MSMC BUS3180 Class 2.11.14 lecture topic 3 leadership styles

Leadership: Theory and Practice:Chapter 4 Style Approach

Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice:Chapter 3 Recognizing Your Philosophy and Style of Leadership

Topic 3Topic 3Leadership StyleLeadership Style

© 2012 SAGE Publications, Inc.

• What is your philosophy of leadership?

• What are your beliefs about human behavior?

• What sort of leader are you: authoritarian, democratic, or laissez-faire?

Discussion Questions


• Fundamental question of human behavior: Do people like work or do they try to avoid it?

• Douglas McGregor believed managers had two views of human nature with very different assumptions:oTheory XoTheory Y

Views of Human Behavior


1. People dislike work & will try to avoid it.

2. People need to be directed & controlled.

3. People want security, not responsibility.

Assumptions of Theory X

What implications does Theory X have for leaders & organizations?


1. People don’t inherently dislike work; doing work is as natural as play.

2. People will show responsibility & self-control toward goals to which they are committed.

3. People accept & seek responsibility.

Assumptions of Theory Y

What implications does Theory Y have for leaders & organizations?


According to McGregor, managers can be grouped depending on how they view their workers.

He called the two types of manager:

• Theory X managers – these link closely to autocratic management

• Theory Y managers – these link closely to democratic management

McGregor’s Theory X & Y Managers


• Autocratic/Authoritarian

• Paternalistic

• Democratic

• Laissez-faire

Styles of Leadership


Autocratic (authoritarian)Features of autocratic management:• The manager retains control and takes all the decisions• There is little consultation with workers• Subordinates are expected to obey instructions

Benefits: Drawbacks:

• Autocratic management allows quick decisions to be made• Often necessary during crisis situations• Can ensure that the direction of the organisation remains in line with organisational objectives

• Workers may become dependent on the managers• Little creativity is encouraged• Employees may not be given the opportunity to express their ideas• May lead to workers feeling ignored or demotivated

• Like Theory X, Authoritarian leaders perceive subordinates as needing direction.

• Authoritarian leaders exert influence & control over group members.o Communication is top-down.

o The agenda is set by the leaders.

o Praise/criticism is given freely, but it is based on personal standards.

Authoritarian Style


• Positive Outcomes:oEfficient & productiveoMore can be accomplished in a short period of time

• Negative Outcomes:o Fosters dependence, submissiveness, &

decreases individualityo Can create hostility & discontent

Outcomes of Authoritarian Style


PaternalisticFeatures of paternalistic management:• Similar to autocratic management but the leader makes decisions based on the best interests of the workers• Managers take most of the responsibility for decision making although there may be some consultation with workers

Benefits: Drawbacks:• Employees feel valued• The workers may be persuaded that the decisions made are in their best interests

• Little scope for employees to make decisions• There is still a ‘them and us’ culture with paternalistic management

Democratic

Features of democratic management:• Employees are encouraged to participate in and influence decision making e.g. through suggestions schemes, quality circles and worker directors• Information is shared with team members• A single-status culture is encouragedBenefits: Drawbacks:• Democratic management can gain commitment, especially during periods of change• Employees are more likely to buy into decisions• Motivation may improve

• Decision making can become slower

• Resembles assumptions of Theory Y

• Subordinates are capable of working on their own

• Leader works with subordinates & treats them in an egalitarian manner

• Leader does not speak down to group members; rather, they speak on the same level

Democratic Style


• Negative Outcomes:oIt takes more time & commitment

than authoritarian leadership

oCan result in inefficiencies & lower productivity

Outcomes of Democratic Style


• Positive Outcomes:oGreater group member satisfaction,

commitment, & cohesiveness

oMore friendliness, mutual praise, & group mindedness

oStronger worker motivation & greater originality

Outcomes of Democratic Style


Laissez-faireFeatures of laissez-faire management:• Little direction is given to the workers• Broad guidelines may be provided but the day-to-day influence of managers is limited• Subordinates are free to make decisions

Benefits: Drawbacks:• Useful for skilled, creative and well-trained employees• Can motivate workers as they have more control over their working lives

• Decision-making can become very time-consuming and may lack direction• May lead to chaos if good teamwork, feedback and working relationships are not evident

• Dissimilar to both Theory X & Theory Y; typically considered to be non-leadership

• The leader is nominal & only engages in minimal influence

• Literally takes a “hands off” attitude

• The leader does not try to influence or control the group

Laissez-Faire Style


• Very few, if any, positive outcomes

• Negative outcomes:o Very little accomplished

o Group members feel directionless

o Group members become unmotivated & disheartened

• When, if ever, do you think laissez-faire leadership is appropriate? Why?

Outcomes of Laissez-Faire Style


Leadership Styles – Geese, Eagles & Turkeyshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMuawiTn26Q

Complete 3.1 Leadership Styles Questionnaire

Analyze results



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMuawiTn26Q

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMuawiTn26Q

• No one is entirely one style or the other.

• Our styles shift, depending on the situation.

• Leadership lies along a continuum:o from high leader influence to low leader influence.

What Is Your Style?


• Harvard Business Review (March-April 2000)

Identifies six leadership styles …

1.The Coercive Style

2.The Authoritative Style

3.The Affiliative Style

4.The Democratic Style

5.The Pacesetting Style

6.The Coaching Style

Leadership That Gets Results(article)



Leadership That Gets Results(article)

Factors influencing leadership style

• The personality of the manager• The skills and abilities of the manager• The skills and abilities of the team of workers• The tradition and culture of the organisation• The type of industry • Circumstances• The nature of the tasks being carried out

Identify Leadership Styles

Complete Questionnaire

Put into groups



In Class Exercise

• Case Studies

• Review and discuss in your group and come to consensus on answers to the questions.

• We will compare results.


MSMC BUS3180 Class 2.11.14 lecture topic 3 leadership styles

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