Msc Microbiology

BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024

INDIA

M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)

CURRICULUM

(Revised with effect from 2007-2009 batch)

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

REGULATIONS FOR

M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY (2 YEARS)

(UNDER AUTONOMY)

Name of the Course:

M.Sc. Microbiology

Department offering the Course:

The Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences will be offering the

course since 1994.

Eligibility for admission:

A degree in Science with one or more branches of biology at the major or

ancillary (subsidiary) levels.

Duration of the course:

2 Academic years consisting of two semesters each.

Course Fees:

Each student admitted to the M.Sc. Microbiology degree course will pay a

Tuition, Lab, Special, Stationery, Chemical and computer and other fees as decided

by the University from time to time. The student will have to pay additionally the

fees prescribed by the University for recognition, matriculation etc. In addition, the

student has to pay a sum of Rs.1, 000/- as Laboratory Caution Deposit, which

would be refunded depending upon breakages etc., at the end of the course.

Board of Studies:

The Board of Studies for academic programmes, syllabi etc., will consist of

all the members of the faculty of the Department of Microbiology and two outside

experts. The Head of the Department of Microbiology will be the Chairman.

Syllabus:

The Syllabi for the various courses are designed keeping in view the

usefulness of the course to the students for (1) continuation of academic activity

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leading to research, (2) employability in microbiology related vocations and (3)

self-employment.

Academic visits to institutions and or industries related to the courses

during the semesters of study will form part of the curriculum. The students

depending on their performance and choice would either have to carry out a

project or undergo training or submit a report at the end of the final semester in an

area of microbiology.

From the academic year (2002-2004) Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) is

introduced in all departments of the University. According to this system the

M.Sc., Microbiology Course requires a student to earn 90 credits in four semesters.

The basic course structure and the scheme of examinations are given in tables that

follow.

A student has to take four core courses including practical and two elective

courses in the first and second semesters and six core courses including practical

and a self study review paper in third semester. The fourth semester would be

entirely devoted to the project work.

* * * * * * * * *

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M.Sc., MICROBIOLOGY

COURSE STRUCTURE

The two year M.Sc, Microbiology program will have four semesters.

The Course structure will be as given below:

Semester Course Hours per week Total credits per course Credits per semester

Four core courses 22 17 I

Two Elective course 8 8

25

Four core courses 22 17 II

Two Elective course 8 8

25

III Six core courses 30 25 25

IV Project work -- 15 15

Total 90

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DETAILED COURSE STRUCTURE

S

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Name of the Course

Ins

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Exa

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Inte

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Ex

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To

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CC I Biological macromolecules (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CC II Microbial Cell Biology(T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CC III Molecular Biology & Microbial Genetics (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CCIV Practical CCI, CCII, CCIII (lab) 10 5 6 60 90 150

EC I Biological Techniques (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

I

EC II Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny(T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CC V Immunotechnology (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CCVI Medical Microbiology (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CC VII Virology (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CC VIII Practical CCV , CCVI, CCVII 10 5 6 60 90 150

EC III Commercial Biotechnology & IPR (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

II

EC IV Bio-Informatics and Bio-Statistics. (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CC IX Food & Dairy Microbiology (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CC X Recombinant DNA Technology (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CC XI Microbial Biotechnology (T) 4 4 3 25 75 100

CC XII Environmental & Agriculture

Microbiology(T)

4 4 3 25 75 100

CC XIII Self Study Review 4 4 3 100 100

III

CC XIV Practical CC IX, CC X, CC XI 10 5 6 60 90 150

IV CC XIX Project 15 150 150

90 2100

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Continuous Internal Assessment:

The internal assessment component for theory for each student will include

attendance, weekly tests, model exams, seminars and/or assignments.

The internal assessment component for the lab course for each student will

consist of attendance, performance in the laboratory, observation notebook,

monthly tests and model tests. The Internal assessment component for each course

will be 40% of the marks allotted to the course. This applies to theory as well as lab

courses. In the case of core course CC XIII - self - study review in the III semester

100% internal assessment will be done and there will be no external component.

There will be no passing minimum for internal assessment. However, if a

student wishes to improve his/her internal assessment performance, he/she has to

rejoin the course in the concerned semester after completing the four semesters.

External Examination: The question paper setters for the external examinations in theory will be

from out of a panel of examiners suggested by the course teachers and the board of

studies. There will be a double valuation of the theory papers and one of them will

be the course teacher. If the marks awarded by the two examiners differ by 10 or

more, there will be a third valuation by a person appointed by the chairman and

the average of the nearest two marks will be taken final irrespective of the

difference in percentage.

There will be two examiners for each lab course external examination of

whom one will be internal. There will be combined evaluation of the students by

the two examiners. Each lab course examination will include a viva-voce

component, the marks for which should not exceed 20% of the marks allotted.

A student has to obtain at least 50% of the marks allotted for the external

component and at least 50% in the internal plus external aggregate to pass the

theory or lab course component of each course passing minimum in the University

examinations will be 40% and the candidate in aggregate should score 50%.

Successful completion of a course requires a minimum of ‘C’ grade or 4 grade

points. Grading pattern is given below.

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GRADING OF THE COURSES

Marks Grade point Letter Grade

96 and above 10 S+

91-95 9.5 S

86-90 9.0 D++

81-85 8.5 D+

76-80 8.0 D

71-75 7.5 A++

66-70 7.0 A+

61-65 6.5 A

56-60 6.0 B

50-55 5.5 C

Below 50 0 F

FINAL RESULT

CGPA Grade Point Classification of Final

Result

9.51 and above S+

9.01 – 9.50 S First Class – Exemplary

8.51 - 9.00 D++

8.01 - 8.50 D+

7.51 - 8.00 D

First Class - Distinction

7.01 - 7.50 A++

6.51 - 7.00 A+

6.01 - 6.50 A

First Class

5.51 - 6.00 B

5.00 - 5.50 C Second Class

Below 5.00 F Fail

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First Year - Semester- I

CC I - Biological Macromolecules - (Theory)

Unit - I: Types of Macromolecules

Classification of macromolecules - polysaccharides, fats, proteins & nucleic acids

structure and properties of:

� Mono, di, oligo and polysaccharides, Complex carbohydrates,

� Aminoacids, peptides & proteins

� Fatty acids, Glycerolipids, phospholipids, glycolopids and steroids

� Pigments – chlorophyll

Unit - II: Biosynthesis

Gluconeogenesis - Synthesis of amylase, glycogen, levan and dextran.

Biosynthesis of:

� Fatty acids, triglycerols, membrane phospholipids & cholesterol synthesis

� Nucleotides, Purines, pyrimidines, and nucleotides

� Chlorophyll

� Amino acids

Unit - III: Nucleic acids

Structure & types of - DNA & RNA - their topology and functions. Chromosome

organization in microbes. Artificial nucleic acid – PNA. Structure of tRNA, rRNA

and mRNA.

Unit - IV: Proteins

Primary, secondary and tertiary structure – structure determination –

Ramachandran plot – Purification of proteins

Unit – V: Vitamins and hormones

Structure and properties of vitamins and hormones – Definition and nomenclature

– biological availability – assessment of vitamins in nutritional status – vitamins B1,

B12, K, E and niacin – Protein and peptide hormones – auxine, gibberellins, abscisic

acid.

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References

1. Campbell MK (1999). Biochemistry, 3rd edition, Saunders College Publishing/

Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

2. Freidberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W. (1995). DNA Repair and Mutagenesis,

ASM Press.

3. Freifelder D. (1996). Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Narosa Publishing House.

4. Geoffrey L. Zubay (1998). Biochemistry. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 4th Edition.

5. Lewin, B. (2000) Genes VII. Oxford University Press.

6. Maloy SR, Cronan Jr. JE, Freifelder D (1994). Microbial Genetics. Jones and

Bartlett Publishers.

7. Nelson D.L. and Cox, M.M. (2001). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd

edition, Mac Millan Eworth Publishers.

8. Stryer L (1995). Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company.

9. Voet D. and Voet J (1995) Bichemistry, 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc.

10. Watson JD, Hopkins NH, Roberts JW, Steitz JA, Weiner AM. (1987) Molecular

Biology of the Gene. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.

11. David, A. Bender (2003). Nutritional biochemistry of vitamins, Cambridge,

516pp.

12. Gerald Litwack. Vitamins and hormones, Elsevier.

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CC II – Microbial Cell Biology - (Theory)

Unit – I: Morphology and ultra structure of microorganisms

Morphological types – Archeabacteria, Gram negative and Gram positive

Eubacteria (Monera), eukaryotes (Protista). Ultrastructure of prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells. Structure and functions of flagella, cilia, pili, gas vesicles,

chlorosomes, carboxyomes, magnetosomes and phycoblisomes. Capsule structure,

composition and properties. Reserve food materials – polyhydroxybutyrate,

polyphosphate, oil droplets, cyanophycin granules and sulphur inclusions. Cell

division, Endospore – Structure and properties.

Unit – II: Classification of microorganisms

Introduction – Contributions of early microbiologists, Classification of

microorganisms - Haeckel’s three kingdom concept. Whittaker’s five kingdom

concept. Three domain concept of Carl Woese. Basis of microbial classification.

Classification and salient features of bacteria according to the Bergey’s manual of

determinative bacteriology [1994]. Modern trends in classification of

microorganisms. Cyanobacteria: Distribution, conventional and modern

classification. General form and structure. Reproduction, gas vacuoles, movements

and symbiosis. Prochloron, Cyanelles, Microfungi, VAM and Lichens– a brief

account

Unit – III: Techniques in Microbiology

Light Microscopy – Bright field, Dark field, Phase contrast, Fluorescent and

Polarization microscopes, Electron Microscopy – TEM & SEM, Confocal

Microscopy – applications. Sterilization - Physical and chemical control of micro

organisms. Isolation, purification of different types of microorganisms.

Preservation methods, Identification of microorganisms using morphological,

physiological, biochemical and molecular biological techniques.

Unit – IV: Nutritional types and carbohydrate metabolism

Nutrition and nutritional types – nutrients – organic – inorganic. autotrophs –

heterotrophs – lithotrophs – organotrophs – phototrophs. Autotrophy –

anoxygenic – oxygenic photosynthesis. Chemolithotrophy – sulphur – iron –

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hydrogen – nitrogen oxidation – methanogenesis – luminescences - Fixation of

carbondioxide – C3, C4 pathway - respiratory metabolism –fermentation of

carbohydrates – glycolysis – Kreb’s cycle – pentose phosphate pathway, the Entner

– Doudoroff pathway – homo and hetero lactic fermentations.

Unit – V: Growth and metabolism of nitrogenous compounds

Growth phases – kinetics – asynchronous – synchronous - batch – continuous

culture. Factors affecting growth; Measurement of growth – dry weight – wet

weight – protein – Kjeldhal nitrogen – chlorophyll. Biological nitrogen fixation –

nitrogenase enzymes – structure and properties – ‘nif’ gene – regulation –

functions. Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen – nitrate nitrite – dinitrogen –

ammonia.

References:

1. Brige EA (1992) Modern Microbiology, WmC, Brown Publishers, Dubugue,

USA.

2. Bryant DA (1994) The Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria, Kluwer Academic

Publishers, London.

3. Gerherdt P, Murray RG, Wood WH. Kreig NR (1994) Methods for General and

Molecular. Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC.

4. Good Fellow M, O’ Dennell AG (1994) Chemical methods in Prokaryotic

Systemics. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

5. Hall DO Rao, KK (1995) Photosynthesis. Cambridge University Press.

6. Holt JS, Kreig NR, Sneath PHA, Williams ST (1994) Bergeys Manual of

Determinative Bacteriology (9th ed.) William and Wilkins, Baltimore.

7. Landecker EM (1996) Fundamentals of Fungi –Prentice Hall International Inc.

8. Neidhardt FC. (1996) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium – Cellular and

Molecular Biology (Vol I & II)

9. Pelczar Jr. MJ, Chan ECS, Krieg NR (1993). Microbiology – Mc Graw Hill. Inc,

New York.

10. Rao AS (1997) Introduction to Microbiology, Nagarjuna University , Prentice

Hall of India, New Delhi.

11. Salle AJ (1996) Fundamental Principle of Bacteriology [7th Edition] University of

California, Los Angels, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,New

Delhi.

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12. Tauro T, Kapoor KKT, Yadav S. (1997) An Introduction to Microbiology,

Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.

13. White D. (1995) The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes Oxford

University Press, Oxford.

14. Zubey GL, Parson WW, Vance DE (1994). Principles of Biochemistry – WmC.

Brown Publishers, Oxford, England.

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CC III – Molecular Biology & Microbial Genetics - (Theory)

Unit - I: DNA replication and repair

Identification of genetic material (Griffith, Avery and Hershey and Chase

experiments). DNA replication - Meselson – Stahl experiment , Molecular

mechanisms of DNA Replication – bidirectional and rolling circle replication.

Differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication. Plasmids – types, structure

and replication. DNA repair – mechanism of excision repair, SOS repair and

mismatch repair.

Unit – II: Transcription and translation

Process of transcription – initiation, elongation – termination. Synthesis of mRNA

in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Synthesis of rRNA and tRNA. RNA processing –

capping and polyadenylation. Genetic code, process of translation – initiation,

elongation and termination. Signal sequences and protein transport.

Unit – III: Concept of Gene & Gene regulation

Organization of Gene in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - Introduction - Operon

concept, lac and trp operons, promoters and repressors. Regulation of gene

expression – Transcriptional control – promoters, terminators, attenuators and anti

terminators; Induction and repression; the lac operon – catabolite repression;

Biosynthesis: trp operon – upstream activator sequences and enhancers, two

component regulatory systems. Translational control – ribosome binding, codon

usage, antisense RNA; post-transcriptional gene silencing – RNAi.

Unit - IV: Gene transfer mechanisms

Transformation – competence cells, regulation, general process; Transduction –

general and specialized; Conjugation – Hfr, triparental mating, self transmissible

and mobilizable plasmids, pili.

Unit – V: Transposable elements

Introduction - Discovery insertion sequences, complex and compound transposons

– T10, T5, and retroposon – Nomenclature- Insertion sequences – Mechanism –

Transposons of E.coli, Bacteriophage and Yeast.

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References:

1. Friedberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W. (2005). DNA repair and mutagenesis.

ASM press

2. James D. Watson, Tania A. Baker, Stephen P. Bell, and Alexander Gann,

Molecular Biology of the Gene, Fifth Edition

3. Rowland H. Davis, The Microbial Models of Molecular Biology: From Genes

to Genomes.

4. Antony JF, Griffiths, Gilbert WM, Lewontin RC and Miller JH (2002).

Modern Genetic Analysis, Integrating Genes and Genomes, 2nd edition, WH

5. Blackburn GM, Gait MJ. (1996). Nucleic acids in chemistry and biology.

Oxford University press.

6. Malacinski GM and Freifelder D (1998) Essentials of Molecular Biology, 3rd

edition, John and Bartlett Publishers.

7. Lewin B. (2000). Genes VII. Oxford University press

8. Maloy SR, Cronan Jr. JE, Freifelder D (1994). Microbial genetics. Jones and

Bartlett publishers.

9. Singer M, Berg P. (1991). Genes and Genomes. University Science Books.

10. Stryer L. (2002). Biochemistry. 5th edition, W.H.Freeman and company.

11. Watson JD, Hopkins NH, Roberts JW, Steitz JA, Weiner AM. (1998).

Molecular biology of the gene, 4th edition, Benjamin/Cummings publishing

company.

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CC IV – Practical (CC I, CC II & CC III) CC I – Biological Macromolecules - (Lab Course) Quantification of Macromolecules - Isolation and Colorimetric estimation of:

1. Amino acids - Ninhydrin method

2. Protein - Biuret method/Lowry’s method

3. Carbohydrate reducing sugars - Anthrone method/Benedicts method.

4. Cholesterol estimation - Acetic anhydride method

5. DNA - Diphenylamine method

6. RNA - Orcinol method

7. Determination of Phosphorous content of nucleic acids - perchloric acid test.

8. Pigments (chlorophyll - carotenoids – phycobiliproteins)

9. Estimation of lipid

References

1. Boyer R (2001) Modern Experimental Biochemistry, 3rd edition: Benjamin

/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.

2. Jayaraman J (1981). Laboratory manual in Biochemistry, New Age Int.

Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Plummer DT (1987) An introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3rd edition, Tata

McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

4. Clark JM Jr and Switzer RI (1977) Experimental Biochemistry 2nd Edition.

W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.

5. Switzer RL and Garrity LF (1999) Experimental Biochemistry, 3rd edition, WH

Freeman and Co.

6. Work TS and Work E (1972) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology. Vol. 3 - North-Holland, Amsterdam

7. Warton DC and McCarthy RE (1972) Experiments and Methods in

Biochemistry. MacMillan, New York.

8. Wilson K and Walker J (2000) Practical Biochemistry Principles and Techniques,

5th Edition, Cambridge University Press.

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CC II – Microbial Cell Biology - (Lab Course)

1. Preparation and use of glassware cleaning solutions, sterilization.

2. Microscopy, Micrometry, Camera lucida diagrams & Microphotography.

3. Isolation of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria – cyanobacteria, actinomycetes

and fungi.

4. Pure and axenic culture techniques – serial dilution – pour plate, spread

plate, streak plate methods and stab culture techniques.

5. Bacterial Staining methods – simple, Gram’s, acid fast, flagella, capsule and

spore.

6. Determination of growth – growth curve – generation time – synchronous

and asynchronous growth – estimation of growth – microscopic – plate –

membrane filter – turbidometry – dry weight – wet weight – chlorophyll.

7. Fungal Staining methods – Lacto-phenol cotton blue.

8. Motility of bacteria.

9. Effect of physical and chemical factors on the growth of bacteria and

Cyanobacteria – temperature, pH, oxygen, radiation, water activity, macro

and micro nutrients and chelators.

10. Fixation of nitrogen by acetylene reduction assay using gas chromatography

11. Assay of glutamine synthetase, nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase by

colorimetry

References:

1. Benson HJ (1994). Microbiological Applications, WmC Brown Publishers,

Oxford.

2. Collins C.H, Lyne P.M, (1985). Microbiological methods. Butterworths,

London.

3. Gerhardt P, Murray R.G, Wood W.A, Kreig, N.R. (ed) (1994). Methods of

General and Molecular Bacteriology. American Society for Microbiology,

Washington DC

4. Holt J.S, Kreig N.R, Sheath P.H.A, Williams S.T. (1994) Bergey’s Manual of

Determinative Bacteriology (9th edn.) Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

5. Rhodes P.M, Stanbury P.F. Applied Microbial Physiology - A practical

approach. IRL Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford

6. Wilson K, Walker J. (1995) Practical Biochemistry Principles and Techniques,

Cambridge University Press

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CC III – Molecular Biology & Microbial Genetics - (Lab Course) 1. Isolation of antibiotic resistant microbes.

2. Induction of mutation by ultra-violet radiation and chemical mutagens – NTG,

MNNG.

3. Transformation (competent cell preparation) and Transduction using P1.

4. Isolation of microbial genomic DNA

5. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E.coli (mini preparation).

6. Isolation of plasmid DNA from Gram Negative (bacteria) and cyanobacteria

(mini preparation)

7. Quantification of plasmid by spectrophotometric methods.

8. Characterization of plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis.

9. Conjugation - Hfr

References:

1. Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA and

Struhl K (1994).

2. Current protocols in molecular biology, Vol. 1 & 2. John Wicey & Sons Inc.

3. Sambrook J and Russell DW (2001) Molecular cloning - A laboratory manual

(3rd edition, Vol 1,2,3), Cold Spring Laboratory Press, New York.

4. Surzyeki S (2000). Basic Tecniques in Molecular Biology. Springer.

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First Year – Semester I

EC I – Biological Techniques - (Theory) Unit – I: Microscopy and Related Techniques

Light Microscopy: Microscopic optics, components of microscopes. Basic principles

and types of Bright field, Dark field, Phase contrast, Fluorescence, Polarization and

Confocal microscopes and their applications. Immunofluorescence – In situ

hybridization. Electron Microscopy – Principle, Techniques and applications of

Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope

(SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Photomicrography and Video

micrography.

Unit – II: Analytical Techniques

Spectroscopic methods – UV-Visible, Atomic Absorption and Atomic Emission

Spectroscopy. Centrifugation – Principles and types centrifugation.

Electroanalytical methods – electrolytic – Potentiometric, conductimetric,

coulometric & voltametric analysis. Biosensors. Radioactive analysis : Principles of

radioactivity, GM counter & LS counter.

Unit – III: Principles & Applications of Chromatographic Techniques

Adsorption – Ion exchange and gel permeation – affinity chromotography for

separation of compounds including GC and HPLC methods.

Unit – IV: Electrophoresis Techniques

Electrophoretic techniques – protein – nucleic acid – immuno – two dimensional

electrophoresis.

Unit – V: Molecular Biological Techniques

Isolation of chromosomal and plasmid DNA. Polymerase chain reaction – isolation

of specific genes using PCR. Restriction digestion and Phosphatase treatment of

cloning vectors. Cloning techniques – separation and quantification of DNA by

spectrophotometric and electrophoretic techniques, gene transfer mechanisms –

chemical and electroporation.

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Methods of detection of clones – Nucleic acid transfer by blotting, Hybridization -

plaque, colony hybridization. Histochemical detection of β -galactosidase,

antibody screening including colour development reaction.

References:

1. Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J. (1994). Molecular Biotechnology, ASM Press.

2. John G. Webster. (2004). Bioinstrumentation. University of Wisconsin, John

Wiley & Sons, Inc.

3. Sambrrok, J. and Ruseell, D.W. (2001) Molecular Cloning – A Laboratory

Manual (3rd eidition, Vol. 1,2,3) Cold Spring Laboratory Press, New York.

4. Savile Pradbury. (1991). Basic measurement techniques for light microscopy,

Oxford University Press, Royal Microscopical Society.

5. Surzeki, S. (2000). Basic Techniques in Molecular Biology, Springer.

6. Westermeier, R (1993). Electroporesis in practice – VCH – Federal Republic of

Germany.

7. Willett, J.E. (1991). Gas Chromatography, John Wiley & Sons.

8. Wilson, K. and Walker (1995). Practical Biochemistry Principles and

Techniques, Cambridge University Press.

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First Year – Semester I

EC II – Molecular Taxonomy & Phylogeny - (Theory)

Unit – I: Microbial Taxonomy

Introduction to microbial taxonomy – morphological taxonomy, biochemical

taxonomy, and molecular taxonomy. Numerical taxonomy – basic concepts of

taxonomy. Positive and negative aspects of each taxonomical methods.

Morphological phylogeny

UNIT- II: Biochemical & molecular taxonomy

Chemotaxonomy - fatty acid, protein finger printing , Isozyme typing, pigments &

polyamines. Biochemical phylogeny. Molecular taxonomy –- G +C content, DNA –

DNA hybridization, Plasmid profiles, RFLP, RAPD, STRR & LTRR, REP –PCR,

rRNA based DNA finger printing methods

Unit – III: 16S rRNA based finger printing

Types of rRNA - 23s rRNA, 16S rRNA & 5S rRNA. Importance of 16SrRNA in

microbial identification and taxonomy. Methods of 16S rRNA / rDNA

fingerprinting - Isolation of rRNA, RT- PCR, Isolation of DNA, amplification of

16S rDNA using PCR, Cloning, transformation, Blue-white screening, Plasmid

isolation, Dot blot/Southern blot hybridization using specific probes Sequencing of

16S rDNA using chain-termination method.

UNIT – IV: Sequence analysis.

Submission of rDNA sequences in GenBank – Bankit & Sequin guidelines. NCBI,

EMBL & DDBJ – retrieving sequences. RNA structure prediction, Restriction

enzyme patterns. Ribosomal Database Project - Designing primers & probes.

Sequence comparison, alignment and data base searching – ClastalW, FASTA &

BLAST. DNA barcoding.

UNIT – V: Molecular phylogeny.

Introduction to Molecular phylogeny – tree terminology, software programs for

making phylogenetic trees – MEGA, Phylib, RAPDistance. Cladogram, additive

trees and ultrametric trees, rooted, unrooted trees and tree shapes.

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References:

1. Roderic D. M. Page, Edward C. Holmes (1998). Molecular Evolution: A

Phylogenetic Approach. Blackwell publishing, USA.

2. Principles of Genome Analysis: A Guide to Mapping and Sequencing

DNA from Different Organisms by S. B. Primrose (Paperback - Jan 1998)

3. Microbial Genome Methods by Kenneth W. Adolph (Hardcover - Oct 28,

1996)

4. Genome Mapping and Sequencing by Ian Dunham (Hardcover - Sep 1,

2003).

5. Brendan Wren (Editor), Nick Dorrell (2002) Functional Microbial

Genomics (Volume 33) (Methods in Microbiology), Academic Press, UK.

6. Sandy B. Primrose Richard M. Twyman (2005) Principles of Genome

Analysis and Genomics, Blackwell Publishing, USA.

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7. First Year – Semester - II

CC V – Immunotechnology - (Theory)

Unit I: Immune System

Historical perspective – Discovery, early theories, Immunodeficiency conditions,

Lymphocyte Traffic, Hematopoiesis, Innate and adoptive immune response in

protection.

Unit II: Antigen and Antibody Molecules

Antigen engineering for better immunogenicity, Use for vaccine development,

whole-organism vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, synthetic peptide,

multivalent subunit and anti-idiotype vaccines. Antibody engineering, Antibody

for diagnosis, Antibody for therapy, Hybridoma Technology.

Unit III: MHC, Cytokines and Complements

Structure of MHC molecules, Antigen presentation, Antigen presentation by non

MHC molecules, Cytokine structure and their receptors, Cytokine therapy,

Complements, Lymphocyte Migration and Inflammation, Hypersensitivity

reactions, auto immunity.

Unit IV: B and T Cell Activation

B cell receptor complex, B cell maturation, Generation of antibody diversity,

Understanding self-nonself discrimination, TH Cell subpopulation, Organisation of

T cell receptor, Cell mediated effector responses.

Unit V: Immunotechnology and its applications

Precipitation techniques, agglutination techniques, radiology in immunotechniqes, Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, immunofluorescence, Flowcytometry and immunoelectron microscopy. Infectious diseases - immune system in AIDS, transplantation immunology, cancer and the immune system.

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References:

1. Ivan M. Roit (1994) Essential Immunology – Blackwell Scientific

Publications, Oxford

2. Kuby J (2001) Immunology Fourth Edition – WH Freeman and Company,

New York

3. Chapel H and Halbey M (1986) Essentials of Clinical Immunology

4. Donal M. Weir, John Steward (1993) Immunology – VII edition. ELBS,

London

5. Richard M. Hyde (1995). Immunology III edition. National Medical series,

Williams and Wilkins, Harward Publishing company.

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First Year – Semester - II

CC VI – Medical Microbiology - (Theory)

Unit-I: Introduction of Medical Microbiology:

History, Koach &River’s postulates, Role of Microbiology in Medicine,

Classification of medically important microbes, Normal Microbial flora, Infections-

Source, Mode of transmission, Prevention of medically important microbes.

Unit-II: Systematic Medical Bacteriology:

Mechanism of Bacterial pathogenesis of medically important bacteria Staphylococcu

s aereus, Group A Streptococci, Pathogenic, Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio,

Nieserriae, Haemophilus influenza, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Chlamydia,

Mycoplasama, anaerobic bacteria & infections, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Atypical

Mycobacterium, Clamadiya, Bacillus, Rickettsia, Zoonotic bacteria, Helicobacter

pylori.

Unit-III: Mycology & Parasitology:

Mechanisms of Fungal Pathogenesis, Superficial and Cutaneous Mycoses,

Subcutaneous Mycoses, Systemic Mycoses, Opportunistic Mycoses, Mycotoxicoses,

Pathogenesis of Parasitic Disease, Antiparasitic Agents, Intestinal and Urogenital

Protozoa, Blood and Tissue Protozoa,. Nematodes, Trematodes, Cestodes and

Arthropod.

Unit-IV: Viral diseases:

Influenza viruses, Measels, Mumps, Chicken Pox, Hepatitis A,B,C, D& E,

Poliomyelitis, AIDS, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Rabies, Yellow fever, Dengue

and Japanease Enchapalitis.

Unit-V: Laboratory Diagnosis:

Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diseases, Laboratory diagnosis of mycological

and Parasitological diseases, Laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases, Antibiotic

sensitivity test. Molecular diagnosis.

25

References:

1. Medical Microbiology(2001) by Jawetz, Melnickand Adelberg’s 22nd edition

McGraw Hill Medical Publication division

2. Medical Microbiology(2000) by David Greenwood, Richard Slack and John

Peutherer 15th edition,ChurchHill Living stone Publication.

3. Medical Microbiology by Anathanarayanan.

4. Medical Parasitology (2007) by K.D Chatterjee 7th edition.

5. Foundations in Microbiology (2005) by Cathleen park Talaro 6th edition,

McGraw Hill Medical Publication division.

6. Microbiology Lab Manual (2007) by John P. Harley 7th edition McGraw Hill

Medical Publication division.

7. Microbiology (2007) by Prescott, Harley, Klein's 7th edition McGraw Hill

Medical Publication division.

26


CC VII – Virology - (Theory)

Unit – I: Brief outline of virology

Discovery of virus; early development of virology – nomenclature - classification

and taxonomy of viruses - based on host, nucleic acids and structure; Evolution of

viruses

Unit - II: Bacterial viruses

φ X 174; T4 ; M 13; Lambda and Mu; P1 phages. Structural organization - life

cycle - transcription - DNA replication and phage production - lysogenic cycle

wherever applicable, and genetics of each phage.

Unit - III: Plant viruses

TMV - general characters – morphology – structure – replication - RNA as the

initiator of infection; Cauliflower Mosaic Virus - a brief account. Transmission of

plant viruses - transmission by vectors - transmission without vectors. Common

viral diseases of crop plants - names of diseases, pathogens and symptoms only -

paddy, cotton, tomato and sugar cane.

Unit - IV: Animal viruses

General characters, chemical and physical nature, life cycle, epidemiology,

pathogenicity, disease caused and immunologic response of the following viruses:

Myxo virus: Orthomyxo virus, Paramyxo virus; Herpes virus - HSV 1 & 2; Adeno

virus and Adeno Associated Viruses; Tumour viruses of human.

Unit - V: Other viral types

Brief account of Cyanophages – myco phycophages – Insect viruses. Viroids,

prions, satellite RNAs and virusoids. Antiviral agents and vaccines – different

types.

27

References:

1. Conrat HF, Kimball PC and Levy JA. (1988). Virology. II edition. Prentice Hall,

Englewood Cliff, New Jersey.

2. Dimmock NJ, Primrose SB. (1994) Introduction to Modern Virology IV edition.

Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford

3. Flint SJ, Enquist LW, King RM, Racaniell VR and Shalka AM (2000). Principles

of Virology - Molecular Biology, pathogenesis and control, ASM Press,

Washington DC.

4. Khan J.A, J.Dijkstra. Plant viruses as molecular pathogens. 2000. CBS publishers

and Distributors. New Delhi

5. Maloy SR, Cronan Jr. JE, Freifelder D. (1994). Microbial genetics. Jones and

Bartlett publishers.

6. Robert G. Welstar and Allan Garnoll. Encyclopaedia of Virology (1994). Vol I,

II & III Academic Press inc. San Diego, CA 92101. Ed.

7. Timbury MC. (1994) Medical Virology X edition. Churchill Livingston.

8. Topley & Wilson’s. (1990) Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunity VIII

edition Vol. IV Virology, Edward Arnold, London.

28


CC VIII – Practical (CC V, CC VI & CC VII) CC V – Immunotechnology - (Lab Course)

1. Collection of venous blood from human and separation and preservation of

serum/plasma

2. Agar gel diffusion – Ouchterlony’s method

3. Counter immuno electrophoresis

4. Electrophoresis – serum proteins

5. Blood grouping

6. Latex agglutination test

7. Widal tube and slide agglutination technique

8. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

9. Western blotting

10. Immunization of protocols and raising antibody

11. Dissection of primary and secondary lymphoid organs in a selected animal

References:

1. Ivan M. Roit (1994) Essential Immunology – Blackwell Scientific

Publications, Oxford.

2. Benjamin E, Coico R and Sunskise (2000). Immunology a short course.

IV edn. Wiley – Liss publication, NY.

3. Kuby J (2001) Immunology Fourth Edition – WH Freeman and

Company, New York.

4. Chapel H and Halbey M (1986) Essentials of Clinical Immunology.

5. Donal M. Weir, John Steward (1993) Immunology – VII edition. ELBS,

London.

6. Richard M. Hyde (1995). Immunology III edition. National Medical

series, Williams and Wilkins, Harward Publishing company.

29

CC VI – Medical Microbiology - (Lab Course)

1. Collection and transport of clinical specimens for microbiological

examinations

2. Laboratory diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection

3. Laboratory diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection

4. Laboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal infection

5. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI)

6. Laboratory diagnosis of Typhoid fever

7. Laboratory diagnosis of Leptospirosis

8. Laboratory diagnosis of Dengue fever

9. Laboratory diagnosis of skin diseases

10. Laboratory diagnosis of Parasitic infection

References:

1. Microbiology: A Laboratory manual by James cappuccino, Natalie Sherman

7th Edition.

2. Microbiology Lab manual by Karen Messley 2nd Edition Berjamin cummings

Publisher.

3. A Photographic Atlas for the Microbiology Laboratory by Michael J Leboffe,

Burton E. Pierce 3rd Edition Berjamin cummings Publisher.

4. A Laboratory manual of Microbiology by Harry W.Seeley Jr and Paul J

Vandemark,W.H Freeman and Company Publisher.

5. Microbiology Lab Manual (2007) by John P Harley, 1st Edition, McGraw-Hill

Publication.

6. Applied Microbiology laboratory manual (2005) by Frances Duncan 4th

Edition.

7. Laboratory Manual of Experimental Microbiology by Ronald M. Atlas,

Lawrence C. Parks, Alfred E. Brown. Mosby-Year Book Inc.

CC VII – Virology - (Lab Course)

1. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage from natural sources.

2. preparation of bacteriophage stock - Lambda & T4

3. Phage Titration - T4 and M13

4. Burst size determination - A one step growth curve of bacteriophage T4

5. Determination of lysogeny by using Lambda phage

30

6. Isolation of cyanophage

7. Study of virus infected plant samples

8. Transmission methods of plant viruses - Southern Sunhemp Mosaic Virus

(SSMV) - local and systemic plants

9. Thermal characterization, Longevity invitro - Dilution end point.

10. Animal Virus Propagation - Egg inoculation

References:

1. Miller JH. (1992) A short course in bacterial genetics. Cold Spring Harbor.

2. Gerhardt P, Murray RG, Wood WA and Kreig NR. (ed) (1994) Methods for

General and Molecular Bacteriology – American Society for Microbiology,

Washington D.C.

3. Dharmalingam K (1986). Experiments with M13 gene cloning and DNA

sequencing. Published by Wasani for Macmillan India Limited.

4. Microbiological Applications (1994). 6th edition, W.M.C. Brown Publishers, a

division of W.M.C. Brown Communications, Inc.

5. Dejkstra J, Ces P. de Jager (1998). Practical Plant Virology (protocols and

exercises), Springer Lab Manual, Berlin, Heidelberg, NewYork.

6. Cappucino, James G (1996). Microbiology - A laboratory Manual, Addison -

Wesley Publishin Company Inc.

31


EC III – Commercial Biotechnology and IPR - (Theory)

Unit - I: Industrial microbes

Biology of industrial microorganisms such as Streptomyces, yeasts, Spirulina and

Penicillium – Strain improvement – Culture preservation - Stock culture collection

centres – Criteria used for the selection of microorganisms for fermentation.

Unit - II: Large-scale cultivation

Fermentation media - Desired qualities - media formulation strategies - economic

means of providing energy, carbon - nitrogen - vitamin and mineral sources - role

of buffers, precursors, inhibitors, inducers and antifoams, types of fermentation.

Fermenters - Basic functions, design and components - asepsis and containment

requirements - body construction and temperature control - aeration and agitation

systems - sterilization of fermenter, air supply, and medium; aseptic inoculation

methods - sampling methods, valve systems - a brief idea on monitoring and

control devices and types of fermenters.

Unit - III: Microbial products

Alcohol production – malt beverages – production of beer – wine – production of

organic acids – Vinegar – lactic acid – Citric acid – Production of antibiotics –

Penicillin – Tetracycline and chloramphenicol – Production of amino acids – L-

lysine – L-glutamic acid – Enzymes – Pectinases – Invertase – Proteases – Vitamins

– Vitamin B12 – Riboflavin – Biotransformation (Streroid).

Unit – IV: Commercialization

Objectives - market potential - economic measures in plant and equipment - media,

heating and cooling; productivity of culturing, recovery costs.

Unit – V: Legal protection & IPR

GATT and IPR, forms of IPR, IPR in India, WTO Act, Convention on Biodiversity

(CBD), Patent Co-operation Treaty (PCT), forms of patents and patentability,

process of patenting, Indian and international agencies involved in IPR &

patenting, Global scenario of patents and India’s position, patenting of biological

material, GLP, GMP.

32

References:

1. David A. Mitchell, Nadia Krieger, Marin Berovic .Solid-State Fermentation

Bioreactors: Fundamentals of Design and Operation, Springer.

2. Demain A.L, Davies J.E. 1999. Manual of Industrial Microbiology &

Biotechnology. ASM press.

3. Glick BR, Pasternak JJ (1994) Molecular Biotechnology, ASM press.

4. Mittal D.P. 1999. Indian Patents Law. Taxmann Allied Services (p) Ltd.

5. Sikyta B. (1983) Methods in Industrial Microbiology, Ellis Horwood Limited.

6. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A, Hall SJ. (1995) Principles of Fermentation

Technology, Pergamon Press.

7. Wulf Crueger, Anneliese Crueger, Thomas D. Brock (1991) Biotechnology: A

Textbook of Industrial Microbiology

8. Venkataraman LV. (1983) A Monograph on Spirulina plantensis. CFTRI, Mysore.

33

Second Year – Semester - III

EC IV –Bioinformatics and Biostatistics - (Theory)

Unit I: Biology in the computer age

Computational Approaches to Biological questions. Basics of computers – servers,

workstations, operating systems, Unix, Linux. World Wide Web. Search engines,

finding scientific articles - Pubmed – public biological databases.

Unit II: Genomics

Sequence analysis – Sequencing genomes – sequence assembly – pairwise sequence

comparison - geneome on the web – annotating and analysing genome sequences.

Genbank – sequence queries against biological databases – BLAST and FASTA–

multifunctional tools for sequence analysis. Multiple sequence alignments,

Phylogenetic alignment – profiles and motifs.

Unit III: Proteomics

Protein Data Bank, Swiss-prot - biochemical pathway databases -Predicting Protein

structure and function from sequence – Determination of structure – feature

detection – secondary structure prediction – predicting 3 D structure - protein

modeling.

Unit IV: Biostatistics I

Introduction – Population and sample – Variables – Collection and presentation of

data – Descriptive statistics - Measures of Central tendency – mean (arithmetic,

harmonic & geometric) median and mode – Measures of dispersion – range, mean

deviation, variance & standard deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis.

Unit V: Biostatistics II

Inferential statistics – Probability and distributions – Poisson, Binomial and

Normal distribution – Chi-square test – Hypothesis test - Student’s t-test –

Correlation and Regression – ANOVA.

34

References:

1. W.J. Ewens, Gregory Grant,(2005). Statistical Methods in Bioinformatics: An

Introduction (Statistics for Biology & Health), Springer

2. Bryan Bergeron,( 2003).Bioinformatics Computing First Indian Edition,

Prentice Hall,

3. Cynthia Gibas & Per Jambeck (2001). Developing Bioinformatics Computer

Skills: Shroff Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd (O’Reilly), Mumbai

4. HH Rashidi & LK Buehler (2002). Bioinformatics Basics: Applications in

Biological Science and Medicine, CRC Press, London

5. Des Higgins & Willie Taylor (2002). Bioinformatics: Sequence, structure and

databanks, Oxford University Press

6. Baxevanis AD & Ouellette BEF (2001) Bioinformatics: A practical guide to

the analysis of genes and proteins, Wiley Interscience – New York

7. Arora PN & Malhon PK (1996). Biostatistics Imalaya Publishing House,

Mumbai.

8. Sokal & Rohif (1973). Introduction to Biostatistics, Toppan Co. Japan.

9. Stanton A & Clantz, Primer of Biostatistics –– The McGraw Hill Inc., New

York.

35


CC IX – Food & Dairy Microbiology - (Theory)

Unit – I: Food Microbiology

Introduction- Importance of food microbiology- Types of microorganisms in food

spoilage, Source of contamination- Factors influencing microbial growth in food.

Food preservations: principles- methods of preservations-Physical and chemical

methods.

Unit – II: Microbiology of food and food products

Contamination, spoilage and preservation of cereals and cereals products, sugar

and sugar products, Vegetables and fruits, meat and meat products – fish and

other sea foods, egg and poultry.

Unit – III: Food borne diseases

Food borne diseases, intoxication and food poisoning – bacterial and non-bacterial

food borne diseases: Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Escherichia coli and Salmonella

infections, Mycotoxins, Protozoan and Viral food borne diseases.

Unit – IV: Food fermentations

Methods of fermentations and organisms used -bread, wine, beer. Fermented

vegetables, Food and enzymes from microorganisms-single cell protein.

Production of amylase and protease.

Unit – V: Dairy Microbiology

Microflora of milk -sources of contamination -methods of minimizing

contamination. Milk borne infection –intoxication. Milk preservation methods –

pasteurization – sterilization. Fermented dairy products – microbes involved in

fermentation -starter lactic acid cultures -butter milk, cream, yoghurt, kafir,

kumiss, acidophilous milk and cheese production and its types. Food hygiene and

control - food sanitation in food manufacture and in the retail trade. Food control

agencies and its regulations.

36

References:

1. Adams MR and Moss MO. (1995). Food Microbiology, The Royal Society of

Chemistry, Cambridge.

2. Andrews AT, Varley J. (1994) Biochemistry of milk products. Royal Society of

Chemistry.

3. Banwart GJ. (1989), Basic food microbiology, Chapman & Hall, New York.

4. Frazier WC and Westhoff DC. (1988) Food microbiology, TATA McGraw Hill

Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.

5. Hobbs BC and Roberts D. (1993) Food poisoning and food hygiene, Edward

Arnold (A division of Hodder and Stoughton), London.

6. May JM. (1987) Modern Food microbiology, CBS Publishers and distributors,

New Delhi.

7. Robinson RK. (1990). The microbiology of milk. Elsevier Applied Science,

London.

8. Edward Harth, J.T.Steele. Apllied Dairy Microbiology. 1998. Marcel Deeker Inc.

New York.

37


CC X – Recombinant DNA Technology - (Theory)

Unit – I: Introduction to Basics of genetic engineering

Gene as a unit of mutation and recombination. Mutagenesis, mutations and

mutants – biochemical basis of mutations, spontaneous and induced mutations,

isolation of mutants, mutagenesis, reversion, suppression, genetic analysis of

mutants. Recombination methods – conjugation and transformation.

Unit – II: Tools of genetic engineering

Enzymes in Genetic Engineering - DNA Polymerase, Polynucleotide kinase, T4

DNA ligase, Nick translation system, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase,

Reverse transcriptase Restriction endonucleases Type I & II. Vectors – plasmid,

bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial

chromosome.

Unit – III: Techniques of Genetic Engineering I

Strategy of recombinant DNA technology; Gene library - Genomic library, cDNA

library – Cloning strategies - Use of linkers, adoptors, homopolymer tails - Nucleic

acid hybridization - Colony hybridization, plaque hybridization; Blotting

techniques - Southern, Northern, Western and dot blotting.

Unit – IV: Techniques of Genetic Engineering II

PCR – principles, techniques and applications. Gene isolation, cloning and

expression, DNA sequencing, oligonucleotide synthesis, Southern and Northern

hybridization, FISH, RAPD, PCR-RFLP, STRR, LTRR. DNA fingerprinting and

their applications for diagnosis of disease, site-directed mutagenesis, Gene

silencing, Gene transfer technologies.

Unit-V: Functional genomics and Applications of Genetic Engineering

DNA chips and microarray gene screen technology; site directed mutagenesis,

transgenic animals and gene knockout techniques, cell culture based techniques

Genetic diagnosis. Applications in medical field, biology, transgenic plants,

transgenic animals, Recombinant vaccines development. Gene therapy; Molecular

basis of genetic diseases, genetic counseling.

38

References:

1. Molecular biology and Microbial genetics by David Frifielder, Stanely R.

Maloy, 2nd edition Jones and Barlett Publishers.

2. Genetics by Peter J Russell (1997) 5th edition Benjamin-Cummings Publishing

Company.

3. Molecular Biotechnology (2003) by Bernard R. Glick and Jack J.Pasternak., 2nd

edition by ASM press.

4. Gene Cloning and DNA analysis (2004) by T.A.Brown 2nd edition. By ASM

press.

5. Application of rDNA Technology by Glick & Pasteneuk.

6. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics (2006) Sandy Primrose. 7th

Edition, Black Well Publishers.

39


CC XI – Microbial Biotechnology - (Theory)

Unit - I: Algal Biotechnology

Definition, Concepts -History, biotechnological potentials of microalgae – food –

feed – Colourant - fuel and pharmaceutically variable compounds. Production of

microbial biofertilizers – Mass cultivation of cyanobacteria (Spirullina), Azolla and

other N2 fixers.

Unit-II: Microbial Pesticides

Basic principle – antagonism, amensalism, siderophores, parasitism, nematophagy.

Microbial herbicides, microbial insecticides - bacterial insecticide Pseudomonas,

Bacillus sp. – Bacillus thrungiensis - toxins - BT cotton - viral insecticide -

entomophathogenic fungi.

Unit- III: Industrial Processes and Products

Fermentation and bioreactor technology – principle, construction and design of

various bioreactors- aseptic containment - strain improvement – fermentation -

batch, fed batch - continuous. Production microbial products – malt beverages –

alcohol - vinegar - lactic acid- citric acid- penicillin - streptomycin- L-lysine- L-

glutamic acid – protease – lipase - pectinase and riboflavin.

Unit – IV: Microbial Metagenomics

Metagenomics - definition - microbial diversity analysis- uncultivable microbes -

drug discovery - high throughput screening. Genome expression and its analysis –

methodologies -serial analysis – Oligo NT array technology – cDNA microarrays

and micro chips. Preparation of radio and non radioactive probes – microbial

diagnostics Preparation of radio and non radioactive probes – microbial

diagnostics. Introduction to microbial nanotechnology.

Unit – V: Bioremediation

Microbes in abatement of heavy metal pollution - heavy metal tolerant microbes -

Mechanism of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance - role of biosorption -

biotransformation of Xenobiotics - Superbug - rDNA application. Biodegradation

of oil and petroleum products. Microbial leaching - Copper - Uranium.

40

References:

1. Raledge C and Kristiansen B Eds (2001). Basic Biotechnology, 2nd edition,

Cambridge University Press.

2. Balasubramanian D, Bryce CFA, Dharmalingam K, Green J, Jayaraman K.

(1996). Concepts in Biotechnology University Press, India.

3. Baxevanis AD and BFF Ouellette, Wiley O. (ed) (2001). Bioinformatics – A

practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins. Interscience, New

York,

4. Borowitzka MA, Borowitzka LJ (1989). Microalgal Biotechnology,


5. Alan T. Bull. Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting. ASM press.

Washington, D.C

6. Brenden Wren and Nick Dorrell, Functional Microbial Genomics (Volume

33) (Methods in Microbiology), Academic Press

7. Alexander Hillisch and Rolf Hilgenfeld. Modern Methods of Drug

Discovery, Birkhauser, Switzerland

8. Doolittle RF. (1990). Molecular evolution. Computer Analysis of Protein and

Nucleic acid Sequences Methods in Enzymilogy. Academic Press, New

York.

9. Gerbardt P, Murray RG, Wood WA , Kreig NR. (1994) Methods for General

and Molecular Bacteriology – American Society for Microbiology

Washington D.C.

10. Glick BR, Pasternak JJ (1998). Molecular Biotechnology - Principles and

Applications of Recombinant DNA, ASM Press, Washington DC.

11. Higgins D, Taylor W. (2000). Bioinformatics, sequence, structure and

databanks - A practical approach. Oxford University Press.

12. Glazer AN, Nikaido H. (1994) Microbial Biotechnology – Fundamentals of

Applied Microbiology WH Freeman and Company, New York.

13. Glick BR, Pasternak JJ. (1994) Molecular Biotechnology, ASM Press,

Washingon DC.

14. Miyamoto MM, Cracraft JL. Phylogenetic Analysis of DNA sequences.

Oxford University Press. Oxford.

15. Pnolella P (1998) Introduction to Molecular Biology, WCB Mc Graw Hill,

Boston, Massacheutts.

16. Walsh G, Headon DR. (1994). Protein Biotechnology, John Wiley & Sons,

New York.

41


CC XII – Environmental & Agricultural Microbiology - (Theory)

Unit – I: Environmental Microbiology

Characteristic features of environmental microflora: Important uses and harmful

effects of virus, protozoa, Bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and nematodes.

Microorganisms and their environment: Temperature, oxygen, desiccation,

extreme cold, ionic effect, electricity, osmotic pressures, radiant energy, hydrostatic

pressures, mechanical Impact, vibration, and surface forces.

Unit – II: Air and Aquatic Microbiology

Aerobiology – A brief introduction -droplet nucleus – aerosols -air borne

transmission of microbes and diseases; assessment of air quality. Aquatic

microbiology -factors that affect microbial growth – temperature – pressure – light

– salinity - turbidity – pH -inorganic and organic constituents. Aquatic habitats -

freshwater - lakes, ponds and streams; marine habitats - estuaries, deep sea,

hydrothermal vents, saltpans, coral reefs and mangroves and their microbial

communities.

Unit – III: Waste treatment

Types of wastes - characterization of solid and liquid wastes. Bioremediation:

Types of bioremediation, basics of bioremediation of surface soil and sludges.

Principles and applications of bioaccumulation, biomagnification, biodegradation:

Degradation of Biopolymers: Xylan, lignin and polyhydroxy alkanoates

(bioplastics); Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons: Methane alkanes; Microbial

degradation of halogenated and sulfonated compounds and Biodegradation of

pesticides.

Unit – IV: Agroecosystems

Agroecosystems - Populations in agroecosystems, diversification of

agroecosystems. Interaction between agroecosystems and natural ecosystems.

Agrobiodiversity assessment and management, outline of the threats to

agrobiodiversity and the need for conservation management: Impact of genetically

modified crops. Microbial interactions: Plant & microbe, microbe & microbe

interactions - Mutualism, commensalisms, amensalism, synergism, parasitism,

42

predation and competition. Outline of biogeochemical cycles: transformation,

fixation and mobilization of nutrients, R: S ratio.

Unit – V: Sustainable agriculture

Concepts of sustainable agriculture. Traditional agricultural practice and organic

farming; Biofertilizers: symbiotic and non-symbiotic microorganisms -

Rhizosphere, Rhizoplane, phyllosphere. Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter,

phosphobacteria, Frankia, AMF and BGA. Out line of biopesticide, bioinsecticides,

bioherbicides and its application to the agriculture.

References:

1. The microbial world 1990. Stanier, P.R., Ingraham., Wheelis, M.L and

Painter, P.R. Prentice. Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.

2. Microbiology. 1996. Pelzar, Reid and Chan. Tata - Mc Graw Hill Publishing

Company Limited.

3. Modern Soil Microbiology. 1997. Dirk J, Elas V, Trevors JT, Wellington,

EMH, Marcel Dekker INC, New York, Hong Kong.

4. Environmental Microbiology. 1981. Grant WD, Long PL. Blackie Glasgow

and London.

5. Pollution: Ecology and Biotreatment. 1993. Ec Eldowney S, Hardman DJ,

Waite DJ, Waite S., Longman Scientific Technical.

6. Handbook of Microbial biofertilizers. 2005. MK. Rai, Food Products Press,

New York.

43


CC XIV Practical (CC IX, CC X CC XI & CC XII)

CC IX – Food and Dairy Microbiology - (Lab Course)

1. Microbial analysis of food products – bacterial and fungal

2. Microbial spoilage of refrigerated food

3. Extracellular enzyme activities – cellulase, protease, lipase and phosphatase

4. Milk microbiology – direct microscopic count – standard plate count

5. Reductase test (resazurin/methylene blue)

6. Isolation of microbes from yoghurt, curd

7. Field trip to dairy, food industries, sewage treatment plants

References:

1. Collins CH, Lyne PM. (1985) Microbiological methods, Butterworths, London.

2. Benson HJ. (1994) Microbiological Applications Wm. C. Brown Publishers,

Oxford.

3. Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE, Eaton AD. (1998) Standard methods for

examination of water & waste water American Public Health Association.

4. Aaronson S. (1970) Experimental Microbial Ecology, Academic Press, New

York.

5. Official Methods of Analysis (1995), Arlington, Virginia, USA.

CC X – Recombinant DNA Technology - (Lab Course)

1. Genomic DNA isolation

2. Plasmid DNA isolation

3. Restriction digestion

4. Transformation

5. PCR

6. Western Blotting

7. RAPD Fingerprinting

8. Competent cell preparation and ligation

9. Southern and Northern Blotting

44

References:

7. Molecular biology and Microbial genetics by David Frifielder, Stanely R.

Maloy, 2nd edition Jones and Barlett Publishers.

8. Genetics by Peter J Russell (1997) 5th edition Benjamin-Cummings Publishing

Company.

9. Genetic Engineering by Macky Macorty.

10. Molecular Biotechnology (2003) by Bernard R. Glick and Jack J.Pasternak., 2nd

edition by ASM press.

11. Gene Cloning and DNA analysis (2004) by T.A.Brown 2nd edition. By ASM

press.

12. Application of rDNA Technology by Glick & Pasteneuk.

13. Principles of gene Manipulation and Genomics (2006) by sandy Primrose. 7th

edition by Blackwell publishers.

CC XI – Microbial Biotechnology - (Lab Course) 1. Separation of proteins by coloum chromatography ion exchange – gel exclusion

- adsorption

2. Separation of proteins by SDS – PAGE and native gel.

3. Production, quantification, extraction and characterization of followings

i) Alcohol, ii) Citric acid, iii) Amylase, iv) Lipase, v) protease, vi) penicillin and

vii) Biofertilizers

4. Antibiotic assays- MIC – antibiotic resistance

5. Lipid separation using TLC, and fatty acids by gas chromatographic technique

6. Hydrogen production assay by gas Chromatographic technique

References:

1. Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston, RE, Moore, D.D, Seidman J.G., Smith J.A and

m Struhl K. (1994). Current Protocols in molecular biology

2. Gerhardt P, Murray RG, Wood WA and Kreig NR. (1994) , Methods for general

and molecular Bacteriology.

45

3. Hames BD and Rickwood D. (1990) Gel Electrophoresis – a practical approach

(1990) , Oxford University Press, New York.

4. Lorian V. (1991) Antibiotics in LaboratoryMedicine Williams & Wilkins.

5. Westermeier R. (1993) - Electrophoresis in Practice – VCH – Federal Republic

of Germany

6. Willett JE. (1991) Gas Chromatography John Wiley & Sons.

7. Wilson K and Walker. (1995) Practical Biochemistry Principles and Techniques,


CC XII – Environmental & Agricultural Microbiology - (Lab Course)

1. Quantification of microorganisms in air – solid – liquid impingement

techniques.

2. Physical, Chemical & Microbial assessment of water. Colour, pH,

alkalinity, acidity, COD, BOD, anions, cations, MPN index –

presumptive, completed and confirmative tests.

3. Isolation of microflora from different industrial waste.

4. Degradation of phenols – colorimetric assay.

5. Microflora from different soil types & habitats. Isolation of N2 fixing,

phosphate solubilizing / mobilizing microbes.

6. Localization of AMF.

References:

1. Collins CH, Lyne PM. (1985) Microbiological methods, Butterworths,

London.

2. Benson HJ. (1994) Microbiological Applications Wm. C. Brown

Publishers, Oxford.

3. Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE, Eaton AD. (1998) Standard methods for

examination of water & waste water American Public Health

Association.

4. Aaronson S. (1970) Experimental Microbial Ecology, Academic Press,

New York.

5. Official Methods of Analysis (1995), Arlington, Virginia, USA.

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CC XIII– SELF STUDY REVIEW

SELF STUDY REVIEW TOPICS - 2008 Batch

S.No. Topics

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

Second Year – Semester - IV

Project Work

^^^^^^^^^

Msc Microbiology

Documents

Transcript of Msc Microbiology