Msrm Presentation
Transcript of Msrm Presentation
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
1/25
Primary Data
Information collected a
fresh and for the first time,
and thus happen to be
original in character.
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
2/25
Advantages of Primary Data
Answers a specific research question
Data are current
Source of data is known
Secrecy can be maintained
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
3/25
Disadvantages of Primary Data
Expensive
Quality declines if interviews
are lengthy
Reluctance to participate in lengthyinterviews
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
4/25
Types of Primary Data Gathering
1. Interview Research
2. Observational Research
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
5/25
The interview method of collecting data involves
presentation of oral verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-
verbal responses. This method can be used through
personal interviews and, if possible, through telephone
interviews.
Personal Interviews: This method requires a person known as interviewer asking
questions generally in a face to face contact to the person orpersons
Interview Method
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
6/25
Advantages of Personal Interview
More information and that too in a greater depth can be obtained
Personal information can as well be obtained easily under this
method
The interviewer can usually control which person will answer the
question
Observation method can as well be applied to recording verbal
answers to various questions
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
7/25
Disadvantages of Personal Interview
It is a very expensive method
This method is relatively more time consuming
Interviewing at times may also introduce systematicerrors
Under the interview method the organization required
for selecting, training and supervising the field staff is
more complex with formidable problems
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
8/25
Telephone Interviews
This method of collecting information consists in
contracting respondents on telephone itself
It is not a very widely used method, but plays important
part in industrial surveys
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
9/25
Advantages
It is more flexible in comparison to mailing method
It is faster than other methods i-e quick way of
obtaining information
Recall is easy; callbacks are simple and economical
Interviewer can explain requirements more easily
No field staff is required
It is cheaper than personal interviewing method; here
cost per response is relatively low
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
10/25
Disadvantages
Little time is given to respondents for considered
answers; interview period is not likely to exceed five
minutes in most cases
Surveys are restricted to respondents who have
telephone facilities
Questions have to be short and to the point; probes aredifficult to handle
Possibility of the bias of the interviewer is relatively
more
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
11/25
Observation Research
A research method
that does not involve
personal interaction
between interviewer
and subject.
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
12/25
Observational Research
Advantages
1. Eliminates bias from
the interviewingprocess
2. Does not relay on the
respondent'swillingness to
provide data
Disadvantages
1. Data collection costs
are high
2. Subjective,unsolicited info is
limited
3. No insight on theproblem that youdidnt think to
consider
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
13/25
This method is quite popular, particularly in case of large
enquires
It is being adopted by private individuals, research workers,private and public organizations and even by governments
In this method a questionnaire is sent(usually by post) to the
person
A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or
typed in a definite order on a form or a set of form The
respondents have to answer the questions on their own
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
14/25
Advantages
There is low cost even when the universe is large and is widelyspread geographically
It is free from the bias of the interviewer; answers are in
respondents own words
Respondents have adequate time to give well thought outanswers
Respondents, who are not easily approachable, can also bereached conveniently
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
15/25
It can be used only when respondents are educated andcooperating
The control over questionnaire may be lost once it is sent
It is difficult to know whether willing respondents are trulyrepresentative
This method is likely to be the slowest of all
Disadvantages
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
16/25
Main Aspects of Questionnaire
General form
Question sequence
Question formulation and wording
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
17/25
General form
General form can be structured or unstructured
questionnaire
Structured questionnaire are those questionnaire in
which there are definite, concrete and pre-determinedquestions
The questions are presented with exactly the same
wording and in the same order to all respondents
The form of question may be either closed (i-e.,of thetype yes or no) or open (i-e.,inviting free response)
Structured questionnaire may have fixed alternative
questions in which response of the informants are
limited to the stated alternatives
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
18/25
Contd:
In an Unstructured questionnaire, the interviewer is
provided with a general guide on the type of
information to be obtained, but the exact questionformulation is largely his own responsibility and the
replies are to be taken down in the respondents own
words to the extents possible; in some situations tape
recorders may be used to achieve this goals
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
19/25
Question sequence
In order to make the questionnaire effective and to
ensure quality to the replies received, a researcher
should pay attention to the question sequence in
preparing the questionnaire A proper sequence of questions reduces considerably
the chances of individual questions being
misunderstood
Questions which are easier to answer is being put inthe beginning
The opening questions should be such as to arouse
human interest
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
20/25
Contd:
The following type of questions should generally be
avoided as opening questions in questionnaire:
a) Questions that put too great a strain on the memoryor intellect of the respondents
b) Questions of the personal character
c) Questions related to personal health,weath,etc
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
21/25
Question formulation and wording
Each question must be very clear for any sort of
misunderstanding can do irreparable harm to a survey
In general,all questions should meet the following standard:
a. Should be easily understood
b. Should be simple i-e,should convey only one thought at a time
c. Should be concrete and should conform as much as possible to
the respondents way of thinking(for instance, instead of
asking.How many razor blades do you use annually? The
more realistic questions would be to ask, "How many razorblades do you used last week?
d. Simple words, which are familiar to all respondents should be
employed
e. Words with ambiguous meanings must be avoided
f. Danger words, catch-words or words with emotionalconnotations should be avoided
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
22/25
Essential of a good questionnaire
To be successful, questionnaire should be comparatively short
and simple i-e,the size of a questionnaire should be kept to the
minimum
Questions should proceed in logical sequence moving from easy
to more difficult questions
Personal and intimate questions should be left to the end
Technical terms and vague expressions capable of different
interpretations should be avoided in a questionnaire
Questions may be dichotomous(yes or no answers),multiplechoice(alternative answers listed) or open-ended
Adequate space should be provided for answers in the
questionnaire to help editing and tabulation
The quality of paper, along with its colour,must be good so that it
may attract the attention of recipients
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
23/25
Collection of data through schedules
Schedules are being filled in by the enumerators who are specially
appointed for the purpose
These enumerators along with schedules, go to respondents, put to
them the questions from the proforma in the order the questions are
listed and record the replies in the space meant for the same in theproforma
In certain situations, schedules may be handed over to respondents and
enumerators may help them in recording their answers to various
questions in the said schedules
The enumerators should be trained to perform their job well and the
nature and scope of the investigations should be explained to themthoroughly so that they may well understand the implications of difficult
questions put in the schedule
Enumerators should be honest,sincere,hardworking and should have
patience
Population census all over the world is conducted through this method
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
24/25
Difference between questionnaire and schedules
Questionnaire
Generally sent through post or
mail
Data collection is cheap and
economical Non-response is usually high in
this because many people do not
respond and many return the
questionnaire without answering
all questions
In case of questionnaire, it is not
always clear as to who replies
Schedules
These are filled out by the
research worker or the
enumerator
Data collection is more expensivesince considerable amount of
money has to be spent in
appointing enumerators and
importing training to them
Non-response is very low in this
because these are filled by
enumerators who are able to get
answers to all questions
In case of schedule the identity of
respondents is known
-
7/28/2019 Msrm Presentation
25/25
Contd:-
Questionnaire
The questionnaire method is likely
to be very slow
Personal contact is generally not
possible Questionnaire method can be
used only when respondents are
literate and cooperative
Risk of collecting incomplete and
wrong information is relatively
more under the questionnaire
method
Schedules
In case of schedules the
information is collected well in
time
Direct personal contact isestablished with respondents
In case of schedules the
information can be gathered even
when the respondents happen to
be illiterate
In case of schedules, the
information collected is generally
complete and accurate