Ms-Word

D.G Subramanya BE (CS)Param infotech

Savalanga road

ShimogaInformation Technology I

Definition: Computer is an electronic device used for information processing. It accepts data and instructions, stores in its memory, processes and gives the results to the user. The term computer derived from the Latin word compute, which means to calculate or manipulate. Therefore computer is a calculating machine.

Characteristics of Computer:

High speed: A computer is a fast information-processing device. It carries out all sorts of computations within a fraction of seconds.The speed of computer is measure in millions of instruction per seconds. Accuracy: Computers operate at a very high degree of accuracy. It gives accurate results for correct input data. Here accuracy means the correctness of processed data.

Reliability: It gives consistent result, even though it is running on electrical connections and electronic circuits.

Versatility: It is used for different fields of human endeavor ranging from business, education, technology, engineering, law, commerce, agriculture, medicine, sports.etc it can perform different types of tasks provided such tasks can be stated in logical way for the computer to execute. Memory: Secondary storage devices are the key for the data storage. They store the data for which the user wants to retrieve these data for future use. The examples for various secondary devices are Floppy disk, Optical disks.

Diligence: Computers never get tired as the humans do. If there are surplus amount of executions to be made then each and every execution will be executed at the same time. They can perform their assigned task without taking any refreshment. (It does not feel tired. It can be used for number of days without stop.)

Automation: Computer can calculate the results automatically once the formula given. It may execute the process without any intervention of user once they are assigned to a work.

Programmability:The computer can be programmed to do all forms of activities of man.

Limitation: A computer cannot think and find the results its own as a human being. It cannot make the decision of its own. It needs a guidance to enhance the process. Applications of Computers in various fieldsComputers have a large number of applications in variety of fields. Computers have great applications in the field of Information Technology, Physics, Medical sciences, Artificial intelligence, Robotics, Information Systems, Economics, Statistics, Financial Management, Nuclear Physics, Businesses, Human Resource Management etc. Computers are widely used by the businesses and organizations for effective management of information and resources in almost all departments.Computers are used in networks which help individuals in the organizations to communicate with each other by sharing files and important documents.

Some of the important areas of computer applications are:

Science: One of the most importantadvantages of computersis in the field of science for research and development. The satellites, the telescopes and almost all the research tools make use of computers in some or the other way. The huge calculations required for space science, storage of all the gathered information are some of the computer uses in science and technology.

Medical: The importantuse of computers in the medical fieldis for research and development. The high end machines used for diagnosis and cure of many diseases. Even many surgical procedures need the help of computers.Web conferencinghelps doctors treat people remotely.

Education: Computer usesin the field of education are infinite. TheInternetis a huge source of information. There are online universities that deliveronline degreesand distance learning is spreading far and wide. Many schools and colleges have started making use of audio-visual ways of imparting knowledge.

Banking: The banking sector has improved with the help of computers. Most of the banking operations can be done online, known asInternet banking. We can withdraw money from ATMs and deposit money in any branch

Crime Investigation: High end computer devices have ensured that justice is more effective. CCTV cameras and other computer operated security systems have reduced the amount of crime.

Entertainment: The field of entertainment has been revolutionized by computers. Animation, graphic image manipulation etc has made the entertainment experience hundred times better. Movie making, editing, music composition etc everything needs computers.

Industry: Computers are finding their greatest use in factories and industries of all kinds. They have taken risky jobs like welding to highly complex jobs such as process control. Moreover, quality control tests and the manufacturing of products, which require a lot of refinement, are done with the help of computers. Not only this, Thermal Power Plants, Oil refineries and chemical industries fully depend on computerized control systems.

Transaction: Transaction processes in important for accurate accounting and for immediate availability on line information. Indian railways have introduced computerized ticket reservation. The computer stores all necessary details such as train number, distance, number of seats available on each train, fare etc. Computer are also used for reservation tickets for airlines and transportation.

Remote sensing applications: Super computers in satellites are used for remote sensing to locate crude oil and other natural resources inside rocks, sea and desert inside and also weather forecasting applications, Military application, Agriculture application

Generations of Computer

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.

The generations of computers are broadly classified into two types:

Non-electronic generation

Electronic generations

Non-Electronic Generation

These are also referred to as zero generation computers. They are developed before semiconductor revolution took place in 1946. They were made up of wooden or mechanical components. Examples: Abacus, Napiers bones, Differential engine etc.

Electronic Generation

Computers developed after 1946 are categorized into five generations. Since they are mainly built with electronic circuitry, they are called electronic generation computers.

First Generation Computer (1946-56)These are developed during 1946-56, and were built with Vacuum tubes for circuitry andmagnetic drumsformemory. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using more electricity and generated a lot of heat. First generation computers used onmachine language they could solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC (Universal Accounting Computer) andENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) are examples of first-generation computing devices.Advantages These computers were fastest of their time

They were programmed using machine language

Disadvantages Larger in size

Consumed large amount of energy

More hear generated and air conditioning was required

Non portable Very slow in speed

It was difficult to programming

Limited commercial useSecond Generation computer (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistorsreplaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than first generation. Transistor still generated heat that subjected the computer to damage. Punched cards for input and printouts for output.Second generation computers moved from machine language to assembly language. High-level programming languageswere also being developed at this time, such as early versions ofCOBOLandFORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

Advantages:

Smaller in size

Less heat generated Consume low power

Fast in speed

Used for commercial purpose

Assembly language was introduced

Disadvantages:

Air conditioning required

Commercial production was difficult and these were very costly

Only used for special purpose

Third Generation computer (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of theIntegrated Circuitwas the main components of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed onsiliconchips, calledsemiconductors, which increased the speed andefficiencyof computers. This generation computers use keyboards, mouseandmonitors andinterfacedwith anoperating system, which allowed the device to run many differentapplications.The concept of operating system, multi-programming, parallel processing were introduced. They are used in weather forecasting, airline reservations and banking services.

Advantages:

Smaller in size

Less heat generated

Consume low power

More reliable

Hardware failure was very low

Easy to operate

Easily portable

Magnetic disk used for external storage More storage capacity

Very fast in computational power

Widely Used for commercial purpose

High level language was introduced

Disadvantages:

Air conditioning required

Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of chips

Fourth Generation (1971-80) Microprocessors

TheMicroprocessorused in the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. It reduced the size and price of the computers at the same time increasing power, efficiency and reliability. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of a computer.

(Very Large Scale (VLSI) and Ultra Large scale(ULSI) ensured that millions of components could be fit into a small chip.) In 1981IBMintroduced its first computer for the home user. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks and development of the Internet. This generation also development ofGUIs, themouseandkeyboard.Advantages:

Smaller in size

Air conditioning is not compulsory

Consume low power

More reliable

Hardware failure is negligible Easy to operate

Easily portable

More storage capacity

Very high processing speed Very large internal and external storage capacity

Widely Used for commercial purpose

Used advanced input and output devices such optical reader, laser printers, CD-ROM/DVD drives etcDisadvantages:

Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of Microprocessor chips.Fifth Generation (1980-since) (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

These computers will be under Artificial Intelligence (AI). They will be able to take commands in a audio visual way and carry out instructions. Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibility that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more powerful.

Supercomputers are fastest type ofcomputer, very expensive and are employed for specializedapplicationsthat require immense (huge) amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animatedgraphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration (searching).

Features: Having their own thinking power

Making decisions themselves

Having capability of learning

Large capacity of internal storage

Very high processing speed

Capabilities of parallel processing

Block diagram of Digital Computer

System Unit

Input Device: Input device is an external device that is connected to the CPU. It is used to transfer data and instructions for solving the problem. The control unit sends signal to this unit to receive data and instructions from the user and communicated to the CPU. The most commonly used input devices are keyboard, mouse, joystick, disks, light pen, microphone etc.

Output Device: It is used to display the result after execution of a program. The control unit sends the signal to this unit to be ready to accept processed data from memory and display it. The most commonly used display unit is monitor, printer, plotter, disks, voice output (speaker) etc.

System Unit: Once the data and instructions are received from input unit they are stored and processed in the system unit. The system unit further consists of two sub units. They are Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Memory Unit (MU).

Central Processing Unit: It is generally called CPU. Once the data and instructions are received from the input unit, they are to be processed in this unit. So, it can be considered as heart and brain of the computer system. Further, the CPU consists of two important functional units. They are Control unit and Arithmetic logic unit.

Control Unit: It is an important unit in a computer. It controls and coordinates the activities of all the units of a computer system. It sends control and timing signals to various units to coordinate for the specific operation. The following some function performed by the control unit.

Fetching a data and instructions from main memory.

Interpreting these instructions.

Controlling the transfer of date and instructions to and from main memory.

Controlling input and output devices.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit: All calculations are carried out in Arithmetic and logic unit. An ALU consists of electronic circuitry, which performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It also consists of logic circuitry, which performs logical operations either true or false. ALU receives signals from the control unit to coordinate for the above operations.

Memory Unit: It is a storage device. The memory of computer is measured in terms of bits, bytes and words. Computer memory classified into main memory and secondary memory.

Main Memory: This is a temporary memory. This is also referred to as primary memory. It is made up of semiconductor material. It consists of RAM and ROM main memories.

Secondary Memory: Secondary memory is a permanent memory it is also called as Auxiliary memory. It can be used for storing system program, application program, assembler, compilers, large data files and other programs. It is made up of magnetic materials. Magnetic tape, magnetic drums and magnetic disk are the secondary storage devices.

Computers Memories

Random Access Memory (RAM): It is read and write memory. The data and instructions are stored in this memory. Any memory location is accessed randomly for reading and writing. That is information stored in any memory location can be accessed directly without scanning it sequentially. Therefore it is called as Random Access Memory. It is a temporary memory because during power failure, the information stored in this memory will be erased. Some time it is called volatile memory.

Read Only Memory (ROM): It is a permanent memory. That is, the information stored in this memory can not be erased even if the power goes off. It stores mainly monitor program and basic input output system (BIOS) programs. The information stored in it can only be read. Hence the name Read Only Memory. The contents of ROM cannot be changed. It is a manufacturer programmed memory.

Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM): It is a Programmable Read Only Memory. It is a variation of ROM. The user decides the contents of this memory. It is initially empty. Later, the user can store programs, data or any other information permanently in this memory. However, these programs cannot be erased once they are written to it.

Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM): It is an Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. It is a modification to PROM. Exposing it to high intensity ultra violet light source can erase the contents stored in this memory. Then it is programmed.

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM): It is an Electrically Erasable programmable Read Only Memory. The contents stored in this can be erased electrically. Later new information is stored in it.

Secondary Memory

The Secondary memory or the Auxiliary memory are the memories which are used to store the data permanently for a longer duration. The information which are needed for the future use will be transferred from the Main memory to the Secondary memory for permanent storage. Hard Disk is the secondary memory which is present within the CPU which is the collection of disks, which are placed together within a shield box. The capacity of hard disk varies from Mega Bytes to Giga Bytes inside the disks are mounted one over the other with a little gap, and each media can be accessed using read/write heads. There are two types, movable arm heads and non-movable heads, in movable type only head moves between tracks, where as in non movable for each track separate head is present for reading/writing. Floppy disk or Magnetic disk: It is a secondary storage device, which is used to transfer the data from one computer to another computer along with permanent data storage. It is a small device which can be carried easily from one place to another place. Widely used floppy disk is 3.5 whose capacity is 1.44 MB.

Floppy Disk

Floppy disk is a very thin and flexible disk. Disk is made up of vinyl plastic material and coated with a magnetic material. The data is stored on the disk in terms of magnetized spots. The particular spot is magnetized due to magnetic flux induced when the current is passed through the read/write head.

This disk is divided into tracks and tracks are divided into sectors. Index hole identifies the starting sector.

Hard Disk:

It is a fixed disk, which is fixed in the computer. Capacity of the hard disk depends on the number of disk or plates used in the hard disk. It is mass storage magnetic medium for storing large volumes of information. A hard disk is group of round flat metal plates, which are coated with magnetic material. The data is recorded on both surfaces of disk. The read/write head mechanism consists of one magnetic head/surface that are mounted on a common arm that is driven by a servo controlled motor.

CD-ROM

CD-ROM is made of polycarbonate material with highly reflective material such as aluminum. These are divided into tracks and sectors as in floppy disk, where as data stored in each sector varies in CD-ROMs so data in outer sector will be more compared to data stored in inner sectors.

Data is recorded in the CD-ROM as a series of minute pits on the reflective surface, this is done using high intensity laser bean. In the drive laser is passed on the reflective surface, the intensity of reflected light is measured. Then it is converted into digital signals and passed to system for further processing.

Types of computers

On the basis of principles of working

Computers are classified on the principles of working as digital computer, analog computer and hybrid computer

Digital Computer

Computer, which is in use today, is digital computers. Digital computers operate essentially by counting. All quantities are expressed as digits or numbers digital computer are for evaluating arithmetic expression and manipulations of data. It used to process alphanumeric and graphic data.

Analog Computer

The computer operates data, which is in the form of continuously variable physical quantity is called an analog computer. An analog computer measures physical values. Such as temperature pressure voltage or current that can be read from a continues scale.

Hybrid computer

It is a combination of analog and digital computers. Such a computer system utilizes the measuring capabilities of analog computers and counting ability of a digital computer.

Computers based on the size and capability

Digital computers are classified according to their size and capability into following categories.

Micro computer, Mini computer, Mainframe computer and Super computer

Micro computer

Microcomputers are small, low-cost computers. These are general-purpose computers. The name microcomputer is due to the use of a microprocessor as its CPU. Microcomputers are often referred to as personal computers (PCs) because they are used by only one person at a time. Basically these are 8 bit or 16 bit computers. Now a day, microcomputers of 32 bit or 64 bit are available. Their processing speed is 1-5 MIPS.

There is another classification to microcomputers. It is based on the configuration of the personal computers. PC, PC/XT and PC/AT. The comparison of these three models is,

Mini computer

Mini computers word faster and have more powerful than microcomputers. Their work length is 32 bit. Some mine computer are uni-processor systems where as some are multiprocessor system. The processing speed lies in the range 10 to 30 MIPS memory capacity is 8 to 96 MB. In some systems it can be extend up to 128 to 256 MB, hard disk capacity range is 380 MB to 3 GB. Ex: VAX 8842 (HCL virtual address extension), WIPRO-S etc.,.

Mainframe computer

Mainframe computers are very powerful, large general-purpose computers. Their word length may be 64 bit. Memory capacity 64 to 256 MB. Hard disk capacity 1 GB to 10GB or more and processing speed 30 to 100 MIPLS.

It can be used for storing large amount of data and very complex calculations are to be made. They are used in research organizations large industries large business and Government organizations Banks and Airlines reservations etc., Ex: IBM 4300 series. HP 9000 Mode etc.,

Super computer:

Super computer contains a number of CPUs. Which operates in parallel to make it faster. They are used for massive data processing and solving very sophisticated (complicated) problems. The processing speed of super computer lies in the range of 400-10,000 MIPS (Mega Instruction Per Second) word length 64 to 96 bits memory capacity 256 MB, and more (Mega Bytes). Hard disk capacity 100 GB and more.

They are used for weather forecasting, weapons research and development, rocketing, aerodynamics, seismology, atomic nuclear etc., Super computers have limited market uses because of their high prices. They are being used at some research centers and government agencies and engineering tasks. Ex. PARAM ( India ), CAAY 3, HIIAC S-300 ( IBM )

Input and Output Devices

Input Device:

The device that accepts data from the user and communicates it to the CPU is called an input device. Since the CPU understands only binary information, the input devices and circuitry must eventually communicate with the CPU in binary from only. There is a variety of input devices discussed bellow.

Keyboard:

It is the most common device. It is used to enter both numerical and character type data. It is like a mechanical typewriter with alphanumeric and special keys. There are different types of keyboards available in the market, with different sizes and price.

The keyboards are classified into two categories based on the mode of communication of data. They are serial and parallel keyboard.

A serial keyboard is one, which communicates the data to the central processing unit one bit at a time. This means that the bit pattern that forms a particular character is sent on a single wire. So bit by bit transmission is made. A parallel keyboard carries one byte (8 bits) at a time to the CPU. This means that the bit pattern that forms a character is sent on 8 different wires. Each wire carries one bit.

Scanner

It is an input device. It is used to scan both character and graphics required for image processing or character recognition. It scans the image of a photograph or written information and communicates it to the CPU. A complex picture or a photograph can be fed into the computer through a scanner. Sensors are used in scanners. Flat bed scanner is the most commonly used scanner. The scanner is connected to the CPU from outside. Advanced versions of scanners are used to transfer photographs taken through video camera to the computer.

Mouse:

It is a small hand-pointing device connected to CPU through a cable. It has a rotating ball at the bottom and has two click buttons on the top. As the mouse is moved across a rubber pad or a flat surface, the ball rolls and its movement is converted into electrical signal and communicated to CPU. These movements are interpreted and displayed on the screen as an arrow. Moving the mouse in any direction on the mouse pad moves the arrow in that direction on the screen.

Since, a mouse is a handy device, it can be picked up and put down at another position without change in the movement, it is employed for making relative changes to the position of the arrow on the screen. There are two types of mouse, a 2-button mouse and a 3-button mouse. Pressing the button and releasing it is called a click. By clicking the buttons on the top, a specific command is executed.

Light pen

It is a pencil shaped device. It is used to select screen coordinates by deleting the light coming from illuminated points of the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) screen. When an activated light pen, comes in contact with an illuminated spot on the screen, it generates an electrical signal which is taken as input to the system. Then, the computer responds to it by displaying more information about the pointed item. It is useful in graphic programs.

Joystick

It consist of small rod (lever or stick) mounted on a rolling ball. This rod is used to control the screen cursor. The movement of rod is converted into electrical signals which are then sent to CPU for subsequent processing. The CPU interprets these signals and displays the movement on the cathode ray tube (CRT) screen.

Output device:

When the data and instructions are fed to the computer and processed, then the next step is to get the output. This output may be displayed on the monitor or printed on the paper. The output displayed on the monitor is called softcopy output. The output produced on the paper is called hardcopy output.

Printers:

A printer is an electromechanical device, which receives signals from the computer and acts accordingly. It is made up of both electronic circuits and mechanical assemblies. The electronic circuit is used to control the mechanical assembly. The electronic circuit mainly consists of the circuits to activate the mechanical assembly and interpret the signals sent via commands. On other hand, the mechanical assembly has the print head, paper mover, carriage motor, sensor and ribbon.

Dot Matrix Printer:

The shape of the character that is to be printed on the paper is formed by the dots. These dots are the result of striking of pins located at the tip of the print head. These pins are arranged in a matrix form. Hence, the name dot matrix. When the computer issues print command, the printer is activated to print the information. Then the print head starts moving from the leftmost column to the rightmost column of a paper.

In dot matrix printing mechanism, one character is sent to the printer at a time. Each character is a matrix of some dots (points). The dots on a particular column, of this character matrix, are formed (printed), when the activated pins of the print head hit that column. Afterwards, the print head moves to the next column and pins strike it. Here, the dots of this column are printed and this will be continued until all characters on this current print line are completed. Again the head moves to the next line, and this process will be repeated.

There is an inked ribbon between the print head and the paper. When the print head strikes against inked ribbon , the corresponding activated pins leave their impression on the paper. A 9x18, 24x18, 40 x18, etc., dot matrix printers are available for better quality output. A standard specification of

Present day dot matrix printer is as follows.

Number of pins: 24

Number of columns: 132

Speed: 300 cps

Advantages: Faster than solid font printers and non-impact printers and less price

Disadvantage: The quality is not as good, compared to solid font printers and Due to impact printing wear and tear of mechanical assembly is Considerably high as compared to non-impact printers.

Laser Printer:

When there is a need for high quality output, laser printers are used. These are used for producing both text and graphical output. It is a non-impact printer. Generally they are called page printers because they print one page at a Time.

Laser printing technology uses a laser beam to produce an image of print character, on a photosensitive drum. The laser beam moves across the drum. The control characters sent by the computer control the movement of laser beam. The portion of the drum exposed to the laser beam attracts toner particles and forms an image. Then, the linked image is formed is transferred from the drum on to the paper. Laser printers can be interfaced with microcomputers. The speed of the laser printer is measured in terms of page per minute.

Advantages: High speed, High quality output, Less wear and tear.

Disadvantages: Costlier than impact printers, Maintenance cost is high.

Video Display Unit (VDU) or Monitor:

Visual Display Unit (VDU) mainly consists of a slightly bulged screen coated with phosphorous material, an electron gun, which emits beam of electrons, these electrons are passed through focusing and deflection system. Focusing system makes electrons to move in same direction, there will be very small gap only through electrons are passed from electron gun towards the screen that makes a strong beam of electrons. This strong beam passed through horizontal and vertical deflectors to decide the direction of the electron beam.

Working: As electron beam strikes the phosphorous material it emits light. we know the light emitted by phosphorous fades fast, to keep the light intact at the same spot has to be striked by electron gun before the light fades, this phenomena is referred as Refreshing, usually this refreshing is done at the speed of 30-60 times per second.

VDU is made of small elements know as pixels (Picture Elements)

Pixel

MS-OFFICE

MS-WORD

Word processing in computer is termed for typing and editing any kind of text. Word processing is the manipulation of character, word, text, and numbers, sentences paragraphs in the final document being error free and attractive to look at. A word processor is needed to perform word processing. Word processing results in reduced retyping time for error free hard copy facilitation of document revision, change before committing to paper, and faster output speed-reduced proof reading and elimination of stationary wastage.

Features of Ms-Word Document creation, Storage and Retrieval

Word-wrap, Page number, center, underline, justification

Fonts, size and all other formatting feature.

Global search and replace.

Spell checking, auto correct

Sorting

Graphical insertion

Column addition

Password security.

Forms handling

Mail merge

Help facility.

Undo and Redo facility.

Fax and Telecommunication facility etc.

Ms-Word Shortcut Keys

Create a new document

Ctrl + N

Open a document

Ctrl + O

Close a document

Ctrl + W

Save a document

Ctrl + S

Quit Word

Alt + F4

Redo or repeat an action

Ctrl + Y

Change the case of letters

Shift + F3

Apply bold Text

Ctrl + B

Apply an underline

Ctrl + U

Apply italic formatting

Ctrl + I

Single-space lines

Ctrl + 1

Double-space lines

Ctrl + 2

Set 1.5-line spacing

Ctrl + 5

Center a paragraph

Ctrl + E

Justify a paragraph

Ctrl + J

Left align a paragraph

Ctrl + L

Right align a paragraph

Ctrl + R

Cut selected text

Ctrl + X

Undo the last action

Ctrl + Z

Copy text or graphics

Ctrl + C

Paste

Ctrl + V

Print a document

Ctrl + P

Select all

Ctrl + A

Find text

Ctrl + F

Replace text

Ctrl + H

Spelling & Grammar

F 7

Ms-Word Screen Layout

1

2

3 4

5 6 10

7 8

9

10

Screen items

1. Title bar

2. Menu bar

3. Standard toolbar

4. Formatting toolbar

5. Ruler line

Ms-Word Menu

File

Edit

View

Format

Insert

Tools

Table

STANDARD TOOLBAR

New

Zoom

Open

Document mapSave

Columns

Print

Insert table

Print preview

Table and border

Spelling & grammar

Redo

Undo Cut

Copy

Paste

Format painter

FORMATTING TOOLBAR

Style

Color

Font

Highlight

Font size

Border

Bold text

Increase indent

Italic

Decrease indent

Underline

Bullets

Align left

Numbering

Centre

Justify

Align right

MS EXCEL

MS-Excel is a Windows based application package. It is quite useful in entering, editing, analysis and storing of data. Arithmetic operations with numerical data such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can also be done with Excel. You can sort the numbers/characters according to some given criteria (like ascending, descending etc.) and solve simple financial, mathematical and statistical formulas.

What is spreadsheet

Aspreadsheet, also known as a worksheet, contains rows and columns and is used to record and compare numerical or financial data. Spreadsheets can be used in any area or field that works with numbers and are commonly found in the accounting,budgeting, sales forecasting, financial analysis, and scientific fields.The advantage of using computerized spreadsheets is their ability to update data and perform automatic calculations extremely quickly. On a computerizedspreadsheet, the intersection of a row and a column is called a cell. Rows are generally identified by numbers - 1, 2, 3, and so on - and columns are identified by letters, such as A, B, C, and so on. The cell is a combination of a letter and a number to identify a particular location within thespreadsheet, for exampleA3.

Features

Automatic number formatting

Auto summation

Auto formatting

Spell checking

Drag and drop worksheet rearrangement

Auto fill

Powerful toolbar

Macros

Scenario manager

Excellent charting features

AutoSum - helps to add the contents of a cells.

List AutoFill - automatically extends cell formatting when a new item is added to the end of a list.

AutoFill - quickly fill cells with repetitive or sequential data. AutoShapes toolbar will allow to draw a number of geometrical shapes, arrows, flowchart elements, stars and more.

Charts - helps in presenting a graphical representation of data in the form of Pie, Bar, Line charts and more.

Excel Formulas

ABS: Returns the absolute value of a number. The absolute value of a number is the number without its sign.

Syntax:ABS (number)

Eg:

ABS (2) equals 2

ABS (-2) equals 2

SUM: Adds all the numbers in a range of cells.

Syntax:1. SUM (number1, number2, ...)

2. SUM (Cell range)

Eg: a) SUM (3, 2) equals 5

b) If cells A2: E2 contain 5, 15, 30, 40, and 50

=SUM (A2: C2) equals 50

AVERAGE: Returns the average of the arguments.

Syntax:1. AVERAGE (number1, number2, ...)

2. AVERAGE (Cell range)

AVERAGE (A1: A5) equals 11

PRODUCT: Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and returns the product.

Syntax:PRODUCT (number1, number2, ...)

Eg:If cells A2: C2 contain 5, 15, and 30:

PRODUCT (A2: C2) equals 2,250

MAX: Maximum value in the cell range

Ex: MAX (23,76,34)

Returns 76

MIN: Minimum value in the cell range

Ex: MIN (23,76,34)

Returns 23

Index hole

Track

Spindle Hole

Document window

Table and border toolbar

Drawing toolbar

Status bar

Scroll bar

EMBED Word.Picture.8

Input Device

Secondary memory

Main memory

Memory unit

Control Unit

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

CPU

Sector

Data and Instruction

Output Device

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