MSKII Students

7/30/2019 MSKII Students

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Public Speaking Skills


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Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, Bangalore

What do we do in a conversation?

Organizing your thoughts logically

Tailoring your message to your audience

Telling a story for maximum impact Adapting to listener feedback


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Public Speaking

is more highly structured

requires more formal language

requires a different method of delivery


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Public Speaking

Is a way of making your ideas public- of sharing them with other people

Is a way of making your ideas public- of sharing them with other people and ofinfluencing them


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Little/no eye contact No engagement with the audience

Mumbling by presenter

Mannerism of presenter

Reading from a paper

Too fast, monotone

What makes a presentation poor?


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Little/no structure Lack of clarity

Too much information

Bad visual aids

What makes a presentation poor?


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Why do we present?

Inform

Entertain

Persuade


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Presentation is persuasion

Inform Want audience to feel that you know

what you are talking about

Entertain

Want audience to like what you say

Persuade

Want audience to accept your ideas


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Persuasion

Is making the audience members dosomething

Some mental or physical action


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Factors in persuasion process

Attitudes

The feelings you have toward people,things, ideas

Values

Guidelines for living your life

Ego Involvement

Importance one attaches to an issue

Credibility

How believable you are


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How to be persuasive?

Know when to use one-sided and two-sided messages When audience knows both the sides?

Know when to use inductive or deductiveapproach In deductive you tell first what you want the

audience to do, then give the reasons why

More often a deductive approach is OK

If you think the audience will be hostile, useinductive approach


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Distinguish features from benefits You sell benefits, not features

Provide a clear alternative Simply arguing against something is not

persuasive

People like to decide


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Threaten a third party Remember what Ajit used to do!

Threaten harm to a significant thirdparty

Put listeners values into conflict

One of the values has to yield

Present new information


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Tell them what you want If you want their order, tell them

Anticipate counterarguments And dispose them off in your talk

Start with points of agreements

When you start by showing youragreements you create a positiverelationship


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Use a variety of devices Make threats, offer new information,

put values in conflict

Suggest small, specific steps Small change has a greater chance of

success

Cut through complex arguments witha simple demonstration


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Have a topper ready The icing


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Speak with credibility

A speakers credibility comes from anaudience Like the grade you get from your

teacher

Key variables Character (honest, fair, trustworthy)

Competence

Composure Likeability

Moderate extroversion


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Barriers to believability

Stereotype Salesperson, lawyer, politician

Conflict of interest Another interest attributable?

Blunders

Even one may do!

Flip-flops


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Preparing to speakWhat strikes your mind first?


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10 worst fears (US survey)

1. Speaking before a group2. Heights

3. Insects/bugs

4. Financial problems

5. Deep water6. Sickness

7. Death

8. Flying9. Loneliness

10.DogsTheBooko

fLists,

DavidWallechinsky

S


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Frightening Situations

Greatest Fear % NamingA party with strangers 74

Giving a speech 70

Asked personal questions in public 65Meeting a date's parents 59

First day on a new job 59

Victim of a practical joke 56

Talking with someone in authority 53

Job interview 46


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So how to take careof fear and

nervousness?What are your tricks?

S f i h


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Stage fright

Is your friend It makes your reflexes sharper

It heightens your energy, adds a sparkle to

your eye, and color to your cheeks You are more conscious of your posture and

breathing

Nobody ever died due to it

Once you are up there, it usually goes

S f f i h


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Symptoms of stage fright

Dry mouth Tight throat

Sweaty hands

Cold hands

Shaky hands

Nausea

Shaky knees

Trembling lips

D li ith N


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Dealing with Nervousness

Prepare, Prepare, Prepare

Acquire Speaking Experience

Think Positively

Use the Power of Visualization

Know that Most Nervousness is not Visible

Don't Expect Perfection


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Tips on Dealing with Nervousness

Make eye contact with members of youraudience.

Concentrate on communicating with your

audience rather than on worrying aboutyour stage fright.

Talk with people.

Use visual aids.

Ti D li i h N


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Tips on Dealing with Nervousness

Be at your best physically and mentally.A good night's sleep will serve you better.

Work especially hard on your introduction.

Take a couple of slow, deep breathsbefore you start to speak.

As you are waiting to speak, quietly tightenand relax your leg muscles, or squeezeyour hands together and then releasethem.

R d i t f i ht


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Reducing stage fright

Visualization strategies that can be usedanytime

Concentrate on how good you are

Pretend you are just chatting with a group offriends

Close your eyes and imagine the audiencelistening, laughing, and applauding

Remember happy moments from the past

Think of your love for and desire to help theaudience

R d i t f i ht


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Strategies in advance of program Get coaching on individual and group

presentation skills

Join or start a club for extra practice

Get in shape

R d i t f i ht


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Strategies in advance of program Organize

Absolutely memorize your opening statement

Be extremely well prepared

Anticipate easy and hard questions

Practice, practice, practice!

R d i t f i ht


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Strategies just before the program Be in your room at least an hour early to triple

check everything

Notice and think about things around you

Concentrate on things that are happening at

the event

Get into conversation with people near you

R d i t f i ht


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Strategies just before the program Yawn to relax your throat

Draw sketches (of a new car you would like to

have) Look at your notes

Keep pictures of kids, or things you like withyour notes

Lean on a table, sit down, or shift your legs

Red cing stage fright


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Strategies just before the program Take a quick walk

Take quick drinks of lukewarm water

Double check your A/V equipment

Dont drink alcohol or coffee

Concentrate on your audience

Listen to music

Read a poem



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Strategies just before the program Do exercises that tighten and release

muscles

Shake hands and smile with people

Go somewhere private and warm up yourvoice, muscles, etc.

Use eye contact



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Strategies just before the program Get to a mirror and check out how you look

Breathe deeply, evenly, and slowly for several

minutes Dont eat if you dont want to

Never take tranquilizers or other such drugs



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Strategies when the program begins If legs are trembling, lean on lectern / table or

shift legs or move

Try not to hold the microphone by hand in thefirst minute

Dont hold notes. Use 3x5 cards instead

Stress busting exercises


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Stress-busting exercises

Breathing

Stretching

Head rolls

Arm lifts

Jaw breakers

Self-massage

Moving around

Speech Communication Process


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Speakerpersonal credibility, knowledge of the subject, preparation of the speech,manner of speaking, sensitivity to the audience and the occasion



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Messageintended message should be the message that is actually communicatedaccurate, clear, vivid, and appropriate



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Channelmore often directmultiple channels may be there depending on the occasion

Individual Exercise


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Individual Exercise

It is 3 pm on a Monday. You are busywriting draft of a report which you have tosubmit tomorrow morning. Your immediatesupervisor asks you to type a 2-page

memo for her asap. What will you do?

Write your name and your response in thesheet and pass it on to me.



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Listenerframe of reference knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudesbe audience-centered



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Feedbacklisteners leaning forward in their seats, applauding, laughing,having quizzical looks, shuffling their feet and gazing at the clock



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Interferenceexternal to the audienceoutside traffic, conversing in the hall, hot roominternal to the audience--one of the listeners has a toothache



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Situationoccasion, place, time of the day, facilities,


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Creating a stronger

presence

The first two minutes


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The first two minutes

Prepare audience for content ofpresentation

Clearly state purpose

Relate topic to audience

Personalize the information

Body language


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Body language

Territory: how you use space; e.g., howclose you stand next to someone

Face: your expressions, head tilt, nodding

Figure: your demeanor, dress, physicalappearance

Focus: if, when, how long you make eye

contact Time: how you use time; e.g., the pace of

your speech, walk

Movement and appearance


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Stand up and be counted You instantly command authority and

attention

People know it is time to listen

Stage positioning

Center stage is a powerful area if youare not blocking visuals



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Make sure that your movement has apurpose

Dont wander around or take a step here

and a step there

When making an important point, movetoward the audience

Impact of gestures


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38%7%

55%

Impact of gestures

Impact of gestures


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Impact of gestures

55% of all communication is nonverbal

Smile. You can get more (s)mileage out ofthis simple facial gesture than anyone of

the >250,000 of which you are capable of

When you smile

You feel better

Others feel you as more friendly/likeable

You make audience more receptive

Gestures should be


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Gestures should be

Appropriate to what you are saying

Appropriate for the audience

Appropriate for the size of the audienceand the space

Matched with facial expression, tone ofvoice and statement

Above the waist, so audience can seethem

Gestures can be used to


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Gestures can be used to

Add emphasis

Illustrate

Express emotion

Help visualize ideas

Create rapport with the audience

Be careful: gestures can also


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Be careful: gestures can also

Be distracting

Create confusion

Make the speaker seem insincere and lesscapable

Reveal a speakers nervousness

Posture


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Posture

Stand up straight with your feet slightlyapart and your arms ready to gesture

Lean slightly toward the audience

Dont lean on the podium

Dont stand with your hands on your hips

Dont sway back and forth

Posture


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Posture

Dont stand with your arms folded acrossyour chest

Dont stand with your arms behind your

back

Dont stand in the fig leaf position

Dont bury your hands in your pockets

Tips on use of gestures


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Tips on use of gestures

Create opportunities to use gestures Vary your gestures

Make gestures fit the space

Make bold gestures

Dont memorize gestures

Dont make repetitive gestures

Why eye contact?


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Why eye contact?

Gets their attention Builds rapport

Shows honesty

Radiates confidence

Provides Feedback

Eye contact


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Eye contact

Look at individuals Establish eye contact at the end of a

thought

Dont look out of the window

Dont look at one spot

Dont forget to look at back rows

Dont let notes ruin your eye contact

Image


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Image

Dress conservatively

Shine your shoes

Wear comfortable clothes

Dont have pens and markers peeking outof your shirt or jacket pocket

Dont wear distracting jewelry

Dont take a purse to the podium

Dont keep bulky stuff in your pockets

Clothing


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Clothing

Dont wear uncomfortable clothes even ifthey look great

Be somewhere in the upper fringe of the

limits for your industry, i.e., stand out, butnot way out

If you really want to impress, consider

trademark clothing

Clothing


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Clothing

Double check and double sew all criticalbuttons and catches

Consider where your microphone and

transmitter could be attached. You maywant to buy clothing slightly large todecrease transmitter pack bulge

Clothing


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Clothing

Take just about everything out of yourpockets to reduce the bulges

If you are much older than the audience,

dress your most stylish outfit If you are much younger than the audience

dress in your most conservative outfit

Delivery


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Delivery

Handheld microphones must staywith you when you turn your head

If you are at a lectern, you should know

how far your lips need to be from themicrophone

Joke telling

Just keep practicing

Delivery


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Delivery

The punch line Pause before punch line

Harder or with a different voice

Lean into the microphone Pause after punch line

Deliver it to one person; look at one whom

you think is fun

Important tips


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Important tips

Dont signal your punch line Never repeat a punch line

Positively memorize your punch line

Use the fewest words possible to get tothe punch line

Delivery


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Delivery

To laugh or not Sometimes yes and sometimes deadpan

expression

Timing In the humor itself

In the placement of humor in the overall

presentation

Delivery


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e e y

Humor placement Starting with a funny story

You may want to postpone; dont be afraid todo the unexpected

Relevant to audience and topic

Find out time you have to talk

Divide this time into equal segments (intensitycurves)

Important tips


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p p

Give all the facts necessary for the joke tomake sense

Never, never explain your joke

Dont walk around too much when telling ajoke or story

Practice! Practice! Practice!

Delivery


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y

Types of pauses Short, half to 2 secs,

to separate thoughts

Spontaneity, planned unplanned pause,while pretending to search for a word

Long, more than 3 secs, commanding theaudience to think

Bad habits


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Jingling coins in pocket Jingling bracelets or jewelry

Playing with hair (normally done bywomen)

Playing with objects (pointers, markers,etc.)

Holding on to the lectern or table for dearlife

Bad habits


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Pacing back and forth Rocking front-to-back or side-to-side

Standing rigidly in one place

Speaking with head down or bowed

Staring

Frowning

Bad habits


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Clutching, scratching, picking items orbody parts

Any repetitive gesture, word or phrase

Empty words: you know, like,whatever, OK

Awkward, jerky movements

Bad habits


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Locking hand together or twiddling thumbs Tapping fingers

Pushing up glasses

Scratching the bald head


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Planning

presentation

Introducing you


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g y

Write yourself

What to include Background, your competency to talk on the

subject

How long? (< 2 minutes)

Extra copy

Speak to the person introducing

Have a Recovery Plan

Preparation


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p

Know your objective Will you inform, entertain, persuade?

Know your audience

What do they know, need to know?What is their motivation?

Know your subject

What are your major points?What is the best way to organize yourinformation?

Prevention


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Check the facility: visit the site if you can

Check the room setup/lighting/ sound: willyou need help?

Check your equipment: is everythingworking? Do you know how to use it?

Prevention


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Check the materials: enough copies foreveryone? Everything in order?

Allow plenty of time for setup:

gives you ample room to handle theinevitable problems

Develop Plan B: be ready for disasterrecovery

Organize your speech


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g y p

Problem/solution

Chronological

Physical location

Cause and effect

Extended metaphor Comparing your theme with something

Theory/practice

Organizing


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g g

Write ideas on cards

Pile the cards into patterns

Sequence the cards in each pile

Sequence the pile of cards

You could use Post-it notes to the same

effect

How many points?


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Decide on the need to know

Dont put too much info

7 down

Prioritize and reorganize

Length of speech


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Do not have to use full time

Better to be < than to be >

Do not over-plan

Be prepared to cut

Do not cut the conclusion

Making speech more appealing


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Have something for the head (logical)

Have something for the heart (emotional)

While presenting


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Follow the structure

Get to the main point early

Involve the audience

Thank and wish them well


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Structuring your

presentation

Structure in parts


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Greetings and introduction

Main content

Summary and conclusion

?Acknowledgement

Tell them what you are going to tell them

Tell them

Tell them what you have told them

Why introduction?


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Gain attention

Create rapport

Show your credentials

Provide reasons for listening

Describe what you will talk about

Create a desire

Perfect introduction


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Addresses audience questions

Has greetings, acknowledgements

Includes necessary background

Is of right length

Is catchy

Is written out Write it last

What not to do


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Dont say, Before I begin

Dont get names wrong

Dont admit that you are not prepared

Dont admit that you have given identicalspeech n times

Dont use offensive humor

Dont ask about time

Great ways to begin


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Quotations Rhetorical questions

Jokes

Stories or anecdotes

Statistics

Facts

Historic events, Today

Title of speech

Body


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Problem/opportunity

Solution or recommendation with evidence

Add activities, visual aids, stories, andexamples

Body


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Maintain interest level Eye Rubbing, Cat nap, Sleep, Coma

Attention-gaining devices

Humor, Props Voice inflection

Stage movement

Showing visuals, Playing music

Gesturing

Using quotations, reading poetry

Body


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Use humor how much? Answer depends

Why am I here? to inform, motivate, answerquestions

What is the nature of my subject?

What is the nature of my audience?

What about me? Am I adept?

Conclusions must


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Summarize your speech

Provide a closure

Give a feeling of completion

Make a great final impression

Give a feeling of excitement

Creating perfect conclusion


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Make it sound like a conclusion

Cue the audience in advance

Make it the right length

Write it out

Make the last words memorable

Provide opportunity for questions

What not to do


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Dont go overtime

Dont change your delivery

Dont ramble

Dont add new points at the end

Dont say you forgot to mention

Dont thank a lot

Wrapping it up in style


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Refer back to the opening

Use a quotation

Ask a question

Tell a story, Recite a short poem Tell them what to do

Make a prediction

Ask for a help

Ask for a commitment


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Influencing youraudience

Know the audience


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Find out as much as possible

Size: The larger the audience the moreformal the presentation

Demographics: The age, gender, andeducation of your audience shouldinfluence your language

Heterogeneity: With diverse audience,make general appeals

Know the audience


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Receptivity: The nature of your audiencewill determine how much motivation forlistening you will need to supply

Audience Behavior: How your audienceacts

Audience Attitudes: Their expressions of

approval or disapproval, likes and dislikes


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Analyzing the audience


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Why are they here?

What do they know?

What do they need to know?

What is in it for them?

Customizing to audience


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What do they expect? Highlight the benefits

Put them in the picture

Make personal experiences universal

Localize and customize remarks

Creating Rapport


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Share

An unusual experience

Your personal principles or beliefs

Your avocations and hobbies

Dont whine about your problems

Identify and address audience subgroups

Focus on audience needs, not yours

Identify influential members

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