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POSEIDON

Poseidon is one of the twelve Olympian deities of the pantheon in Greek mythology. His maindomain is the ocean, and he is called the "God of the Sea". Additionally, he is referred to as"Earth-Shaker" due to his role in causing earthquakes, and has been called the "tamer of horses".He is usually depicted as an older male with curly hair and beard.

The name of the sea-god Nethuns in Etruscan was adopted in Latin for Neptune in Romanmythology; both were sea gods analogous to Poseidon.Linear B tablets show that Poseidon was venerated at Pylos and Thebes in pre-Olympian BronzeAge Greece as a chief deity, but he was integrated into Olympian gods as the

brotherof Zeus and Hades.According some folklore, he was saved by his mother Rhea, whoconcealed him among a flock of lambs and pretended to have given birth to a colt, which wasdevouredbyCronos. There is a Homeric hymn to Poseidon, who was the protector of manyHellenic cities, although he lost the contest for Athens to Athena . According to the referencesfromhisdialogue Timaeusandtia.

Linear B, is Po-se-da-o or Po-se-da-wo-ne, which correspond to Poseidan and Poseidawonos in Mycenean Greek; in Homeric Greek it appears A common epithet of PoseidonEarth-shaker," an epithet which is also This recalls his laterepithets Ennosidas and Ennosigaios indicating the chthonic nature of Poseidon.The origins of the name "Poseidon" are unclear. One theory breaks it down into an elementmeaning "husband" or "lord" and another element meaning "earth", producing something likelord or spouse of Da, i.e. of the earth; this would link with Demeter, ?"Earth-mother."WalterBurkert finds that "the second element da- remains hopelessly ambiguous" and finds a "husband

of Earth" reading "quite impossible to prove .Another theory interprets the second element as related to the word * dwon, "water"; thiswould make * Posei-dawn into the master of waters. ,here is also the possibility that the word


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, p y

The "Two Queens" may be related with Demeter and Persephone, or their precursors, goddesseswho were not associated with Poseidon in later periods. The illuminating exception is the archaic

and localised myth of the stallion Poseidon and mare Demeter at Phigalia in isolated and

conservative Arcadia, noted by Pausanias (2nd century AD) as having fallen into desuetude; theviolated Demeter was Demeter Erinys.

It is possible that Demeter appears as Da-ma-te in ,In the heavily sea-dependent Mycenaeanculture, no connection between Poseidon and the sea has yet surfaced, when the world wasdivided by lot among his three sons; Zeus was given the sky, Hades the underworld, andPoseidon the sea, with the Earth and Mount Olympus belonging to all three.

iven Poseidon's connection with horses as well as the sea, and the landlocked situation of thelikely Indo-European homeland, Nobuo Komita has proposed that Poseidon was originally anaristocratic Indo-European horse-god who was then assimilated to Near Eastern aquatic deitieswhen the basis of the Greek livelihood shifted from the land to the sea, or a god of fresh waterswho was assigned a secondary role as god of the sea, where he overwhelmed the original Aegeansea deities such as Conversely, Walter suggests that the Hellene cult worship of Poseidon as ahorse god may be connected to the introduction of the horse and war-chariot from Anatolia toGreece around 1600 BC.

In any case, the early importance of Poseidon can still be glimpsed in Homer's Odyssey, wherePoseidon rather than Zeus is the major mover of events.Poseidon was the second son of. In mostaccounts he is swallowed by Cronus at birth but later with his other brothers and sisters, by Zeus.However in some versions of the story, he, like his brother Zeus, did not share the fate of hisother brother and sisters who were eaten by Cronus. He was saved by his mother Rhea, who

concealed him among a flock of lambs and pretended to have given birth to a colt , which shegave to Cronus to devour.

According to a single reference in the Iliad , when the world was divided by lot in three, Zeus

G
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The contest of Athena and Poseidon was the subjectof the reliefs on the western pediment of the Parthenon, the first sight that greeted the arriving

visitor.This myth is construed by Robert Graves and others as reflecting a clash between the inhabitantsduring Mycenaean times and newer immigrants. It is interesting to note that Athens at its heightwas a significant sea power, at one point defeating the Persian fleet at Salamis IslandPoseidon and Apollo, having offended Zeus by their rebellion in Hera's scheme, weretemporarily stripped of their divine authority and sent to serve King r of Troy. He had them buildhuge walls around the city and promised to reward them well, a promise he then refused tofulfill. In vengeance, before the Trojan War, Poseidon sent a sea monster to attack Troy. Themonster was later killed by Poseidon was said to have had many lovers of both sexes (see

expandable list below). His consort was Amphitrite, a nymph and ancient sea-goddess, daughter

of Nereus and Doris. Poseidon was the father of many heroes. He is thought to have fathered the

famed Theseus. A mortal woman named Tyro was married to Cretheus (with whom she had one

son, Aeson) but loved Enipeus, a river god. She pursued Enipeus, who refused her advances. One

day, Poseidon, filled with lust for Tyro, disguised himself as Enipeus, and from their union were born the heroe sPelias and Neleus, twin boys. Poseidon also had an affair with Alope, his

granddaughter through Cercyon, his son and King of Eleusis, begetting

the Attic hero Hippothoon. Cercyon had his daughter buried alive but Poseidon turned her into

the spring, Alope, near Eleusis.Poseidon rescued Amymone from a lecherous satyr and then fathered a child, Nauplius, by her.

After having raped Caeneus, Poseidon fulfilled her request and changed her into a male warrior.A mortal woman named Cleito once lived on an isolated island; Poseidon fell in love withthe human mortal and created a dwelling sanctuary at the top of a hill near the middle of

the island and surrounded the dwelling with rings of water and land to protect her. She gave birth

to five sets of twin boys( the firstborn who being named Atlas) became the first rulers of Atlantis. Not all of Poseidon's children were human. In an archaic myth, Poseidon once pursued Demeter. She spurned his advances, turning herself into

amare so that she could hide in a herd of horses; he saw through the deception and became a stallion and captured her. Their

child was a horse ,Arion, which was capable of human speech. Poseidon also had sexual
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the SUBMARINE HALLS OF HIS FATHER POSEIDON SAW THE DAUGHTERS OF NEREUS DANCING WITH LIQUID FEET, AND "AUGUST, OX-EYED AMPHITRITE",

WHO WREATHED HIM WITH HER WEDDING WREATH, ACCORDING TO AFRAGMENT OF BACCHYLIDES. JANE ELLEN HARRISON RECOGNIZED IN THEPOETIC

2. TREATMENT AN AUTHENTIC ECHO OFAMPHITRITE'S EARLY IMPORTANCE: "IT WOULDHAVE BEEN MUCH SIMPLER FOR Poseidon to recognizehis own son... the myth belongs to that early stratum ofmythology when Poseidon was not yet god of the sea, or, atleast, no-wise supreme there Amphitrite and the Nereidsruled there, with their servants the Tritons. Even so late asthe Iliad Amphitrite is not yet 'Neptuni uxor'" [Neptune'swife]".

Amphitrite, "the third onewho encircles [thesea]", was so entirelyconfined in her authority tothe sea and the creatures init that she was almostnever

associated with her husband, either for purposes of worship or in works of art, except when hewas to be distinctly regarded as the god who controlled the sea. An exception may be the timage of Amphitrite that Pausanias saw in the temple of Poseidon at the Isthmus of

Corinth (ii.1.7).Pindar, in his sixth Olympian Ode, recognized Poseidon's role as "great god of the sea, husbandof Amphitrite, goddess of the golden spindle." For later poets, Amphitrite became simply ametaphor for the sea: Euripides, in Cyclops (702) and Ovid, Metamorphoses, (i.14).

Eustathius said that Poseidon first saw her dancing at Naxos among the other Nereids, andcarried her off. But in another version of the myth, she fled from his advances to Atlas, at thefarthest ends of the sea; there the dolphin of Poseidon sought her through the islands of the sea,and finding her, spoke persuasively on behalf of Poseidon, if we may believe Hyginus and was

rewarded by being placed among the stars as the constellation Delphinus.

In the arts of vase-painting and mosaic, Amphitrite was distinguishable from the

other Nereids only by her queenly attributes. In works of art, both ancient ones and post-

Renaissance paintings, Amphitrite is represented either enthroned beside Poseidon or driving
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ancient Greeks identified her with theAncient Egyptian goddess Hathor .[5]

Aphrodite had many other names, such asAcidalia, Cytherea and Cerigo, each used bya different local cult of the goddess inGreece. The Greeks recognized all of thesenames as referring to the single goddessAphrodite, despite the slight differences inwhat these local cults believed the goddessdemanded of them. The Attic philosop hersof the 4th century, however, drew a

distinction between a celestial Aphrodite(Aprodite Urania) of transcendent

principles, and a separate, "common"Aphrodite who was the goddess of the

people (Aphrodite Pandemos). Aphrodite, perhaps alteredafter aphrs ( ) "foam", stems from themore archaic Cretan Aphordta andCypriot Aphorodta, and was probablyultimately

borrowed from Cypriot Phoenician. Herodotus and Pausanias recorded that Aphrodite's oldestnon-Greek temple lay in the Syrian city o f

Phoenicia to Cyprus then to mainland Greece .[7] So far,however, attempts to derive the name from Aphrodite's Semitic precursor have beeninconclusive.A number of folk etymologies have been proposed through the

ages. Hesiod derives Aphrodite from aphrs "foam," interpreting the name as "risen from thefoam" .[8][9] Janda (2010), accepting this as genuine, claims the foam birth myth as an Indo-European mytheme. Janda intereprets the name as a compound aphrs "foam" + datai "[she]

seems, shines" (infinitive meaning "she who shines from the foam [ocean]", supposedly a

byname of Eos, the dawn goddess.

LIKEWISE, MALLORY AND ADAMS (1997) PROPOSE

AN INDO-EUROPEAN COMPOUND *AB OR- "VERY" AND *D EI - "TO SHINE", ALSO

REFERRING TO EOS. HOWEVER, ETYMOLOGIES BASED ON COMPARISON WITH

EOS ARE UNLIKELY SINCE APHRODITE'S ATTRIBUTES ARE ENTIREL
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Y DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF EOS (OR VEDIC USHAS) .[13] FINALLY, THE

MEDIEVAL ETYMOLOGICUM MAGNUM OFFERS A HIGHLY CONTRIVED FOLK

ETYMOLOGY, DERIVING APHRODITE FROM THE

COMPOUND HABRODAITOS ( ), "SHE WHO LIVES DELICATELY",

FROM HABRS + DAITA. THE ALTERATION FROM B TO PH IS EXPLAINED AS A

"FAMILIAR" CHARACTERISTIC OF GREEK "OBVIOUS FROM

THE MACEDONIANS" ,DESPITE OF COURSE THAT THE NAME CANNOT BE OF

MACEDONIAN ORIGIN.

A NUMBER OF IMPROBABLE NON-GREEK ETYMOLOGIES HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED

IN SCHOLARSHIP. ONE SEMITIC ETYMOLOGY COMPARES APHRODITE TO THE
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the Erinyes (furies), and the M eli aee merged f rom the drops of hi s blood. Hesiod states th at th egeni tals " were carr ied over the sea a long time, and white foam arose f rom the immortal f lesh;with i t a girl grew." The gir l, Aphrodite, fl oated ashor e on a scall op shell. This iconicrepresentati on of A phrodite as a matur e " Venus rising fr om was made famous in a much- admired painting by Apell es, now lost, but described in the Natural H istory of Plin y theElder. of " Dios" , the geni ti ve form case of Zeus, and could be taken to mean simply " the

dd h d h h b l f h h h

goddess whose oracle wasat Dodona. Aphrodite

herself was sometimes alsoreferred to as "Dione".

"Dione" seems to be a feminine form
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d to Olympus.In Homer, Aphrodite ventures into battle to protect her son, Aeneas, is wounded

by Diomedesk and returns to her mother to sink down at her knee and be comforted.Aphrodite is consistently portrayed, in every image and story, as having had no childhood, andinstead being born as a nubile, infinitely desirable adult. She is often depicted nude. In many ofthe later myths, she is portrayed as vain,i ll-tempered and easily offended. Although she ismarried she is one of the few gods in theGreek Pantheonwho is she is frequently unfaithful
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her marriage causes Aphrodite to seek other male companionship, most often Ares, but alsosometimes Adonis.

Aphrodite was Adonis' lover and a surrogate mother to him. Cinyras, the King of Cyprus,

had an intoxicatingly beautiful daughter named yrrha. When Myrrha's mothercommits hubris against Aphrodite by claiming her daughter is more beautiful than thefamed goddess, Myrrha ispunished with a never-ending lust for her ownfather. Cinyras isrepulsed by this, butMyrrha disguises herselfas a prostitute, and

l l h h

CHANGE HER INTO AMYRRH TREE SO HERFATHER CANNOTKILL HER.EVENTUALLY,CINYRAS TAKES HIS

DOWN TO HADES SOPERSEPHONE CANCARE FOR HIM.ADONIS GROWS INTOA STRIKINGLYHANDSOME YOUNGMAN AND APHRODITE
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Adonis begins his year on the earth with Aphrodite. One of his greatest passions is hunting, andalthough Aphrodite is not naturally a hunter, she takes up the sport just so she can be with him.

They spend every waking hour with one another, and Aphrodite is enraptured with him.However, her anxiety begins to grow over her neglected duties, and she is forced to leave him fora short time. Before she leaves, she gives Adonis one warning: do not attack an animal whichshows no fear. Adonis agrees to her advice, but, secretly DOUBTING HER SKILLS AS AHUNTRESS, QUICKLY FORGETS HER WARNING.nOT LONG AFTER aPHRODITE LEAVES, aDONIS COMES ACROSS AN ENORMOUSWILD BOAR, MUCH LARGER THAN ANY HE HAS EVER SEEN. iT IS SUGGESTEDTHAT THE BOAR IS THE GOD aRES, ONE OF aPHRODITE'S LOVERS MADE JEALOUSTHROUGH HER CONSTANT DOTING ON aDONIS. aLTHOUGH BOARS AREDANGEROUS AND WILL CHARGE A HUNTER IF PROVOKED, Adonis disregardsAphrodite's warning and pursues the giant creature. Soon, however, Adonis is the one being

pursued; he is no match for the giant boar.In the attack, Adonis is castrated by the boar, and dies from a loss of blood. Aphrodite rushes

back to his side, but she is too late to save him and can only mourn over his body. WhereverAdonis' blood falls, Aphrodite causes anemones to grow in his memory. She vows that on theanniversary of his death, every year there will be a festival held in his honor.On his death, Adonis goes back to the underworld, and Persephone is delighted to see him again.Eventually, Aphrodite realizes he is there, and rushes back to retrieve him. Again, she andPersephone bicker over who is allowed to keep Adonis until Zeus intervenes. This time, he saysAdonis must spend six months with Aphrodite and six months with Persephone, the way itshould have been in the first place.The gods and goddesses, as well as various mortals, were invited to the marriageof Peleus and Thetis (the eventual parents of Achilles) . Only the goddess Eris (Discord) was notinvited, but she arrived with a golden apple inscribed ith the word kallisti ("to the fairest one"),which she threw among the goddesses. Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed to be the fairest,and thus the rightful owner of the apple.
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