saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis

Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

dimitri xvTisiaSvili

msaxiobis aRzrdis pedagogiuri

safuZvlebis interpretirebis sakiTxisaTvis

xelovnebis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

disertacia

specialoba – msaxiobis saSemsruleblo xelovneba

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: vasil kiknaZe,

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,

profesori, emeritusi

levan wulaZe reJisori,

asocirebuli profesori

Tbilisi

2015 weli

Sesavali

qarTuli Teatri imeorebs ganviTarebis im gzas, romelic gaiara

zogadad Teatrma misi dabadebidan dRemde yvela qveyanaSi. iyo

ritualebi, iyo xalxuri sanaxaobebi, iyo scenismoyvareTa dasebi da

Semdgom amisa profesiuli Teatrebi.

saberZneTis antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli, anu Teatris

dabadebidanve, yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo Teatraluri dasebis ganaxleba

axali ZalebiT. Tu antikur epoqaSi qorodan protagonistis gamoyofas,

anda meore an mesame artistad dawinaurebas, sarepeticio procesSive,

msaxiobTa unaris mixedviT SerCeva ganapirobebda, Semdgom saukuneebSi

msaxiobTa aRzrda sistemur xasiaTs iRebda da erTgvari meTodologiac

yalibdeboda epoqisa Tu Teatraluri mimdinareobis Sesabamisad. am mxriv

qarTuli Teatric ar CamorCeboda msoflio tendenciebs da miuxedavad

odnavi dagvianebisa, CvenSic iqmneboda dramatuli wreebi da SemdgomSi

studiebi.

pedagogika mecnierebaa aRzrdis, ganaTlebisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb.

radgan Teatri xelovnebis iseTi dargia, romlis nawarmoebi ar rCeba

“nivTieri” saxiT, rogorc wigni, naxati an notebi, amitom mis SemqmnelTa

aRzrdas gansakuTrebuli, specifikuri midgoma da Tavisebureba axlavs

Tan.

qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis istoriis analizi XIX saukunis 40-50-

iani wlebidan unda daiwyos, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobda erekle

meoris karis Teatri, ufro adre ki saskolo Tu saeklesio drama.

Tbilisisa da Telavis seminariebTan arsebobda dramatuli wreebi, xolo

VII-VIII saukuneebidan cnobebi Tojinuri warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. amdenad,

unda vivaraudoT, rom saTeatro pedagogikis kvlevisaTvis safuZvlebi

sworedac adreul saukuneebSi moiazreba.

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, saTeatro pedagogikis safuZvlebSi, ra

Tqma unda, ar igulisxmeba swavlebis is kargad damkvidrebuli formebi,

romelic XIX saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis aTian wlebSi

Camoyalibda, romelic dakavSirebulia reJisuris profesiis

damkvidrebasTan. rogorc reJisuris “dabadebamde” xdeboda Teatraluri

warmodgenisa Tu Teatralizebuli sanaxaobis organizeba erTi an

ramdenime adamianis mier, aseve savaraudoa, rom saTeatro pedagogikis

safuZveli swored im periodidan iRebs saTaves, roca erTi konkretuli

pirovneba iRebda pasuxismgeblobas sasceno moedanze gamosul msaxiobTa

momzadebisTvis.

winamdebare naSromi aris cda gaazrebisa, Tu ra cvlilebebi

ganicada pedagogiurma azrovnebam msaxiobis aRzrdis sferoSi.

rasakvirvelia, rTulia erT naSromSi Tavi movuyaro yvela qarTveli

Teatraluri moRvawis (romelic pedagogikaSic muSaobda) naazrevs, Tumca

msaxiobis aRzrdis saqmeSi zogadi tendenciebi, vfiqrob gamoikveTeba.

samwuxarod, qarTulma Teatrma mTeli rigi etapebi Teatraluri

pedagogikis ganviTarebisa ise gaiara, rom TiTqmis ar SemogvrCa

fundamenturi naSromebi maT Sesaxeb. gamomdinare aqedan, Semdgomi

etapebis mixedviT, varaudis doneze, unda Camovayalibo Sexeduleba maT

winamorbed procesebze, Tanac aseTi ganxilvisas gasaTvaliswinebeli

iqneba epoqis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri viTareba.

naSromis pirvel TavSi - "msaxiobis aRzrdis pedagogikis istoriuli

aspeqtebi", mimoxiluli iqneba msaxiobis aRzrdis genezisi da sasceno

xelovnebis ostatTa (vaso abaSiZe, valerian gunia, lado aleqsi-

mesxiSvili da sxva) naazrevi msaxiobis ostatobis problemebze.

jer kidev 1881 wels, dramatuli sazogadoebis wesdebaSi ilia

WavWavaZem Seitana punqti msaxiobTa profesiuli momzadebis Sesaxeb.

dramatuli sazogadoeba da misi Tavkacebi ilia WavWavaZe, akaki

wereTeli, kote yifiani da sxvani sajarod msjelobdnen qarTuli

Teatris profesiul daostatebaze. amitomac mwvaved dadga

maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis aRzrdis problema.

meore Tavi - "jabadarisa da faRavas studiebi - pedagogiuri

azrovnebis istoriisaTvis", arsebiTad moicavs XX saukunis 10-20-ian

wlebSi moqmedi Teatraluri studiebis erTgvar istorias. Sevecade

detalurad gameanalizebina giorgi jabadaris skola-studiaSi mimdinare

pedagogiur-SemoqmedebiTi procesebi. Sromis am nawilSi gamoviyene

studiis aRzrdilebis mosazrebani jabadaris studiaSi mimdinare

saswavlo-SemoqmedebiT procesze... SromaSi gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva

samecniero da memuaruli literatura giorgi jabadaris studiasTan

dakavSirebiT.

akaki faRavas mier, 1922 wels rusTavelis Teatris SenobaSi

daarsebuli studiis samarTalmemkvidrea dRevandeli Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti. ganxiluli iqneba mniSvnelovani tendenciebi,

romelic dainerga am studiaSi da romelsac gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT, radgan 1923 wels studielebi pirdapir Cairicxnen

saTeatro institutSi.

mesame Tavia - "kote marjaniSvili da sandro axmeteli - qarTuli

saTeatro pedagogikis fuZemdeblebi". rogorc am saTauridanac Cans,

sakiTxi exeba ori didi reJisoris, jer kidev gamoukvlevel pedagogiur

moRvaweobas. kote marjaniSvili iyo saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis

Teatrisa da kinos universitetis (maSin Teatraluri institutis)

samxatvro xelmZRvaneli. igi sruliad samarTlianad iTvleba qarTuli

Teatris reformatorad da am TavSi Sevecdebi detalurad gavaanalizo

misi pedagogiuri novaciebi da is reformatoruli Ziebani, romelic kote

marjaniSvilma da misma umcrosma kolegam da aRzrdilma aleqsandre

(sandro) axmetelma danerges qarTul saTeatro pedagogikaSi.

Temis meoTxe TavSi mimovixilav msaxiobTa aRzrdis umniSvnelovanes

faqtorebs (etiudi, mizanscena, eqsplikacia...) g.tovstonogovis,

d.aleqsiZis, m.TumaniSvilis, l.ioselianis pedagogiuri gamocdilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. eqsplikaciis nawilSi Tema gaiSleba sakuTari

eqsplikaciis (a.mileris "mZime gansacdeli") magaliTze, romelsac

mTlianad daeTmoba Temis bolo, mexuTe Tavi.

daskvniT nawilSi Sejamebulia qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis

ganviTarebis etapebi. Sedarebulia sxvadasxva pedagogTa mier wlobiT

dagrovili gamocdilebidan miRebul Sedegebs, garkveulia ra tipis

interpretirebas ganicdis saukunis manZilze msaxiobis aRzrdis

pedagogiuri safuZvlebi.

Tavi I

msaxiobis aRzrdis pedagogikis

istoriuli aspeqtebi

naSromis SesavalSi ukve aRvniSne, rom Teatraluri warmodgena Tu

gaTamaSda, ese igi, msaxiobTa garda, masze imuSava adamianma, romelic

xelmZRvanelobda speqtaklis Seqmnis process. rasakvirvelia reJisura,

rogorc profesia, mogvianebiT, mxolod XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda,

Tumca qarTuli Teatris saTaveebTan arsebobdnen adamianebi, romlebmac

daiwyes fiqri da Semdgom ukve praqtikuli muSaoba qarTuli sasceno

xelovnebis organizaciisTvis. am mxriv Cvenamde naklebi informaciaa

moRweuli Tbilisisa Tu Telavis seminariebSi arsebuli dramatuli

wreebis, agreTve giorgi avaliSvilis, daviT maCabelisa da gabriel

maioris droindeli Teatrisa da misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. amitomac

Znelia, romelime zemoT naxsenebi adamiani an jgufi miviCnioT qarTuli

saTeatro pedagogikis fuZemdeblad, Tumca ukve 1850 wels giorgi

erisTavis mier daarsebuli qarTuli Teatris istoria iZleva safuZvels,

rom giorgi erisTavi moviazroT rogorc qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis

erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. Teatris gaxsnamde man Tavisi dasis wevrebi

waiyvana TavisTan qarTlSi da eqvsi Tve amecadinebda anu profesiulad

amzadebda.

qarTveli dramaturgi giorgi erisTavi XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidan

Seudga saTeatro saqmis organizebas. Semoikriba mis garSemo

gulanTebuli axalgazrdebi da daiwyo qarTuli profesiuli Teatris

Seqmnis procesi. Teatris dabadebas dramaturgiis dabadeba uZRoda win.

giorgi erisTavma Seqmna dRes ukve qarTuli dramaturgiis klasikad

qceuli piesebi, romlebic ager ukve ori saukunea ar Camodis Teatris

scenidan. mas ilia WavWavaZem qarTuli dramaturgiis mamamTavari uwoda.

mis gverdiT gaizarda dramaturgi zurab antonovi. maT Semoikribes

qarTuli Teatris pirveli msaxiobebi. misi dasis wevris giorgi dvanaZis

Canaweridan irkveva, rom “vera mama ver uzamda, rac man Rvawli Cvenze

sTesa.”1

giorgi erisTavi cdilobda Teatri viwro, regionuli CarCoebidan

gamoeyvana. amitomac ecnoboda msoflio Teatralur procesebs.

dainteresebuli iyo mixeil SCepkinis Teatraluri skoliT. akvirdeboda

am skolis kurdamTavrebulebs, romlebic xSirad stumrobdnen Tbiliss,

sxvadasxva sagastrolo warmodgeniT. maT Soris iyvnen, momavalSi

aRiarebuli scenis didostatebi iabloCkini, muxini, dmitrieva da

mravali sxvani.

giorgi erisTavi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda sasceno

metyvelebas. garda warmoTqmisa da sunTqvis sistemis mowesrigebisa, mas

surda sceniuri salaparako dialeqtic daemuSavebina. TviTon

warmoSobiT goris raionidan iyo, anu Sida qarTlidan. miiCnevda rom am

kuTxeSi yvelaze nakleb SeiniSneboda kuTxuri dialeqti da amitomac

imdroindeli Teatris sasceno metyveleba swored Sua qarTlis

metyvelebis kilosTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvana.

igive giorgi dvanaZe igonebs, rom “giorgi erisTavi did yuradRebas

aqcevda msaxiobis zneobriv aRzrdas. scenidan mqadagebeli msaxiobi

pirad cxovrebaSiac magaliTis maCvenebeli unda yofiliyo, amitomac

msaxiobis yofaqcevasa, mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSica, did

moTxovnilebebs uyenebda.” 2

Tu kargad davukvirdebiT giorgi erisTavis piesa “gayras”, avtori

Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebs remarkas. TiTqmis yvela niuansi, rac

scenaze qmedebaSi unda ganxorcieldes aRwerilia remarkaSi. es

gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom axalbeda msaxiobebi, romlebsac aranairi

scenaze dgomis gamocdileba ar gaaCndaT, ukeT garkveuliyvnen piesaSi da

rolis Sesrulebisas es remarkebi saxelmZRvanelod gamoeyenebinaT.

giorgi erisTavis “gayra” erTgvari nimuSia sareJisoro eqsplikaciisa,

sadac piesis teqstTan erTad, misi sceniuri gadawyvetac aris aRwerili.

miuxedavad imisa, rom giorgi erisTavis Teatrma sul raRac eqvs

weliwads iarseba, garda imisa rom farTo masebSi Teatraluri

xelovnebis interesi gaaCina, safuZveli Cauyara aqtioris aRzrdis

principebs. ori aTeuli wlis gasvlis Semdeg, ukve 1881 wels, ilia

WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis iniciativiTa da ZalisxmeviT Seqmnilma

dramatulma sazogadoebam giorgi erisTavis mier danergili sasceno

xelovnebis pedagogiuri principebi ufro gaaRrmava da ganaviTara.

ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis naazrevidan advilad SeiZleba

gavacnobieroT is, Tu ra Rrmad ganswavlulni iyvnen isini saTeatro

saqmeSi, romelic Tavis mxriv saTeatro pedagogikis ganviTarebisaTvis

gadadgmul konkretul nabijebs gulisxmobda. akaki wereTeli miiCnevda,

rom “Tavi da Tavi Rirseba artistis sxvebTan SeTamaSebaa, rodesac

usityvod, mxolod saxis gamometyvelebiT ukavSirdeba sxvebs da

saxiblav Zafs ara swyvets.”3 akaki wereTlis es Canaweri erTgvari

paralelis asociacias iwvevs konstantine stanislavkis moZRvrebasTan.

sistemad Camoyalibebuli misi Canawerebi gacilebiT gviandeli

periodisaa, vidre akakis es mosazreba. Tumca masSi mTavari postulatia

samsaxiobo xelovnebis safuZvlisa da profesiuli terminologiiT Tu

vimsjelebT, qmediTi analizis meTods gulisxmobs. ilia WavWavaZe

miiCnevda, rom scenisTvis aRzrdili msaxiobi xalxis aRmzrdelic unda

yofiliyo. “scena igive Skolaa...… scena xalxis mwvrTneli, xalxis

gamzrdeli unda iyos.”4 ilia da akaki maqsimalurad cdilobdnen, rom

msaxiobis profesia mxolod mayureblis gamrTobi-jambazis ampluiT ar

Semofargluliyo. amitomac maTi muSaoba Teatris ganviTarebis

mimarTulebiT kompleqsuri iyo. isini cdilobdnen rac SeiZleba meti

axali saxeli, (dramaturgs vgulisxmob), daemkvidrebinaT qarTul

scenaze. zogadad dramaturgiis ganviTarebisTvisac iRvwodnen, amis

paralelurad mTargmnelobiT kadrebsac eZebdnen da SesaniSnav

Sedegebsac aRwevdnen. marto ivane maCablis aRmoCena da uiliam Seqspiris

qarTuli TargmanebisaTvis xelSewyoba rad Rirda. akaki werda: “Tu

msaxiobebi, cdiloben mxolod xalxis gacinebas garegnobiT, es xom

jambazoba iqneba da maSin sastikad mosawyenni iqnebian. umecari msaxiobi

camdinac rom niWieri iyos, veras gaxdeba maSin, rodesac saWiro aris

sxvadasxvagvari sulis moZraoba da Zlieri suliskveTebis gadmocema.”5

iseve rogorc giorgi erisTavi, ilia WavWavaZec da akaki wereTelic

miiCnevdnen, rom umTavresi Rirseba scenaze mgdomTaTvis maTi pirovnuli

srulyofa da ganaTlebaa.

ilia WavWavaZes mTavar samsaxiobo niWad miaCnda is, rom msaxiobs

hqonoda Rrma emociuri gancdis unari. aseve miiCnevda, rom mxolod aseTi

unariT dajildovebul adamianebze unda daxarjuliyo pedagogiuri

resursi, raTa maT aemaRlebinaT samsaxiobo teqnika da mieRoT ganaTleba.

“niWi da xelovneba ganuyreli da-Zmani arian da aucilebeli saWiroebac

aris kargis artistisaTvis. niWi ar-daxelovnebuli, ar-gawurTvnili

xelovneba – niWiT Suq-arSesxmuli da ar gabrwyinebuli gverdavlili

sikeTea artistisa, calkerZia, da erTis mqonebeli kaci umeorod naxevar-

artistia. niWi xelovnebas ekiTxeba Tavis sazRvars da xelovneba niWsa

hsTxovs siTbos da brwyinvalebasa.” 6

ilia WavWavaZe Tavis cnobil naSromSi “Teatris Sesaxeb”

artistisgan “daxelovnebul niWs” iTxovda. Tumca kargad aanalizebda

msaxiobis niWis TviTmyofadobas da TavgamodebiT icavda kidec msaxiobis

am unars, Tumca profesiuli ganaTlebis Camoyalibebis aucileblobaze

miuTiTebda da konkretul nabijebsac gadadgamda am mimarTulebiT. igi

ukve cnobil da saxelmoxveWil msaxiobebsac ar aklebda yuradRebas,

akvirdeboda maT TiToeul axal namuSevars da TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi

calkeuli recenziiT exmaureboda qarTuli Teatris nebismier axal

namuSevars. mas kargad esmoda komediis mniSvneloba da daniSnuleba.

Tavadac Seqmna araCveulebrivi vodevili “maWankali” misive moTxrobis

“kacia adamianis” motivebze, Tumca kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda

nebismieri iseTi piesis gamoCenas qarTul Teatralur afiSaze, romelic

mxolod xalxis gasacineblad iyo SeTxzuli da saTqmels ar Seicavda.

mas miaCnda, rom arafrismTqmel nawarmoebSi monawile msaxiobi

fuWdeboda da amiT zaraldeboda mayurebelic da Teatris renomec.

Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo misi dakvirvebebi msaxiobis SemoqmedebaSi

“meore planTan” dakavSirebiT. lado mesxiSvilis mier mansfeldis

“SeSliliaSi” naTamaSeb SeSlilis rols calke weriliT gamoexmaura,

sadac igi aRniSnavda, rom “marto Wkvians, gonebagaxsnils da Rrmad

gamkiTxavs artists SeuZlia uTqmeli saguleblad gahxados

mayureblisaTvis.”7 rogorc reJisor-pedagogi anton TavzaraSvili

aRniSnavs “ilias Tvalma aRmoaCina msaxiobis Semoqmedebis specifikis

friad sagulisxmo niSani, romelic mravali wlis Semdeg axlad iqna

Secnobili, dasabuTebuli da damkvidrebuli Teatralur praqtikaSi

v.i.nemiroviC-danCenkos mier “meore planis” saxelwodebiT.” 8

momavali msaxiobebis daostatebis saqmeSi ilia da akaki marto ar

iyvnen. maT mxari aubes XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis ukve sakmaod

gamocdilma samsaxiobo Zalebma. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen

vaso abaSiZe, lado mesxiSvili da valerian gunia.

vaso abaSiZe erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, vinac aitaca dramatuli

sazogadoebis mier SemuSavebuli qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis

ganviTarebis programa. igi garda imisa, rom mudmivad iyo ganawilebuli

axal speqtaklebSi, cdilobda yuradRebis miRma ar darCenoda arc erTi

didi Tu mcire mniSvnelobis movlena msoflio Teatralur cxovrebaSi.

maTTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi iyo rusuli Teatris gamocdileba, Tumca

es sulac ar uSlida xels gacnoboda msoflio TeatrSi mimdinare

procesebsa da cnobil mecnierTa Tu xelovanTa naazrevs Teatris

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, man sakuTari gamocdileba da

SemoqmedebiTi dakvirvebani furcelze gadaitana da momaval Taobebs

msaxiobis ostatobisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvanelo dautova.

am saxelmZRvanelos gacnobisas saqmeSi gaTviTcnobierebuli adamiani

mixvdeba, rom miuxedavad terminologiuri gansxvavebebisa, vaso abaSiZec

da qarTuli Teatris mTeli is Taobac, rusul TeatrSi mimdinare

procesebiT iyvnen moxiblulni. ufro mogvianebiT, samxatvro Teatris

Seqmnis Semdeg, maTTvis pirdapir orientirad iqca k.stanislavskisa da

v.nemiroviC-danCenkos SemoqmedebiT-pedagogiuri kredo. “scena sarkea

cxovrebisa da amitom umTavresi kanoni, romelzedac damyarebulia

xelovneba – aris sinamdvile da WeSmariteba.. srulsa da saamur

moqmedebas mxolod maSin iqoniebs msaxiobi mayurebelze, roca igi

scenaze cxovrobs.” 9

kote mesxis werilic amave Sinaarsisaa – “Teatri kacobriobis

cxovrebis suraTebs warmogvidgens, TeatrSi moTamaSe, ise unda moiqces

da ilaparakos, rogorc namdvil cxovrebaSi moqmedeben da laparakoben.”

10

“aqtiors unda hqondes metad nazi da amave dros metad Zlieri da

Rrma STabeWdileba, romlis wyalobiT mas SeeZlos ukidures

mdgomareobaTa, dramatul da tragikul grZnobaTa gamosaxva, raTa maTi

TamaSoba RviZli da bunebrivi iyos.” 11 – werda valerian gunia.

Teatrmcodne vasil kiknaZe krebulSi “qarTuli reJisuris istoriis

narkvevebi” mimoixilavs ra XIX saukunis 90-iani da XX saukunis 10-iani

wlebis Teatralur procesebs askvnis: “aRzrdis problemebze qarTvel

moRvaweTa gamaxvilebuli yuradReba SemTxveviTi ar aris. Teatris

mesveurebi grZnoben, rom profesiuli Teatri moiTxovs ara profesiuli

Cvevebisagan gawmendas, rac erTob uxvad iyo moZalebuli, aramed Teatris

istoriuli misia avalebs maT Tanamedroveobis doneze warmarTon

Teatris SemoqmedebiTi da organizaciuli saqmianoba. es imasac niSnavda,

rom struqturulad garTulda Teatri, gaizarda misi roli, gaZlierda

mayureblis momTxovneloba, Teatri da mayurebeli sul ufro da ufro

kargad aris informirebuli Tu ra xdeba msoflios Teatralur

cxovrebaSi da saWiroa qarTulma Teatrmac fexi auwyos epoqis ritms.

yovelive amisaTvis Teatrs sWirdeba kargad aRzrdili profesionali

msaxiobi.”12

Tu k.stanislavskis sistemad wodebul moZRvrebas Tvals

gadavavlebT da mas SevadarebT qarTvel scenis ostatTa naazrevTan,

TvalnaTvliv davinaxavT maT Soris Zireul msgavsebas. rusTavelis

Teatris msaxiobs ekaterine vaCnaZes araerTxel uTqvams, roca mis did

bebiaze, cnobil qarTvel artistze, elisabed CerqeziSvilze uambnia

CemTvis, rom institutSi swavlisas, Cveni pedagogi giorgi tovstonogovi

e.CerqeziSvils profesionalad asaxelebdao. “SexedeT elisabedis TamaSs

da swored eg aris stanislavskis sistemao”. wlebis Semdeg mixeil

TumaniSvilis wignSi “reJisori Teatridan wavida” (Tbilisi 1989 w. gv.24-

25) zustad es istoria amovikiTxe. etyoba g.tovstonogovi, romelic

erTgulad iziarebda k.stanislavskis Teatralur ideebs, liza

CerqeziSvilis magaliTi yovel jgufTan mohyavda, rogorc TvalsaCino

nimuSi.

vaso abaSiZis wignSi qveTavebad zustad isevea dayofili msaxiobis

xelovnebis swavlebisaTvis aucilebeli paragrafebi, rogorc es gvxvdeba

k.stanislavkis SromebSi. midgoma swavlebisadmi da azrovnebac

absoluturad identuria. “namdvili maswavlebelni dramatuli

xelovnebisa arian: cxovreba, praqtika da dakvirveba. rac ufro mets

daakvirdeba msaxiobi, miT ufro misi niWi Zlierdeba, ufro Rrmad

Caujdeba sulSi naxul-gagonili da ufro cxadad gamoxatavs Tavis

qmnilebaSi”. 13

am naSromis istoria ki aseTi iyo. XIX saukunis miwuruls cnobili

Teatraluri moRvawe ioseb imedaSvili, romelic im xanad krebul

“cxovrebis karibWes” redaqtorobda, TxovniT mimarTavda qarTuli scenis

didostatebs lado mesxiSvils, kote mesxs, vaso abaSiZesa da kote

yifians daeweraT rame qarTuli sasceno xelovnebis Sesaxeb. rogorc

i.imedaSvili igonebda, mas aravin gamoxmaurebia. bolos vaso abaSiZe

daiTanxma, romelmac sul ramodenime xanSi aaxla xelnaweri saTauriT

“mokle cnobani dramatuli xelovnebis Sesaxeb, romelsac vuZRvni im

ymawvil qalTa da kacT, romelTac hsurT scenas emsaxuron.” ioseb

imedaSvili igonebda: “es werili Seicavs Semdegs: 1. swavla da

ganviTareba; 2. rolis momzadeba da varjiSoba (repeticia); 3. dakvirveba;

4. darigeba Seqspiris mier msaxiobebisa, - tanisamosi, - grimi. 5.

gamarjveba scenazed, - kritika. am werilis SesavalSi Cveni dauviwyari

vaso, sxvaTa Soris, werda: “visac surs, scenas emsaxuros, uwinares

yovlisa, unda gamoirkvios da Seignos, ras Seadgens msaxiobis xelovneba.

msaxiobis xelovneba imas Seadgens, rom Tavisis garegnobiT

warmogvidginos is adamiani, romelic avtorsa hyavs piesaSi gamoyvanili.

amitom msaxiobma TamaSobis dros unda daiviwyos, rom igi msaxiobia da

mxolod gviCvenos da dagvixatos avtoris mier Seqmnili tipi. amisaTvis

saWiroa yvelam, visac ki surs scenas emsaxuros da msaxiobad gaxdes,

SeimuSavos: a) mixvra-moxvra; b) xma; g) mimika, e.i. is saSualebani,

romliTac msaxiobi mayureblebzed hmoqmedebs da sxv. mxolod dauRalav

muSaobas da cxovrebis dakvirvebas SeuZlia Sehqmnas artisti xelovani.”14

lado aleqsi-mesxiSvilsac swvevia saxlSi ioseb imedaSvili, misi

misvlis mizezi rom Seutyvia, ramis daweraze uari uTqvams, Tumca

dauyolebia rom “Cvens Teatrs gadaxaliseba esaWiroeba, niWier

axalgazrdebs ki sasceno aRzrda”.15

praqtikulad XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebi da XX saukunis dasawyisi

qarTuli Teatraluri pedagogika viTardeboda dramatuli sazogadoebis

xeldasmiT da maT saTaveSi swored gansakuTrebuli gamocdilebisa da

niWis msaxiobebi edgnen. maTgan gamorCeuli iyvnen vaso abaSiZe, kote

mesxi, mako safarovi-abaSiZisa, nato gabunia, lado mesxiSvili da

valerian gunia. Tumca XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan sazogadoebis winaSe

dadga sakiTxi profesiuli reJisuris ganviTarebazec efiqraT. swored am

mizniT saqarTvelodan ruseTSi, mogvianebiT ki safrangeTSi miavlines

axalgazrda kadrebi, romelTac stipendias sazogadoeba uxdida. am

kadrebis ukan dabrunebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi gaCndnen pirveli

qarTveli profesionali reJisorebi. maT naswavli praqtikaSi gamoiyenes

da swored XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan qarTul TeatrSi bevrad meti

yuradReba mieniWa msaxiobTa profesiul ganaTlebasa da ostatobas.

pirveli qarTveli profesionali reJisorebi iyvnen: akaki faRava, mixeil

qoreli, aleqsandre wuwunava da valerian SalikaSvili. oTxive maTganma

profesiuli ganaTleba moskovis samxatvro TeatrTan arsebul studiaSi

miiRo da samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave Seecadnen qarTul Teatralur

pedagogikaSi sabolood daemkvidrebinaT k.stanislavkis pedagogiuri

ideebi.

Tumca es saqme ase advili ar iyo. Zveli Taobis msaxiobebi,

romlebmac avad Tu kargad moitanes qarTuli Teatri sakuTari uangaro

SromiT, ver eguebodnen “CarCoebSi Casmas”. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom

msaxiobebs imdenad mwiri anazRaureba hqondaT, rom sxvaganac muSaobdnen

Tavi rom gamoekvebaT. elisabed CerqeziSvili ixsenebs, rom sarepeticio

darbazic ki ar gvqondao. gvindoda axali piesa Tundac aTjer gveTamaSa

sezonSi, anda misi momzadebisTvis aTi repeticia mainc dagvexarjao,

magram ar gamogvdiodao. didad arc is moswondaT, rom reJisori

realurad ar hyavdaT, xolo vinc ase vTqvaT “reJisorobda” misgan

araferi saxeiro ar gvesmodao artistebs. miuxedavad aseTi

ganwyobilebisa, sul ufro metad ikveTeboda maTi survili profesiul

CarCoebSi moeqciaT sasceno Semoqmedeba. Tumca axali “naswavli”

reJisuris mosvla qarTul TeatrSi mainc Zlier gaaprotestes.

reJisorebic, maTi axalgazrduli maqsimalizmidan gamomdinare, yvelafer

Zvelze uars ambobdnen, rac kidev ufro did daZabulobas Tesavda

qarTvel msaxiobebSi. “raic Seexeba v.SalikaSvils, rom Zvelebi sruliad

gaidevnon scenidan, pensia daeniSnoT da sxva uadgiloa da intriganuli...

axals Zalas yovelTvis siamovnebiT mivegebebiT, magram ara mgonia,

ZvelTa gandevnam scenidan, saqmes argos. amgvarma oinebma bevrjer

Seaferxa Cvenis scenis keTildReoba da Tu batonma SalikaSvilma

Zvelebis augiT daiwyo saqme, sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwevs. amiT arc

axal Zalas Seemateba rame...”16 – werda elisabed CerqeziSvili

elisabed CerqeziSvilis msgavsad, bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda

profesional reJisorTa TviTdamkvidrebis process, Tumca yvela

aRiarebda, rom qarTul Teatrs ori yvelaze didi problema hqonda:

araprofesionali kadrebi da finansuri uxerxemloba. vaso abaSiZe

araerTgzis daumcirebiaT qarTuli TeatrisaTvis ori kapiki rom eSovna.

ase iyvnen sxvebic, romlebmac istoriuli misia Seasrules da sakuTari

gaWirvebisa da SimSilis xarjze gadaarCines qarTuli Teatri kidev

erTxel daxurvas.

pirveli qarTveli profesionali reJisorebis kvaldakval

profesiuli ganaTlebis misaRebad safrangeTSi gaemgzavra giorgi

jabadaric. samSobloSi dabrunebulma 1918 wels dramatuli studia

gaxsna TbilisSi. studiis gaxsna dramatulma sazogadoebam 1906 welsac

moindoma, Tumca maSin saqme ar gamovida da ai, saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave, praqtikulad pirveli profesiuli

Teatraluri studiis gaxsnas Caeyara safuZveli.

“studia, Teatraluri organizmis cxovrebis imgvar formas

warmoadgens, sadac iqmneba misi ganaxlebisaTvis umTavresi ram –

TanamoazreTa koleqtivi – Taoba. Taobas ki uwodeben imaT, vinc

Tvisebrivad axalis sityvis damkvidrebas SesZlebs sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis ama Tu im sferoSi. qarTuli Teatris istoriis ganviTarebis

am etapze, mxolod studias SeeZlo Seeqmna qarTuli TeatrisaTvis

esoden saWiro da aucilebeli axalgazrda SemoqmedTa Taoba. verc

l.mesxiSvilisa da v.gunias gamosacdelma warmodgenebma, verc v.abaSiZis

mier Teatris dasSi axalgazrdebis misaRebad warmoebulma gamocdebma,

verc m.qorelis mier quTaisis TeatrSi axalgazrda scenismoyvareTa

mowvevam, ver Seqmna Taoba. axali Taobis Seqmna swored g.jabadaris

Teatr-studiis saSualebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. es iyo pirveli nakadi.

SemdgomSi maT SeuerTdnen a.faRavas studiis studielebi”.17

imis miuxedavad, rom praqtikulad giorgi jabadaris daarsebuli

studia, qarTul sinamdvileSi, realurad pirveli profesiuli

saswavlebeli iyo, am mimarTulebis cdebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi ara

erTi da ori iyo. 1906 wels dramatuli sazogadoebis mondomebiT TiTqos

safuZveli eyreboda dramatuli studiis Camoyalibebas, Tumca mravalma

faqtorma, im periodis politikurma Tu ekonomikurma procesebma,

studiis Camoyalibebis saqme ramdenime wliT Seaferxa.

1911 wels kidev iyo mcdeloba profesiuli studiis Camoyalibebisa,

romelic iTaves lado mesxiSvilma da valerian guniam. Seqmnes kidec

dramatuli kursebi, Tumca spontanurad Seqmnilma saswavlebelma,

meTodologiis Camouyalibeblobam da finansurma problemebma

funqcionirebis saSualeba ar misca kursebs.

didi finansuri resursi arc jabadaris studias gaaCnda, Tumca mis

damaarsebels mkafiod hqonda Camoyalibebuli studiis funqcionirebis

meTodologia. SesaniSnavi evropuli ganaTlebiTa da rusuli

Teatraluri skolis gamocdilebis safuZvelze swored giorgi

jabadarma SeZlo saqarTveloSi pirveli profesiuli Teatraluri

studiis Camoyalibeba.

Tavi II

jabadarisa da faRavas studiebi pedagogiuri

azrovnebis istoriisaTvis

TavisTavad Teatraluri studiis organizeba win gadadgmuli nabiji

iyo, Tumca am faqts araerTgvarovani gamoxmaureba mohyva. iyvnen studiis

Seqmnis momxreebic da mowinaaRmdegeebic. Tumca umTavresi mainc is iyo,

rom saqarTveloSi pirvelad moxerxda qarTuli TeatrisTvis

profesiuli kadrebis momzadeba.

gazeTi “alioni” studiis daarsebasTan dakavSirebul gancxadebas

ase iwyebda: “qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba - qarTuli dramatuli

sazogadoeba mouwodebs qarTvel inteligent axalgazrdobas (18 wlidan

30 wlamde) gamocxadnen sruliad axali dasis Sesadgenad. qarTulma

dramatulma sazogadoebam daaarsa sasceno xelovnebis studia...

msurvelni am studiaSi sruliad ufasod Seiswavlian: diqcias, mimikas,

plastikas, ritms... farikaobas, grims, xmis dayenebas da visac sasimRero

xma aRmoaCndeba – simReras. Tu romelsame momaval msaxiobs aRmoaCndeba

musikis niWi, Seiswavlis dakvras im instrumentze, romelsac

moisurvebs.”18

iwyeboda sruliad axali etapi qarTuli Teatris ganviTarebis

istoriaSi. am etapis dawyebasTan erTad faqtobrivad ibadeboda qarTuli

saTeatro pedagogika. manamdeli yvela Zalisxmeva iyo spontanuri,

mxolod sakuTar intuiciasa da gamocdilebaze damyarebuli.

rasakvirvelia, rogorc giorgi erisTavma, aseve dramatuli sazogadoebis

Semqnelebma da qarTuli Teatris korife-msaxiobebma didi wvlili

Seitanes qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis ganviTarebisaTvis, Tumca

mkacrad gawerili samoqmedo gegma momaval msaxiobTa da Semdgom ukve

reJisorTa aRzrdisaTvis da rac mTavaria meTodologiurad

dazustebuli swavlebis struqtura, arcerT winamorbeds ar hqonia.

giorgi jabadaris studias ki gaaCnda saswavlo programa, romelic

gawerili iyo or saswavlo welze da gulisxmobda momavali msaxiobis

daostatebisaTvis aucilebeli yvela disciplinis Seswavlas.

cnobili Teatrmcodne da mkvlevari vasil kiknaZe ase aRwers giorgi

jabadaris studiis Camoyalibebas: “momwifda msaxiobTa axali Taobis

aRzrdisa da dawinaurebis sakiTxi, axali nakadis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo

Teatris ganaxleba. 1918 wlis martSi gamoqveynda cnoba, rom dramatulma

sazogadoebam daaarsa sasceno xelovnebis studia. daiwyo mosamzadebeli

muSaoba. “dasSi ewerebian inteligenturi Zalebi – studentebi” –

iuwyeboda “Teatri da cxovreba” sityva “inteleqtualuri Zalebi” xSirad

meordeba sxva sainformacio wyaroebSic... TeatrSi SemoiWra

axalgazrduli nakadi, Caisaxa perspeqtiva!”19

Tavad giorgi jabadari reJisoris profesias daeufla germaniis

Teatralur akademiaSi maqs reinhardtTan, Semdgom wlebSi moRvaweobda

safrangeTSi andre antuanis gverdiT “Tavisufal TeatrSi”. zedmiwevniT

gaiziara moskovis samxatvro Teatris damaarsebelTa novatoruli ideebi

da praqtikul samuSaoebSic mosinja. am codniTa da gamocdilebiT

Seudga igi qarTuli Teatris “aRorZinebis” saqmes. misi studiis Seqmnas

xom swored “aRorZineba” uwoda im droindelma presamac da dramatulma

sazogadoebamac. mas studiis Seqmnamde dawerili hqonda ramdenime

samecniero naSromi, romelic Seexeboda msaxiobis xelovnebis swavlebis

sakiTxebs. jer kidev 1910 wels, Jurnali “Teatri da cxovreba” aqveynebs

giorgi jabadaris statiebs “diqcia” da “plastika”. studiis swavlebis

meTodologia evropuli da rusuli Teatrebis gamocdilebaze

dayrdnobiT SemuSavda, metyvelebis kulturis saxelmZRvanelo Tavad

giorgi jabadarma Seqmna da am disciplinas Tavad uZRveboda, plastikis

savarjiSoebi dal krozis sistemiT SemuSavda, cekvis gakveTilebi

klasikuri evropuli sabaleto skolis sistemis mixedviT, xolo

msaxiobis ostatobis Casatareblad studiam moiwvia valerian

SalikaSvili, romelic samxatvro Teatris principebiT warmarTavda am

kurss. giorgi jabadari, garda studiis xelmZRvanelobisa da sasceno

metyvelebis gakveTilebisa, studielebs ukiTxavda xelovnebis, maT Soris

Teatris istoriis zogad kurss.

idea, romlisTvisac Seiqmna es studia, gulisxmobda ori wlis

manZilze profesiulad moemzadebina msaxiobTa axali Zalebi. am ori

wlis manZilze maT ar unda mieRoT monawileoba sarepertuaro

warmodgenebSi. studiis damTavrebis Semdeg ki, swavlebis periodSi

Seqmnili warmodgenebiT unda warmdgariyvnen farTo sazogadoebis winaSe.

Tumca es idea ver ganxorcielda, radgan is dafinanseba, rasac giorgi

jabadars hpirdebodnen erTis mxriv, dramatuli sazogadoebis gamgeobam

da meores mxriv, kerZo investorebma mxolod 25 %-iT Seasrules.

eqvsTviani dauRalavi Sromis Semdeg, studielebi aRmoCndnen mkacri

realobis winaSe da iZulebulni gaxdnen sarepertuaro warmodgenebi

gaemarTaT da am SemosavliT gaegrZelebinaT studiis funqcionireba. amas

isic daemata, rom studiis funqcionirebisaTvis vera da ver moxerxda

sakuTari Senobis gamoyofa da giorgi jabadaric iZulebuli gaxda

mTeli studielebi da pedagogebi mSobliur sagarejoSi waeyvana da iq

mama-papiseul saxlSi emuSavaT. eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi TbilisSi

Camousvlelad muSaobdnen sagarejoSi. euflebodnen msaxiobis ostatobis

safuZvlebs da amavdroulad amzadebdnen pirvel warmodgenas

mayurebelTa samsjavroze gasatanad.

pirvel warmodgenad SearCies bries musikaluri drama “sarwmunoeba”.

“Teatri da cxovreba” “sarwmunoebis” premieras maSinve gamoexmaura:

“...qarTuli klubis scenaze 1918 wlis 18 noembers warmodginda, romlis

repeticia 150-jer gamarTes da piesac zepirad Seiswavles”. 20 Jurnali

imasac aRniSnavda, rom warmodgena dagvianebis gareSe, zustad 8 saaTze

daiwyoo.

speqtakli “sarwmunoeba” mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani gamodga.

upirveles yovlisa, qarTul Teatralur afiSaze axali gvarebi gamoCnda.

maTi umravlesoba SemdgomSi qarTul samsaxiobo elitas warmoadgenda.

amas garda, pirvelad daidga saqarTveloSi iseTi speqtakli, romelSic

iyo mcdeloba mayureblisTvis profesiulad gamarTuli sanaxaoba

SeeTavazebinaT. “...pirobiTi Teatris esTetika, ara mxolod reJisoris

metaforul azrovnebaSi gamoxatuli, aramed aqtiorTa ansamblis

koordinirebis saSualebiT gacocxlebuli. miuxedavad amisa Teatr-

studia ar vardeboda ukiduresobaSi, erTi romelime principis aRiarebiT

da moicavda fsiqologiur, realistur Teatralur principebsac.

yovelive amiT ki, sruldeboda studiis arsebobis upirvelesi mizani -

izrdeboda srulyofili, axali Teatraluri cxovrebis wesiT mcxovrebi,

sinTezuri, universaluri msaxiobi, romelsac yovelgvari Teatraluri

modelis morgeba gauadvildeboda.” 21

studiam, Tavis garSemo Semoikriba im periodSi saqarTveloSi

moRvawe TiTqmis yvela Semoqmedi. akaki vasaZe igonebda: “man Tavis

studias “qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba” daarqva, valerian SalikaSvili,

kote SaTiriSvili, giorgi iSxneli hyavs mowveuli, plastikis

maswavleblad baletmaisteri vakareci da misi meuRle bauer-zaqsi; Salva

qiqoZe da giorgi erisTavi iqnebian Cveni mxatvrebi... Teatr-studiis

mTavar reJisorad da sasceno metyvelebis maswavleblad gvyavda giorgi

jabadari, reJisoris asistentebad Saqro beriSvili, vaso yuSitaSvili,

farikaobaSi – z.ciciSvili. Teatr-studiis garSemo Cveni inteligenciis

TvalsaCino Zalebi iyridnen Tavs: efemia mesxi, misi meuRle gepneri,

sandro yanCeli, petre qavTaraZe, niko erisTavi, Salva amirejibi, paolo

iaSvili, tician tabiZe.”22

studielebi muSaobdnen sxvadasxva epoqisa da literaturul-

dramaturgiuli esTetikis avtorTa nawarmoebebze. a.sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis

“Ralatis” paralelurad muSaobdnen e.rostanis “TeTr vaxSamze”.

msaxiobTa mosinjva xdeboda sul ufro met da met sxvadasxva grZnobaTa

bunebis gamomxatvel nawarmoebebSi. magaliTad, e.rostanis piesaze

muSaobisas, pirvelad qarTul TeatrSi, gamoCnda “komedia del’artes”

niRbebi. studielebma male daiwyes muSaoba g.hauptmanis “haneleze”.

reJisorma mixeil qorelma studielebi reJisoruli azrovnebis mkacr

modelSi moaqcia, Tumca msaxiobTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom “maT

sakmaod kargad gaarTves Tavi, axali, gansxvavebuli dramaturgiis da mis

safuZvelze gansxvavebuli stilistikis matarebeli speqtaklis

gaTavisebis rTul procesebs, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom maTi

profesiuli srulyofisaTvis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nabiji

gadaidga.”23

samwuxarod, miuxedavad TvalSisacemi progresisa, damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos mTavrobam ver uzrunvelyo studiis normaluri

funqcionireba. verc Senoba gamouyo da verc sakmarisi subsidireba

moaxerxa. amasTan, rogorc yvela axal saqmes, studiasac gamouCndnen

mowinaaRmdegeni, kritikulma azrma meti gasaqani hpova. arada, kritikis

ZiriTadi mimarTuleba swored is iyo, rasac Tavad giorgi jabadari

cdilobda SebrZoleboda. mas namdvilad ar undoda, rom studiaSi

swavlebis paralelurad, tipiuri sarepertuaro Teatris cxovrebiT

ecxovraT. daedgaT speqtaklebi, hqonodaT repertuari. Tumca finansuri

siZneleebi da xelisuflebisgan danapirebis Seusrulebloba mas

iZulebuls xdida am kompromisze wasuliyo.

“studia Tavis daniSnulebas unda daubrundes, studiam xeli unda

aiRos sasezono warmodgenebis marTvaze, Tunda am warmodgenebs

gamarjveba sdevdes Tana. warmodgenebis samzadisi xels uSlis studiis

muSaobas da mowafeTa gawvrTnas. karg masalas frTxili movla-

patronoba da mudmivi Tval-yuris devna unda”. 24 giorgi jabadarma veRar

gauZlo im tipis kritikas, rac mas yvelaze kargad esmoda, Tumca sxva

saSveli ar iyo. Tanac isic daemata, rom kolegebisgan miiRo

araerTazrovani SeniSvnebi. am realobidan gamomdinare man studia

daxura. “Cemi mizani iyo dameyenebina Teatri iseT niadagze, rogorc

mowyobilia evropaSi. Semeqmna axalgazrda Zalebi, romlebic ZvelebiviT

niWierni Tu ar iqnebodnen, is upiratesoba mainc eqnebodaT, rom

SeiTvisebdnen erTgvar skolas. umecrebma Cven mogvnaTles “Ziebis

Teatrad”... yvelgan imas gaiZaxodnen, studiam “axali” araferi Seqmnao.

batonma axmetelma erT krebaze ganacxada: me studiaSi axali vera vnaxe,

iq mxolod warmodgenebi ufro “dauTovebuliao”. batonma a.faRavam Tavis

moxsenebaSi sTqva: studiis warmodgenebi “koreqtuliao” da sxva

araferio. es orni marTals amboben da mizanic jerjerobiT is iyo, rom

Cveni warmodgenebi “koreqtuli” da “dauTovebuli” yofiliyo, rom yvelas

scodnodaT rolebi da mizanscenebi da es rolebi Sesrulebuli

yofiliyo, intonaciis mxriv SegnebiT swored da ara ise yalbad, rogorc

winad iyo... Cven gvindoda dagvemyarebina disciplina Cvens saqmeSi,

disciplina mkacri da ara iseTi, rogorc aqamdis gamefebulia qarTul

TeatrSi. ai, jerjerobiT gvindoda amisTvis migveRwia da gana metis

gakeTeba SeiZleboda erT weliwadSi? qarTvelebi mouTmeneli xalxni

varT, yvelaferi uceb gvinda. erT weliwadSi metis gakeTeba SeuZlebeli

iyo, Tanac im pirobebSi... ara gvqonda erTi patara oTaxic ki, samadlod

xan vin Segvikedlebda, xan vin...

diax, 1918 wels daarsebulma studiam gamarTa ramodenime

“dauTovebuli” warmodgena. am warmodgenebSi monawileobas iRebdnen sul

axalgazrda Zalebi, ori-samis garda. Tu studiam warmodgenebamdis

miaRwia, es mxolod imitom rom saTaveSi erTi kaci edga da ara kolegia.

Caudga Tu ara kolegia – saqme daiSala.

exla Sedga axali gamgeoba dramatuli sazogadoebisa, e.i. istoria

iwyeba Tavidan, exlac, rogorc maSin, Seadgenen dass, aureven studielebs

ZvelebSi. Zvelebi iqonieben TavianT cud gavlenas, daaxSoben maT niWs,

SeaCveven udisciplinobas da qarTul Teatrs araviTari progresi ar

eqneba. dasi ustudiod ver Sesdgeba. es yvelasaTvis cxadia, imaTTvisac

ki, vinc ori wlis ganmavlobaSi hgmobda am studias.”25

istoriis Tavidan dawyebaSi giorgi jabadari gulisxmobda 1906 wlis

ambavs, roca Teatralurma sazogadoebam moisurva Teatraluri studiis

organizeba da es idea CaiSala kolegiuri mmarTvelobis gamo. g.jabadari

miiCnevda, rom pedagogika, iseve rogorc reJisura, “erTmmarTveli” unda

yofiliyo. koleqtiurad pasuxismgeblobis gadanawileba ki aseT saqmeSi

ar gamodgeboda. Teatris ganviTarebis Semdgomma wlebma daadastura, rom

giorgi jabadari marTali iyo. arcerTxel ar momxdara Teatris

istoriaSi erTmmarTvel xelmZRvanels, koleqtiurma mmarTvelobam

ajobos. aseve iyo studiis organizebisasac.

giorgi jabadaris studiis Rirseba Tu nakli, albaT, momavalSi

Teatris mkvlevarTa interesis sferoSi kvlavac moeqceva, Tumca erTi

ram aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom jabadaris studiam saqarTveloSi

dasabami misca axali kadrebis profesiul aRzrdas da mravali

winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, am studiam arsebobis ori wlis manZilze,

mTavari misia Seasrula. qarTul Teatrs aRuzarda profesional

msaxiobTa axali Taoba, romelnic XX saukunis qarTuli samsaxiobo

skolis gamorCeul scenis moRvaweebad iqcnen. veriko anjafariZe, akaki

vasaZe, uSangi CxeiZe, Salva RambaSiZe, mixeil gelovani, mixeil Wiaureli

da mravali sxva, swored giorgi jabadaris studiis kursdamTavrebulebi

arian.

kuriozebisagan arc jabadaris studia iyo daculi. “xma dairxa, rom

giorgi jabadari Tavisi studiis gaZlerebas apirebs, axal Zalebs uyris

Tavso. ganuyreli megobrebi dodo anTaZe da uSangi CxeiZe gamocxaddnen...

gamocdisas dodos aqtioruli monacemebi ufro moiwones, vidre

uSangisa.”26 aseTi faqtebi nebismieri misaRebi gamocdis dros xdeba

xolme. amas rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia da rac

mTavaria, bevrwilad damokidebulia xolme abiturientis aRelvebis

xarisxze.

studiis Sesaxeb saintereso masalad iqca, iq aRzrdil msaxiobTa

STabeWdilebebi. akaki vasaZes xatovnad aqvs aRwerili studiuri muSaobis

epizodi, rodesac ori sxvadasxva ganaTlebisa da Teatraluri esTetikis

Semoqmedi giorgi jabadari da valerian SalikaSvili erTmaneTs

daupirispirdnen mxatvruli kiTxvis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. valerian

SalikaSvili “leqsis kiTxvis dros riTmas araviTar yuradRebas ar

aqcevda. erT-erTi kamaTis dros, batonma giorgim veriko anjafariZes

sTxova waekiTxa Salva amirejibis leqsi-eqspromti... cxadia verikos

lirizmma yvela mogvxibla, amrigad kamaTSi gamarjvebuli giorgi

jabadari darCa, magram valeriani ar dacxra da Tavis mxriv moiTxova,

aba akaki vasaZes ilia WavWavaZis “muSa” wavakiTxoTo. me Wiris oflma

damasxa. sad SemeZlo Cemi, jer kidev mouqneli metyvelebiT verikos

Semdeg raime STabeWdileba momexdina. batonma valerianma Sematyo rom

vyoymanobdi da SemomiZaxa: aba, ar Semarcxvino gurulo, daiwyeo. da mec

zepirad, Txrobis kiloTi wavikiTxe es leqsi. wavikiTxe, rogorc

monologi.

-sainteresoa, kargia! – Tqva giorgi jabadarma, - am leqsis wakiTxva

sxvanairad arc SeiZleba. Tqveni xelwera Cans, batono valerian, magram

ilias “dedao RvTisas” wakiTxva rogor warmogidgeniaT?

-aseve.

-rogor aseve?

-ese igi, imave xerxiT da saSualebiT, riTac “muSas” kiTxulobda

akaki. Tqven mSvenivrad mogexsenebaT, rom ama Tu im monologis Tu

leqsis temporitmi maTive Sinaarsidan unda aRmocendes. amas xSirad ver

axerxeben msaxiobebi scenaze. magram es rodi niSnavs meTodis

uvargisobas.

-savsebiT geTanxmebiT, batono valerian, Tu erT aspeqtSi

ganvixilavT sasceno metyvelebis sakiTxs. magram qmediT sityvas rogor

daveufloT metyvelebaSi, Tu misi mJReradi Tvisebebi da erovnuli

xasiaTi ar gaviTvaliswineT? ama Tu im avtoris ganwyobis saidumlo xom

misi enis ritmSi imaleba, Tu ver miageni avtoris nawarmoebis ritms da

ver SesZeli scenaze amis gadatana, ver Seqmni avtoriseul saxes.”27

miuxedavad sxvadasxva Teatraluri Sexedulebebisa, muSaoba

mimdinareobda azrTa WidilSi, cxare kamaTSi, romelic dadebiT gavlenas

axdenda studielebze.

jabadaris studia ilaSqrebda Teatralur praqtikaSi fexmokidebuli

Stampebis winaaRmdeg. varskvlavi-msaxiobebis wina Taobam didi kvali

datova qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi, amitom sakmaod rTuli procesi iyo

stereotipiuli Sexedulebebis Secvla. arada, Teatri yovelTvis

cdilobs TviTganaxlebas. g.jabadars uyiJinebdnen d.erisTavis

“samSoblos” dadgmas. is ki miiCnevda, rom axali epoqa im periodis

Tanamedrove dramaturgiiT unda yofiliyo gamagrebuli. am mxriv,

umniSvnelovanesad miaCnda daviT kldiaSvilis gamoCena samwerlo

asparezze. Tu anton Cexovma Seqmna samxatvro Teatris gamomsaxvelobiTi

formebisa Tu sceniuri urTierTobebis erTgvari safuZveli, qarTuli

TeatrisaTvis analogiur avtorad daviT kldiaSvili moiazreboda.

d.kldiaSvils “qarTvel Cexovs” am mosazrebis gamoc uwodebdnen. swored

amitom giorgi jabadarma e.bries “sarwmunoebis” paralelurad

d.kldiaSvilis “irines bednierebaze” daiwyo muSaoba da ufro metic, es

ori, erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli xasiaTisa da Janris

nawarmoebi erT speqtaklad uCvena mayurebels. Tamar wulukiZe igonebda,

Tu ra gamoxmaureba hqonda am ori piesis erT saRamos Cvenebas. ilia

zurabiSvili am warmodgenas axal sityvad miiCnevda qarTul sasceno

xelovnebaSi. “giorgi jabadari Sepyrobili iyo erTaderTi ideiT –

qarTuli Teatri Tavisi doniTa da profesionalizmiT, evropis

saukuTeso TeatrebTan mieaxlovebina.”28 Tumca im sazogadoebaSi, sadac

qarTuli Teatris varskvlavma nato gabuniam uari ganacxada marTas

rolze “darispanis gasaWirSi” mxolod im motiviT, rom es piesa mTlad

mxolod marTaze ar aris Seqmnilio da mis am gancxadebas kritikis qar-

cecxli ar daatyda Tavs, rTuli iyo sakuTari ideebis bolomde

gatareba. amas emateboda isic, rom wina Taobis msaxiobebisadmi

mayurebelSi didi ndobisa da siyvarulis fonze, ufro rTuli iyo

siaxlis damkvidreba. axalgazrda msaxiobTa namuSevrebisadmi

undoblobas winaswarve, speqtaklebis naxvamde gamoxatavdnen. magaliTad,

veriko anjafariZis debiuti “sarwmunoebaSi” araerTgvarovnad iyo

aRqmuli. erTni imasac fiqrobdnen, rom qarTul TeatrSi meore nuca

CxeiZe ver daibadeboda. iyo sxva Sexedulebebic. rogorc yovel axal

wamowyebas, studiasac gauCndnen mtrebi. akaki vasaZe werda, rom visac ar

ezareboda Cvens studias sasikvdilod seravdao. miuxedavad kritikuli

gamosvlebisa, studiis dasacavad msaxiobTa kavSiris yrilobaze sityva

warmosTqva aleqsandre axmetelma: “batonebo, daanebeT Tavi g.jabadars,

Tqven Tqveni saqme gaakeTeT, da is Tavis saqmis gakeTebas SeZlebs, Tu

xels aravin SeuSlis”. 29

“yvelas unda lideroba. yvelas unda gainawilos erTi adamianis

garjiT mopovebuli warmateba. urTierTqiSpobis vneba iyo damoukidebeli

saqarTvelos safuZvlebis damangreveli Zalac!”30

am realobidan gamomdinare, sruliad gasagebi iyo, rom g.jabadars

Zalian gauWirdeboda, Tumca mis mier daarsebuli studia seriozuli

winapiroba gaxda, 1922 wels, akaki faRavas studiis Camoyalibebisa,

romelic zustad erT weliwadSi Teatralur institutad gadakeTda.

g.jabadaris studiis daxurvam isedac krizisSi myofi qarTuli

Teatri, faqtobriv CixSi Seiyvana. studielebi, romlebic g.jabadaris

erTgulni darCnen erTxans baTumis TeatrSi moRvaweobdnen. Tbilisis

saxelmwifo drama profesionali axalgazrda samsaxiobo kadrebis

seriozul deficits ganicdida. moyvarulebi ki, ufro da ufro

aqtiurobdnen, rom rogorme Teatris scenaze moxvedriliyvnen. giorgi

jabadaris winaswarmetyveleba axda, misma studiam koleqtiuri

mmarTvelobis qveS ver iarseba, 1920 da 1921 wlebis sezonebi Cavarda.

saswrafo zomebis miReba qarTuli TeatrisaTvis sasicocxlo

aucileblobas warmoadgenda. mTeli yuradReba qarTveli “mxatelebisken”

iyo mimarTuli. aleqsandre wuwunava nel-nela Sordeboda dramatul

Teatrs da misi moRvaweoba saopero TeatriTa da kinostudiiT

Semoifargleboda. valerian SalikaSvili am droisaTvis ukve

gardacvlili iyo. giorgi jabadaris mier, studiaSi, parizidan mowveuli

vaso yuSitaSvili kvlav emigraciaSi aRmoCnda. am yvelafris

gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTuli TeatrisaTvis momavali kadrebis aRzrdis

misia akaki faRavas, mixeil qorelsa da aleqsandre axmetels unda

ekisraT. am ukanasknelma, 1920 wels, s.SanSiaSvilis “berdo zmania”

ganaxorciela, Tumca manmade, ramdenime kritikuli gamosvliT, qarTuli

Teatrisa da saTeatro pedagogikis savalalo Sedegebi SeumCneveli ar

darCenia. aSkara iyo, rom studiis Camoyalibebis gareSe saxelmwifo

drama mxolod, ukve asakSi Sesuli, Zveli varskvlavi-msaxiobebiTa da

axalgazrda araprofesionali kadrebiT arsebobas veRar gaagrZelebda.

1921 weli politikuri TvalsazrisiT, metad rTuli aRmoCnda

saqarTvelosTvis. movida axali xelisufleba, saqarTvelom realurad

dakarga damoukidebloba da ukve axali komunisturi xelisuflebisa da

ideologiis pirobebSi unda momxdariyo axali Teatraluri studiis

daarseba. jer kidev menSevikuri mTavrobis pirobebSi daisva sakiTxi

ruseTSi moRvawe kote marjaniSvilis saqarTveloSi Camoyvanis Sesaxeb,

Tumca sakiTxi mowvevamdec ar misula, banaluri motiviT – mainc ar

Camovao.

1922 wlis ianvarSi, akaki faRavas xelmZRvanelobiT, axali studia

daarsda. studia moTavsebuli iyo saxelmwifo dramis (dRevandeli

rusTavelis Teatri) sarkeebian darbazSi.

studiis gaxsnas daemTxva kidec kote marjaniSvilis saqarTveloSi

sakuTari iniciativiT CamobrZaneba. rasakvirvelia, rogorc ki

marjaniSvili saqarTveloSi daigules, maSinve SesTavazes mas

samSobloSi darCena da daiTanxmes kidec, Tumca pirvel etapze Tavad

k.marjaniSvils namdvilad ar ecala studiis muSaobaSi CarTuliyo.

studiis Seqmnamde akaki faRavas iniciativiT ramodenimejer

gamocxadda damxmare TanamSromelTa miReba, magram Tamar WavWavaZis

garda veravin ver SearCies. studiis Seqmnis paralelurad, baTumSi

moRvawe g.jabadaris studielebsac SesTavazes saxelmwifo dramaSi

gadmosvla. am SeTavazebiT TerTmeti msaxiobi Seemata saxelmwifo

dramas. maTi SemomatebiT kidev ufro metad darwmundnen profesiuli

studiis daarsebis aucileblobaSi, imdenad didi iyo sxvaoba

studielebsa da moyvarulebs Soris.

studiis saqmianobis gansazRvrisas akaki faRavam gaiTvaliswina

g.jabadaris studiis problemebi da Seecada saswavlo procesi ise

daegegma, rom pirvel etapze mxolod aucilebeli disciplinebiT

Semofargluliyvnen. studiis daarsebisTanave man daiwyo muSaoba

respublikis xelmZRvanelobasTan, raTa saTeatro xelovnebis umaRlesi

saswavlebeli gaxsniliyo saqarTveloSi.

rogorc zemoT avRniSne, studiam muSaoba ianvarSi daiwyo. Tavidanve

ganisazRvra is, rom studiis damTavrebamde studentebs sarepertuaro

Teatrze ar efiqraT. mTeli dro swavlisTvis unda daeTmoT da

praqtikisTvis mxolod saxelmwifo dramis speqtaklebis masiur scenebSi

gamosuliyvnen.

Tavdapirvelad sasceno metyvelebasa da improvizacias Tavad akaki

faRava aswavlida. Tumca maleve es saqme mixeil qorels gadaabara.

praqtikul sasceno muSaobas aleqsandre wuwunava warmarTavda, xolo

mimodramis elementebsa da etiudebs aleqsandre axmeteli aswavlida.

metyvelebis teqnikaze Tavisufali xelovani konstantine daviTaSvili

moiwvia, romelic amavdroulad xmis dayenebasa da vokals aswavlida,

cekvisa da ritmikis pedagogad ki, yofili “mxatis” msaxiobi valentina

benderoviCi-JRenti moiwvia, romelic “aisidora dunkanis meTodiT

muSaobda. grimis xelovnebas rusuli Teatris msaxiobi iakob kruCinini,

xolo xmasa da diqciaze muSaobas revoluciamdeli Teatris

saxelganTqmuli dramaturgi niko SiukaSvili gvaswavlida.” 31

studiaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda disciplinas.

meTodologiurad, Tu g.jabadaris studia erTgvari nazavi iyo

m.reinhardtis, a.antuanisa da “mxatis” gamocdilebis, a.faRavas studiam

samuSaod pirdapir samxatvro Teatris skola-studiis modeli aiRo. akaki

faRavasTvis umniSvnelovanes amocanad gadaiqca saTeatro umaRlesi

saswavleblis daarsebis idea, aqedan gamomdinare igi aqtiur saswavlo-

pedagogiur process gaeTiSa da mxolod am saorganizacio saqmeebiT

dakavda. pirveli saswavlo weli 1922 wlis 3 oqtombers gaixsna. studiis

gaxsna Zalian pompezurad Caifiqres, raTa maSindeli xelisuflebis meti

yuradReba moepovebinaT. “ak.faRavam mokle sityviT gaxsna zeimi, ris

Semdeg misasalmebeli da, saerTod Teatris Sesaxeb warmosTqves sityvebi:

k.marjaniSvilma, m.qorelma, a.axmetelma, t.tabiZem, k.gamsaxurdiam da sxv.”32

ukve erTi wlis Tavze, saqarTvelos respublikis saxalxo komisarTa

sabWom gamosca dekreti: “Seqmnili iqnas Sesaferisi instituti sasceno

ganaTlebisa, romelSiac Cven aRvzrdiT da gavwvrTniT sabWoTa

aRmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro sasceno axalgazrdobas. aseTi saWiroeba

aris aramc Tu dramis, aramed operis dargSiac. risTvisac ganaTlebis

komisaris azriT, unda Seiqmnas axali dawesebuleba, sasceno xelovnebis

Sesaswavli umaRlesi skola saxelwodebiT “saTeatro instituti”,

romlis Semavali nawili iqneba: 1) dramatuli studia 2) dramatuli

skola 3) saopero studia 4) saopero gundi, klasi 5) plastikuri da

riTmuli gimnastikis klasi. pedagogebad mowveulni arian: kote

marjaniSvili, akaki faRava, aleqsandre axmeteli, mixeil qoreli,

profesorebi: i.javaxiSvili, g.CubinaSvili, r.naTaZe, d.andronikaSvili,

d.uznaZe, h.gronevaki, v.JRenti.”33

am dadgenilebiT dasrulda erTi didi etapi qarTuli saTeatro

pedagogikis ganviTarebis gzaze. giorgi jabadarisa da akaki faRavas

studiebma umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula qarTuli Teatris

istoriaSi. saqarTveloSi saTeatro pedagogika sakmaod ganviTarda da

aucilebloba warmoiSva umaRlesi saswavleblis warmoqmnisa, romelSic

faqtobrivad gaizarda qarTuli samsaxiobo skolis warmomadgenelTa

absoluturi umravlesoba.

giorgi jabadarisa da akaki faRavas studiebis wyalobiT,

pedagogiuri azrovneba damkvidrda saTeatro xelovnebaSi. Tu pirveli

qarTveli profesionali reJisorebis samSobloSi dabrunebas

araerTgvarovnad Sexvdnen, gansakuTrebiT Zveli Taobis msaxiobebi, XX

saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi yvelas gaazrebuli hqonda

profesiuli studiis arsebobis aucilebloba. am gamocdilebis

gaziarebiT ufro meti da meti interpretaciis saSualeba miecaT

momavali Taobebis aRmzrdel reJisor-pedagogebs. yovelive amis

gaTvaliswinebiT zemoT xsenebulma orma studiam istoriuli roli

Seasrula qarTuli Teatris cxovrebaSi da profesiul WrilSi

gansazRvra kidec misi momavali.

Tavi III

kote marjaniSvili da aleqsandre axmeteli –

qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis fuZemdeblebi

saTeatro umaRlesi saswavleblis daarseba ociani wlebis

saqarTvelos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes movlenad iqca. 5 wliT adre, 1918

wels daarsda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti da iq moRvawe

profesorTa absoluturma umravlesobam araTu aitaca saxelovnebo

umaRlesi saswavleblis daarsebis idea, aramed pirvelive saswavlo

wlidan Tavadac aqtiurad Caebnen saswavlo procesSi.

saTeatro institutis pirveli miReba 1924 wels ganxorcielda, imave

wels gamouSves pirvel studentTa nakadic, radgan intitutis daarsebis

brZanebaSi pirdapir iyo miTiTebuli, rom is akaki faRavas studiis

bazaze iqmneboda. studielebi institutis daarsebisTanave studentebad

iqcnen da pirvel gamoSvebadac CaiTvalnen.

studiisgan gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifo biujetze myof umaRles

saswavlebelSi ukve mravali iseTi sagani iswavleboda, romelic

studiuri muSaobisa da dafinansebis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iyo.

ganisazRvra saswavlo wlebis Sesabamisi programebi. institut

damTavrebulis statusi gulisxmobda, students, romelsac gavlili da

Cabarebuli hqonda Semdegi disciplinebi: solfejio, akrobatika,

farikaoba, esTetika, xelovnebis istoria, fsiqologia, qarTuli ena,

anatomia, fiziologia, higiena, diqcia, mxatvruli metyveleba,

improvizacia, mimodrama, grimi, plastika, simRera, literaturisa da

dramis istoria, tanisamosis istoria da artistuli niWiereba.

disciplinebis CamonaTvalidan gamomdinare, cxadi iyo, rom saTeatro

instituti iZleoda TiTqmis sauniversiteto ganaTlebas. Seiqmna

pedagogiuri sabWo, romelSic Sediodnen: “profesori akaki SaniZe,

profesori dimitri uznaZe, profesori aleqsandre naTiSvili,

dramaturgi nikoloz SiukaSvili, msaxiobi iakob kruCinini, giorgi

didebuliZe, profesori giorgi CubinaSvili, profesori ioseb Sarlemani,

pedagogi i.falkoni, diriJori aleqsandre gvelesiani, pedagogi valentina

JRenti, profesori olga Sulgina, cirkis msaxiobi akrobati manioni.

pedagogiuri sabWos mdivani, docenti k.kapaneli, institutis samxatvro

xelmZRvaneli kote marjaniSvili, institutis direqtori akaki faRava.”34

im periodis rusTavelis Teatrs kote marjaniSvili

xelmZRvanelobda, mTavar reJisorad ki aleqsandre axmeteli iyo. igive

tandemi muSaobda institutSic. programa, romelic sasceno xelovnebis

swavlebas iTvaliswinebda savaraudod swored maTi da akaki faRavas

Sedgenili iyo. amis damadasturebeli utyuari, zusti cnobebi ar

moipoveba, Tumca iqedan gamomdinare, rom praqtikul mecadineobebs

swored isini atarebdnen, logikurad asec iqneboda.

instituti, iseve rogorc a.faRavas studia, rusTavelis TeatrSi

ganTavsda. es logikuric iyo, radgan iseve rogorc rusTavelis Teatrs,

institutsac k.marjaniSvili da a.axmeteli xelmZRvanelobdnen.

kote marjaniSvili aRiarebulia qarTuli Teatris reformatorad.

reforma ki Seexo, rogorc qveynis pirvel Teatrs, ise saTeatro

pedagogikas. yvela is gamocdileba, rac ki dagrovili iyo aTwleulebis

manZilze qarTul TeatrSi erT meTodologiur safuZvelSi moeqca da

swored aseTi myari safuZveliT daiwyo arseboba saTeatro umaRlesma

saswavlebelma.

Tavis mxriv, aleqsandre axmetels ukve hqonda pedagogiuri muSaobis

gamocdileba akaki faRavas daarsebul studiaSi. amasTan kote

marjaniSvilTan yoveldRiurma SemoqmedebiTma saqmianobam igi

Camoayaliba, rogorc erT-erT umniSvnelovanes reJisorad, aseve

pedagogad.

Cvenamde moaRwia TiToeuli praqtikuli sagnis saswavlo gegmam,

romlis gaaanalizebisas SeiZleba davxatoT suraTi, Tu ra prioritetebi

arsebobda momavali msaxiobebis aRzrdis saqmeSi.

TiToeuli jgufisaTvis kviraSi sami orsaaTiani gakveTili eTmoboda

xmis dayenebas, sunTqvisa da diqciis mowesrigebas. kote marjaniSvilic

da aleqsandre axmetelic udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen msaxiobis

xmisa da sametyvelo aparatis mowesrigebas. Tavdapirvelad, studentebi

gadiodnen sasunTqi organoebis mokle anatomiur mimoxilvas, amis Semdeg,

sxvadasxva saxis sunTqvas, maT Rirsebasa da nakls, mxolod Semdgom

gadadiodnen swori sunTqviT varjiSobebze, “sunTqviT gimnastikaze”.

calke uTmobdnen dros xmis dayenebas metyvelebisTvis da xmis dayenebas

simRerisTvis. Semdeg arkvevdnen maT msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas,

amuSavebdnen sametyvelo bel kantos, bgeris forte da piano

JReradobebs, intervalebs. amis Semdeg iwyeboda muSaoba warmoTqmaze,

metyvelebis naklovanebebsa da maTi gamosworebis saSualebebze, xmis

diapazonze, paTosiTa Tu antipaTosiT kiTxviT varjiSebze, metyvel da

mkvdar pauzebze. Semdeg iyo ukve poeturi da prozauli nawyvetebi, maTi

analizi, kiTxvis reliefuroba, koloriti, melodia. xmis tembris

modulaciebze varjiSi, agreTve saxasiaTo kiTxva, komikuri da

tragikuli intonaciebiT varjiSi, swrafTqmaSi anu sxvapasxupSi varjiSi,

sicilSezavebuli da tirilSezavebuli warmoTqmebi da bolos muSaoba

dialogze da monologze.

calke sagnad iyo gamoyofili mimodrama, romlis kursic akaki

faRavas studiaSi aleqsandre axmetels mihyavda. mimodramasTan erTad

a.axmeteli aswavlida disciplinas, romelsac improvizacia erqva.

saTeatro institutSi es ori sagani gaerTianda, mas kviraSi sami saaTi

eTmoboda.

am disciplinis Seswavlasac Tavisi programa gaaCnda, romelic ase

iyo Camoyalibebuli: “1. sasceno xelovnebis ZiriTadi elementebi: gancda,

sityva da moZraoba. 2. cneba mimodrama. 3. mimika da sityva. pirvelyofil

adamianTa da yru-munjebis Jestebis ena. 4. mimodrama da dialogi.

mimodrama, rogorc dialogis dasawyisi (dasabami). mimodrama TviT

dialogis dros da dialogis dasasruls. 5. xuTi grZnoba: mxedveloba,

smena, gemovneba, Sexeba da ynosva. 6. ganwyobileba da gancda. emociebi. 7.

SegrZnebis obieqti da energiis micema. energiis dagroveba. 8. grZnoba,

rogorc SegrZneba. 9. Sinagani da garegani dialogi. 10. sityva, rogorc

Sinagani dialogis gaxmaureba. 11. moZraoba. moZraobis riTmi, moZraoba,

rogorc gancdis Sedegi. moZraoba, SeCereba da moZraobis Secvla.

simkvrive da moZraobis tempi. moZraobis damokidebuleba ganwyobilebisa

da gancdisagan. moZraobaTa plastikuri forma.”35

yelis higienas kviraSi erTi saaTi eTmoboda, cekvasa da plastikas –

oTxi, aseve oTxi saaTi iyo gamoyofili tanvarjiSsa da farikaobaze,

grimze ki - ori saaTi kviraSi. danarCeni saaTebi msaxiobis

ostatobisTvis iyo gamoyofili, romelic kviraSi ocdaaT saaTs aRwevda,

amas emateboda is Teoriuli mecadineobebi, romelsac universitetis

wamyvani profesura warmarTavda. mniSvnelovan saganTa CamonaTvalSi iyo

fsiqologia. msoflioSi aRiarebuli mecnieri dimitri uznaZe, romelic

am sagans warmarTavda mWidro SemoqmedebiT kavSirSi iyo jgufis

xelmZRvanelTan. fsiqologiis disciplinis saswavlo programa

SemuSavebuli iyo kote marjaniSvilTan da aleqsandre axmetelTan erTad

da masSi swored msaxiobis profesiisaTvis aucilebeli niuansebiT iyo

gajerebuli. sagansac aseve erqva – fsiqologia – sasceno Semoqmedebasa

da sasceno TeoriasTan dakavSirebuli. “1.fsiqologia da misi roli

sasceno SemoqmedebaSi. 2.piesis teqsti da sasceno libreto. 3. sxvadasxva

saxis piesa. maTi Seswavla sasceno da fsiqologiuri mxriT. 4.

samecniero da samxatvro muSaoba aqtiorisa. 5. rolis detalebi. 6.

siyalbe da simarTle rolis SesrulebaSi. 7. msaxiobis muSaoba scenamde

da scenaze. 8. msaxiobis garegnoba. 9. analizi da sinTezi. 10. skola da

STagoneba. 11 SemecnebiTi procesi. 12. aqtiori da publika. 13.

mayurebelTa da koleqtivis fsiqologia. 14. mises en sene. mniSvneloba

msaxiobisa da reJisorisaTvis. 15. Segnebuli Semoqmedeba da STagoneba. 16.

Teatris popularizacia. saxalxo da intimuri Teatri. 17. aqtioris

saSemoqmedo masala: teqsti, remarka, xasiaTi, ansambli, reJisoris mier

micemuli amocana. 18. replika. 19. forma da Sinaarsi piesisa. 20.

monologi, dialogi, triada. 21. tempiT riTmi piesisa, roli, calke

scenebi. 22. msaxiobi – ilustratori da msaxiobi – mimbaZveli, Semoqmedi

aqtiori. sxvis sityvebisagan damokidebuli sakuTari sityvebi. sasceno

Sesrulebis tradiciebi. 23. repeticia da speqtakli. 24. loRikuri da

meqanikuri mexsiereba. 25. gansaxeba. sasceno yuradReba. 26. roliT

gamsWvalva. 27. moxerxeba. 28. grZnoba, mgrZnobeloba, nerviuloba da

nervianoba. 29. ganwyobileba. gancda. emociebi. temperamenti, gemovneba.

fantazia. 30. sasceno saxe da misi gansaxiereba. 31. samxatvro zoma da

taqti. 32. reali. cxovrebis gamosaxva. 33. impresionizmi. pirobiToba,

stilizacia. 34. morTuloba. sadekoracio nawili da misi kavSiri

aqtiorTan. 35. tanisamosi da grimi msaxiobisa. 36. yofa-cxovreba. 37.

paTologiuri rolebi. 38. Jestikulacia. borotad gamoyeneba Jestisa da

ekonomia Jestisa. 39. Segnebuli da Seugnebeli plastika. 40. poza. grimasa.

41. sicili, cremli, yvirili. 42. toni. 43. pauza. siCume da carieli

adgilebi scenaze. 44. scenis iluzia. 45. scenis optika. 46. reJisorisa da

aqtioris perspeqtiva scenaze. 47. rolis mistika. 48. gansaxierebuli saxis

rwmena. 49. tragediebis Sesruleba. berZenTa tragedia. tragedia

Seqspirisa. komedia, xumroba, vodevili. 50. Tanamedrove Ziebani. 51.

frangebis, italielTa, germanelTa da rusi aqtiorebis saxasiaTo

Taviseburebani. 52. moskovis samxatvro Teatri da misi mniSvneloba. 53.

miunhenis samxatvro Teatri. momavali Teatris roli.”36

kote marjaniSvili, vidre sakuTar beds moskovis samxatvro Teatrs

daukavSirebda, ilia WavWavaZisa da akaki wereTlis esTetikuri

azrovnebis gavlenas ganicdida. Tavadac yvarleli da didi ilias karis

mezobeli, pataraobidanve iyo CarTuli qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebis

saqmeSi. jer, rogorc mayurebeli, Semdeg artistoba daiwyo da akaki

wereTlis reJisorobiT ramodenime warmodgenaSic iTamaSa. vidre

ruseTSi wavidoda, mas kargad hqonda Seswavlili qarTuli Teatris

awmyo da albaT Tavisi Sexedulebebic hqonda mis momavalze. ruseTSi

yofnisas gaacnobiera, rom profesiul safuZvlebs moklebul qarTul

Teatrs Svela sWirdeboda. qarTuli Teatri msoflio Teatris

ganviTarebis ritms daSorda da es Soridanac kargad igrZnoboda. kote

marjaniSvilis erTi SexedviT SemTxveviTi Camosvla saqarTveloSi,

qarTuli Teatris gadarCenis tolfasad gadaiqca. saTeatro pedagogikis

mimarTulebiT, is programebi da gegmebi, rac SemuSavda faRavas studiis

institutad gadaqcevis Semdgom, garantia iyo saqarTveloSi profesiuli

Teatris damkvidrebisa. imdenad didi sxvaoba SeiniSneboda

profesionalsa da moyvarul msaxiobs Soris, rom ukve Semdgom wlebSi

aucilebeli gaxda saTeatro saswavleblis kontigentis gazrda. saxalxo

Teatrebis muSaoba erTi wuTiTac ar Senelebula XX saukunis

saqarTveloSi, Tumca saxelmwifo Teatrebi aqtiurad nadirobdnen

profesiul kadrebze, imdenad TvalSisacemi iyo sxvaoba

profesionalizmsa da diletantizms Soris. calke Temaa niWiereba.

yofila SemTxvevebi, rom gansakuTrebuli niWis adamianebi profesiuli

ganaTlebis gareSec miuRiaT TeatrebSi, Tumca es ufro meore msoflio

omis Semdgom periodSi mamakaci msaxiobebis deficitiT aixsneboda.

mTavari ki is iyo, rom 1923 wels saTeatro institutis daarsebam da

kote marjaniSvilisa da aleqsandre axmetelis pedagogiurma miRwevebma

gansazRvra Semdgomi aTwleulebis qarTuli Teatris profesionalizmis

xarisxi da igi Semoqmedebis axal, gacilebiT ufro maRal safexurze

aiyvana.

am ori reJisoris SemoqmedebiTi Tanaarseboba didxans ar

gagrZelebula, maTi SemoqmedebiTi konfliqtis Semdeg, saTeatro

instituts isev studiebad daSla eloda, Tumca imdenad mZlavri

pedagogiuri impulsi Caido im oTxi saswavlo wlis manZilze ocian

wlebSi saTeatro institutis arsebobisas, rom mis gareSe sul raRac 12

weli gaZlo qveyanam da 1939 wels kvlav aRadgines da dRemde aRar

Seuwyvetia arseboba, ufro metic uamravi fakulteti daemata, gaizarda,

universitetad gadakeTda da dRes erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani

SemoqmedebiTi saswavlebelia.

Tu iliam da akakim wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis

daarsebiT farTo masebi Caabes ganaTlebis ferxulSi, kote

marjaniSvilma daagvirgvina giorgi erisTavis, ilia WavWavaZis, akaki

wereTlis, vaso abaSiZis, lado mesxiSvilis, valerian gunias, giorgi

jabadaris, valerian SalikaSvilis, aleqsandre wuwunavas, akaki faRavas,

mixeil qorelisa da sxvaTa saqme da qarTuli Teatris reforma moaxdina.

“miqelanjelo, ticiani, rembranti da saerTod yvela didi mxatvari jer

kidev XV-XVI saukuneebSi im mizniT, rom sworad daexataT adamiani,

swavlobdnen da Tanac zedmiwevniT dawvrilebiT, anatomiasa da

mecnierebis sxva dargebs. codnis gareSe niWi nulia. unda Caujde

wignebs, unda iswavlo, kargad Seiswavlo yvelaferi, rac exeba

cxovrebiseul simarTles, bunebis kanonebs, mis damokidebulebas

mzisadmi – mxolod aseTi codniT SeiZleba didi saqmis keTeba

xelovnebaSi, xolo mciredis keTeba saerTod cxovrebaSi sazizRari da

gulisamrevi ramaa, xelovnebaSi ki – miT umetes.”37– werda kote

marjaniSvili.

saerTo ganaTlebisadmi udidesi yuradReba imTaviTve iqca saTeatro

institutis savizito baraTad. studenti valdebuli iyo skrupulozurad

Seeswavla avtoris epoqa, im qveynis istoria, sadac iwereboda piesa an

viTardeboda piesis siuJeti, avtoris sxva nawarmoebebi, kritika avtorze...

anu zedmiwevniT unda gacnoboda yvelafers, rac konkretuli

nawarmoebisa Tu avtoris irgvliv arsebobda. kote marjaniSvils miaCnda,

rom Teatris ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod dramaturgiis

ganviTarebasTan erTad. igi gaxarebuli iyo daviT kldiaSvilis

gamoCeniT qarTul dramaturgiaSi. yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals Salva

dadianis, polikarpe kakabaZis Semoqmedebas.

Tavis mxriv aleqsandre axmeteli megobrobda sandro SanSiaSvilTan,

1920 wels dadga kidec misi piesa “berdo zmania”. repertuarSi misi sxva

piesebic Seitana. jer kidev 1912 wels a.axmetelma gamoaqveyna werili

“saxalxo gazeTSi”, romelsac “qarTuli Teatris krizisi” erqva.

aleqsandre axmeteli miiCnevda, rom Tanamedrove dramaturgia ar

asaxavda im suliskveTebas, rac realurad arsebobda imdroindel

saqarTveloSi. aqedan gamomdinare ar iqmneboda axali qarTuli drama.

qarTuli Teatri ki Teatri-gamrTobis funqcias asrulebda. sxva

funqciis Sesasruleblad ki, dramaturgiis ar arsebobis garda,

msaxiobebic ar hyavdaT. ar iyo skola, romelic axali sityvis, axali

azris gamomxatvel msaxiobs aRzrdida. “Cveni eris sulieri kveTeba

jerjerobiT dramatul formebSi Camoyalibebuli ar iyo”38 – werda

aleqsandre axmeteli.

aleqsandre axmetelma, romelic jer kidev akaki faRavas studiidan

moyolebuli aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli pedagogiur saqmianobaSi, 1923 wlis 2

ianvars, qarTuli Teatris dResTan dakavSirebiT, kidev erTi werili

gamoaqveyna, sadac Camoyalibebuli hqonda sakuTari mosazrebani, Tu

rogori unda iyos qarTveli msaxiobi. werili, romelic ufro metad

saaxalwlo milocvad SeiZleba miviCnioT, Seicavda mTel rig

Sexedulebebs, romlebic man rogorc pedagogma da Semdeg ukve rogorc

reJisorma praqtikaSi mosinja. “saWiroa, qarTuli Tvisebis qarTveli

msaxiobi rom Seiqmnas... qarTveli msaxiobi garegnulad mouxeSavia,

tlanqi, zanti – Teatri Cvenic mZimea, dinji, utemperamento. igi unda

daimsxvres, moizniqos, rom gaxdes moqnili, rbili, cecxlovani,

SuSpariani, rogorc TviT qarTveli. da gveqneba Teatri aRgznebis,

Teatri rixiani, gabeduli, gmiris, ze-pirovnebis. Teatri mona-morCilia,

usaxo, ucxvirpiro, gaubedavi. igi unda gaxdes nebismyofi, SfoTi,

gorozi, rixiani, kadnieri, rogorc TviT qarTveli, rom Sehqmnas Teatri

grZnobis, nebis, kadnierebis, namdvili qarTuli Teatri. amasTan Cven

gvaklia codna, gamocdileba, survili – siyvaruli Teatrisadmi.

namdvili codna, gamocdileba, Tavdaviwyebuli siyvaruli mogvcems im

axal Teatrs, romelic qveynierebis yursa da guls daimonebs.”39

Tavidanve studiaSi a. axmeteli improvizaciis xelovnebasa da

mimodramas aswavlida. msaxiobis ostatobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

Tvisebaa improvizacia. dResac ki, zogierT msaxiobs da ara marto

students, improvizacia avtoris teqstze sakuTari sityvebis damateba

hgonia. a.axmeteli da k.marjaniSvili, viTarebidan gamomdinare, students

ucvlidnen amocanas, aZlevdnen srul Tavisuflebas, raTa maqsimalurad

warmoeCinaT maT sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. improvizaciis unari

namdvilad aucilebeli iyo iseTi sinTezuri msaxiobisaTvis, rogoric am

or did reJisors esaWiroeboda. “...yovelmxriv gawvrTnili aqtiori,

romelic Tanabari siZlieriT flobs sityvasa da Jests, moZraobasa da

musikas, TamaSobs tragediasa da operetas, pantomimasa da dramas.”40

saTeatro institutis pirvel or gamoSvebaSi, romelTac umaRlesi

saswavleblis diplomebi aiRes, swavlobdnen: vaso goZiaSvili, Tamar

wulukiZe, pavle kandelaki, ivlita jorjaZe, maliko mrevliSvili,

grigol laRiZe, sesilia TayaiSvili, buxuti maRlakeliZe, vaniko laRiZe

da sxvebi. es swored is jgufebi iyo, romelic akaki faRavam aiyvana

studiaSi da Semdeg avtomaturad gaxdnen saTeatro institutis

studentebi. maTTan msaxiobis ostatobaze muSaobda mixeil qoreli,

mxolod 1923-1924 wlebSi maTTvis damamTavrebel saswavlo wels

aswavlida am jgufs kote marjaniSvili. k.marjaniSvilma gadawyvita

studentebTan ganexorcielebina Tamar vaxvaxiSvilis pantomima

“mzeTamze”. amas win uswrebda erTi faqti. marjaniSvils wesad hqonda,

rom sezonis dasasruls dasi mihyavda romelime kurortze dasasveneblad

da iq dasvenebis paralelurad, emzadebodnen momavali sezonisaTvis. 1923

wlis zafxulSi, akaki faRavamac sakuTari studielebi rusTavelis

Teatris dasTan erTad waiyvana, sadac agrZelebdnen studiur muSaobas

mixeil qorelTan erTad. swored im zafxuls moawyves saqvelmoqmedo

koncerti, studiis dasaxmareblad. koncerts didZali damsvenebeli

daeswro da soliduri Tanxac Seagroves. koncertSi mxolod studielebi

monawileobdnen. im koncertze SeniSna k.marjaniSvilma axal msaxiob-

studielTa jgufi, romelTanac moisurva pantomimuri warmodgenis

ganxorcieleba.

Tavdapirvelad, mis axal wamowyebas skeptikurad Sexvdnen,

gansakuTrebiT ki isini, romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom msaxiobis aRzrdis

erTaderTi meTodi konstantine stanislavskis naSromebSi iyo

moTavsebuli, Tumca kote marjaniSvili sxvagvarad udgeboda sakiTxs. man

gailaSqra kidec samxatvro Teatris winaaRmdeg da miiCnevda, rom

Tanamedrove azrovnebis is formebi da meTodebi, rac am TeatrSi iyo

damkvidrebuli moZvelda da ganaxlebas saWiroebda. “samxatvro

TeatrisTvis cxovrebis yoveldRiuri yofa iqca TviTmiznad im dros,

rodesac mTeli azri mis sadResaswaulo bunebaSia, mis sixarulSi.

moskovis samxatvro Teatri mTlianad gadarTulia gancdaze, sakuTari

sulis siRrmeSi mimdinare procesebze, vinaidan misTvis arsebobis azri

msaxiobis gancdaSia. man uarhyo forma, is ar grZnobs cxovrebis ritms.”41

es erTgvari galaSqreba iyo lamis dogmadqceul saswavlo

meTodebze, romelic fexmokidebuli iyo im periodis rusul Teatralur

skolebSi. erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi konfliqtic qarTvel “mxatelebTan”

swored amis gamo arsebobda da Tu davakvirdebiT, gansakuTrebiT

rusTavelis TeatrSi ganviTarebul movlenebs a.axmetelis garda, Teatrs

reJisorad aravin SerCa, anu “mxatelebi” nel-nela CamoSordnen

rusTavelis Teatrs. es namdvilad ar gulisxmobda imas, rom kote

marjaniSvili aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege yofiliyo konstantine

stanislavskis ideebisa. piriqiT, igi Tavis maswavleblad miiCnevda

k.stanislavskis, Tumca miaCnda, rom XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX

saukunis dasawyisSi, arsebuli realobidan, politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu

socialuri fonis gaTvaliswinebiT, im dramaturgiis dabadebiTac

(a.Cexovi, m.gorki, l.andreevi) kanonzomieri iyo is, rogori ganviTarebac

miiRo rusulma Teatrma. Tumca XX saukunis aTiani wlebidan, roca is

Seawuxa “Tavisufali Teatrisa” da sinTezuri msaxiobis ideam, miiCnevda,

rom Teatrica da Teatraluri pedagogikac mudmiv TviTganaxlebas unda

daqvemdebareboda. miT ufro, unda gaTvaliswinebuliyo qveynis erovnuli

tradicia, genetikuri tempo-ritmi da fesvebi ar unda damorCileboda

brmad, romelime sxva eris Teatris ganviTarebis gamocdilebas.

swored amitomac, rodesac 1925 wels samxatvro Teatrma didi

gastroli moawyo TbilisSi, aRfrTovanebuli qarTveli mayureblisa da

ukve profesionali msaxiobebis Sefasebebi garkveul analizs efuZneboda.

“STabeWdilebis aseTi grandiozuli doziT miRebam SeiZleba daabnios

kidec axalgazrda msaxiobi, Tu mas erovnuli xelovnebis tradiciuli

kultura ar eqneba. vaso abaSiZisa da lado mesxiSvilis tradiciebze

aRzrdils, mitacebda da maocebda samxatvro Teatris msaxiobTa TamaSi,

magram ucodinariviT ar maSterebda da ar mabnevda. vuyurebdi

warmodgenebs, Semdeg vixsenebdi qarTul scenis saxelovani korifeebis

mxatvrul saxeTa galereas, Cveni Taobis axalgazrda Zalebis

monacemebsac viTvaliswinebdi, warmovidgendi Cvens SesaZleblobebs da

qarTuli saTeatro xelovnebis didi momavlis saocari rwmena

mesaxeboda.”42 – werda akaki vasaZe.

kote marjaniSvilis saqarTveloSi Camosvlamde, erovnuli Teatris

ideis garda, swored am azrebs aviTarebda sandro axmetelic, Tumca

marto darCenili sakuTar azrebTan, rTulad axerxebda winaaRmdegobebis

daZlevas. misi pirveli speqtaklis, s.SanSiaSvilis “berdo zmanias”,

pirvel repeticiaze msaxiobebs boikotis gamocxadebac ki hqondaT

Cafiqrebuli, Tumca man ise waiyvana procesi, rom repeticiis dasasruls

taSiTac daajildoves. oskar uaildis “salomeas” dadgmis Semdeg ki, rom

ara kote marjaniSvili da misi Zalian dadebiTi mosazrebani sandro

axmetelis reJisorul alRosTan da SemoqmedebiT miswrafebebTan

dakavSirebiT, SesaZloa speqtakli kritikis qar-cecxlSi gaetarebinaT.

arada, k.marjaniSvilis Camosvlamdec interesi mis mimarT sakmaod

cxoveli iyo. faqtobrivad sajaro gamosvlebisa da werilebis garda,

romelsac a.axmeteli dro da dro aqveynebda im periodis periodul

presaSi, sareJisoro miswrafebani masSi ar SeiniSneboda, Tumca mainc

moxvda jer dimitri arayiSvilis yuradRebis centrSi, romelmac saopero

studiaSi sakuTari operis “Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelzes” dadgma

SesTavaza, xolo Semdeg mixeil qorelisa da qarTveli “mxatelebis”

interesi gamoiwvia. jer kidev 1918 wels qoreli swerda akaki faRavas

axmetelis Sesaxeb. xolo 1920 wels roca g.jabadaris studia daixura da

qarTuli Teatri suls Rafavda, valerian guniam yvelasaTvis

moulodnelad saxelmwifo dramis reJisoroba SesTavaza mas.

aleqsandre axmetelis SemoqmedebiT-pedagogiur potencials kote

marjaniSvili saqarTveloSi dabrunebisTanave aqtiurad akvirdeboda da

sul ramodenime TveSi gverdSi amoiyena da erTad Seudgnen im ideis

ganxorcielebas, rasac sinTezuri TeatrisaTvis axali tipis msaxiobis

aRzrda erqva.

kote marjaniSvili da aleqsandre axmeteli TavianTi xasiaTiTa da

SemoqmedebiTi kredoTi erTmaneTs abalansebdnen. Tu kote marjaniSvilis

sarepeticio Tu saswavlo procesi foierverkebiT iyo aRsavse da

erTgvar bohemur xasiaTsac atarebda, aleqsandre axmetelis leqcia-

repeticiebze SeiniSneboda gansakuTrebuli disciplina da

momTxovneloba. mimodramis pedagog a.axmetelisTvis umniSvnelovanesi

aRmoCnda k.marjaniSvilis idea studielebTan pantomimuri warmodgenis

ganxorcielebisa.

Tumca mTeli es periodi saTeatro institutis arsebobisa Znelia

ganvixiloT damoukideblad, rusTavelis TeatrSi ganviTarebuli

movlenebis gareSe. garda imisa, rom rusTavelis Teatri da instituti

erT SenobaSi Tanaarsebobdnen da erTi xelmZRvanelobis qveS

imyofebodnen, studielebi, Semdgom ki studentebi aq-iq monawileobdnen

sxvadasxva warmodgenebSi da aqedan gamomdinare xSir SemTxvevaSi

TeatrSi mimdinare movlenebis epicentrSic eqceodnen.

1924 wlis 29 ianvars speqtakl “interesTa TamaSis” rigiT

warmodgenaze korporacia “durujis” gamocxadeba-dafuZneba, korporantTa

manifesti, am movlenis Semdgom ganviTarebuli peripetiebi adekvaturad

aisaxeboda studentur cxovrebazec. TavisTavad droSi iweleboda

“mzeTamzes” dadgmac, romelic mxolod 1925-1926 wlebis sezonSi

ganxorcielda, maSin roca studentTa absoluturi umravlesoba ukve

rusTavelis Teatris dasis wevrebi iyvnen. “pantomimaze muSaoba Zalian

gagviWianurda. konstantine aleqsandres Ze ar Cqarobda mizanscenebis

scenaze gadatanas. Cven ukve karga xania davamTavreT institutic da

TeatrSic CaviricxeT, Tumca “mzeTamzes” repeticiebs bolo ar uCanda.

ufrosi Taobis zogierTi msaxiobi ukmayofilebas gamoxatavda da

saerTod ver acnobierebda ra aucilebloba iyo pantomimis dadgma. es

xmebi batoni kotes yuramdec aRwevda. is brazobda. “nuTu ver xvdebian,

ramxela mniSvneloba aqvs msaxiobis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi pantomimas?”

ase iyo Tu ise “mzeTamzes” premiera mainc Sedga. presaSic mravali

saqebari sityva daiwera, Tumca speqtakli im sezonis bolomde sul

ramodenimejer viTamaSeT da morCa.”43 – igonebs “mzeTamzeSi” mTavari

rolis Semsrulebeli msaxiobi Tamar wulukiZe.

cnobili Teatrmcodne eTer guguSvili monografiaSi “kote

marjaniSvili” “mzeTamzes” mniSvnelobaze mogviTxobs, rogorc

studielebis, ise rusTavelis Teatris cxovrebaSi, “pantomimis JanrSi

muSaobisas kote marjaniSvilma wminda esTetikuri xasiaTis amocana

dausaxa sakuTar Tavs. mas surda, rom rogorc Teatris msaxiobebs, ise

axalbeda gamoucdel studielebs plastikisa da Jestis xelovneba

SeeswavlaT... misi survili iyo msaxiobebSi gaemZafrebina ritmis

SegrZneba, musikaluroba... rusTavelis TeatrSi misi moRvaweobis bolo

wlebSi sul ufro da ufro xSirad anawilebda studentebs speqtaklebSi.

swored am periodSi avdotias TiTqmis usityvo rolSi, speqtaklSi “mzis

dabneleba saqarTveloSi”, gaibrwyina jer kidev studentma sesilia

TayaiSvilma. imave “mzis dabnelebaSi” mosamsaxure ivanes rolSi Sedga

vaso goZiaSvilis debiuti. institutidan Teatrs Seematnen pier kobaxiZe,

emanuil afxaiZe, goguca kupraSvili, maliko mrevliSvili, sergo WeliZe,

poko murRulia da sxv.”44

garda samsaxiobo jgufebisa, rogorc Tavdapirvel brZanebaSi iyo

naTqvami saTeatro institutSi Seiqmna saopero studiac. kote

marjaniSvilma cnobili diriJori ivane faliaSvili amoiyena gverdSi da

dramis msaxiobTa aRzrdis paralelurad, saopero studiaSic didi

SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba gaiSala. kote marjaniSvili da aleqsandre

axmeteli am saqmianobaSic aqtiurad Caebnen. saopero studiis pirvel

gamoSvebaSi iyvnen XX saukunis qarTuli saopero xelovnebis korifeebi:

daviT badriZe, daviT andRulaZe, petre amiranaSvili, nadeJda comaia da

sxvebi. Teatris orkestrSi ukravdnen evgeni miqelaZe, Salva

azmaifaraSvili, iona tuskia, vano gokieli... kote marjaniSvilma maTTan

dasadgmelad Cimarozas “faruli qorwineba” SearCia. k.marjaniSvili

saopero studiis studentebTanac zustad ise muSaobda, rogorc

dramatuli studiis studentebTan. isinic euflebodnen msaxiobis

ostatobas, sasceno metyvelebas, plastikas...

akaki vasaZe erTxans sasceno metyvelebis pedagogad miiwvies

institutSi. imis gamo rom “faruli qorwineba” reCitativebiT iyo savse,

mas uSualod am warmodgenazec mouxda studielebTan muSaoba. “operaze

reJisorisa da diriJoris muSaobis wesebma damainteresa da maT

erTobliv repeticiebs veswrebodi. aseT repeticiebze CemTvis naTeli

gaxda, rom reJisorisa da diriJoris mxatvruli Canafiqri nawarmoebis

partituras unda emyarebodes. partituris mixedviT ganisazRvreba misi

Janrica da moqmedi pirebis xasiaTebic.”45

akaki vasaZes kote marjaniSvilma neba darTo pirvelkurselebTan

daedga J.b.molieris “barbulies eWvianoba”. “...sixarulisagan meSvide

caze viyavi, radgan bevri icina batonma kotem da ras vifiqrebdi, Tu

speqtaklis damTavrebis Semdeg, swored im adgilebs damiwunebda,

romelTac, Cemi azriT, yvelaze meti STabeWdileba unda moexdina

maswavlebelze. –Cemo akaki, roca uSualo improvizaciiT migyavs

barbulie – es sasaciloa, swored ase unda muSaoba molieris erTaqtian

piesebze, sadac is “komedia del’artes” didi gavlenis qveS imyofeba,

magram roca “gaaznaurebuli mdabiodan” sesxulob mza formebs, jer

erTi, yoveli gadmotana xelovnebaSi mxolod gadmotanaa da meorec,

saqmes es ar Svelis... reJisura valdebulia avtoris azrs Cawvdes,

avtoriseuli forma ganaxorcielos.”46

amasobaSi SemoqmedebiTma konfliqtma kote marjaniSvilsa da

aleqsandre axmetels Soris piks miaRwia. marjaniSvilma datova rogorc

rusTavelis Teatri, ise saTeatro instituti. am faqtis gamo saxelmwifo

dafinanseba minimumamde Seumcires umaRles saswavlebels da aleqsandre

axmetelic iZulebuli gaxda saTeatro instituti kvlav rusTavelis

TeatrTan arsebul studiad gadaekeTebina.

saTeatro umaRlesma saswavlebelma pirvel etapze mxolod oTxi

saswavlo weli iarseba, Tumca ukve mTel qarTul TeatrSic da

sazogadoebaSic gaamyara mosazreba profesiuli ganaTlebis

aucileblobis Sesaxeb. instituts garda maRalprofesionali kadrebisa

da mecnierebisa, romlebic aswavlidnen - hqondaT kargad damuSavebuli

saswavlo programebi, riTac sargeblobdnen Semdeg wlebSi saqarTveloSi

arsebuli studiebi, rogorc rusTavelis TeatrSi (1927-1939 wlebSi), ase

marjaniSvilis TeatrSi (1931-1935 wlebSi) da kinostudiis bazaze gaxsnil

studiaSic.

kote marjaniSvilisa da aleqsandre axmetelis pedagogiuri muSaobis

gaanalizebis dros, gverds ver avuvliT maT sareJisoro namuSevrebs

rusTavelisa Tu marjaniSvilis TeatrebSi, sadac gamovlinda

institutdamTavrebul msaxiobTa didi SemoqmedebiTi potenciali. daibada

msaxiobTa legendaruli Taoba, romlebmac gansazRvres XX saukunis 60-

70-ian wlebamde qarTuli Teatris SemoqmedebiTi saxe.

studiebSi ZiriTadad kvlav a.axmeteli da k.marjaniSvili

agrZelebdnen muSaobas. amitom msaxiobTa Semdgomi pleadac sergo

zaqariaZe, giorgi SavguliZe, Tamar baqraZe, nunu maWavariani, giorgi

saRaraZe, valerian doliZe Tu sxvebi swored am studiuri muSaobiT da

TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli rolebiT, am bumberaz reJisor-pedagogebTan

xvewdnen profesionalur dones da imaRlebdnen ostatobas. kote

marjaniSvilis gardacvalebis Semdeg, marjaniSvilis studias saTaveSi

misi mowafeebi: uSangi CxeiZe, Salva RambaSiZe da dodo anTaZe Caudgnen.

rusTavelis Teatris studias axmetelis daRupvis Semdeg erTxans akaki

vasaZe kurirebda. im periodSi es studia aWarisTvis axal samsaxiobo

kadrebs amzadebda. saWiro iyo reJisori, romelic studielebTan

sadiplomo speqtaklsac ganaxorcielebda da Tan maT gahyveboda

samuSaod baTumSi, raTa ukve TeatrSi gaegrZelebinaT Semdgomi

daostateba. aseTad a.vasaZem SearCia arCil CxartiSvili, romelic

erTxans a.axmetelis TanaSemwed muSaobda rusTavelis TeatrSi. im

periodSi ki CeCneTSi Teatrs xelmZRvanelobda. a.CxartiSvilis muSaoba

baTumSi axali etapi iyo Teatris istoriisa. studielebis iusuf

kobalaZis, nunu TeTraZis, murad xinikaZis, Tamar sulxaniSvilis da

sxvaTa saxelebi mTels saqarTveloSi gaxda cnobili. akaki vasaZis

winaSe idga ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: a.axmetelis daxvretis Semdeg,

rusTavelis Teatric gadasarCeni iyo da studiac. irakli gamrekelis

rCeviT man TeatrSi moiwvia sruliad axalgazrda dimitri aleqsiZe. masve

daevala studielebTan k.goldonis “sastumros diasaxlisis” dadgmac.

umaRlesi Teatraluri saswavleblis gareSe saqarTvelom didxans

veRar gaZlo da ukve 1939 wels zemoTxsenebulisa da sxva studiebis

bazaze aRorZinda SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri instituti.

Tavi IV

qarTuli saTeatro pedagogikis

ganviTarebis etapebi

akaki xoravasa da akaki faRavas iniciativiT isev daisva sakiTxi

saTeatro umaRlesi saswavleblis aRdgenis Taobaze. kvlav SoTa

rusTavelis TeatrTan arsebuli studiis bazaze unda Seqmniliyo es

umaRlesi saswavlebeli. Tumca gansxvavebiT 1923 wlisa, im periodisaTvis

ukve ara erTi da ori Teatraluri saswavlebeli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi

da saswavlo gegmebis, meTodologiis, kaTedrebad Camoyalibebisa da sxva

administraciul-organizaciuli sakiTxebis mogvareba centralizebulad

moskovidan imarTeboda. a.xorava institutis reqtorad dainiSna,

proreqtorebad a.faRava da a.kiknaZe. Seiqmna institutis samecniero

sabWoc, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sevidnen pavle ingoroyva, Salva

dadiani, ioseb griSaSvili, irakli abaSiZe, simon Ciqovani, giorgi

CubinaSvili, veriko anjafariZe, daviT kakabaZe, iona tuskia, dimitri

janeliZe, maliko mrevliSvili, mixeil Wiaureli, konstantine kapaneli,

grigol kilaZe, besarion JRenti da sxvebi. msaxiobis ostatobis kaTedra

Caibara akaki vasaZem. man samsaxiobo fakultetze pedagogebad moiwvia

dimitri aleqsiZe da axalgazrda giorgi tovstonogovi, romelic

sxvadasxva dros muSaobda Tbilisis rusul mozard mayurebelTa

Teatrsa da a.griboedovis saxelobis TeatrSi.

dimitri aleqsiZe da giorgi tovstonogovi!

swored am ori reJisor-pedagogis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba gaxda

Tanamedrove qarTuli sareJisoro da samsaxiobo Zalebis momzadebis

safuZveli.

miuxedavad centralizebuli sakavSiro saswavlo gegmebisa, romlis

ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofac davalebuli hqondaT saqarTvelos

respublikis umaRles saswavleblebs, pedagog-Semoqmedni yovelTvis

axerxebdnen studentTaTvis saswavlo procesi dResaswaulad gadaeqciaT.

dResaswaulis arsi garToba sulac ar iyo, aramed sakuTari profesiis

Rrmad Seswavla analizisa da inteleqtualuri bazis gazrdis

safuZvelze.

“sta