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Transcript of Much%Needed%Broadband%Recording% for%Hydraulic%Fracturing… · Source;%shear% mechanism% % Quesons...
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Much Needed Broadband Recording for Hydraulic Fracturing
Aibing Li Hongru Hu
Ricardo Zavala
GSH/IRIS Workshop , June 3, 2014, Houston
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Hydraulic Fracturing Injec2ng a million gallons of water, sand, and chemical mixture
(Granberg, 2010)
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Typical properLes of microseismicity
(Mayerhofer etal., 2011, Maxwell, 2011)
Magnitude: -‐3 to -‐1 Frequency: 50-‐200 Hz Source; shear mechanism
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QuesLons
• What are the effects of water in ground deformaLon during hydraulic fracturing? • Can the water effects be observed and idenLfied?
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Volcanic Earthquakes • High-‐frequency earthquakes (5-‐15 Hz) – Caused by shear slip on faults – Clear P and S wave
• Low-‐frequency (1-‐5 Hz) – Caused by pressure change during the transport of unsteady fluid (magma, ground water)
– Lack of S wave • Volcanic tremor (long duraLon of shaking)
(McNub, 1996)
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Non-‐volcanic LFEs and Tremors
• Found in Japan, Cascadia, and other subducLons zones, and the San Andreas Fault. • Shear slip on exisLng faults • Associated with high fluid pressure
(Becken et al., 2011; Ide et al., 2007; Shelly et al., 2007, Shelly, 2010)
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(Das and Zoback, 2012)
Long Period and Long DuraLon Events in the Barneb Shale, TX
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Map of receivers (1008) and the well Map of microseismic events at 14 stages
Hydraulic Fracturing in the Eagle Ford Shale in NE Mexico
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Geophone Record and frequency-‐Lme plot (1)
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Geophone Record and frequency-‐Lme plot (2)
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Data Example
Raw data
High pass
Low pass
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Seismograms for HF and LF events
HF
LF
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Resonance Frequency: 14, 18, and 28 Hz. LFE: 3-4 Hz
(Yu and Zhang, 2013)
Broadband records and Lme-‐frequency plot for a hydraulic fracturing experiment in the Sichuan basin
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(Tary et al, 2014)
Comparison of Lme-‐frequency plots from a broadband staLon and a geophone
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(Maxwell, 2014) (Warpinksi et al., 2013)
Not well acquired and studied
Dominant frequencies for geophone, broadband sensor, and Lltmeter
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Summary
• Low-‐frequency events exist during the hydraulic fracturing treatment.
• Typical geophones do not have good responses for the interested LFEs.
• Broadband data acquisiLon is needed to study the LFEs.
• Detail studies need be conducted to understand the mechanisms of LFEs and their role in forming the fracture network.
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Acknowledgement
• Thanks PEMEX-‐CONACYT-‐SENER for supporLng Ricardo Zavala.
• Thanks PEMEX E&P for allowing us to use the data in Hongru’s and Ricardo’s thesis researches and in this presentaLon.