Solid Waste Management is associated with the control of waste generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal in a manner that is in accordance with the environmental considerations. To reduce the load on disposal system, solid waste must be processed. Composting can be one such process. It is a process in which organic substances are reduced from larger volumes of rapidly decomposable material to small volumes of material which continue to decompose slowly. Compost is particularly useful as organic manure which contains plant nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium) as well as micro nutrients which can be utilized for the growth of plants. Composting can be carried out in two ways i.e., aerobically and anaerobically. During aerobic composting aerobic micro-organisms oxidise organic compounds to Carbon dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate. Carbon from organic compounds is used as a source of energy while nitrogen is recycled.

INTRODUCTION

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Composting programs which accept a mixed waste stream accept material more or less as it is currently collected, relying on the facility separation techniques described below. One important modification to traditional collection techniques is the establishment of a HHW collection program. To be effective at reducing the contaminants of concern in MSW compost, such programs must emphasize heavy metal sources such as batteries and consumer electronics. The remaining mixed waste (less any separately collected recyclables and HHW) then serves as feedstock for the composting facility, where centralized separation of non-compostable materials will occur. With this approach, 60 to 70 percent of the solid waste stream is typically processed into compost. The remaining 30 to 40 percent includes recyclables as well as rejects destined for the landfill or an incinerator and landfill.

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TWIGS, BRANCHES AND DEAD

LEAVES

GRASS

CLIPPING

S

KITCHEN

SCRAPS

MSW 3650 contains a synergistic blend of highly advanced and selectively adopted microorganisms, which are naturally occurring, non-genetically engineered; which have been subjected to stringent antibiotic screening; which are designed to provide accelerated degradation of difficult to digest fats, oils, protein, starch, carbohydrates, uric acid, detergents, hydrocarbons, phenols; cotton, biodegradable plastics, hair, tissue, filters etc. It also contains the nutrients required by these microbes which are not available in the municipal solid waste. The Mineral solubilising Microbes present in MSW 3650 degrade the Minerals present in the Municipal Solid Waste. Nitrosomonas converts Ammonia to Nitrites. Nitrobacter converts Nitrite into nitrate Obligates autotrophs solubilize Phosphorous

Contents and Mode of Action MSW 3650

Biomethanation using MSW-3650:

Here the biodegradable organic matter (This fraction will be around 40% of Total MSW) obtained after a mechanical segration of the total MSW and after Particle size reduction; is digested by functional Microbes either in specially designed digesters (Anaerobic) or in isolated open yards (Aerobic).

Absorption of the nutrients is enhanced .

2. Comparatively more cost effective from the point of view of life cycle cost.

3. Comparatively much less need of land.

4. Drastic reduction of pathogens is achieved.

5. Environment-friendly

SALIENT FEATURES OF MSW 3650

6. No problem of Fly and Maggot

7. No problem of odor.

8. No release of greenhouse gases to environment.

9. Relatively good looking

10. Reliable

11. Toxic materials are biodegraded

12. Useful products such as biogas and compost are obtained.

SALIENT FEATURES OF MSW 3650

For Every 1 MT of the biodegradable organic matter obtained after a mechanical segration of the total MSW and after Particle size reduction;

1. Add 300g MSW-3650 for Open Dumps (Aerobic Process) or 350g MSW-3650 for Closed reactors (Anarobic Process)

2. Add 1 Kg Jaggery 3. Add Sufficient water or Municipal Sewage Water to monitor

amoisture range of about 14% (throughout the treatment period of about 20-30 days.

4. Blend the whole mass .5. Keep in Closed Reactors or Open Dumps. Heap height may be maintained upto 1 m. But

Batch wise only.

SUGGESTED LEVEL OF USAGE:

Process of composting

Centralized Separation:

In composting systems there are three objectives for materials separation:

Recover recyclable or combustible materials as marketable by-products, Reduce the levels of visible inert materials (e.g., plastics and glass), and Reduce the levels of chemical contaminants (e.g., heavy metals and HHW).

Many of the separation technologies now applied to MSW composting were originally developed to recover recyclable or combustible materials from solid waste. While some of these technologies have been adapted for reduction of inerts, they have rarely been optimized for reducing chemical contaminant levels. Reduction of inerts and chemical contamination will be highlighted in the discussion below.

Municipal Solid Waste Composting: Biological Processing

Carbon and Nitrogen

Moisture

Oxygen and Temperature

Compost System Evaluation

A wide range of technologies are available and many facilities use a sequence of steps employing different processes. While this discussion attempts to cover these technologies in a logical sequence of processing steps, individual facilities may omit some options or may choose to arrange them in a different order. Facility designers can select among them based on expected feedstock characteristics, finished product quality specifications, and the options for marketing separated by-products. For recovered recyclables, as with the compost product itself, a knowledge of local market conditions and specifications should be central to facility design.

Carbon and Nitrogen

Carbon and nitrogen are the two most important elements in the composting process, as one or the other is normally a limiting factor. Carbon serves primarily as an energy source for the microorganisms, while a small fraction of the carbon is incorporated in their cells. Nitrogen is critical for microbial population growth, as it is a constituent of protein which forms over 50 percent of dry bacterial cell mass. If nitrogen is limiting, microbial populations will remain small and it will take longer to decompose the available carbon.

WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY M

OST PREFFERED

LESS PREFFERED

Excess nitrogen, beyond the microbial requirements, is often lost from the system as ammonia gas or other mobile nitrogen compounds and can cause odors or other environmental problems. wood chip will not be available to microorganisms during the time frame of typical composting processes. Increasing the surface area of wood and other organic particles through size reduction (grinding or shredding), can increase carbon availability and accelerate decomposition if adequate nitrogen is available. Nitrogen is usually the limiting element in MSW, and additives such as manure, clean sewage sludge (biosolids), septage and urea can be used as a supplemental nitrogen source.

Mixed Solid Waste

Composting is in essence a biological process. This fact is sometimes obscured by the wealth of sophisticated technical options available .

But proper design and management must be based on the needs of microorganisms if the process is to be a success. Neglect or misunderstanding of biological process control can lead to serious problems at composting facilities, and has contributed to facility closings.Composting is defined by human intervention into the natural process of decomposition.

Processing

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