada goose Cackling goose Brant White-fronted goose Snow goose Blue goose Hutching

Zl

20 28

W47

4/30/47 4/24/47

500

500 50

4/16/47

5/1/47 4/24/47

•

1,000

800 100

III, Ducks: Mallard Black duck Gadwall Baldpate Pintail Green-winged teal Blue-Twinged teal Cinnamon teal Shoveller Wood duck Redhead Ring-necked duck Canvas-bac k Scaup Golden-eye Buffle-head Ruddy duck

Toi 6 2 2 S 2

2

3

2 30 4 50 2 2

;aX geese 4/2/47 4/20/47 4/24/47 4/20/47 4/2/47

4/23/47

4/14/47

4/24/47 4/18/47 4/29/47 4/18/47

1,050 9,000

50 100

1,000 900

5,000

1,000

50 4,000

25 14,000

500 500

4/24/47 4/24/47 4/30/47 4/30/47 4/24/47

4/30/47

4/24/47

4/24/47 4/34/47

4/24/47 4/20/47 4/20/47

1,900 , 12,000 M

100 " 200 »

2,000 2,000

5,000

1,600

60 4,000

40 14,000

500 500

Total Ducks 36,100 • 41,850

IV. Coot: 2 4/23/47 1,000 4/30/47 1,000

3-1750 (July 1946) (over) Form NR-1

SUMMARIES

Total waterfowl usage during period

Peak waterfowl numbers

Areas used by concentrations

Principal nesting areas this season

Reported by_

INSTRUCTIONS

In addition to the birds listed on form, other species occurring on refuge during the reporting period should be added in appropriate spaces. Special attention should be given to those species of local and National significance.

The first refuge record for the species during the season concerned in the reporting period, and the number seen. This column does not apply to resident species.

The greatest number of the species present in a limited interval of time.

The last refuge pec6rd for the species during the season concerned in the reporting

period. 1

Estimated number of young produced based on observations and actual counts on repre­sentative breeding areas. Brood counts should be made on two or more areas aggregating 10^ of the breeding habitat. Estimates having no basis in fact should be omitted.

Estimated total number of the species using the refuge during the period. This figure may or may not be more than that used for peak concentrations, depending upon the nature of the migrational movement.

Note: Only columns applicable to the reporting period should be used. It is desirable that the Summaries receive careful attention since these data are necessarily based on an analysis of the rest of the form,

2 3 3 0

Total Production:

Geese

Ducks

Coots

(1) Species:

(2) First Seen:

(3) Peak Concentra­tion:

(A) Last Seen:

(5) Young Produced:

(6) Total:

Form NR-1 MIGRATORY BIRDS

Refuge ^ Mentha of X o April t 19U T

1612

(1) (2) _ <35 Became Common

(U) (5) (6) (7) Species First Observed

_ <35 Became Common Peak Concentration Last Observed Young Produced Total

No. Esti­ Number Common Name Number Date Date Number Date Number Date Broods

Obsvd, Avg. Size

mated Total

Using Refuge

noiDoejil's ureoe 2 m so Still here Very few a a Horned Grebe 5 #50/47 m 10-20 « a Very few

a a Pied-billed Grebe 2 t /20/47 e 30-40 Still C&sing

a a a

Common Loon 1 5/28/47 m Very few « C&sing

a a a Herring (kill 10 5/18/47 #24/47 •Abundant #2#47 • a Many

• | Ring-billed Gull 1 4/S/47 #24/47 AbuSdant 4/24/47 a a Many • |

Franklin's Gull 2 4/24/47 « 4/24/47 a a • *>

Double-crested Cormorant 2 • Very few 4/24/47

a a Very few

800 1 American Merganser 2 #16/47 #2#47 400 4/2#47 a a Very few

800 1

Red-breasted Merganser S 5/2 #47 Very few 4/2#47

a a Very few 300 Mod. few

Great Blue Heron Yellow-logs

1 1

4/4/47 #23/47

#24/47 #30/47

200 Moderately

#30/47 ^ew

a a

a a

Very few 300 Mod. few

Killdeer I 4/lZ/S «a Very few a a Very few Msny Very few Msny a

Marsh Hawk 1 5/19/47 #1/47 Abundant 4/24/47 a a Very few Msny Very few Msny a

Horned Lark 10 #5/47 w Very few 4/24/47

a a

Very few Msny Very few Msny a

American Crow 3 S/18/47 4/1/47 Abundant 4/2 #47 a a

Very few Msny Very few Msny a Red-winged Blackbird 2 S/20/47 4/2#47 a 4/S0/47 a e

Very few Msny Very few Msny a

American Robin 1 1/23/47 WW tod.Abundant 4/S0/47

a a Hod.Abundant

REMARKS: (Pertinent informatlon.net specifically requested)

• Franklin*8 Gull at least several thousandsi Herring Is ring-bill gulls at least 400-600

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Form NR-2 UPUND GAME BIRDS ' V 1613 r v .»

Refuge Mud Lake Months of Jtouary to April , 194 7

(1) Species

(2) Density

(3) Young

Produced

(4) Sex Ratio

(5) Removals

(6) Total

(7) Remarks

M'

Common Name Cover types, total acreage of habitat

Acres per Bird N

umber

broods

obs'v'd.

Estimated

Total

Percentage Hunting

For Re­

stocking

For

Research

Estimated number using Refuge

Pertinent information not specifioally requested. List introductions here.

Ruffed Grouse 20,000 acres 100 200 H. T. King census method

Prairie Chioken 3.6,000 sores 1,000 15 Random field observation

Sharptail Grouse 20,000 seres 07 500 H, T. King census method

Ring-neoked Pheasant *

4

10,000 sores 500

•

20 Random field observations

INSTRUCTIONS * i

Form NR-2 - UPLAND GAME BIRDS,*

(1)

(2)

SPECIES;

DENSITY;

(3)

M

(5)

Use correct conmon name.

Applies particularly to those species considered in removal programs (public hunts, etc.). Detailed data may be omitted for species occurring in limited numbers. Density to be expressed in acres per animal by cover types. This information is to be prefaced by a statement from the refuge manager as to the number of acres in each cover type found on the refuge; once submitted, this information need not be repeated except as significant changes occur in the area of cover types. Cover types should be detailed enough to furnish the desired information but not so much as to obscure the general picture. Examples: spruce swamp, upland hardwoods, reverting agriculture land, bottomland hardwoods, short grass prairie, etc. Standard type symbols listed in Wildlife Management Series No. 7 should be used where possible. Figures submitted should be based on actual observations and counts on representative sample areas. Survey method used and size of sample area or areas should be indicated under Remarks.

YOUNG PRODUCED; Estimated number of young produced, based upon observations and actual counts in representative breeding habitat.

SEX RATIO;

REMOVALS!

(6) TOTAL:

(7) REMARKS:

This column applies primarily to wild turkey, pheasants, etc. Include data on other species if available.

Indicate total number in each category removed during the report period.

Estimated total number using the refuge during the report period. This may include resident birds plus those migrating into the refuge during certain seasons,

Indicate method used to determine population and area covered in survey. Also include other pertinent information not specifically requested.

applicable to the period covered should be used.

o -±f o * SMALL MAMMALS Form MR-4 1Q47 (June 1945) Refnge ^ Year ending April ^0.

( 1 ) Species

( 2 ) Density

( 3 ) Removals

( U ) Disposition of Birs

( 5 )

Total

Popula­

tion

Common Name

Cover Types & Total

Acreage of Habitat

Acres Per Animal H

unting

Pur

Harvest

Predator

] Control *

For Re­

stocking

For Re­

search

Share Trapping

Total Refuge

Furs Shipped

Furs Donated

Furs

Destroyed

( 5 )

Total

Popula­

tion

Common Name

Cover Types & Total

Acreage of Habitat

Acres Per Animal H

unting

Pur

Harvest

Predator

] Control *

For Re­

stocking

For Re­

search

Permit Number T

rappers'

Share o

l l Total Refuge

Furs Shipped

Furs Donated

Furs

Destroyed

( 5 )

Total

Popula­

tion

Muskrat

Mink

• 'j • : V v- • V'

• List removals b y

Msrsh and water approximately 20,000 acres

Marsh and water approximately 20,000 acres

a

• iradator Animal Hunte: r

500 496 542 417 36 9 534 654 515 154 408 213

im -

28 62 44 44 51 44

T-2367 T-2368 M369 T-2370 T-25T1 T-2372 T-2373 T-2374 T-2914 T-2916 T-2922

T-2916 T-2917 T-2918 T-2919 T-2920 T-2921

250 248 270 209 185 267 277 258 77 204 106 mi •

14 31 22 22

• 25| 22

250 248 272 208 184 267 277 267 77 204 107 2361

14 31 22 22

a 25& 22

2351

i <

6,000

227

Muskrat

Mink

• 'j • : V v- • V'

• List removals b y

Msrsh and water approximately 20,000 acres

Marsh and water approximately 20,000 acres

a

• iradator Animal Hunte: r

500 496 542 417 36 9 534 654 515 154 408 213

im

m

T-2367 T-2368 M369 T-2370 T-25T1 T-2372 T-2373 T-2374 T-2914 T-2916 T-2922

T-2916 T-2917 T-2918 T-2919 T-2920 T-2921

136f 136

2351

i <

6,000

227

RIMARKS: • one odd mink oold loo ally and tha proceeds split

Reported by Rob ley W« Hunt

INSTRUCTIONS

(2) DENSITY:

Form NR-U - SMALL MAMMALS (Include data on all species of importance in the management program; 1. e., muskrats, beaver, coon, mink, coyote. Data on small rodents may be omitted except for estimated total population of each species considered in control operations.)

(l) SPECIES; Use correct common name. Example: Striped skunk, spotted skunk, short-tailed weasel, gray squirrel, fox squirrel, white-tailed jackrabbit, etc. (Accepted common names in current use are found in the "Field Book of North American Mammals" by H. E. Anthony and the "Manual of the Vertebrate Animals * of the Northeastern United States" by David Starr Jordan.)

Applies particularly to those species considered in removal programs. Detailed data may be omitted for species occurring in limited numbers. Density to be expressed in acres per animal by cover types. This informa­tion is to be prefaced by a statement from the refuge manager as to the number of acres in each cover type found on the refuge; once submitted, this information need not be repeated except as significant changes occur in the area of cover types. Cover types should be detailed enough to furnish the desired information but not so much as to obscure the general picture. Examples: spruce swamp, upland hardwoods, reverting agriculture land, bottom land hardwoods, short grass prairie, etc. Standard type symbols listed in Wildlife Management Series No. 7 should be used where possible. Figures sub­mitted should be based on actual observations and counts on representative sample areas. Survey method used and size of sample area or areas should be indicated under Remarks.

Indicate the total number under each category removed since April of the previous year, including any taken on the refuge by Service Predatory Animal Hunter. Also show any removals not falling under headingslisted.

On share-trapped furs list the permit number, trapper's share, and refuge share, Indicate the number of pelts shipped to market, including furs taken by Service personnel. Total number of pelts of each species destroyed because of unprime-ness or damaged condition, and furs donated to institutions or other agencies should be shown in the column provided. C

(5) TOTAL POPULATION: Estimated total population of each species reported on as of April 30.

(3) RB10VALS:

(U) DISPOSITION OF JUR;

REMARKS: Indicate inventory method(s) used, size of sample areaU), Introductions, and any other pertinent Information not specifically requested.

1 1 6 0 0 7

3-1754 Form NR-4 (June 1945)

SMALL MAMMALS

Refuge_ Mad Lftk* Year ending April 30. 947

(1) Species

Comaon Name

(2) Density

(3) Removals

( U ) Disposition of lUrs

Cover Types & Total

Acreage of HaMtat

Acres Per Animal

8

W

<D u ^

• u O r-» ? S

Sh O PL, o

I ® « ^ o o •> OB

Share Trapping

PEI o b

S S Permit Number

a Ih 0

1 EH

®

SI

©

I ® «<)

H->

o E-«

t3 ® Pu PU

•H

3 CO

tJ « +>

§ <s

CD

« >> o

to *» Li CO

SfS

(5)

Total

Popula­

tion

Weasel Approximately 29,000 Acres of upland

Bobcat

Odyotes

Fox

15,000 acres of uplan£

Eefuge area

Refuge area

• List removals by Predator Animal Hunter

RIMARKS:

I 1 98 37 68 54

2 sr

6

T-2916 T-2917 T-2918 T~29l9 T~Z9Z0 T-2921 T-2570

T-2920

T-2889 T-2920

T-2889

1 1 19 19 29 26 1

0 0 19 18 29

0 0

t

209

9

10

Reported by Robley W» Hunt

INSTRUCTIONS

Form NR-U - SMALL MAMMALS (include data on all species of Importance in the management program; i. e.» muskrats, heaver, coon, mink, coyote. Data on small rodents may he omitted except for estimated total population of each species considered in control operations.)

(l) SPECIES:

(2) DENSITY;

(3) HaiOVALS:

(U) DISPOSITION OF IUR;

(5) TOTAL POPULATION:

HEMARES:

Use correct common name. Example: Striped skunk, spotted skunk, short-tailed weasel, gray squirrel, fox squirrel, white-tailed jackrahhit, etc. (Accepted common names in current use are found in the "Field Book of North American Mammals" hy H. E. Anthony and the "Manual of the Vertebrate Animals of the Northeastern United States" hy David Starr Jordan.)

Applies particularly to those species, considered in removal programs. Detailed data may he omitted for species occurring in limited numbers. Density to he expressed in acres per animal hy cover types. This informa­tion is to he prefaced hy a statement from the refuge manager as to the number of acres in each cover type found on the refuge; once submitted, this information need not he repeated except as significant changes occur in the area of cover types. Cover types should he detailed enough to furnish the desired information hut not so much as to obscure the general picture. Examples: spruce swamp, upland hardwoods, reverting agriculture land, bottom land hardwoods, short grass prairie, etc. Standard type symbols listed in midlife Management Series No. 7 should he used where possible. Figures sub­mitted should he based on actual observations and counts on representative sample areas. Survey method used and size of sample area or areas should he indicated under Remarks.

Indicate the total number under each category removed since April 30 of the previous year, including any taken on the refuge hy Service Predatory Animal Hunter. Also show any removals not falling under headingslisted.

On share-trapped furs list the permit number, trapper's share, and refuge share, Indicate the number of pelts shipped to market, including furs taken hy Service personnel. Total number of pelts of each species destroyed because of unprime-ness or damaged condition, and furs donated to institutions or other agencies should he shown in the column provided.

Estimated total population of each species reported on as of April 30.

Indicate inventory method(s) used, size of sample area(8), introductions, and any other pertinent information not specifically requested.

JK

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Form m~A SMALL MAMMALS

Refuge LMk9 April 30, 194 7

(1) (2) (3) U) (5) Species Density- Removals Disposition < of Fur

1 •§ >.

Total % . Share Trapping © TJ

BPS. •g

•§ >. © TJ BPS.

•g o Popula­© TJ BPS. •P U Popula­

Cover T^ypes & Total Acres % •H

-p CO <D

(H O rH "S 2 is

& o is

(0 h 0) a ©

(D W) ©

"S 9-Sd r-t 10 © ©

sp§ M o

S s

-P CO © O tion

Per -P h 'S t? u o

<D f-i m Permit

1-2 cSfc o5 ro

•P h

© © sp§ M o

(0

Common Name Acreage of Habitat Animal s £ o |Sm i2 S Number 1-2 a) C*J CO £ S © £

« M 1 £

Skunk Approximately 29,OCX 18 T-2S70 9 9 aorot of upland 4 MS71 2 2 aorot of upland

7 8

T-2875 T-2S74

4 4

8 4

8 T-2914 2 1 1 M 2 1V2916 1 I 1 M

4 T-8917 2 2

-

/ 12 18 12 11

'"M

T-2918 T-2919 T-2920 T-2921

6 6 5 6 w

7 7 5 ir • 47

•

200*800

REMARKS: 1615 » Sold loonlly

INSTRUCTIONS

(2) DENSITY:

Form NR-4 - SMALL MAMMALS (Include data on all species of importance in the management program; i.e., muskrats, beaver, coon, mink, coyote. Data on small rodents may be omitted except for estimated total population of each species considered in control operations.)

(1) SPECIES: Use correct common name. Example: Striped skunk, spotted skunk, short-tailed weasel, gray squirrel, fox squirrel, white-tailed jackrabbit, etc. (Accepted common names in current use are found in the "Field Book of North American Mammals,, by H. E« Anthony and the "Manual of the Vertebrate Animals of the Northeastern United States" by David Starr Jordan. "List of North American Recent Mammals" by G. S. Miller, Jr., a very good refqrencA, is now out of print, although a revision is scheduled for publication in the near future.)

Applies particularly to those species considered in removal programs (public hunts, etc.) Detailed data may be omitted for species occurring in limited numbers. Density to be expressed in acres per animal by cover types. This information is to be prefaced by a statement from the refuge manager as to the number of acres in each cover type found on the refuge; once submitted, this information need not be repeated except as significant changes occur in the area of cover types. Cover types should be detailed enough to furnish the desired information but not so much as to obscure the general picture. Examples! spruce swamp, upland hardwoods, reverting agriculture land, bottom land hardwoods, short grass prairie, etc. Standard type symbols listed in midlife Management Series No. 7 should be used where possible. Figures sub­mitted should be based on actual observations and counts on representative sample areas. Survey method used and size of sample area or areas should be indicated under Remarks.

Indicate the total number under each category removed since April 30 of the previous year. Also show any removals not falling under heading listed.

On share-trapped furs list the permit number, trapper^ share, and refuge share. Indicate the number of pelts shipped to market and the total income to the refuge by species, including share-trapped furs and furs taken by Service personnel. Total number of pelts of each species destroyed because of un-primness or damaged condition, and furs donated to institutions or other agencies should be shown in the column provided*

(5) TOTAL POPULATION: Estimated total population of each species reported on as of April 30.

(3) REMOVALS:

(4) DISPOSITION OF FUR:

REMARKS l Indicate inventory method(s) used, size of s__ any other pertinent information not specifica

le area(s), introductions, and requested.

1615

3-1570 NR-8a

REFUGE GRAIN REPORT

Refuge Months of._Jlixmiiry thru.-A|?ril 194..T.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) ON HAND RECEIVED GRAIN DISPOSED OF ON HAND PROPOSED USE BEGINNING DURING TRANS­ END OF

VARIETY OF PERIOD PERIOD TOTAL FERRED SEEDED FED TOTAL PERIOD SEED FEED SURP.

Barloy 25 26 25 25

Spelts 25 25 25

(£)

25

(8) Indicate shipping or collection points

(9) Grain is stored at

(10) Remarks A^cnr® on hand is of inferior gormination quality and is only suitabla as food*

NR-8a REFUGE GRAIN REPORT

This report should cover all grain on hand, received, or disposed of, during the period covered by this narrative report.

Report all grain in bushels. For the purpose of this report the following approximate weights of grain shall be considered equivalent to a bushel: Corn (shelled)—55 lbs.. Corn (ear)—70 lbs.. Wheat—60 lbs.. Barley—50 lbs.. Rye—55 lbs., Oats—30 lbs.. Soy Beans—60 lbs., Millet—50 lbs., Cowpeas—60 lbs., and Mixed—50 lbs. In computing volume of granaries, multiply the cubic contents (cu. ft.) by 0.8 bushels.

(1) List each type of grain separately: Corn, wheat, proso millet, etc. Include only • domestic grains; aquatic and other seeds will be listed on NR-9.

(3) Report all grain received during period from all sources, such as transfer, share-cropping, or harvest from food patches.

(4) A total of Columns 2 and 3.

(6) Column 4 less Column 5.

(7) This is a proposed breakdown by varieties of grain listed in Column 6.

(8) Nearest railroad station for shipping and receiving.

(9) Where stored on refuge: "Headquarters grainary", etc.

(10) Indicate here the source of grain shipped in, destination of grain transferred, data on condition of grain, unusual uses proposed.

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HIGHLIGHT'S OF YEAR'S ACHVI TIES

A. General

Return of Ivlr. Robert Porder from military furlough this last summer brougnt tne refuge staff up to the ap­proved complement of personnel. The heavy workload at this station, however, would justify additional regular help, and it is hoped that w© may receive approval for one more Laborer-Patrolman, in order that we might have an outside chance of keeping up with the work to be done. Concentration on construction work for two successive years is creating a : back-log of jobs that will prove very difficult to overcome.

Water Conditions.

Water levels on all pools were above normal, slightly during the early summer of 1946. Lack of precipitation during the latter part of the summer and fall, however, dropped levels to the extent that we entered ¥finter with all ponds somewhat low. Pools were low from 2 feet (North­west) to about .5 feet (Mud Lake).

Break-up this year was not spectacular, but we have been receiving a good steady flow by way of Ditch 11, and at this date pools are all slightly above normal with the exception of Green Stump and Headquarters. Both these pools are receiving a steady flow from Mud Lake, end we expect they will be completely filled by May 15 at the latest,

C. Wildlife

1. Migratory ?/ater Birds

An unusually late spring breakup occurred this period with a noticable decrease in the spring duck population. It is estimated the duck population is down 22 per cent, generally. Excluding the abnor­mally high Scaup and Ring-necked duck population fox-this spring, it is estimated other duck species are down in population approximately 54 per cent.

Canada Geese seem to have held their own in this spring's migration.

A waterfowl broo^ census was taken last July and a detailed report submitted to the Regional. Office.

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2. Upland Game Birds

Major trends in upiana bird popuiaiiions have been an Increase m ruffed grouse and sharpuails. The ring-necked pheasant and pinnated grouse popula­tions, however, have dropped to new "lows" in numbers. Both species are definitely scarce. Causes for the sharp decrease in the pheasant population remains unknown» Although there exists a few Hungarians on farm land close to the refuge boundary, no birds of this species have been observed on the refuge.

Big Game Animals

The winter aerial census of big game revealed 742 deer and 29 moose utilizing the refuge. Little evidence of deer starvation or loss through predation was observed. Preferred deer browse consisted of Red-osier dogwood. Balsam poplar, and willow in the order named. Although Red-osier dogwood is dis­persed widely throughout the refuge, it is limited in quantity. The bulk of deer and moose browse consisted of willow. Of the 29 moose observed in the census, 8 were calves, indicating an unusually high calf crop. Where available, aspen was browsed by moose, but it was not taken down as much as other species.

4• Fur-Bearing Animals

A total of 470lmuskrats were trapped on the refuge between December 1 and December 16. This compares with a recommended take of 5500 animals. Although the season was of short duration, house trapping was permitted this year in accordance with State regulations. The combination of a short trap­ping season and severe weather conditions obviated the hazard of over trapping. It is believed winter­ing losses were slight.

A total of 273 mink were taken between November 1 and the end of January. It is believed that 300 of these animals could be removed annually on a sustained yield basis.

Eighteen coyotes were taken by predator hunt­ers during the season. Bight of the animals were removed by trapping and by us© of horses in running them down. Ten animals were removed by use of plane

and shotgun.

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A total of 191 weasels were remoTed this season. Apparently there has been an influx of weasels unto the refpge due, possibly, to a high mice population.

Although 94 skunk were removed, the population is still considered too high for efficient refuge management. It has been recommended to the Regional Office out of season permission be granted to refuge personnel to kill all skunks observed along ditches, dikes, or areas immediately adjacent to ponds and waterfowl nesting areas.

Arrangements were made with a "mink farm" near the village of Middle River for disposal of muskret carcasses during the trapping season. A total of 2,400 pounds of carcasses were sold at one cent per pound to this source.

Eoonomio Uses

1. Grazing

Four grazing permits covering 356 animal use months were in effect last season. Five grazing permits have been issued for the coming season.

2. Haying

Bight haying permits were in effect last sea­son. This compares with 13 haying permits written for the coming season.

3. Hay and Grazing

Two haying and grazing permits were in effect last season. The same two permits have been renewed for the coming season.

4. Cultivated Crops

Five cooperative farming permits were operative last season. Hine of this type of permit have been issued for the ooming season.

5. Bee Keeping

It is estimated that at least one beekeeping permit will be issued for the coming season.

\

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Physic&1 Accomplishment s

Construction

1. Completed re-construction of two open spill­ways and one completely new spillway,

2. Re-built 4600 linear feet of levee on the Northwest pool.

3. Completed two-bay stop-log structure (Green Stump auxiliary).

4. Completed transporting of sub-base, aggregate, end sectional formwork for Northwest spillway.

5. Completed transporting of 8 truckloads of form lumber, Wakefield materiel, and other lumber required for Madsen, Mud River, and Webster Creek structures.

6. Completed construction of wakefield for Madsen Pool structure.

Building Maintenance

1. Complete paint jobs on exterior of service building, bunkhouse, manager's residence, barn (head­quarters site), oil house, chicken house, equipment shed, and warehouse; also equipment shed at Secondary site.

2. Interior painting on manager's residence except bathroom and kitchen. Also two coats on office floor.

3. Linoleum wallboard in shower room (service building), and on bathroom floor of clerk's residence.

4. Storm and screen windows repainted (head­quarters site.)

5. Bunkhouse re-wired in accordance with safety regulations.

6. New screens and windows where needed and numerous small repairs on roofing, furnaces, sewage lines, stovepipes, etc.

7. 14 spruce (3'-6') and 122 Norway pine (2'-3') planted for landscaping purposes.

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Squipment Repair

1. Complete overhaul of 3/4 yard dragline (including motor, unit itself, and repaint job*)

2. Complete motor overhauls on: Two dump trucks, 22 caterpillar tractor, one pickup truck, cement mixer, 5 KW. light plant.

3. Numerous small jobs, such as valve grinding, replacement of rods and pistons, new clutch facings, complete body welding, fender bracing, radiator re­pairs, etc. on stake truck, two pickup trucks, Farmall tractor, R-5 tractor, 1.5 KW light plant, etc.

4. Paint jobs on Farmall, three plows.

Roads

1. Approximately 140 miles of mowing on refuge roads and trails.

2. 200 yards of pit-run gravel hauled on sections of bad road - 9.00 man-days then utilized for blading.

Mi seellaneous

1. Three new log road barriers erected.

2. New boat racks, pickup box constructed

Wildlife and Related Activities

1. A refuge herbarium has been initiated - to date 45 species of plants, and 15 species of aquatic animals have been collected, identified and preserved.

2. A total of 50 acres of grain crops put in by refuge personnel.

3. A total of 36 acres of lands treated for quack and willow control, and for eventual use as farm lends.

4. A total of 1160 acrea..non±rqlled burned.

5. Use of the service plane has made possible accurate and economical inventories of big game, muskrat and beaver houses, and also makes possible accurate determinations of areas of concentrations, presence of predators, determination of any abnormal winter losses, etc.

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6. Approximately 40 miles of strip census completed for estimating upland game bird population.

7. Timber surveys of coniferous areas (parts of five sections) completed.

8. 18 coyotes removed under permit by use of local plane, and permittees on horseback.

9. 12 porcupines removed from spruce-tamarack areas - where excessive damage to young growth was under way.

10. A total of 173 sample plots were checked for determining winter browse conditions of the deer and moose herds.

IX. Two deer traps placed in operation. Tag­ging operations to be undertaken for determining physical condition of deer during winter, dispersal of herd, etc.

12. Browse clipping studies initiated for deter­mining actual carrying capacity of area for deer and moo se•

13. Autopsies of dead animals undertaken in an attempt to ascertain actual causes of death - if possible.

AJPF

MAY 1 3 1947 Refuge Manager

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