1

MScinCriminologyandCriminalJustice

HilaryTerm2016

QUALITATIVEMETHODS

COURSETUTORS:DrRachelCondryrachel.condry@crim.ox.ac.ukDrAlpaParmaralpa.parmar@crim.ox.ac.uk

ThisOptionrunsonFridaysasfollows:Seminar1: Tuesday19thJanuary2016 2.00-3.30SeminarESeminar2: Tuesday26thJanuary2016 2.00-3.30SeminarESeminar3: Tuesday2ndFebruary2016 2.00-3.30SeminarESeminar4: Tuesday9thFebruary2016 2.00-3.30SeminarEPoliceInterviews Tuesday16thFebruary201611.30-1.30MeetingRoomSeminar5: Tuesday16thFebruary2016 2.00–3.30SeminarENVivoWorkshop Friday19thFebruary201612.00–2.00ITRoomSeminar6: Tuesday23rdFebruary2016 2.00-3.30SeminarE Seminar7:Tuesday1stMarch20162.00–3.30SeminarESeminar8:Tuesday8thMarch20162.00–3.30SeminarEPleasenotethatinweek5interviewswithpoliceofficersattheCentreforCriminologywillbecarriedoutaspartofthiscourse. IntroductionandAimsThis course introduces students to different methods of qualitative inquiry, datagathering, analysis and reporting. We will consider when the use of qualitativemethodsareappropriateandalsoquestiontheassumedpolaritybetweenqualitativeandquantitativeapproaches.Specialemphasiswillbegiventhroughoutthecoursetoethical issues and cross-cultural and comparative practices. Students will studyexamples of research techniques and carry out applied practice themselves.Interviews and more contemporary forms of data capture such as visualmethodologiesandtheinternetwillbecoveredinthecourse.StudentswillalsohavetheopportunitytoanalysedatausingNVivo(aqualitativecomputerizeddataanalysisprogramme).

2

SeminarSchedule1.SelectionofMethods,NegotiatingAccess,EmotionsandEthics2.VisualMethodologies,andtheInternet3.EthnographyandObservation4.InterviewingPoliceInterviews(16thFebruary2016)5.Transcribing,CodingandAnalysingDataNVivoWorkshop6.ParticipatoryandArts-basedMethods7.DrawingInferencesandReportingonData8.DiscussionPanel:QualitativeMethodsinAction

3

SeminarsandReadingThisoutlinedetailstheseminarsthatthecourseencompasses.Studentsareexpectedtocometotheseminarsreadytoengageindiscussionandforeachseminar,youareexpected to read all of the essential reading. The course involves active studentparticipationandstudentsshouldthereforecometotheseminarshavingcompletedanyexercisesgivenashomework.Theadditionalreadingsprovidethekeenstudentswithextraworkandprovidefurtherreadingforyourassessedessays.Theintroductoryparagraphtothereadingsforeachweekprovidesaguidetothekeyissues you should be considering when preparing for class. The questions fordiscussionaretheretoassistincriticalreadingofthematerials.Asyoudothereadingyou should also formulate your own questions and raise these in the class fordiscussion.Thereisaweblearnsitetosupportthiscoursewithadditionalinformationandresources:https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/portal/hierarchy/socsci/law/crim/qual_meth/page/homeStudentsregisteredforthecoursehavebeengivenaccesstothesepages.PreparatoryReadingSomeofthefollowingtextsprovideausefuloverviewofthetopicscoveredduringthecourse:Copes,H.andMiller,J.M.eds.(2015)TheRoutledgeHandbookofQualitative

Criminology,London:Routledge.Chapters1,2and3.

Davies,P.,Francis,P.andJupp,V.(2011)DoingCriminologicalResearch,Second

Edition.London:Sage

Noaks,L.andWincup,E.(2004)‘UnderstandingQualitativeMethods’,Criminological

Research,Sage:London.

Silverman,D.(2013)DoingQualitativeResearch,London:Sage.

Weinberg,D.(2002)QualitativeResearchMethods,Malden,MA:Blackwell.

4

Seminar1:SelectionofMethods,NegotiatingAccess,EmotionsandEthicsThisweekwewilldiscusshowcriminologistsselecttheirresearchmethod,negotiateaccesstodata,andprepareresearchproposals.Particularattentionwillbepaidtotheethicalissuesinherentinmostcriminologicalinquiry.InclasswewilldiscusstheOxford University Ethical review policy and the instructions on conducting ethicalreviewfromtheBritishsocietyofCriminology.Pleasesee:https://www1.admin.ox.ac.uk/curec/http://www.britsoccrim.org/docs/CodeofEthics.pdfOVERVIEWKing,R.andE.Wincup.(2008).‘Theprocessofcriminologicalresearch’inR.Kingand

E.Wincup,DoingResearchonCrimeandJustice,Oxford:OUP,ch1.

Noaks,L.andE.Wincup.(2004).CriminologicalResearchUnderstandingQualitative

Methods,chs3&4(‘EthicalDimensionsofQualitativeResearchin

Criminology’and‘NegotiatingandSustainingAccess’),London:Sage.

ACCESSBosworth,M.,D.Campbell,B.Demby,S.Ferranti,M.Santos.(2005).‘DoingPrison

Research:ViewsfromInside’.QualitativeInquiry.11(2):249–264.

ETHICSBecker,H.(1967).‘WhoseSideareweon?’SocialProblems.14:239–247.

Calvey,D.(2013)‘CovertEthnographyinCriminology:ASubmergedYetCreative

Tradition’CurrentIssuesCrim.Just.541(2013-2014)

Clark,T.(2008).“We’reover-researchedhere!”Sociology.42(5):953–970.

Dupont,I.(2008).‘BeyondDoingNoHarm:ACallforParticipatoryActionResearch

withMarginalizedPopulationsinCriminologicalResearch.’Critical

Criminology.16:197–207.

Lumsden,K.andWinter,A.(2014)ReflexivityinCriminologicalResearch:experiences

withthepowerfulandpowerless,London:Palgrave.

ORGarland,J.,B.SpalekandN.Chakraborti.(2006).‘HearingLostVoices

5

IssuesinResearching‘Hidden’MinorityEthnicCommunities’.BritishJournalofCriminology.46(3):423–437

Hoyle,C.(2000).‘Being‘anosybloodycow’:Ethicalandmethodologicalissuesin

researchingdomesticviolence’inR.KingandE.Wincup(Eds.).Doing

ResearchonCrimeandJustice.pp.395–406.

Israel,M.(2004).‘StrictlyConfidential:Integrityandthedisclosureofcriminological

andsocio-legalresearch’.BritishJournalofCriminology.44:715–740.

RESEARCHPROPOSALSAselectionofexampleresearchproposalsfromCriminologystudentsandfacultywillbemadeavailableontheCriminologyWeblearnresourcespage:https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/portal/hierarchy/socsci/law/crim/page/resourcesPleasereview2-3oftheseproposalsfordiscussioninthisweek’sseminar.DiscussionQuestions

1. Isobjectiveresearchpossible?2. Howshouldaresearcherconducthimorherself?3. Howdowegainpeople’strust?4. Howshouldtheresearcherdealwithhisorheremotionsinqualitative

research?5. Whatisinformedconsent?6. Whataresomeethicaland/orpracticalchallengesposedbycross-genderor

comparativeresearch?7. Isitpossibletoover-researchatopicoracommunity?

FurtherReadingBouma,GandR.Ling.(2004).TheResearchProcess.5thEdition.Oxford:Oxford

UniversityPress.

Campbell,R.(2002).EmotionallyInvolved.NewYork:Routledge.

Hammersley,M.(2001).‘WhoseSidewasBeckeron’,QualitativeResearch,1(1):91.

Israel,M.andI.Hay.(2006).ResearchEthicsForSocialScientists:BetweenEthical

ConductandRegulatoryCompliance.London:Sage.

Feldman,M.,J.BellandM.Berger.(2000).GainingAccess.Oxford:AltamiraPress.

Huggins,M.andM.-L.Glebeek.(2003).Womenstudyingviolentmaleinstitutions:

Cross-gendereddynamicsinpoliceresearchonsecrecyanddanger.

6

TheoreticalCriminology.7(3):363–387.

Liebling,A.withH.Arnold.(2005).‘IdentifyingWhatMattersinPrison’pp.131–167

inPrisonsandTheirMoralPerformance.Oxford:ClarendonPress.

Liebling,A.andB.Stanko.(2001).‘AllegianceandAmbivalence.SomeDilemmasin

ResearchingDisorderandViolence’.BritishJournalofCriminology,41:421-

430.

Liebling,A.(1999).‘DoingResearchinPrison:BreakingtheSilence’.Theoretical

Criminology,3(2):147-173.

Phillips,C.andB.Bowling.(2003).’Racism,EthnicityandCriminology.Developing

MinorityPerspectives’.BritishJournalofCriminology,43:269-290.

McCarry,M.(2005).‘ConductingSocialResearchwithyoungpeople:ethical

considerations’.InT.Skinner,M.HesterandE.Malos(Eds).Researching

GenderViolence:FeministMethodologyinAction.Cullompton:Willan

Publishing.pp.87–104.

7

Seminar2:VisualMethodologies:TheImageCriminological research on the image has proliferated in the last decade.Criminologistshavemovedbeyondutilizingmedia representationsofcrimeand itscontrol and are now turning to such varied visualmedia as documentary and artphotographies,artandcinema.Therehasbeenwhatmightbedescribedasa‘visualturn’ in criminology and this class addresses its methodological implications. Theseminarissplitintothreeparts:1. In the ‘overview’ we will engage with the recent criminological literature thatexploreshow the image functionsor ‘works’.Wecanunderstand this literatureasfundamentalininstructinghowweoughttoutilisetheimageforthepurposesofourown criminological research. Next, we explore theway inwhich the imagesworkspecificallyinrelationtocriminology.Throughassessingsomeappliedinstancesofthethemesandissuesalreadyhighlightedthissecondsetofliteraturedemonstrateshowimagesworkinpracticetoconstructandevenconstituteourunderstandingofcrimeanditscontrol.2.Inthesecondpartoftheseminar,wewillconstructalinkbetweentheriseoftheimageandthesimultaneousriseof(online)socialmedia. Indeed, it isworthnotingthatbothculturalandvisualcriminologistsmakethislink,claimingthatthediscipline’snewfoundmethodologicalinterestintheimageconstitutesanintellectualresponsetothemorepervasiveriseoftheimageinsociallifemoregenerallywhich,inturn,isowing to online socialmedia technologies e.g. the internet. The internet acts as amediumthroughwhichtheimageisdisseminatedandsubsequentlyunderstoodandassuchconstitutesanotherareaforinterpretation.3.Finallytheseminarconsolidatesthereading,offeringstudentstheopportunitytoselectand/orcreatetheirownimagetointerpretinaddressingthequestion:‘whatiscrime?’Imagesofcrimeandjusticesaturateourlives.FromTVandvideogames,tomugshotsandnewspaperphotos,tosurveillancefootageandnightvisioncameras,toYouTubeclipsofbullying,brutalityandwar,imageshavecometoplayavitalpartinthewaywethinkaboutcrime.Butwhatdoescrimeandinjusticeactuallylooklike?ThetentsofOccupyoriscrime’saestheticboundupinthearchitectureofthefinancialdistrict?Theanswerstothesequestionslieinhowweideologicallyaddresswhattheyrepresentbutalso,asweshallsee,intheimagesthemselves.BeforetheSeminarWewantyoutotakeaphotographthatasksustoquestionoursenseofwhatis,orisn’t,harmful,andwriteashortparagraphexplainingyourchoiceofimage.Youdon’tneedphotographyskillsorfancyequipment(acameraonyourphonewillbeperfect)-justimagination.Asaclasswewillhighlightthekeythemesandlinksraisedintheliteratureinrelationtoyourimage.

8

1.OVERVIEW

a)literatureexplainingthevisualturnincriminologyandhowtheimage‘works’to

constructourunderstandingofcrimeanditscontrol.

Carrabine,E.(2012)'JustImages:Aesthetics,EthicsandVisualCriminology',British

JournalofCriminology,52(3):463-489.(foranoverviewoftheissuesraised

inthisarticleseetheCentreforCriminology’sblog:

http://crim.law.ox.ac.uk/?p=49)

Gariglio,L.(2015)‘Photo-elicitationinprisonethnography:Breakingtheiceinthe

fieldandunpackingprisonofficers’useofforce’

Crime,Media,Culture1741659015614223,firstpublishedonlineonNovember16,

2015doi:10.1177/1741659015614223

FerrellandVandeVoorde(2010)‘TheDecisiveMoment:DocumentaryPhotography

andCulturalCriminology’,inHaywardandPresdee(eds.)FramingCrime:

CulturalCriminologyandtheImage,London:Routledge.

Carrabine,E.(2015)‘VisualCriminology:History,TheoryandMethod’,inCopes,H.

andM.Miller(eds.)TheRoutledgeHandbookofQualitativeCriminologyNew

York,Routledge.

TheoreticalCriminology,SpecialIssueMay2014,18(2):‘VisualCultureandthe

IconographyofCrimeandPunishment.’Inparticularsee:

Carrabine,E.(2014)'SeeingThings:Violence,VoyeurismandtheCamera',in

TheoreticalCriminology18:2pp.134-158.

Carr,N.,BauwensA.,Bosker,J.,Donker,A.,Robinson,G.,SučićI.andWorrall,A.

(2015)‘Picturingprobation:Exploringtheutilityofvisualmethodsin

comparativeresearch’,EuropeanJournalofProbationDecember20157:179-

200.

b)AppliedinstancesoftheimageValier,C.andLippens,R.(2004)‘MovingImages,EthicsandJustice’,Punishment

andSociety,2(4):319-333.

Valier,C(2000)‘LookingDaggers:APsychoanalyticalReadingoftheSceneof

Punishment’,Punishment&Society,2(4):379-394.

9

Foucault,M(1966)TheOrderofThings:anArchaeologyoftheHumanSciences,

London:Routledge.

ONLINERESEARCHHolt,T.(2015)‘QualitativeCriminologyinOnlineSpaces’inH.CopesandJ.MMiller

eds.TheRoutledgeHandbookofQualitativeCriminology,London:Routledge.

Wilkinson,DavidandMikeThelwall.2010.“ResearchingPersonalInformationonthe

PublicWeb:MethodsandEthics.”SocialScienceComputerReview17Aug

2010,pp.1-15.

Hookway,N.(2008).‘Enteringtheblogosphere’,QualitativeResearch.8(1):91–113.

DiscussionQuestions

1. Howdoimagesoperatetohelpustounderstandcrimeanditscontrol—aretheysimplyrepresentativeorillustrativeofthesocialworldordotheyplayamorefundamentalconstructiverole?

2. Whatmethodologicalissuesarisewhenconductingresearchontheinternet?3. Whatethicalissuesarisewhenconductingresearchonimages?4. Howcanweintegratenon-textbasedmaterialintocriminologicalresearch—

thinkaboutthislogistically/intellectually.i.e.whenincorporatingimagesthinkabouttheirplacement,isitplaytosimply,shouldtheimagesbeindexedorintegratedintotext?Doesthisevenmatter?

5. Whyisitimportanttousesocialmediaasaresearchsource?FurtherReadingHayward,KandPresdee,M(2010)FramingCrime:CulturalCriminologyandthe

Image,London:Routledge.

Gill,R.(2000).‘DiscourseAnalysis’inM.BauerandG.Gaskell(Eds.).Qualitative

ResearchwithText,ImageandSound:APracticalHandbook.London:Sage.

pp.172–190.

Hayward,KandJ.Young.(2004).‘CulturalCriminology:SomeNotesontheScript’.

TheoreticalCriminology.8:259–273.

Kendall.L.(2002).Hangingoutinthevirtualpub:MasculinitiesandRelationships

Online.London:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.

10

O’Neill,M.(2004).‘Crime,CultureandVisualMethodologies:Ethno-mimesisas

PerformativePraxis.’InJ.Ferrell,K.Hayward,W.MorrisonandM.Presdee

(Eds).CulturalCriminologyUnleashed.pp.219–229.

EliPariser’stalkon“FilterBubbles”:

http://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles.html

Toole,P.andP.Ware(2008),‘ObservingPlaces:UsingSpaceandMaterialCulturein

QualitativeResearch,’QualitativeResearch.8(5):616.

Rose,G.(2006).VisualMethodologies:AnIntroductiontotheInterpretationof

VisualMethods.London:Sage.

Rose,G.(2000).‘AnalysisofMovingImages’.inM.Bauer,G.Gaskell(Eds.).

QualitativeResearchwithText,ImageandSound:APracticalHandbook.

London:Sage.pp.246–262

Valier,C.(1998).‘TrueCrimeStories.ScientificMethodsofCriminalInvestigation,

CriminologyandHistoriography’.BritishJournalofCriminology.38(1):88–

105.

Young,A.(1996).ImaginingCrime:TextualOutlawsandCriminalConversations.

London:SagePublications.

11

Seminar3:EthnographyandObservation

Ethnographic research and observation are crucial qualitative strategies of datagathering.Thisweekwewillconsidertheirstrengthsandweaknesses.Wewillalsoevaluatetheirpossiblecontributionstotheformationandreformofpolicy.Exercise:CourtobservationTOBECARRIEDOUTPRIORTOTHECLASSTask:AttendOxfordCrownCourtandwriteatwo-pageaccountofyourexperiencesof using observation. Include in your report an assessment of the strength andweaknessesofthismethodanddiscussthebarrierstomakingsenseofthedata.

OVERVIEW

Noaks,L.andWincup,E.(2004)CriminologicalResearchUnderstandingQualitativeMethodsch6(‘Ethnography’),Sage:London.

COURTSBaldwin,J.(2007).‘ResearchontheCriminalCourts’.InR.KingandE.Wincup(Eds.).

DoingResearchonCrimeandJustice,Oxford:OUPch13.Paik,L.andHarris,A.(2015)‘CourtEthnographies’inH.CopesandJ.MMillereds.

TheRoutledgeHandbookofQualitativeCriminology,London:Routledge.OBSERVATIONGoodman,P.(2008).‘”It’sJustBlack,White,orHispanic”:AnObservationalStudyof

RacializingMovesinCalifornia’sSegregatedPrisonReceptionCenters’,Law&

SocietyReview,42(4):735-770.

McBarnet,Doreen.1981.“Magistrates’courtsandtheideologyofjustice.”British

JournalofLawandSociety8(2),pp.181-98.

Smith,O.andSkinner,T.(2012)Observingcourtresponsestovictimsofrapeand

sexualassault.FeministCriminology,7(4).pp.298-326.

12

ETHNOGRAPHYAckers,H.L.(1998).‘Racism,SexualityandtheProcessofEthnographicResearch.’In

D.HobbsandT.May(Eds).InterpretingtheField:AccountsofEthnography.

Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

Copes,H.,Brown,A.andTewksbury,R.(2011)‘AContentAnalysisofEthnographic

ResearchPublishedinTopCriminologyandCriminalJusticeJournalsfrom

2000to2009’, JournalofCriminalJusticeEducation22:3

Vaughn,Diane.2007.“EthnographicAnalytics.”In:P.HedstromandP.Bearman

(Eds.).2007.TheOxfordHandbookofAnalyticalSociology.(columbia.edu

link)

Shover,N.(2012)‘EthnographicMethodsinCriminologicalResearch:

Rationale,Reprise,andWarning’AmJCrimJust37:139–145

Smith,DorothyE.2005.InstitutionalEthnography:ASociologyforPeople.Walnut

Creek,CA:AltamiraPress,chapter2“KnowingtheSocial:Analternative

design.”Pp.27-46.

Blackman,S.J.(2007).‘AccountsofYoungPeople'sLives`HiddenEthnography':

CrossingEmotionalBordersinQualitativeAccountsofYoungPeoples’Lives’,

Sociology.41(4):699–716.http://soc.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/41/4/699.

Corcoran,M.(2005).‘ResearchingwomenpoliticalprisonersinNorthernIreland:

ethnographicproblemsandnegotiations.’InSkinner,T.,M.HesterandE.

Malos(Eds).ResearchingGenderViolence:FeministMethodologyinAction.

Cullompton:WillanPublishing.pp.125–145.

ORPiacentini,L.(2005).‘CulturaltalkandotherintimateacquaintanceswithRussian

prisons’.Crime,Media,Culture,1(2):189-208.

DiscussionQuestions

1. Whatarethestrengthsandweaknessesofobservation?2. Whatarethestrengthsandweaknessesofethnography?3. Whathappenswhenthesiteofanalysisisdangerousorunfamiliartothe

researcher?4. Canethnographicresearchbeusedtoformulatepolicy?

13

5. Whatisthepointofethnographicresearch?6. Howdoyouknowifyourinterpretationofwhatyouareobservingis

accurate?FurtherReadingBoontinand,J.(2005).‘FeministParticipatoryActionResearchintheMekong

Region’.InK.Kampadoo(Ed.).TraffickingandProstitutionReconsidered:New

PerspectivesonMigration,Sex,Work,andHumanRights.London:Paradigm

Press.

Chambers,E.(2003).‘AppliedEthnography’inN.K.DenzinandY.Lincoln.(Eds.).

CollectingandInterpretingQualitativeMaterials.SecondEdition.London:

Sage.pp.61–106.

Fonow,M.andJ.Cook.(Eds.).BeyondMethodology:FeministScholarshipasLived

Research.Bloomington,IN:IndianaUniversityPress.

Kane,S.(2004).‘Theunconventionalmethodsofculturalcriminology’.Theoretical

Criminology.8(3):303–321.

Kleinman,S.andM.A.Copp.(1993).EmotionsandFieldwork.London:Sage.

Law,J.(2004).AfterMethod:MessinSocialScienceResearch.London:Routledge.

Lee,R.(1993).DoingResearchonSensitiveTopics.London:Sage.

Maher,L.(1998).SexedWork.Oxford:ClarendonPress.

Tracy,S.(2004).TheConstructionofCorrectionalOfficers:LayersofEmotionality

BehindBars.QualitativeInquiry,10(4):509-533.

14

Seminar4:Interviewing

Thisweekwewilldiscusshowtoconductasuccessfulinterviewinavarietyofsettings.Examplesthatwewillconsiderincludeindividualface-to-faceinterviews,focusgroupsandtelephoneinterviews.Particularattentionwillbepaidtocross-culturalissuesandthepowerdynamicoftheinterviewitself.Exercise:PairedInterviewsTOBECARRIEDOUTPRIORTOTHECLASSTask: Prepare a short interview schedule consisting of open-ended questionsexploring the changing role of policing in the 21st century.Note: in classwewilldiscuss the strengths and weaknesses of the questions you have chosen andtogetheragreeononeinterviewschedulewhichyouwillalluseintheinterviewsyoucarryoutinthedayortwoaftertheclass.TOBECARRIEDOUTAFTERTHECLASSTask: Inpairsyouwillconductbrief (notmorethan30minute) interviewswithapoliceofficerusingthequestionsagreedinclass(takingitinturnstoaskquestionsandtakenotesonresponses).THESEWILLTAKEPLACETHISWEEKINTHECENTREFORCRIMINOLOGY,DATEANDTIMETBC.Followingtheinterview,youwill(stillinpairs)transcribetheinterviewinWordandthenemailthetranscribedinterviewtoDrParmarandDrCondry.

OVERVIEW

Davies,P.,Francis,P.andJupp,V.(2011)DoingCriminologicalResearch,Second

Edition.London:SageCh7(DoingInterviewsinPrison)

Noaks,L.andWincup,E.(2004)CriminologicalResearchUnderstandingQualitative

Methods,ch5(‘Interviews’),Sage.

Oakley,A.(1982).‘InterviewingWomen:AContradictioninTerms?’inH.Roberts,

(Ed.),DoingFeministResearch.London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul

Philips,CandR.Earle.(2010).‘ReadingDifferencedifferently:Identity,Epistemology

andPrisonEthnography’.BritishJournalofCriminology.50(5):360–378.

Seale,C.,Gobo,G.,Gubrium,J.F.&Silverman,D(2004).QualitativeResearch

Practice.London:Sage,Ch1(Interviews).

15

BACKGROUNDONPOLICINGManning,P.(2015).‘ResearchingPolicingUsingQualitativeMethods’inH.Copesand

J.MMillereds.TheRoutledgeHandbookofQualitativeCriminology,London:

Routledge.

Newburn,T.andR.Reiner.(2007).‘PoliceandPolicing’inM.Maguireetal.(Eds).

OxfordHandbookofCriminology.FourthEdition.Oxford:OUP.pp.910–952.

Reiner,R.andT.Newburn.(2008).‘PoliceResearch’inR.KingandE.Wincup.(eds).

Doingresearchoncrimeandjustice.London:Sage.SecondEdition.

HavealookaroundtheThamesValleyPolicewebsite:http://www.thamesvalley.police.ukTRANSCRIPTIONBird,C.M.(2005).‘HowIStoppedDreadingandLearnedtoLoveTranscription’.

QualitativeInquiry,11(2):226-248.

INTERPRETATIONBorland,K.(1991).‘’That’snotwhatIsaid’:Interpretingconflictinoralnarrative

research’inS.B.GluckandD.Patai.(Eds.).Women’sWords.London:

Routledge.

Fontana,AandJ.Frey.(2003).‘Theinterview:Fromstructuredquestionsto

negotiatedtext’inN.K.DenzinandY.Lincoln.(Eds.).Collectingand

InterpretingQualitativeMaterials.SecondEdition.London:Sage.pp.61–

106.

DiscussionQuestions

1. Whatisthemaingoaloftheunstructured(orsemi-structured)interview?2. Whataresomeweaknessesoftheunstructuredorsemi-structured

interview?3. How,ifatall,doestheinterviewerdealwithsamplingissues?4. Howshouldwerespondtoquestionsanddemandsmadebyinterview

subjects?5. Shouldinterviewsbetaperecordedorisnote-takingsufficient?

16

6. Howcanwemakeourselvesunderstoodinaninterview?FurtherReadingBloor,M.,J.Frankland,M.ThomasandK.Robson.(2001).FocusGroupsinSocial

Research.London:Sage.

Chamberlayne,P.,J.BornatandT.Wengraf.(2000).TheTurntoBiographical

MethodsinSocialScience:ComparativeIssuesandExamples.London:

Routledge.

Hollway,W.andT.Jefferson.(2000).DoingQualitativeResearchDifferently:Free

Association,NarrativeandtheInterviewMethod.London:Sage.

King,NandC.Horrocks.(2010).InterviewsinQualitativeResearch.London:Sage.

Lee,R.(2004).RecordingTechnologiesandtheInterviewinSociology,1920–2000.

Sociology.38(5):869-889.

Lee,R.(1999).DoingResearchonSensitiveTopics.London:Sage.Chapter6.

Roberts,H.(Ed.).(1982).DoingFeministResearch.London:RoutledgeandKegan

Paul.

Presser,L.andSandberg,S.(eds.)(2015).NarrativeCriminology.NewYork:NYU

Press.

FURTHERREADINGONPOLICINGMcLaughlin,Eugene.2007.“Policestudies:traditionalperspectives”and“Police

studies:newperspectives.”In:McLaughlin,E.2007.TheNewPolicing.

London:SAGEPublications,chapters3&4pp.49-114.

Loftus,Bethan.2010.“Part1:SituatingPoliceCulture.”In:Loftus,B.2010.Police

CultureinaChangingWorld.Oxford,OUP,pp.3-50.

17

IntroductiontoNVivoWorkshop:Datetobeconfirmed–pleasesignupforthisclasswiththeInformationTechnologyService.ThisclassintroducesthebasicsoftheNVivoqualitativedataanalysisprogrammeanddiscussingothermethodologicalandcriminologicalissuesassociatedwithqualitativemethodsandIT.Inpreparationforthisseminar,pleasewatchthefollowingtutorials:GetupandrunningwithNVivo9:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3wdeZUZGVY&feature=plcpOrganizematerialintothemeswithcoding:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9eTvP3E5TE&feature=relmfuWorkwithinterviews,articlesandotherdocuments:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDMxcHpMSOs&feature=relmfuFindthemesandanalyzetext:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypo6lrpwDZ8&feature=relmfuTheseshouldtakeabout1hourtowatchintotal.

18

Seminar5:CodingandAnalysingQualitativeDataAseminarbaseduponthereadingwilltakeplaceonTuesdayfrom2-3.30asusual.WewillthenholdanNVivoworkshoponThisweekwewillcodeandanalysesystematicallythedatagatheredfromallofthepoliceinterviewsusingNVivo.Studentswillcontinuetoworkintheirpairsandcodetheinterviewsintokeythemes(nodes),producingaprintoutoftheirkeythemeswithillustrativequotations.Pleasebringanelectroniccopyofyourtranscriptstotheclass.TOBECARRIEDOUTAFTERTHECLASSTask:Inpairsyouwillprepareabrieftwo-pageaccountofthefindingsofthepoliceinterviews.

OVERVIEW

Noaks,L.andWincup,E.(2004).CriminologicalResearchUnderstandingQualitative

Methodsch8(‘AnalysingQualitativeData’),Sage.

Richards,L.(2009)HandlingQualitativeData:APracticalGuide.London:Sage

Silverman,D(2011)InterpretingQualitativeData,4thedition,London:Sage.Ch6

(Interviews)

DATAMANAGEMENTANDINTERPRETATIONBringer,J,L.JohnstonandC.Brackenbridge.(2004).‘Maximizingtransparencyina

doctoralthesis.’QualitativeResearch.4(2):247–265.

Carter,E.(2013)AnalysingPoliceInterviews:laughter,confessionsandthetape.

London:Bloomsbury.

Denzin,N.(2003).‘ThepracticesandpoliticsofInterpretation’.inN.K.DenzinandY.

Lincoln.(Eds.).CollectingandInterpretingQualitativeMaterials.Second

Edition.London:Sage.pp.458–498.

Flick,U.(2009)AnIntroductiontoQualitativeResearch,4thed.,London:Sage.Ch6

(Fromtexttotheory)

Seale,C.,Gobo,G.,Gubrium,J.F.&Silverman,D(2004).QualitativeResearch

Practice.London:Sage,Ch10(ConversationAnalysis).

19

Sidnell,J.(2010)ConversationAnalysis:AnIntroduction.LondonandNewYork:

Wiley-Blackwell.

Ryan,G.andH.R.Bernard.(2003).DataManagementandAnalysisMethods.InN.K.

DenzinandY.Lincoln.(Eds.).CollectingandInterpretingQualitative

Materials.SecondEdition.London:Sagepp.259–309.

COMPUTERASSISTEDQUALITATIVEANALYSISDavidson,JudithandSilvanadiGregorio.(2011)‘QualitativeResearchand

Technology.’In:N.K.DenzinandY.S.Lincoln(Eds).2011.TheSAGEHandbook

ofQualitativeResearch(4thedition).London:SAGEPublications,ch.38pp

627-639.

Bazeley,P.andJackson,K.(2013)QualitativeDataAnalysiswithNVivo(2ndEdition).

London:Sage

DiscussionQuestions

1. Whataresomeofthebenefitsofusingcomputersinanalyzingqualitative

data?2. Whataresomeofthepitfallsinusingcomputersinanalyzingqualitative

data?3. Howeasyisittobeconfidentthatanissueintheresearchisatheme?4. Whatshouldyoudowithissuesthatdonotseemtofittherestofthe

trajectoryoftheresearch?5. Howisitbesttowriteuptheresearchfindings?

FurtherReadingRubin,HandI.Rubin.(1999).QualitativeInterviewing:TheArtofHearingData.

London:Sage.

Tilley,S.(2003).‘"Challenging"ResearchPractices:TurningaCriticalLensonthe

WorkofTranscription’.QualitativeInquiry,9(5):750-773.

20

Seminar6:ParticipatoryandArts-basedapproachesIn this seminar we explore participatory and arts-based methods in qualitative

research.Thoughthesetermscoveranumberofapproaches,theyhaveincommona

focus on working in partnership with research participants (at various stages of

research),creativityinmethodanddesign,andafocusonthetransformativeand/or

empowering potential of research, particularly with marginalized groups. We will

considersomeofthedebatesinthisfieldandhowtheseapproachesmightenhance

ourunderstandingofthepoliticsofresearch.

WewillbejoinedbyAndrewMarottafromtheUniversityofOxford’sDepartmentof

Education to talkabouthisexperiencesofusingparticipatorymethodswithyoung

peopleinschoolsintheUS.

PARTICIPATORYAPPROACHESDrake,D.H.(2014)‘Researchingprisonerexperienceswithprisonofficers:Anaction

research-inspiredapproach’,ActionResearch,12,1:94-109

Dupont,I.(2008)‘BeyondDoingNoHarm:ACallforParticipatoryActionResearch

withMarginalizedPopulationsinCriminologicalResearch’,Critical

Criminology, Volume16,Issue3,pp197-207.

Kidd,S.A.andKral,M.J.(2005)‘PracticingParticipatoryActionResearch’Journalof

CounselingPsychology,52,2:187-195

O’Neill,M.(2011)‘Participatorymethodsandcriticalmodels:Arts,migrationand

diaspora’, Crossings:JournalofMigration&Culture,Volume2,Number1,pp.

13-37(25)

O’Neill,M.(2010)‘CulturalCriminologyandSexWork:ResistingRegulationthrough

RadicalDemocracyandParticipatoryActionResearch(PAR)’,JournalofLaw

andSociety,Volume37,Issue1,210–232.

O’Neill,M.andHubbard,P.(2010)‘Walking,sensing,belonging:ethno-mimesisas

performativepraxis’,VisualStudies,Volume25,Issue1,46-58

Singh,A.A.,Richmond,K.&Burnes,T.R.(2013)‘FeministParticipatoryAction

ResearchwithTransgenderCommunities:FosteringthePracticeofEthical

21

andEmpoweringResearchDesigns’,InternationalJournalofTransgenderism.

14,3:93-104

Smith,L.,Davis,K.andBhowmik,M.(2010)‘YouthParticipatoryActionResearch

GroupsasSchoolCounselingInterventions’,ASCA,14,2:174-181)

DiscussionQuestions:1. Whataresomeofthebenefitsofparticipatoryapproaches?2. Whataresomeofthepotentialpitfalls?3. Whyaretheseapproachesrelativelyunder-utilizedincriminologicalresearch?4. Howmightresearchersensuretheirapproachisinformedbyintersectionality?5. Canresearchreallybetransformativeorempoweringforparticipants?FURTHERREADINGAldridge,J.(2015)ParticipatoryResearch:WorkingwithVulnerableGroupsin

ResearchandPractice,PolicyPress.

Chevalier,J.M.andBuckles,D.J.(2013)ParticipatoryActionResearch:Theoryand

MethodsforEngagedInquiry.Routledge.

Conrad,D.andSinner,A.(eds.)(2015)CreatingTogether:Participatory,Community-

Based,andCollaborativeArtsPracticesandScholarshipacrossCanada,

WilfridLaurierUniv.Press.

Reason,P.,&Bradbury-Huang,H.(Eds.)(2013)TheSageHandbookofAction

Research:ParticipativeInquiryAndPractice(2nded.)ThousandOaks,CA:

Sage.

22

Seminar7:DrawingInferencesandReportingonyourData:Doesresearchhaveanimpact?In this seminarwewilldiscusshowbest to reportonqualitative research.Studentpairs will report on the process of conducting interviewing, analysing data andidentifyingkeythemes.Wewillalsodiscusswhattodowithresearchfindingsandhowtoputtogetheraresearchproposal.OVERVIEWKelly,M.(1998).‘WritingaResearchproposal’,inC.Seale.(Ed.).ResearchingSociety

andCulture.London:Sage.

Silverman,D.(2013)DoingQualitativeResearch,FourthEdition.London:Sage.Ch11

(WritingaResearchProposal).

IMPACTHope,T.andR.Walters(2008).CriticalThinkingabouttheusesofResearch.London:

CentreforCrimeandJusticeStudies.Availableonlineat:

http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/opus557/Evidencebasedpolicyfinal.pdf

Hough,M.(2010).“Goldstandardorfool’sgold?Thepursuitofcertaintyin

experimentalcriminology.”Criminology&CriminalJustice.10(1):11–22.

Sherman,LawrenceW.2011.“28.CriminologyasInvention.”In:Bosworth,M.and

Hoyle,C.(eds).2011.WhatisCriminology?Oxford:OUP.

AND/ORFlick,U.(2009)AnIntroductiontoQualitativeResearch,4thedition,London:Sage.

Ch7(GroundingandWritingQualitativeResearch).

Newburn,Tim.2011.“33.CriminologyandGovernment:SomeReflectionsonRecent

DevelopmentsinEngland.”In:Bosworth,M.andHoyle,C.(eds).2011.What

isCriminology?Oxford:OUP.

Payne,G.andM.Williams.(2005).‘GeneralizationinQualitativeResearch’.

Sociology.39(2):295-314.

Silverman,D.(2011)InterpretingQualitativeData,FourthEdition,London:Sage.Ch

13(TheRelevanceofQualitativeResearch)

Travers,M.(2005).‘EvaluationResearch:BeyondaPoliticalCritique’.Australianand

23

NewZealandJournalofCriminology,38(1):39-58.

DiscussionQuestions

1. Howcancriminologistsdrawinferencesandconclusionsfromtheirresearch?2. Isqualitativeresearch‘generalizable’?3. Canqualitativeresearchinformpolicy?4. Shouldcriminologistsfeedtheirresearchfindingsbacktotheirparticipants?

Ifso,how?5. Whatisthepointofqualitativecriminologicalresearch?

FurtherReadingLiebling,A.,D.PriceandC.Elliot.(1999).‘AppreciativeInquiryandRelationshipsin

Prison’.Punishment&Society.1(1):71-98.

Nilan,P.(2006).'Dangerousfieldwork're-examined:thequestionofresearcher

subjectposition’.QualitativeResearch.2(3):363–386.

Ross,J.(2004).‘TakingStockofResearchMethodsandAnalysisonOppositional

PoliticalTerrorism’.TheAmericanSociologist.35(2):26–37.

Wheeldon,J.andJ.Heidt.(2007).‘BridgingtheGap:Apragmaticapproachto

understandingCriticalcriminologiesandpolicyinfluence’.Critical

Criminology.15:313-325.

24

Week8:DiscussionPanel:QualitativeMethodsinActionInthisweekwewillhaveapanelofcriminologicalresearcherswhowilldiscusstheir

experiencesofmanyoftheissueswehavecoveredinthecourse‘inaction’.Thiswill

be an opportunity to hear about how other researchers have designed and

implemented qualitative research and how they have addressed and overcome

variousdilemmas.Thereisnoreadingforthisweek,butinpreparationpleasecome

preparedwithquestionsforthepanelandtopicsyouwouldlikethemtoaddress.