MS III- September 23 Lecture 3

8/16/2019 MS III- September 23 Lecture 3

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Advance ResearchMethodology


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Topics covered in the previous class

•

•

Ethics in research & plagiarism

Problem identification & problem

statement

•

•

• •

Research

Research

Need for Different

question/objectives

significance

citing other people’s referencing style

work

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support by reviewed literature

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References, appendices…

ConclusionReview literature

To discuss relations

between the study

variables

Discuss your findings &Define each variables, discussthose variables

Data collection, analysisReview literature

Select appropriate research

paradigm & design

Identify R.Problem, RQs,ROs, R.Significance

Review literature related to

methodology

Exhaustively review literature

to find research gap

State hypotheses

Read some literature to get a

suitable POI

Draw the conceptual

framework

Develop hypothesesFind your research interest

Mkt/HR/OB etc.


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Crafting the Literature Review: Part I

• Basic ideas related to independent,

dependent, mediator and moderator

variables

• Different analytical tasks of

review

Literature summary table

Research gap

the literature

•

•

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• An independent variable is thought to

influence, or at least be correlated with,another variable: the dependent variable.

• A dependent variable is a variable that is

explained by one or more other variables,

which are referred to as independent

variables.

• Moderator variable affects the direction

and/or strength of the relation between an

independent or predictor variable and a

dependent or criterion variable.

• Mediator variable explains the

relationship

variables.

The moderating variable may take

the form of an indicator variable

(0/1 values), a categorical

variable, or a continuous variabl8e.

It lies intermediate

between independent

causal factors and a finaloutcome.

Mediating variables aim to

estimate the way a

variable Z affects the

impact of X on Y


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Variables…

IV DV

Mediator

Moderator

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Switching Cost

LoyaltySatisfaction

SatisfactionService Quality Loyalty

LoyaltyService Quality


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Summary Table Template

Article code Author & year Article title,

journal name,

ROs/RQs Methodology Findings Variables/ Dimensions

volume, pages

issue,

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Role of LR

• Summary – Smart representation of the facts

• Critique – Critically analyse other peo ples’ work

• Finding the trend/pattern – Finding similarity, dissimilarity, cultural context, industry context,

product/service context, etc.

• Synthesis – Synthesis means to combine a number of different pieces into a whole. It

is about concisely summarizing and linking different sources in order to review

the literature on a topic, make recommendations, and connect your practice to

the research.

Making sense of existing literature, finding research gap, etc. –


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Finding research gap

What is not studied

yet?

Research gap

What is examined so

far in the existing

literature?

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VP7saQ1Yd_LDPM&tbnid=k1SYZynG-_3YCM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://mature-students.blog.yorku.ca/&ei=fuM7UtjFHcvhrAe1s4HABg&bvm=bv.52434380,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGSkBSQj1o91ILsGYfCsDXxiwlUNw&ust=1379742545725199http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VP7saQ1Yd_LDPM&tbnid=k1SYZynG-_3YCM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://mature-students.blog.yorku.ca/&ei=fuM7UtjFHcvhrAe1s4HABg&bvm=bv.52434380,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGSkBSQj1o91ILsGYfCsDXxiwlUNw&ust=1379742545725199


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Crafting the Literature Review: Part II

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•

Need for a theory

Basic understanding of uni-dimensional

and multi-dimensional construct

• Basic elements of LR chapter

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Need for the theoretical support

A theory provides an explanatory framework for someobservation, and from the assumptions of the explanation follows

a number of possible hypotheses that can be tested in orderprovide support for, or challenge, the theory.

to

Example of some widely used theories:

Resource Based View (RBV)

Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory (EDT)

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)Rational Choice Theory

Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R)

Symbolic self-completion theory

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E t Di fi ti Th (Oli 1977)


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Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory (Oliver, 1977)

Post-satisfaction outcomeThe complete expectancy disconfirmation with performance model

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LoyaltySatisfactionService Quality

Perceived

Performance

Repurchase intention

Satisfaction/

dissatisfaction

Subjective

disconfirmatio

n

Calculated

disconfirmatio

n

Expectation


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Uni-dimensional versus multi-

dimensional constructs

A construct is

multidimensiona

l when it refers

to severaldistinct but

related

dimensions

treated as a

single

theoretical

Existence of one

latent traits

underlying the

data (Hattie,1985)

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Uni-dimensional Multi-dimensional

Construct


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Example…

Examples of multidimensional constructs

include overall job satisfaction defined as

satisfaction with multiple job facets (Smith,

Kendall, & Hulin, 1969; Warr, Cook, & Wall,

1979)

•

• Job satisfaction may be defined as the degree of positive affect

toward the overall job or its components.

• Several authors distinguish between operational definitions of

job satisfaction as 1) an overall rating of the job as an entity,

and 2) the sum of evaluative ratings of several

characteristics or "facets“ [18,19,20].

job

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What to write when you have multi-

dimensional construct

In regard to Multi-dimensional construct, you need

to •

discuss: Why this construct falls under higher order factor

structure and not first order?

–

–

How the past researchers treated this construct?

Why you need to treat it at second/third order?

• •

•

Whether the items are formative or reflective… If it is formative, why? If it is reflective, why?

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Basic elements of chapter 2

LR chapter is combined with CD

chapter

So, the LR chapter has basically 2 parts:

•

• – LR :

•

•

•

Discuss about the theories that you would like to highlight

Discusses in detail about the construct

Don’t forget to discuss about your chosen research context

– CD: Develops research hypotheses & show the framework

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Chapter 2: Literature Review & Conceptual Design

Theories/Models

Construct wise review

Defining the construct ImportanceConflict/contradiction Dimensions,

types (if any) Measurement

issues (if any)

Relationship wise review A affects B A affects C

Hypotheses statementsResearch Framework

Study context (this section

can be placed in Chapter 1/2/3)What is this context all about?Importance, trend…

Variables embedded in the context

Conclusion

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What to write while discussing

construct?

each

• Construct wise review –

–

–

–

–

Defining the construct

Importance

Conflict/contradiction

Dimensions, types (if any)

Measurement issues (if any)

•

•

Each paragraph should carry only one idea

You maywrite up

use sub-sub headings in order to organize your

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How to develop hypotheses?

• •

Theoretical support (for thesis, it is compulsory) Logical explanation of the relationship between the two

variables/ empirical evidences

•

Highlight the uniqueness

brief) of

your

hypothesis

(in

• State the hypothesis

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No. Methodological objective Questions answered by the Analytical Hypothesis


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g j y

analytical tools

y

tools

yp

(multivariate)

and indirect effects of predictor

To test differences between 2 groups on

one DV.

Do differences exist between 2

groups on one DV?

t-Test

(bivariate)

There will be a significant difference between male and

female in term of their loyalty pattern.

To examine the mediating effect of a

particular variable

Does X mediates the relationship? Mediated

Regression,

SEM

X mediates the relationship between P and Q.

To examine the moderating effect of a

particular variable

Does X moderates the relationship? Moderated

Hierarchical

Regression,

SEM

X moderates the relationship between P and Q.

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To examine the effect of IV on DV. How much variance in the DV is Regression

accounted for by linear combination (bivariate)

of the IVs?

Also, how strongly related to the DV

is the beta coefficient for each IV?

X will be positively/negatively related to Y.

X will be positively associated with Y.

The higher/greater the X, the higher/greater the Y.

X will positively/ negatively affect Y.

There is a significant positive/negative relationship

between X and Y.

X will have a direct effect on Y.

To examine the simultaneous effect of

more than one IVs on DV/more than one

DVs.

To test the whole model simultaneously.

What are the simultaneous direct

variables on the DV?

Do differences exist between 2 or

more groups on one DV?

AMOS

To predict the relationship between X

and Y.To test the whole model simultaneously.

PLS

(multivariate)

To test differences among more than 2

groups on one DV.

ANOVA There will be significant differences between Malay and

(bivariate) Chinese and Indian in term of their loyalty pattern.


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Thank You…

MS III- September 23 Lecture 3

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Transcript of MS III- September 23 Lecture 3