MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management Leadership and Teamwork By Professor Simon...
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Transcript of MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management Leadership and Teamwork By Professor Simon...
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Leadership and TeamworkLeadership and Teamwork
By Professor Simon Burtonshaw-Gunn – licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution – By Professor Simon Burtonshaw-Gunn – licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution – Non-Commercial – Share Alike LicenseNon-Commercial – Share Alike License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
School of the Built EnvironmentMSc Construction Management People Management in the Built Environment
Presentation 2: TeamworkProfessor Simon Burtonshaw-Gunn
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Presentation 2: TeamworkPresentation 2: Teamwork• Groups and Teams Groups and Teams • Formal groupsFormal groups• Informal GroupsInformal Groups• Effectiveness in Groups and TeamsEffectiveness in Groups and Teams• Team developmentTeam development
Presentation content . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Organisational purposes for groups and teams:
• Distribute work, having brought together a particular set of skills, talents and responsibilities
• manage and control work• facilitate the problem-solving process by bringing
together all of the available capabilities• pass on decisions or information to those who need to
know• gather ideas, information and suggestions• test and ratify decisions• Co-ordinate and facilitate necessary liasion• increase commitment and involvement• resolve arguments and disputes between different
functions, levels and divisions.Charles Handy, 1993
Groups . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Groups…..Teams…..?????
• Oasis performing to a gathering of 70,000 ecstatic fans
• Newly-formed Euro Sales team who have not yet met each other, but communicate and interconnect on a daily basis
• The comprehensively beaten, but informally run, pub quiz team
• Delayed passengers on the 8.15 from Euston who together, while sitting in their carriage, brainstorm a letter of complaint and form a commuters action group
• The folk singer Clive Gregson strumming away, in his garden, to a dozen friends
• The victorious village football team.
Groups . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
A Psychological group is any number of people who:
• interact with each other.• are psychologically aware of each other.• perceive themselves to be a group.
Ed Schein, 1988.
Groups . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction ManagementGroups . . .
Types of Groups
Formal
PermanentTemporary
Informal
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Formal Groups:
• have a FORMAL STRUCTURE.• are TASK oriented.• tend to be PERMANENT(?)• their activities contribute DIRECTLY to the
organisation’s purpose.• are CONSCIOUSLY organised by somebody for a
reason.• Created to achieve specific organisational OBJECTIVES.• Concerned with the CO-ORDINATION of work activities.• Charles Handy – Any collection of people who perceive
themselves to be a group• Are intentionally organised by the organisation• . . . . A team is more than a group.
Groups . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Because the individuals in formal groups share some commonality of objectives, goals and (occasionally) rewards, they are more akin to teams - formal teams. They assist people to:
• Accomplish goals much less haphazardly than they would in informal groups
• co-ordinate the activities of the functions of the organisation
• establish logical authority relationships among people and between positions
• apply the concepts of specialisation and division of labour
• create more group cohesion as a result of a common set of goals.
Groups . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Informal Groups on the other hand can be . . . .
• A collection of individuals who become a group when members develop certain interdependencies, influence one another’s behaviour and contribute to mutual need satisfaction.
• Flexible & loosely structured.• Where relationships may be left undefined.• Where membership is spontaneous, and with varying
degrees of involvement.
Groups . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Informal groups can satisfy a range of needs within the workplace:
• Reduce feelings of insecurity and anxiety and provide each other with social support
• fulfil affiliation needs for friendship.• help to define our sense of identity and maintain our
self-esteem• pander to our social nature, as “social animals”.• provide guidelines on generally acceptable behaviour:
shape group and organisational norms• cater for those often ill-defined tasks which can only
be performed through the combined efforts of a number of individuals working together.
Groups . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
An Effective Work Group typically has the following characteristics . . .
• Informal relaxed atmosphere• Relevant discussion• Objectives clearly understood• Members listen to each other belief in shared aims &
objectives.• Sense of commitment to the group.• Acceptance of group values & norms.• Feeling of mutual trust & dependency.• Full participation by all members & decision-making by
consensus• Free flow of information & communications.• Open expression of feelings & disagreements.• Resolution of conflict by the members themselves.• Lower level of staff turnover, absenteeism, errors,
complaints
Groups . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
So what is a “team” ???
Teams . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction ManagementTeams . . .
A team is a group of people who share common objectives and who need to work together to achieve them
A couple of definitions . . .
A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable
Katzenbach and Smith, 1994
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
A team is a group of people who share common objectives and who need to work together to achieve them
This means that a team is NOT . . .
A couple of definitions . . .
Teams . . .
A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable
Katzenbach and Smith, 1994
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
• A social gathering where people meet for the purpose of enjoyment
• It is not an audience of people who are assembled to listen and learn
• In the UK the House of Commons is not a team as its members do not share common objectives
• Committees are not usually teams as their members comprise people who represent different groups
Teams . . .
This means that a team is NOT . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Defining a team may suggest that it has . . . .
• A definable membership• Shared communication network• Shared sense of collective identity and purpose• Shared goals• Group consciousness, “norms & rules”.• Interdependence• Interaction• Group structure and roles• Ability to act in a unitary manner
Based on Huczynski & Buchanan (1991)
and John Adair, Effective Teambuilding, (1986)
Teams . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
“No one’s perfect but a team can be.”Meredith Belbin, management and team
guru.
“Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success.”
Henry Ford, 1863-1947.
"A single arrow is easily broken, but not ten in a bundle."Japanese proverb
Teams . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction ManagementGroups . . .
Six Key Features of Effective Teams
• Individuals . . . make up and calibre
• Dynamics . . . Effective interpersonal relationships
• Leadership . . . Provided as necessary
• Structure . . . Mechanical elements
• Boundary management . . . interface issues
• Image . . . External perception
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Behaviours leading to successful teamwork….
• Ability to articulate own ideas/feelings effectively Active listening Clear questioning/asking for information Respecting and valuing others’ feelings/ideas/values Making sure everyone gets a chance to contribute Flexibility and willingness to compromise Sense of humour/ability to laugh at oneself Appropriate allocation of roles, leader, time-keeper,
scribe, facilitator, devils-advocate, etc…. Ability to summarise and to offer new
leads/alternatives . . . .
Teamwork . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
….. and more behaviours leading to successful teamwork
Willingness to confront inconsistencies/differences and try to resolve them, rather than ignoring them.
Attention to group climate (i.e. the feelings in the group) as well as to the work being done.
Getting agreements on decisions/actions to be implemented.
Patience/willingness to explore blind alleys/tolerance of apparently ‘odd’ ideas
Genuine acceptance and warmth in relation to others. Willingness to get involved and contribute fully.
Teamwork . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Characteristics of Ineffective Teams
• Formality, tense atmosphere, indifference, boredom• Domination by few, contributions often lack relevance• Aims ill-defined and misunderstood, conflict between
private aims and common aims.• Unfair hearing, irrelevant speeches, members fear
ridicule/condemnation• Low participation• No clear group objectives.• Members tend not to listen to each other• Lack of consensus, premature decision making, formal
voting• Personalised destructive criticism• Feelings remain under the surface• Lack of awareness of decisions, unclear assignments• Leadership role jealously guarded• Not too concerned with deficiencies in group
Teamwork . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Behaviours inhibiting teamwork• Lack of tolerance for others views/feelings. Unwillingness to listen. Muddled argument Lack of leadership. Lack of facilitation Lack of clear goals and targets Failure to involve more reticent group members Failure to attend to time-limits /constraints Unwillingness to listen or attend to counter-arguments Domination of the group by one or two ‘loud-mouths’ Impatience with others’ ideas/values Personal rudeness, lack of tact/respect Unwillingness to join in and ‘own’ shared responsibility
for the group task.
Teamwork . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction ManagementTeamwork
Improving the effectiveness of a team is one of the cheapest ways of improving performance of an organization. It is often quicker than attending to each individual because good teams can compensate for an individual weakness.
Comments, opinions, thoughts. . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Effective teams are quite rare . . .
Effective teams are special as they do not only produce superior outputs but are a joy to be part of and provide effective and powerful learning to individual members
If you are a member of an effective team you will know that they are special
Teamwork
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Successful and effective members of working teams have:
• The ability to co-operate & share in decision-making• Willingness to listen to & accept other people’s ideas and
suggestions• Capacity to modify their own ideas so as to fall in with evolving
proposals and decisions• Preparedness to undertake tasks which form only part of a greater
design & to see praise/recognition go to the group• Willingness to come up with ideas which could be “shot down”
rather than merely coast along (“social loafing”)• An inclination to support other group members and the group’s
work rather than undermine• Willingness to accept responsibility for outcomes of group
Teamwork . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction ManagementTeamwork . . .
How Teams Develop
MourningForming
Norming
Storming
Performing
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction ManagementTeamwork . . .
How Teams Develop
Stage 5: Team is ending
‘Mourning’ Concerned with breaking up and
moving on to new tasks
Stage 4: Teamworking is mature ‘Performing’
Concerned with achieving goalsStage 3: Teamworking is ‘Norming’
Group help is widespreadConcern is how individuals can help the
group
Stage 2: Team is experimenting ‘Storming’ Concerned with have we work together
Stage 1: Teamworking is underdeveloped ‘Forming’ Concerned with who fits where
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction ManagementTeamwork . . .
What do these stages look like???
MourningForming
Norming
Storming
Performing
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
Mourning signs may include:• tidying up loose ends• celebrating achievement• feelings of sadness• planning for new teams saying
good-byes
Performing signs may include:
• relaxed, purposeful atmosphere
• feelings of confidence • most talk being about the job• goals being achievedNorming signs may
include:• shared leadership• preparedness to change• active participation by all • mutual problem solving• open exchange of ideas
Storming signs may include:• conflict• lively debate and discussion• trying out ways of working• thinks beginning to be
achievedForming signs may include:• self conscious politeness• embarrassment• enthusiasm• stilted conversation• not much progress yet
Teamwork . . .
MSc/ PG Diploma in Construction Management
School of the Built EnvironmentMSc Construction Management People Management in the Built Environment
Presentation 2: TeamworkProfessor Simon Burtonshaw-Gunn